Trng THPT Hng Vng

T hc - T rn

BI TP V TH (DFS, BFS, VNG LIN THNG)

Bi 1. Ci t thut ton DFS khng quy * t !"#$ Khi m t qu trnh quy bng mt ng n !"#$ t% &un &un ' (ho ng n !"# &)u &*i +,y (huy-n +uyt .,u t/ n0t g1( 23nh !u4t #ht S5. %& '("' ')* + t !"# 67h m S$ nh +4u S 8 th m9: 6;<y S =o ng n !"#9: >D,y (huy-n quy b%n ?u (h3 (@ mt 3nh SA rB#B%t 6C4y u khDi ng n !"#9: >;%ng Eng F 3nh uA iG 6u (@ 3nh k- (h)% th m9 thBn bBgin 6Ch3 (hHn &4y I 3nh =$ & 3nh ?u tiJn k- u m (h)% )K( th m9: 67hng bo th m =9: 6;<y u trF &*i ng n !"#9: >LiM &*i N% (h3 qu%y &uiA 6;<y ti"# = =o ng n !"#9: >D,y (huy-n +uyt .,u )K( On1iO thJm = nM%A Bn+: >CPn n"u u khng (@ 3nh k- (h)% th m th ng n !"# .Q ngRn &*i$ t)Sng Eng =Ti .U &Vi =- (W% +,y (huy-n DFSA unti& 6Xg n !"# rYng9: * ,' -"# t.("' #rogr%m DFSZkhong+Bquy: (on.t [n#utFi&B \ ]L^_`a.[X`]: but#utFi&B \ ]`_7a.bc7]: m%!n \ Iddd: m%!m \ Idddd : =%r %+ef %rr%ygI..m%!mh oG [ntBgBr: hB%+f %rr%ygd..m%!nh oG [ntBgBr: %=%i&f %rr%ygI..m%!nh oG ioo&B%n: 7r%(Bf %rr%ygI..m%!nh oG [ntBgBr: St%(kf %rr%ygI..m%!nh oG [ntBgBr: n$ S$ t$ C%.tf [ntBgBr: Go$ Gif 7B!t: >jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjA #ro(B+urB kntBr: =%r i$ u$ =f [ntBgBr: Gif 7B!t: bBgin _..ign2Gi$ [n#utFi&B5: ^B.Bt2Gi5: >Fi&&Ch%r2%$ SilBbG2%5$ F%&.B5:A ^B%+Cn2Gi$ n$ S$ t5: i f\ d : Gor u f\ I to n +o bBgin rB#B%t

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 Trng THPT Hng Vng

rB%+2Gi$ =5 : iG = 69 d thBn bBgin in(2i5 : %+egih f\ = : Bn+ : unti& = \ d : hB%+guh f\ i : rB%+&n2Gi5 : Bn+ : hB%+gdh f\ d : C&o.B2Gi5: Bn+: >jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjA #ro(B+urB [nit: bBgin Fi&&Ch%r2%=%i&gIh$ nm.ilBoG2%=%i&gIh5$ 7ruB5: C%.t f\ d: Bn+: >jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjA #ro(B+urB `u.h2nf [ntBgBr5: bBgin [n(2C%.t5: St%(kgC%.th f\ n: Bn+: >jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjA Gun(tion `o#f [ntBgBr: bBgin `o# f\ St%(kgC%.th: DB(2C%.t5: Bn+: >jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjA #ro(B+urB DFS: =%r u$ =$ if [ntBgBr: bBgin oritB2Go$ .$ ]$ ]5: %=%i&g.h f\ F%&.B: `u.h2S5: rB#B%t uf\ #o# : Gor i f\ hB%+gujIh p I to hB%+guh +o iG %=%i&g%+egihh thBn bBgin oritB2Go$ %+egih$ ]$ ]5: %=%i&g%+egihh f\ F%&.B: 7r%(Bg%+egihh f\ u: `u.h2u5: `u.h2%+egih5: brB%k : Bn+ : unti& C%.t \ d: Bn+:

T hc - T rn

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 Trng THPT Hng Vng

>jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjA #ro(B+urB ^B.u&t: bBgin oritBCn2Go5: oritBCn2Go$ ]`%th Grom ]$ S$ ] to ]$ t$ ]f ]5: iG %=%i&gth thBn oritBCn2Go$]not Goun+]5 B&.B bBgin rhi&B t 69 S +o bBgin oritB2Go$ t$ ]6j]5: t f\ 7r%(Bgth: Bn+: oritBCn2Go$ S5: Bn+: Bn+: bBgin kntBr: _..ign2Go$ but#utFi&B5: ^BrritB2Go5: oritBCn2Go$ ]From]$ S$ ]you (%n =i.itf ]5: [nit: DFS: ^B.u&t: C&o.B2Go5: Bn+.

T hc - T rn

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 Trng THPT Hng Vng

T hc - T rn

Bi /. Ci t thut ton iFS bng #h)Sng #h# &o%ng j C(h (i t ny t% .t +ung h%i t# hK#$ mt t# O(vO (hE% nhMng 3nh O%ng !wtO$ mt t# OmTiO (hE% nhMng 3nh O.Q !wtO. i%n ?u t# O(vO (h3 gxm mYi 3nh !u4t #ht$ t*i mYi b)T( t% .Q +Vng t# O(vO tynh t# OmTiO$ t# OmTiO .Q gxm nhMng 3nh (h)% )K( th m m k- =Ti mt 3nh no @ (W% t# O(vO. C# &*i (ng =i( trJn 2.%u khi 8 gn t# O(vO bng t# OmTiO5 (ho tTi khi t# (v & rYngf * T'01t t23" B 45 1f KhFi t*o C( 3nh kh( S -u (h)% bN nh +4u$ 3nh S bN nh +4u$ t# O(vO b&+ f\ >SA B 45 /f C# (( b)T( .%u "n khi b&+ \ ;t t# OmTiO XBr \ $ .%u @ +Vng t# O(vO tynh t# OmTiO nh) .%uf zwt (( 3nh u b&+$ =Ti mYi 3nh u @f 7hng bo th m u zwt t4t ( nhMng 3nh = k- =Ti u m (h)% bN nh +4u$ =Ti mYi 3nh = @f ;nh +4u = C)u ="t ){ng i$ 3nh &i-n tr)T( = trong ){ng i S|= & u ;)% = =o t# XBr Ln t# O(vO b&+ f\ t# OmTiO XBr = &# &*i 2(@ th' &u,n #hiJn =%i trP h%i t# ny5 B 45 6f 7ruy ="t tm ){ng i. * ,' -"# t.("' 7.2#.*8 BFS9:2*"#; (on.t [n#utFi&B \ ]L^_`a.[X`]: but#utFi&B \ ]`_7a.bc7]: m%! \ Idd: =%r %f %rr%ygI..m%!$ I..m%!h oG ioo&B%n: FrBBf %rr%ygI..m%!h oG ioo&B%n: 7r%(Bf %rr%ygI..m%!h oG [ntBgBr: b&+$ XBrf .Bt oG iytB: n$ S$ Ff iytB: Gof 7B!t: 7.25<=0.< >"t<.; ?N'17 =@ :iA0B =%r i$ u$ =$ mf [ntBgBr: Gif 7B!t: bBgin _..ign2Gi$ [n#utFi&B5: ^B.Bt2Gi5: Fi&&Ch%r2%$ SilBbG2%5$ F%&.B5: ^B%+Cn2Gi$ n$ m$ S$ F5: Gor i f\ I to m +o bBgin ^B%+Cn2Gi$ u$ =5: %gu$ =h f\ 7ruB: %g=$ uh f\ 7ruB: Bn+: C&o.B2Gi5: Bn+: #ro(B+urB [nit:

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 Trng THPT Hng Vng

bBgin

T hc - T rn

Fi&&Ch%r2FrBB$ n$ 7ruB5: FrBBgSh f\ F%&.B: >C( 3nh -u (h)% nh +4u$ ngo*i tr/ 3nh S 8 nh +4uA b&+ f\ gSh: >7# O(vO khFi t*o b%n ?u (h3 (@ mYi SA Bn+: 7.25<=0.< BFS; ?T'01t t23" :2*"#B =%r u$ =f iytB: bBgin rB#B%t >C#f +Vng b&+ tynh XBrA XBr f\ gh: Gor u f\ I to n +o iG u in b&+ thBn >zwt nhMng 3nh u trong t# b&+$ =Ti mYi 3nh u @fA bBgin oritB2Go$ u$ ]$ ]5: >7hng bo th m uA Gor = f\ I to n +o iG FrBBg=h %n+ %gu$ =h thBn >~uwt t4t ( nhMng 3nh = (h)% bN nh +4u m k- =Ti uA bBgin FrBBg=h f\ F%&.B: >;nh +4u = = &)u ="t ){ng iA 7r%(Bg=h f\ u: XBr f\ XBr p g=h: >;)% = =o t# XBrA Bn+: Bn+: b&+ f\ XBr: >Ln t# O(vO f\ t# OmTiO = &# &*iA unti& b&+ \ gh: >Cho tTi khi khng &o%ng )K( nM%A Bn+: 7.25<=0.< C<D0:t; ?I" E F"# Ei tG S t4i FB bBgin oritBCn2Go5: >no +Png thE h%i (W% but#ut Gi&BA oritBCn2Go$ ]`%th Grom ]$ S$ ] to ]$ F$ ]f ]5: iG FrBBgFh thBn >X"u F (h)% nh +4u th m tE( & khng (@ ){ngA oritBCn2Go$]not Goun+]5 B&.B >7ruy ="t ){ng i$ bRt ?u t/ FA bBgin rhi&B F 69 S +o bBgin oritB2Go$ F$ ]6j]5: F f\ 7r%(BgFh: Bn+: oritBCn2Go$ S5: Bn+: Bn+: bBgin kntBr: _..ign2Go$ but#utFi&B5: ^BrritB2Go5: oritBCn2Go$ ]From ]$ S$ ] you (%n =i.itf ]5: [nit: iFS: ^B.u&t:

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 Trng THPT Hng Vng

T hc - T rn

C&o.B2Go5: Bn+. Bi 6H Cho m% trn k- _2X$X5 (W% x thN X 3nh . 7m .1 =Vng &iJn thng (W% x thN . Ju (?u f Fi&B in#ut f SnC7.t!t p DPng ?u f X p X +Png ti"# thBo f % trn _2X$X5 DM &iu r% trJn Fi&B SnC7.out p DPng ?u f .1 S & .1 =Vng &iJn thng p S +Png ti"# thBo f Yi +Png ghi (( 3nh thu( (Vng I =Vng &iJn thng * t !"#$ # +ung (h)Sng trnh (i t thut ton iFS bng #h)Sng #h# &o%ng F bi q * ,' -"# t.("' c.B. Crt: Con.t %! \ Idd: Fi \ ]Cthong.t!t]: Fo \ ]Cthong.out]: 7y#B _ \ _rr%ygI..%!$I..%!h oG d..I: D \ _rr%ygI..%!h oG iytB: ~ \ _rr%ygI..%!m%!h oG iytB: n%r _ f _: D f D: ~ f ~: X$+%u$(uoi$.= f iytB: `ro(B+urB Do(F: n%r F f 7B!t: i$e f iytB: iBgin _..ign2F$Fi5: ^B.Bt2F5: ^B%+&n2F$X5: For if\I to X +o iBgin For ef\I to X +o ^B%+2F$_gi$eh5: ^B%+&n2F5: kn+: C&o.B2F5: kn+: Fun(tion 7im f iytB: n%r i f iytB: iBgin 7im f\ d: For if\I to X +o [G Dgih\d thBn iBgin 7im f\ i: k!it: kn+: kn+: `ro(B+urB 7%o~Zrong:

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 Trng THPT Hng Vng

iBgin Fi&&Ch%r2~$.ilBoG2~5$d5: D%u f\ d: Cuoi f\ d: kn+: `ro(B+urB Co%ng2i f iytB5: n%r e$k f iytB: iBgin [n(2(uoi5: ~g(uoih f\ i: Dgih f\ .=: ohi&B 2+%upI6\(uoi5 +o iBgin [n(2+%u5: e f\ ~g+%uh: For kf\I to X +o [G 2Dgkh\d5 %n+ 2_ge$kh\I5 thBn iBgin [n(2(uoi5: ~g(uoih f\ k: Dgkh f\ .=: kn+: kn+: kn+: `ro(B+urB 7im.t#&t: n%r i f iytB: bk f ioo&B%n: iBgin .= f\ d: Fi&&Ch%r2D$.ilBoG2D5$d5: ^B#B%t 7%o~Zrong: bk f\ 7ruB: i f\ 7im: [G i9d thBn iBgin [n(2.=5: Co%ng2i5: bk f\ F%&.B: kn+: cnti& bk: oritB&n2]So th%nh #h%n &iBn thong f ]$.=5: kn+: `ro(B+urB LhiF: n%r F f 7B!t: i$e f iytB: iBgin _..ign2F$Fo5:

T hc - T rn

Gio vin: Trn Th Huyn

 Trng THPT Hng Vng

^BrritB2F5: oritB&n2F$]So th%nh #h%n &iBn thong &% f ]$.=5: For if\I to .= +o iBgin oritB2F$]nung ]$i$] f ]5: For ef\I to X +o [G Dgeh\i thBn oritB2F$ef}5: oritB&n2F5: kn+: C&o.B2F5: kn+: ikL[X C&r.(r: Do(F: 7im.t#&t: LhiF: kXD. SVLTHTIT II dIddddddddd Idddddddddd ddddIdddddd ddddIdddddd ddIIdIddddd ddddIdIIddd dddddIddddd dddddIddddd ddddddddddd ddddddddddI dddddddddId SVLTHJKT So th%nh #h%n &iBn thong &% f } nung I f I q nung q f s } nung s f nung } f Id II

T hc - T rn

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 Trng THPT Hng Vng

T hc - T rn

Bi LH Cho hnh (hM nht a2$X5 m +Png $ n (t gxm !X =ung $ mYi =ung (hE% .1 d ho( I. 7m = tynh +in ty(h (( =Vng &iJn thng (hE% ton .1 d trong q tr){ng hK# f p C( .1 d n"u (hung (*nh th (@ ){ng i tTi nh%u p C( .1 d n"u (@ i'm (hung th (@ ){ng i tTi nh%u Ju (?u f Fi&B in#ut aCX.t!t DPng ?u f q .1 $X +Png ti"# thBo f m% trn th' hin hnh (hM nht a2$X5 Fi&B out#ut aCX.out Yi tr){ng hK# th' hin mt m% trn hnh (hM nht D2$X5 .%o (ho (( (W% D (Vng thu( I =Vng &iJn thng th (@ (Vng I m8 .1 =Vng . XhMng .1 I trong a th%y bng t)Sng Eng trong D & ky tU m DPng (u1i (Vng & +in ty(h (W% (( =Vng . * t !"#$ # +ung (h)Sng trnh (i t thut ton iFS bng #h)Sng #h# &o%ng F bi q. 7m .1 =Vng &iJn thng (W% (( .1 d trong hnh (hM nht thBo q ((h f (hung (*nh$ (hung 3nh * ,' -"# t.("' c.B. Crt: Con.t %! \ Idd: Fi \ ]SnC7q.t!t]: Fo \ ]SnC7q.out]: %D( f _rr%ygI..}h oG jI..I \ 2 d $I $d $jI5: >.o gi% (otA %D+ f _rr%ygI..}h oG jI..I \ 2jI$ d $I $ d5: >.o gi% +ong A bD( f _rr%ygI..h oG jI..I \ 2 d$ I$ I$ I$ d$jI$jI$jI5: >.o gi% (otA bD+ f _rr%ygI..h oG jI..I \ 2jI$jI$ d$ I$ I$ I$ d$jI5: >.o gi% +ong A 7y#B K_ \ _rr%ygI..%!$I..%!h oG d..I: KD \ _rr%ygI..%!$I..%!h oG iytB: K~ \ _rr%ygI..%!m%!h oG ^B(or+ +$( f iytB: kn+: KD7 \ _rr%ygI..%!m%!h oG [ntBgBr: n%r _ f K_: D f KD: ~ f K~: D7 f KD7: X$$i$e$+%u$(uoi$.=$(%u f iytB: `ro(B+urB Do(F: n%r i$e f iytB: F f 7B!t: iBgin _..ign2F$Fi5: ^B.Bt2F5: ^B%+&n2F$$X5: For if\I to +o iBgin For ef\I to X +o ^B%+2F$_gi$eh5: ^B%+&n2F5: kn+: C&o.B2F5: kn+:

Gio vin: Trn Th Huyn

 Trng THPT Hng Vng

Fun(tion 7im2n%r i$e f iytB5f ioo&B%n: n%r !$y f iytB: iBgin 7im f\ F%&.B: For !f\I to +o For yf\I to X +o [G 2Dg!$yh\d5 %n+ 2_g!$yh\d5 thBn iBgin i f\ !: e f\ y: 7im f\ 7ruB: k!it: kn+: kn+: `ro(B+urB ~Zrong: iBgin Fi&&(h%r2~$SilBoG2D5$d5: D%u f\ d: Cuoi f\ d: kn+: `ro(B+urB Co%ngI2i$e f iytB5: n%r k$+ong$(ot$u$= f bytB: iBgin [n(2(uoi5: ~g(uoih.+ f\ i: ~g(uoih.( f\ e: Dgi$eh f\ .=: ohi&B +%upI6\(uoi +o iBgin [n(2+%u5: +ong f\ ~g+%uh.+: (ot f\ ~g+%uh.(: For kf\I to } +o iBgin u f\ +ong p %D+gkh: = f\ (ot p %D(gkh: [G 2u9d5 %n+ 2u6\5 %n+ 2=9d5 %n+ 2=6\X5 thBn [G 2_gu$=h\d5 %n+ 2Dgu$=h\d5 thBn iBgin [n(2(uoi5: ~g(uoih.+ f\ u: ~g(uoih.( f\ =: Dgu$=h f\ .=: [n(2D7g.=h5: kn+: kn+: kn+:

T hc - T rn

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Id

 Trng THPT Hng Vng

kn+: `ro(B+urB Co%ngq2i$e f iytB5: n%r k$+ong$(ot$u$= f bytB: iBgin [n(2(uoi5: ~g(uoih.+ f\ i: ~g(uoih.( f\ e: Dgi$eh f\ .=: ohi&B +%upI6\(uoi +o iBgin [n(2+%u5: +ong f\ ~g+%uh.+: (ot f\ ~g+%uh.(: For kf\I to +o iBgin u f\ +ong p bD+gkh: = f\ (ot p bD(gkh: [G 2u9d5 %n+ 2u6\5 %n+ 2=9d5 %n+ 2=6\X5 thBn [G 2_gu$=h\d5 %n+ 2Dgu$=h\d5 thBn iBgin [n(2(uoi5: ~g(uoih.+ f\ u: ~g(uoih.( f\ =: Dgu$=h f\ .=: [n(2D7g.=h5: kn+: kn+: kn+: kn+: `ro(B+urB 7im.=&t2(%u f iytB5: n%r bk f ioo&B%n: iBgin S= f\ d: For if\I to mX +o D7gih f\ I: Fi&&(h%r2D$.ilBoG2D5$d5: ^B#B%t bk f\ 7ruB: ~Zrong: [G 7im2i$e5 thBn iBgin [n(2.=5: [G (%u\I thBn Co%ngI2i$e5 k&.B Co%ngq2i$e5: bk f\ F%&.B: kn+: cnti& bk: kn+:

T hc - T rn

Gio vin: Trn Th Huyn

II

 Trng THPT Hng Vng

`ro(B+urB aiBni%n+on: n%r i$e f iytB: F f 7B!t: iBgin _..ign2F$Fo5: ^BrritB2F5: For if\I to +o iBgin For ef\I to X +o [G Dgi$eh\d thBn oritB2F$]m]f}5 k&.B oritB2F$Dgi$ehf}5: oritB&n2F5: kn+: oritB&n2F$]DiBn ti(h tung =ung f ]5: For if\I to .= +o oritB2F$D7gihf}5: C&o.B2F5: kn+: `ro(B+urB Bnu: n%r (h f Ch%r: iBgin oritB&n2]Lo kSC tho%t ]5: oritB&n2]Chon (%u _ h%y i 2_i5 ]5: ^B#B%t Ch f\ c#(%.B2^B%+kBy5: [G (h\q thBn k!it: [G (h\]_] thBn (%uf\I k&.B (%uf\q: 7im.=&t2(%u5: aiBni%n+on: cnti& (h in g]_]..]i]$qh

T hc - T rn

kn+: ikL[X C&r.(r: Do(F: Bnu: oritB&n2]D% !ong . oi go kntBr =% zBm +u &iBu r% trong Fi&B ]$Fo5: ^B%+&n: kXD. Bi MH anh +)Ti ,y bi'u +in bn x &,u i . a8y =i"t (h)Sng trnh tynh f I j C,u i (@ b%o nhiJu #hPng q j `hPng &Tn nh4t & b%o nhiJu s j iE( t){ng no (?n &o*i bD ' #hPng (ng rng (ng t1t C,u i (hi% thnh !X 2 d$ X d 5 mo+u& =ung . Yi m+u& =ung (@ th' (@ t/ d "n } bE( t){ng [X`c7 D_7_ in x )K( &)u trM tong Gi&B [n#ut.t!t F +*ng (( .1 (ho (( m+u& . Fi&B bRt ?u t/ .1 &)Kng (( m+u& thBo h)Tng iR(jX%m = .1 &)Kng (( mo+u& thBo h)Tng ;ng 7,y.

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Iq

 Trng THPT Hng Vng

T hc - T rn

7rong (( +Png ti"# thBo $mYi mo+u& )K( m t bFi I .1 2d #I5.S1 @ & tng (W% f I 2\ t){ng #hy% 7,y 5$ q 2\t){ng #hy% iR( 5 $} 2\t){ng #hy% ;ng 5 $ 2 \ t){ng #hy% X%m5 . I q s } X 2iR(5

I 27,y5 o q s S 2X%m5 } vi tJn (h3 bE( t){ng (?n &o*i bD thBo k"t qu F =y +u C( bE( t){ng F bJn trong )K( !( Nnh h%i &?n : bE( t){ng #hy% X%m trong mo+u& 2I$I5 xng th{i & bE( t){ng #hy% iR( trong mo+u& 2q$I5 m C,u i &un (@ yt nh4t q #hPng [X`c7.7z7 (W% =y +u f } II II Is I Id Iq Is II Id k 2;ng5

s Is Id

Id I Iq

Is

but#ut +%t% 7rong Gi&B r% bc7`c7.7z7 =i"t trJn s +Png f +Png thE nh4t =i"t .1 &)Kng #hPng $+Png ti"# "n & +in ty(h (W% #hPng &Tn nh4t 2tynh thBo .1 mo+u& 5 = bE( t){ng (?n &o*i bD 2tr)T( tiJn & hng .%u @ & (t (W% mo+u& (@ t){ng @ 5 = +Png (u1i (Vng & h)Tng (W% bE( t){ng .7rong =y +u } I k & mt trong .1 (( kh n ng (@ th' $b*n (h3 (?n (h3 r% mt 5 }Ik

* ,' -"# t.("' c.B. Crt: Con.t \ d: X \ d: Fi \ ][n#ut.t!t]: Fo \ ]but#ut.t!t]:

Gio vin: Trn Th Huyn

Is

 Trng THPT Hng Vng

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 Trng THPT Hng Vng

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 Trng THPT Hng Vng

T hc - T rn

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 Trng THPT Hng Vng

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