H THNG CC VN V NHC L C BN.

Tra cu thut ng m nhc ti y:

http://www.maikien.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=27&Itemid=40

Chi tit... Xem y: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_theory Trong m nhc c 4 yu t: CAO , TRNG , CNG v M SC. Cao : Nt cao, nt thp. Cao c rt nhiu vn (qung thang m, cc cch gi khc l ging, scale... hp m), xem thm chi tit di... Trng : Nt di, nt ngn (..., nt trng, nt en, nt mc n,...) Gm c ngn ny th http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note_value... Tnh t di ln trn
di (trng ) nt trn gp i nt di VD nt en c di trong 1 giy nt trng c di 2 giy; ngc li nt mc n c di 1/2 giy. Khi cc nt nhc c trng , kt hp vi nhau theo nhng s la chn nht nh; quy m, quy nh,... nht nh th tr thnh TIT TU (http://www.vn4000.com/content/view/47/96/). Tit tu phi khp vi... Nhp v phch. Trng (ni chung) v tit tu (ni ring) lin quan n mt s c nh v mt thi gian... Thi gian c 60s l 1 pht... Ly ci ny lm c s...

Nu mi giy p mt phch th gi l Tc = 60 (Tempo = 60) Tempo = 120 ngha l mi giy p 2 phch (nhanh hn), ngc li Tempo = 30 ngha l mi giy p 0,5 (na) phch hiu cch khc l hai giy p mt phch (chm hn)... c th m tnh (tng i vi cc s liu l, VD Tempo = 57, Tempo = 48,...)... Ta s c nhng ch s tc nh sau:
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%E1%BB%8Bp_%C4%91%E1%BB%99. Ngi ta gi l nhp . Chi tit hn v Tempo "tnh ton" lin kt "trng nt nhc" vo " nhp" ( phn di)... Tempo y l cch gi chung, cn "tnh ton" chi tit th l... VD "nt en = 30" hoc "nt trng = 70"... Ngha l ngi ta xc nh Tempo mt cch DT KHOT NGAY T U rng "bn nhc ny chi vi "nt en = x" th "cc nt nhc c trng gp i "nt en (nt trng)" s xc nh r rng l x*2 "nt trn" = x*4; ngc li, "nt mc n" = x/2, "nt mc i" = x/4,...v.v... Nhc li VD: nt en c di trong 1 giy nt trng c di 2 giy; ngc li nt mc n c di 1/2 giy... Xem LI tng quan cc nt trn. y trnh hiu lm "Tempo (tc )" vi "trng ". "Tc " l " nhanh chm" ca mi phch, cn "trng " s tnh ra "vi tc th tng thi gian p ht y phch s l bao nhiu". ...Nhp (thut ng) v phch (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_signature). Phch: L nhng nhp p (vn ng) u, phch mnh, phch nh. Kt hp phch mnh, phch nh... vo vi nhau theo quy lut nht nh th tr thnh Nhp (thut ng)...

nhp din t cch vit nhc v khong thi gian t phch mnh ny n phch mnh tip theo... VD Khong cch Phch mnh - Phch nh Phch nh - Phch mnh - Phch nh - Phch nh - Phch mnh - .... http://truongngocthuy.wordpress.com/2007/11/27/bai-5-o-nh%E1%BB%8Bp/ Tng nhp c gii hn bi vch nhp cc loi vch nhp dng cho

cc chc nng khc nhau. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(music). di ca tng nhp c cn c theo Tempo ch s ch nhp ca nhp

c ghi nh sau VD: Trong : Ch s trn l s lng phch trong mi nhp. Ch s di l ch Tempo ca 1 phch hiu l "1 phch c Tempo = x th nhp c y phch s c Tng trng l x*y, x l trng tnh theo thi gian ca 1 phch, y l s lng phch kt qu s ra trng tnh theo thi gian. Vn y l ch s di s c tnh theo gi tr l "1/4 nt trn". Vy nn, nu ch s di l 4 ngha l "1/4 nt trn = x" ngha l "nt en = x"...; nu ch s di l 32 ngha l "1/32 nt trn = x" v "1/32 nt trn l nt mc 3 = x". TM LI: Ghi l "Nhp 4/4" ngha l "mi nhp c 4 phch, mi phch c tnh l 1 nt en (1/4 nt trn)" v ngi ta s ghi trn u bn nhc l .

"Nhp 6/8" ngha l "mi nhp c 6 phch, mi phch c tnh l 1 nt

mc n (1/8 nt trn)" v ngi ta s ghi trn u bn nhc l Nhp 32/44 hay 28/32,..., cng tnh nh vy. .

Thnh thong c nhng trng hp ngi ta ghi nhp 6/8 i vi

hoc c nhng ci khc... th li phi lun ra ngha l nhng t khi ngi ta ghi kiu phi lun ra ny. Nguyn tc lin kt trng nt nhc v nhp (cch ghi tit tu). Lin kt c bn. Mi nt en c trng bng mt phch

VD vi bn nhc c ghi ch s ch nhp l 4/4, i vi

, ngha l "trong mi nhp c 4 phch, mi phch l mt nt en (1/4 nt trn)" chim thi gian l 1 giy mi nhp l 4 giy... V trong nhp , tng di ca cc nt cng ch c 4 giy ng ngha vi 4 phch.

VD: i nt kia ( trn)".

. Xem li phn "nt n di gp

VD khc. Vi bn nhc c ghi ch s ch nhp l 7/2, i vi

, ngha l "trong mi nhp c 7 phch, mi phch l mt nt trng (1/2 nt trn)" chim thi gian l 1 giy mi nhp l 7 giy... V trong nhp , tng di ca cc nt cng ch c 7 giy (ng ngha vi 7 phch).

VD: . Xem li phn "nt n di gp i nt kia ( trn)" nt en = nt trng, nt mc i = nt trng...

Cng : Ku mnh, ku nh. K hiu mnh nh xem trong ny..., p l nh, f l mnh, pp nh hn p, ff mnh hn f..., i loi l k hiu nh th... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamics_(music)...

 m sc: Sc thi ca m thanh (n ny ku khc vi n khc, nh n - bm phm n kiu ny khc bm phm n kiu khc...). Rt nhiu th c th "quy v" yu t ny..., y l mt ci nhn kh rng... Nhng i loi l: n ny ku khc n khc,... (nh trn)".

Quay li nhng vn lin quan n CAO :

M: Mi phm n l mt M. NT NHC l m c xc nh chi tit v cao . VD M , c nhng NT NHC (NT) l " qung tm trm, qung tm th nht, qung tm th 3..."..., n Piano c by qung tm v hai qung tm thiu hai u ta c 8 NT .

Cc nt C1, C2... n C8... nh du trn. 7 qung 8 bt u t cc nt C (nh du trn) n nt B 7 phm trng ca Piano l 7 M (NT NHC) c bn, 5 phm en l nhng M (NT NHC) m rng. Cch gi l "tn nt c bn + phn m rng (thng, bnh - hon, ging)"...

VD v Du ha bt thng

VD Du ha theo kha

hoc Hai kiu s dng du ha trn s ni chi tit sau. Du ha th ko khc g nhau, ch l cch s dng khc nhau. n on cn s dng mi gii thch chi tit. Trng m: Ch l cch ghi khc nhau nhng cao ca m l mt. VD: C = Dbb (R ging kp), C# = Db, D = Cx ( thng kp), E# = F, F = Eb... QUNG: Cu to bi 2 m. Hiu v qung "xy dng Thang m ( di)" v "Hp m ( di...). C 2 m kt hp vi nhau th thnh mt qung..., hai m ny c th cng nhau pht ra hoc m ku trc cha im lng th m sau vo...

Tnh theo phm trng ca n Piano 2 phm lin k nhau (ko cch nhau phm no) gi l "qung 2", cch nhau mt phm gi l "qung 3", cch nhau hai phm gi l "qung 4", cch nhau ba phm gi l "qung 5"..., l v S LNG... Cn v mt CHT LNG (hnh tng) th ngi ta thm vo "gim, th, ng, trng, tng", l tnh thm 5 phm en ca Piano... phn bit "qung 2 trng (vit k hiu l 2T)" vi "qung 2 th (vit k hiu l 2t)", "qung 3 trng (3T)", "qung 3 th (3t)",...v.v... tnh tt c "phm en, trng" v ko phn bit "en/trng" na, ch tnh l "phm"... th 2 phm lin k nhau l "qung 2t (q 2t)", cch nhau 1 phm l "qung 2T (q 2T)", cch nhau 2 phm l "q 3t",

 cch nhau 3 phm l "q 3T ...v.v... M rng hn mt cht, cc cch gi... VD: 2 tng (2Tg), 3 gim (3gi)... thc ra, bn cht ch l "trng m"; "2Tg = 3t", "3gi = 2T"... Ch c phm vi "q4, q5" th c gi tr thc s l "tg, gi"... LU C TM TNG QUAN: Ci ny gi l TRNG QUNG s TRNG ny ko phi ch c "qung", v "qung" l phn t ca "Hp m (chord)" v "Thang m (scale, m giai, gam ging...:-j...), nh hn QUNG l TRNG M" nn hiu r rng v my v trng m ca "Hp m" hay "Thang m" th cng l "chuyn thng tnh x"... ch cng cha t c ci tm "huyn, tnh, thnh ph..."...:-j... hiu ht ni dung y, mong rng ngi ta s ko cn "hi v va v vn... kiu nh ti sao nt nhc (tab, bn nhc, tay n,...) nh th ny m MI NI CH MT KIU...???... hay ci v nhau rng... Th ny ngha l hp m ny ch ko phi l hp m kia...:-j...". C 12 m thanh (12 phm n piano) ta s c rt nhiu qung..., nhng trc tip lin quan n "hp m", "thang m" th cng ch hay dng n cc qung 5 tr xung... Tt c cc qung v cch gi cc qung, xem y (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(music)#Main_intervals). HP M: t nht l cu to bi 3 m C nhiu cch xy dng Hp m, vy nn c nhiu "cch hiu" v cng mt "i tng: Hp m" Cch hiu th nht: Hp m c to ra t cc Bc ca Thang m... Trong ng dng vi nhc Pop, ngi ta xy dng bn nhc da trn mt chui hp m, gi l "vng ha m". "Vng ha m" ny thng cn c vo "thang m"... Chi tit nh nhau... Ly Bc I, Bc III, Bc V ca thang m ra chng ln nhau s c Hp m 3 (H 3); Ly Bc I, Bc III, Bc V, Bc VII ca thang m ra chng ln nhau s c Hp m 7 (H 7).

VD: Tm tha nhn bn tri l Thang m (scale)... Chi tit v Scale gii thch sau. C chng qung ln bt k Bc no...:

VD: Tm tha nhn nt mu xanh lam l Thang m (scale)... Chi tit v Scale gii thch sau.

 Tnh c nt mu xanh lam ln 2 m trn... thnh 3 m... th l H 3. Tnh c nt mu xanh lam ln 3 m trn... thnh 4 m... th l H 7. Chi tit v tn gi,... tnh sau. y ch cn hiu hnh tng: Hp m c to ra t cc Bc ca Thang m... l nh th. ng dng th thng dng "cch hiu th nht"... Bi v "nhc v li" ca bn nhc Pop l "thang m" xy dng "vng ha m" lm "phn m" phi n khp, da trn nn tng l "thang m (dng vit giai iu "nhc v li")" vi mt bi ht c vit bng thang m nt mu xanh lam, nu ly cc H ny...

...

...

... m vit phn m (sp xp "vng ha m" hp L...) th ko bao gi phi nghe th xem n c NGC TAI hay ko......:-j... M HT...:-j...???... PHI KH...???..., phi kh nhc Pop t tm VTV BI HT VIT, SAO MAI IM HN... tr xung..., cng ch l o ch n, ln ch kia, nho ch ny, nn ch khc...... t trong KHUN KH NY m ra ht..., chng c g phi ln tn suy ngh di dng...... Xem thm phn "ni dung M cc con m n RNG". Cch hiu th hai: Hp m c xy dng t "cc m" cch nhau "cc qung"..., ngha l xy dng C LP vi Thang m. Cch hiu ny mang t/c l thuyt, lit k, cng thc... Nu NG DNG th mi dng cch hiu trn, cn m HIU BN CHT XY DNG "HP M (KO PHI VNG HA M)"... th nn hiu theo cch hiu "C LP - T DO - HNH PHC", "C LP - T DO - THY HAY HO... L QUT...:j...", thm ch l "C LP - T DO - NT NO PH TH... EM XIN LI... I'...M... S...O...R...R...Y..."... th cng v t i l CHM GI..., tuy rng... "NAM V TU TA K V PHONG, nhng... THY GI VO PHNG TH K V PHONG CNG PHT...:j...:))..., LA, QUT... ko cn ngh, ch cn bit " l ti"...:-j... Quay li chuyn HP M..., ta ko nn nh "ph"...;)... trnh vic "ang nh nhc Rock..., nh ph mt pht, li phi thanh minh rng... y l MN HP M ca NHC JAZZ"...:-j...:))...:P... ...;)... Nhc c in c nhiu loi hp m, nhng cc loi hp m ni ting th c Hp m 3, hp m 7 v cc "th o" ca 2 loi hp m trn. Phn cn li th l nhng "Hp m ko ni ting", th cng nhiu... Cu to nhng hp m ny nh sau: Hp m 3 trng gm 3 m. m th nht cch m th hai mt q 3T, m th hai cch m th 3 mt q 3t. VD: Hp m C (gm c 3 m C E G), H C# (C# E# G#), H D (D F# A#), "H D# (D# Fx A#) - Fx l F thng kp", E (E G# B)...v.v...

l vit MY MC theo kiu "chng qung", cn theo ng cch "k hiu hp

m", th nhng g phc tp qu VD Fx ca H D# th s dng s TRNG M i thnh Eb (Eb G Bb).

Hp m 3 th gm 3 m. m th nht cch m th hai mt q 3t, m th hai cch m th 3 mt q 3T. VD: Tng t nh VD ca H 3T. Hp m "Trng 7" l 3 m ca H 3T, cng thm mt q 3t l 4 m. Hp m "Th 7" l 3 m ca H 3t, cng thm mt q 3t l 4 m. Cho n y, th tm thi tha nhn rng "HA Trng 7 v Th 7 l cng thm q 3t"... V chuyn "HA Trng 7 v Th 7 cng thm q 3T" lin quan n Scale, s ni sau. Tt c nhng ci trn... l HP M KHNG O. y KO C hiu lm "cm t: HP M KHNG O" vi "thut ng: HP M THUN", cng nh "cm t: HP M O (thut ng TH O)" vi "thut ng: HP M NGHCH"..., l nhng vn khc nhau... HP M O (TH O) ch n thun l thay i v tr cc m ca H KO O... nhiu cch ghi H "hin nay" thc ra ch l TH O ca H 3, H 7 ca "cch hiu c in" m thi, ch ko phi l "nhng hp m khc nhau". VD: H B7 v D/F# l m t, D/F# l "th o" ca B7, H C/E l "th o" ca H C, tt nhin y l hiu rng ra... Cch k hiu bng ch kiu ny l cch k hiu ca nhc Popular... v cch k hiu ny c "cch hiu" kh c lp so vi kiu ghi ca nhc c in. Quay li "TH O" l nh sau.

y ch c 2 th o nh th thi v nu o m E o qung tm khc th khng cn gi c cm hai nt kt hp thnh mt qung 3 na mt tnh cht HP M. VD trn: H B7 v H D/F# vi H C v H C/E.

Do tnh cht ca n Guitar nn cc th tay t trn n hu ht l dng th o... i su hn vo cch k hiu hp m theo kiu Popular s TRNG HP M trong cch k hiu... Phn ny ko thuc v NHC L C BN (M rng hn mt cht), tuy cha lit vo dng "M cc con m n RNG". "H 3t" k hiu tn m ch thm ch "m (vit tt ca minor), VD Cm, C#m, Dm, D#m... H 3T th ch c tn m ch, VD C, D, E, F... Vn y l "H 3T" ghi k

hiu nh th ny th d b nhm vi "k hiu M, cng ghi nh th... nhng ngi c kinh nghim th ty vo "bi cnh", ngi ta s hiu "A" ngha l "H La trng" hay l "nt La"...:-j... Ni "na a, na tht" th thi ch thc ra l lt qua vi "cn c (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_names_and_symbols_(jazz_and_pop_music), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note#History_of_note_names),..."..., th ta cng ch c trng hp "Nt gc (Bc I)" v "hp m trng" l k hiu trng nhau..., ngha l trong hon cnh nht nh th n l "Note" hay l "Major Chord" cng c..., cn tt c nhng ci khc u phn bit r rng... Theo nh thng k c a Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_names_and_symbols_(jazz_and_pop_music)) th ta c th hiu nh sau. Mt hp m gm c "tn hp m (Chord name)" v "cc cch k hiu (Chord symbol)", y c... Chord name: Din gii tn hp m hon ton bng "t ng" nn rt di dng... VD nh "Dominant seventh chord", "Augmented seventh chord", "Half-diminished seventh chord"...v.v... Chord symbol: Chuyn cc din gii bng t ng thnh k hiu... y ngi ta s dng nhng k hiu c ca nhc c in hoc a ra k hiu mi tng ng VD "Minor (kiu c in)" v "m, min (kiu Popular)". Vy cho nn ngay c cch "k hiu hp m" trn bn nhc cng l iu ko cn nh..., m thy l th d "d liu" ra m tra, hoc tra trn cc ng dng tra cu trc tuyn... VD nh http://www.all-guitar-chords.com/. VN CN PHI HIU L HP M C XY DNG BNG QUNG... nh th no... V mnh theo dng nhc no th s c nhng "hp m thng dng" ca dng nhc vic tra cu s "gii hn hn"... y, ngi ta lit k rt r: Hp m 3: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_names_and_symbols_(jazz_and_pop_mu sic)#Triads Hp m 7: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_names_and_symbols_(jazz_and_pop_mu sic)#Seventh_chords V phn m rng (hp m 9, 11, 13...): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_names_and_symbols_(jazz_and_pop_mu sic)#Extended_chords Ch cn th thi..., l "ng dng bt nh" ri... VD nh Nhc Pop thp nin 80 ngi ta ch dng n "trng, th, v 7 vi cc th o", Heavy Metal, phn ln cc th loi nhc Metal, do c tnh ca m thanh Distortion, ngi ta cng ch dng n hp m 3, thnh thong lm mi thm vo vi hp m 7 khi ko dng Distortion. Pop hin ti th hu nh l pht trin theo hng Lating, Hip-hop (Tit tu, ha thanh i ng ring), hoc nhnh th hai l s dng cng ngh BoyBand (b ht gn nh song song ch ko gi tr nh hp xng c in, thm b gia v b Bass thnh Hp m trong khun kh H 3, H 7 v cc th o)..., trong c K-Pop, cng nh J-Pop hay V-Pop l mch pht trin t nhc Dance song song vi mch s dng cng ngh BoyBand phng ty... Li l th loi khng thin v "tnh giai iu hay chi hp m" trn phng din Hp m li cn "gim thiu" hn c Pop ca

thp nin 80..., bi v tit tu, hp m phc tp hn v "nhc c tnh giai iu hn" th cc ng y ch nhy c...:))... Cc mch pht trin khc nh Jazz th ko r (Xem thm phn ni dung M cc con m n RNG), Rock th ny sinh kiu mi thuc "phm vi Alternative Rock" c nhng cch s dng Distortion khc vi Heavy Metal nhng cng ch nm trong khun kh Hp m 3 v th o... Cc dng nhnh Rock c cng ko c g thay i v mt "Hp m"... Tm VD nh th cho vn "HP M THEO KIU POPULAR". l H thng C BN... ton cnh v nhng vn lin quan n Popular hin ti... Xem thm phn "ni dung M cc con m n RNG". THANG M (M GIAI, SCALE,...): Cu to bi nhiu m. "Thang m" c mt "m ch" v cc m cn li s "cch nhau" bi cc "qung", "m trc" cch "m sau (lin k sau)" bi "qung". Nu "Lit k" ra hoc tnh theo "Lch s m nhc" th cc "thang m" l "khc nhau" nhng nhn trn phng din "l lun" th thc ra l khng khc nhau nhiu lm... y, ti ch "lit k" ra nhng "vn hiu lm, hiu sai,..." m ti gp cc din n... Trc tin, ta cn phn bit "Musical Scale" vi "Musical Mode". "Musical Scale" l cch gi TNG QUAN v mt "i tng" trong m nhc, cn "Musical Mode"...>:)... l cch gi "bt tng quan hn" mt cht...:-j... Ngha l "Musical Scale" ni v s sp xp nhiu m theo th t cc qung nht nh, cn khi "L thuyt m nhc" phn nh r rng h thng cc "Scale" v t tn cho mi "Scale", "nhm Scale"... th l "Musical Mode". Ch yu, ngi ta c "Musical Scale" l phn bit cc i tng "Note", "Interval", "Chord"... cng nh nhn nhn chung l mt "danh t" cho vic phn bit "dng nhc ny vi dng nhc khc Cn "Musical Mode" l phn bit cc "Scale". VY NN, CI CN NI CHI TIT hin nay l MUSICAL MODE. Xem List ny (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_musical_scales_and_modes) v Mc lc Mode ny (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_mode) th..., c ngi lm chuyn mn ln nhng ngi chi bi gii tr, ca cm ln nhau..., khng ai l khng tha nhn rng "khng hi u m hc go cho ht"...:-j... M thit thc ra th "dng n u, tra cu n y..."... Cn nu c ai c hng th "o c dung lng b nh ca mnh...", th c "nh i", sau hy vo th vin ca Vin m nhc tm mua quyn "t in thang m cc vng min ca Vit Nam (i )" m nhi tip...:-j... Quyn t in ny c kh giy A4, dy khong gn 3cm, ngha l... t nht l 200 trang A4...:))..., c y thang m ca 3 min v thang m "54 dn tc anh em", Kinh Bc - Bc Kinh, Bc Liu, Ty, Nng, H...a Tnh, Ngh... A...an..., Thanh Ha, Ty Nguyn, Nng... c gi l... "nu c thiu th li c ngi i ghi chp b sung...:-j..."... NU HT VIT NAM TH SANG CM-PUCHIA VI SANG LO SU TP...=))... Vy cho nn, ng dng vo chuyn "chi nhc Popular"..., th ta ch cn bit rt r v "thang m trng, th (T nhin, Ha thanh, giai iu)..., c 7 m... Gi l "thang 7 m", ting Ty gi l Chromatic v Diatonic... Khi bt m i th thnh "thang 5 m", ting Ty gi l Petatonic. Chi tit hn mt cht th l cc nhm lin quan, m rng t Diatonic, cng nh Petatonic...v.v... Vy nn ta ch cn "hiu su sc" v "VI thang m THNG DNG, NI TING... ly lm nn tng, suy lun, tnh ton ra cc thang m khc (rt t khi cn dng n)... ..."Chromatic", ngi ta hay gi l "Chromatic v Diatonic http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatonic_and_chromatic" bi v thc ra hai ci ny l

mt. Diatonic gm c "7 m c bn (phm trng ca n Piano)" cn Chromatic l "7 m c bn (phm trng...)" v "cc m c s dng du ha #, b (phm en ca n Piano)". y c "Trng/th t nhin" "Trng/th ha thanh v Trng/th giai iu". T "bt m i" thnh "thang m ng cung (pentatonic). Tt c nhng Diatonic cn li u khng cn nh..., m da trn nguyn tc xy dng thang m m xy dng ln. Thang m trng/th t nhin: S lng m 7 m. Gi l "7 m" l gi theo tnh cht ca thang m, cn khi a vo "l thuyt" tnh ton th phi gi l "7 bc (Bc I l m ch hay cn gi l Ch m"..., bi v c nhng trng hp trong tnh ton..., "mt m" li c xp vo "nhiu bc khc nhau". Xy dng bi 7 m, cch nhau cc qung theo th t nh sau. Thang m trng: 2T, 2T, 2t, 2T, 2T, 2T, 2t,...

Thang m th: 2T, 2t, 2T, 2T, 2t, 2T, 2T,...

VD chi tit th ti s ni thm 2 i tng mi... th mi c th VD chi tit c... Gm c: Kha (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clef): Link kia l y cc loi kha... Gii hn hin ti, chng ta ch gii hn vic hiu su sc v Kha Sol (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GClef.svg). Kha Sol l mt "kha nhc" khng nh rng "Trung tm ca kha Sol (phn hnh trn) t trn dng k nhc no, th dng k nhc c cao l NT SOL QUNG TM TH NHT... (Sol = 391,995 Hz)",

khi "trung tm ca kha Sol dch chuyn th NT SOL QUNG TM TH NHT dch chuyn theo ton b cc nt nhc (m), qung, thang m,... tng quan vi "nt Sol qung tm th nht" cng TNH TIN theo s thay i ci ny l mt trong s nhng kiu DCH GING. Phi r rng, dt khot tuyt i nh th v ngoi ni dung c bn trn, khi kt hp "kha Sol,..." vi vi k hiu khc th li l nt Sol khc, vi tn s m thanh khc (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_note)... cha ni n chuyn ngoi kha Sol ra th cn kha (C) v kha Fa (F) vi "vi k hiu khc" na... Cc "kha nhc" n lng nhng nh th v nhu cu s dng i vi "nhc giao hng ni chung" v "tnh nng ca cc nhc kh Giao hng ni ring"..., n cng long ngong nh th.

 c tai...:-j...>:)... Du ha theo kha...

VD

hoc
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_signature

Nhc li trn, "Du ha th khng khc nhau, nhng cch s dng th khc nhau cho nhu cu s dng r rng trnh nhm ln n mc ti a... Du ha bt thng c gi tr gii hn trong khun kh l "mt nhp" v "mt nt nht nh (cc m nhng qung tm khc th khng c hiu qu)", sang nhp mi buc phi VIT LI "chnh du ha bt thng nu cn s dng".

Phn t mu xanh l phn hiu qu ca du ha nh di..., cng chnh l giai iu ny nhng c chuyn sang du ha theo kha phn bit r hiu qu ca 2 kiu s dng du ha... Du ha theo kha: Vn l giai iu vn l nhng nt G nhng du ha l du ha theo kha... hiu qu ca du ha khc hon ton.

Trong khun kh "h thng v Nhc l c bn" ny... th... s dng vo vit, tnh ton v "Thang m" th ngi ta s dng "du ha theo kha". "Du ha theo kha" c gi tr trong ton b BN NHC hoc c gi tr n ON NHC c thay i "b du ha khc"... y chnh l ci m "nhn gian" hay gi nm na l "chuyn ging, chuyn iu, chuyn gam..."... Chnh xc ra l "chuyn ging" l "chuyn h thng cao ", "chuyn iu" l "chuyn h thng tit tu". Cc VD v Thang m trng t nhin, trng ha thanh, trng giai iu. Xem li phn Kha v b du ha trn. Bt u t m C, xy dng thang m theo qung... Trng ha thanh: H bc VI xung qung 2t Trng giai iu: H bc VI, VII xung qung 2t khi chy chiu i xung.

...t , bt m i thnh ng cung (Pentatonic)

Bt u t m Eb, xy dng thang m theo qung... Trng ha thanh: H bc VI xung qung 2t Trng giai iu: H bc VI, VII xung qung 2t khi chy chiu i xung.

...t , bt m i thnh ng cung (Pentatonic).

Bt u t m F#, xy dng thang m theo qung... Trng ha thanh: H bc VI xung qung 2t Trng giai iu: H bc VI, VII xung qung 2t khi chy chiu i xung.

...t , bt m i thnh ng cung (Pentatonic).

trn l 3 VD v thang m trng, bt u t m bt k. Ti s dng du ha bt thng khng nh tng quan cc qung... cn thc t th s l b du ha theo kha. Thang Pentatonic y ti ch r v cc bc (s la m) xc nh bc b bt i t thang trng t nhin..., cng nh th hin tng quan qung... Theo L thuyt th ngi ta gi tn Cung, Thng, Dc, Try, V..., cng l nguyn l (Bc, qung) nh trn. Cc VD v Thang m th t nhin, th ha thanh, th giai iu. Xem li phn Kha v b du ha trn. Tnh ton t Thang m trng trn theo QUNG ca thang m th... Thang m th Ha thanh, th giai iu h bc q2 nh trn, ng cung bt bc nh trn... Xem kh chi tit v m rng hn v s lng scale ti y:
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i:%C3%82m_giai...... Tng quan hn l http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_scale..., trong Music http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_mode. Scale c

Nu ko mun nh c hai cng thc v qung... Th c th xc nh bng cc phm trng trn n Piano, ch cn mt ci nh phm Piano hoc Bng k hiu bng ch: C 2T D 2T E 2t F 2T G 2T A 2T B 2t C 2T D 2T E 2t F 2T G 2T A... Khi : Tnh qung t m C di ln tng bc n m C trn ta s c th t ca cc "q2" cho "thang m trng" Tnh qung t m A di n m A trn ta s c th t "q2" cho "thang m th". TM LI: Bn cht ca thang m l s xp sp cc m theo cc qung... Tt c mi th khc "trn th trng...", c lin quan n "Thang m" u ch l "cch tnh ton", ngha l ko cn nh khi gi tr "qung" trong th t thay i th to thnh THANG M KHC. Vi nhng ngi hc C BN v "K sng m" th u c th nh r rng trong u m thanh ca tng quan gia "q2T" v "q2T", nh tng quan "thang m Trng t nhin" vi "thang m Th t nhin" n mc "nghe m thanh ca mt nt nhc (thng th c coi l Bc I - m ch hay ch m)" c th c ra c nhng m thanh "lin k" trong "thang m trng/th t nhin" v nhng

"hp m c bn" c xy dng da trn thang m ... TT C NHNG NGI, CHA T C IU KIN TRN TH HY T SA MNH HOC OUT RA KHI NGNH M NHC. V H THNG CC THANG M TRNG/TH T NHIN: Vi mi nt nhc c ly lm m ch th ta s c mt thang m trng t nhin, mt thang m th t nhin trng/th ha thanh v trng/th giai iu. V vi hp m c bn (nh ni dung v Hp m phn trn). t nht l c 12 nt nhc tm tnh l 12*2, ta s c "24 thang m trng/th t nhin"... S c mt vi thang m "TRNG M" nhau, s lng thc s t i do la chn thang m no "r rng, kh gy nhm ln trong qu trnh s dng..."... trong nhng thang m TRNG M vi nhau. VD: Bt u ly m ch l D#, gn cc th t qung 2 ca thang m trng vo c "thang m D# trng", ta s c thang m nh sau, lu rng v mt S LNG th thang m trng bt u t m ch D phi c th t c nh l "D E F G A B C v D", khi mt CHT LNG (thm du ha) mi ng ngha vi "thang m trng t nhin"... mi l: D# 2T E# 2T Fx 2t G# 2T A# 2T B# 2T Cx v 2t D#..., r rng y, c 2 nt "thng kp" tr thnh rt long ngong... TRNG M vi D# l Eb, cho nn L thuyt mi "KHNG DNG THANG M D# TRNG M THAY VO L Eb TRNG"..., s bt u t nt Eb, gn th t qung hai vo... v S LNG L E F G A B C D E, CHT LNG thnh Eb 2T F 2T G 2t Ab 2T Bb 2T C 2T D 2t Eb a ra c mt "b du ha ging cc nt B, E, A"...

Thang m trng ny c nh cc m (c b du ha ging) trong tt c mi trng hp (cu nhc, on nhc, bi ht, cu Solo, do...v.v...) s dng n ci gi l THANG M Eb TRNG ngi ta mi s dng DU HA THEO KHA cho c hiu qu ton din... l cng dng ca DU HA THEO KHA vi m nhc ni chung. Qua s "sp xp v chn lc" nh trn i vi tt c 12 m, ngi ta thng k ra c cc "b du ha thng/ging" cho mi thang m nh sau (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_signature#Table). Ta c "15 cp ging trng/th", tng ng vi "mt cp ging C trng/A th, ko c du ha", "7 b du ha THNG" v "7 b du ha GING". Gi l "cp ging trng/th" bi v vi "mi b du ha THNG hoc b du ha GING", ta s c "mt thang m Trng" v "mt thang m Th" song song. Tt c mi "th khc" trn th trng..., u ch l PHNG PHP TNH, ngha l KHNG PHI HC GO NH CHO HT: "B du ha no th l thang m no...???...". VD nh 2 cch nh sau y: Cch nh th nht: B du ha THNG . B du ha GING

. Qua 2 b du ha (7 du, nhiu nht) trn, ta s thy quy lut t du ha l... Du ha Thng, th t F C G D A E B. Du ha ging th ngc li B

E A D G C F. thnh ra s :

Ch cn NH Nt ch ca ging trng li xung mt q3t l ra nt ch ca ging th... C l ging ko c du ha no ging Am (nt C li xung mt q 3t l nt A) l ging song song cng ko c du ha; G l ging c mt giu ha THNG (F) ging Fm (nt G li xung mt q 3t l nt F) l ging song song cng c mt du ha thng; F l ging c mt giu ha GING (B) ging Dm (nt F li xung mt q 3t l nt D) l ging song song cng c mt du ha ging;. Cc du ha thng tip theo (th 2 tr i) s TNH nh nhau: Ly nt nhc ti du Thng CUI (TRONG B DU), nng ln mt q 2t Nt ch ca thang m trng (nt ch ca ging trng)..., nt ch ca ging trng li xung mt q 3t ra nt ch ca ging th song song (chnh l iu cn nh u tin - trn). VD Ging c 5 du ha Thng trong B DU ngha l 5 du F C G D A "du Thng CUI (TRONG B DU) l nt A#. Nng nt A# ln mt q 2t thnh nt B y l ging (thang m) B trng (k hiu B). H nt B xung mt q 3t thnh nt G# ging th song song l ging G# th (K hiu G#m). Ging c 3 du ha Thng trong B DU ngha l 3 du F C G "du Thng CUI (TRONG B DU) l nt G#. Nng nt G# ln mt q 2t thnh nt A y l ging (thang m) A trng (k hiu A). H nt A xung mt q 3t thnh nt F# ging th song song l ging F# th (K hiu F#m). Ging c 7 du ha Thng trong B DU ngha l 7 du F C G D A E B "du Thng CUI (TRONG B DU) l nt B#. Nng nt B# ln mt q 2t thnh nt C# y l ging (thang m) C# trng (k hiu C#). H nt B# xung mt q 3t thnh nt A# ging th song song l ging A# th (K hiu A#m). Cc du ha Ging tip theo (th 2 tr i) s TNH nh sau: Ly du Ging CN CUI (TRONG B DU) lm Nt ch ca thang m trng (nt ch ca ging trng)..., nt ch ca ging trng li xung mt q 3t ra nt ch ca ging th song song (chnh l iu cn nh u tin - trn). VD... Ging c 5 du ha Ging trong B DU ngha l 5 du B E A D G "du Ging CN CUI (TRONG B DU) l nt Db y l ging (thang m) Db trng (k hiu Db). H nt Db xung mt q 3t thnh nt Bb ging th song song l ging Bb th (K hiu Bbm). Ging c 3 du ha Ging trong B DU ngha l 3 du B E A "du Ging CN CUI (TRONG B DU) l nt Eb y l ging (thang m) Eb trng (k hiu Eb). H nt Eb xung mt q 3t thnh nt C ging th song song l ging C th (K hiu Cm). Ging c 7 du ha Ging trong B DU ngha l 7 du B E A D G C F "du Ging CN CUI (TRONG B DU) l nt Cb y l ging (thang m) Cb trng (k hiu Cb). H nt Cb xung mt q

3t thnh nt Ab ging th song song l ging Ab th (K hiu Ab). Cch nh th hai: y l mt ci s ... Ko c g suy lun...

Cc kiu s nh th ny hay gi l The Circle of Fifths... c ci s phi suy lun, c ci th ko... Hay nh ci qu The Circle of Fifths Blackjack...>:)... ny cng th...

Nhng tt c ch l nh cc cp ging theo b du ha m thi...

...Tm ht NI DUNG bi vit... s ch sa cha lt vt v cch trnh by... VI NI DUNG: M cc con m n RNG. Trong khi xy dng mt bn nhc Pop th c mt phng php l "bt u t VNG

HA THANH"... nh "vng ha thanh" ln, ri da vo cm hng t "vng ha thanh" vit "nhc v li" theo "vng ha thanh" . C th ni rng, l phng php lm vic kiu "trm hay khng bng tay quen"... Tnh v phng din "ha thanh (ni chung) v "vng ha thanh (ni ring), th tnh t sau "quy phm: Ha thanh bn b" ca nhc c in, ngi ta cng pht trin ra V KHI cc "vng ha thanh (NGUN)". Vic "nh vng ha thanh trc ( trn)", thc ra l mt "thi quen" ch ko phi l NGUYN L. Tt c qu trnh "xy dng" l mt chui nhng "s trng lp vi NGUYN L L THUYT mc "phn x c iu kin". VNG HA THANH c NGUN ( trn), khi vit "nhc v li" trn "vng ha thanh" , th giai iu cng v tnh trng lp vi nhng yu t ca "thang m (scale) nht nh". l "phn x c iu kin" to ra nhng s trng lp vi cc i tng ca L thuyt. Nhng ci GC ca nhng VNG HA THANH "NGUN" kia... c xy dng bi nhng nguyn tc ca L THUYT rng "VNG HA THANH XY DNG DA TRN NN TNG L THANG M". Tm ht vn lin quan n VNG HA THANH. Popular Vit Nam hin ti th thc s l tt c ang ln ln...:-j... Phn ln cch phi khi ca cc nhc s Vit Nam hin ti (thuc loi chuyn nghip)..., ko ra u vo vi u...:-j... Hp m th "vay mn 7, 9, 11, 13" hay dng trong nhc Jazz, k thut phi kh th li s dng ca "nhc thnh phng", hnh thc (tuyt giai iu) cng ko "c ng" nh Pop m li c nh l vit giai iu ca kh nhc Semi classic ri ch li...:))... th cng c nhnh s dng cng ngh BoyBand cng OK. Nhc Jazz th ti cha c thi gian m vo "xm xoi" --> ti cng cha nh gi c h c " cht Jazz" hay ko... nhc Rock th a s l "chi theo thi quen, theo phn x t pht", dn chuyn nghip ng vo nhc Rock th cng ch c m nhi nht m thanh Distortion Guitar vo ri nh p m m... Cht liu m thanh th "Distortion Guitar, Bass, trng Jazz", tit tu th "phch ngc" do phn ln l c o to ngnh "nhc nh" l nhc Jazz nhp p sinh l ko th trnh c... Heavy Rock l phch xui ca "nhc c in", "Hp m 3 (c o)" ca nhc c in. Distortion Guitar (Accord) th ch l 2 m, phn ln l trong phm vi qung 5. Ha thanh nhc Jazz: M nhn nhn v nhc Jazz..., th t trc n nay, ngi ta "gn" cc hp m 9, 11, 13, add, dim, sus,... l "Hp m ca nhc Jazz"... y nh l mt "cch nhn nhn theo kiu thng k" thi ch ko phi l "cch suy lun hay cch ch o xc nh v nhc Jazz"... Nu m "Suy lun" th phi i t "Thang m c a Jazz (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_scale)" v "tc nhn" l s "ngu hng Solo giai iu" ca ngh s biu din mi l "suy lun xui"... Khi ngun, gc gc... ca nhc Jazz, ngi ta "suy lun xui" qu "tha ma" ri th ngi ta mi quay ra "suy lun ngc" ri thng k ra ci m ngy nay gi l "hp m ca nhc Jazz"... M ring ng n nhc Jazz th ngi ta cn phi xc phn nh c s khc nhau ca "solo giai iu" v "solo hp m"..., hay hiu cch khc l "s dng hp m theo tnh cht nh l giai iu". V c tnh "cht liu m thanh l cc nhc kh mc, nhc kh in t th m thanh gn gng" vic chng m ln nhau l iu... c th gi l "v bin" khi kt hp "Solo giai iu" v "Solo hp m" vo vi nhau (chng ln nhau) n mi tr thnh

cc dng "hp m chiu dc" ca bn nhc Jazz l cc th 9, 11, 13...v.v... nh th. l "suy lun t L thuyt m nhc"... Cn v chuyn "Vng hp m ca nhc Jazz" th ti cha nghin cu vo vn ny... Vng hp m ngha l chui hp m c quy nh v vic "lp li" to thnh mt mng m c th phn tch ra "cng thc".