BI 1

=
o
o

(
(

u O
(

1: Ma Trn
nh ngha: Ma trn c mxn l mt bng gm
m.n s thc (phc) c vit thnh m hng
v n ct nh sau:

11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
...
...
A
... ... ... ...
...
(
(
(
=
(
(
(

n
n
m m mn
a a a
a a a
a a a
Tp hp tt c cc ma trn c mxn c k
hiu M
mxn

K hiu: A = [a
ij
]
mxn

11 12 1 1
21 22 2 2
1 2
1 2
... ...
... ...
... ... ... ... ... ...
... ...
... ... ... ... ... ...
... ...
j n
j n
i i ij in
m m mj mn
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

Hng th nht
Hng th i
Ct th 2 Ct th j
a
ij
: Phn t nm hng i ct j
aij
mn: gi l cp ca ma trn
a
11
a
22
a
33
gi l ng
cho chnh
1: Ma Trn

1: Ma Trn
V d:
1 0 2
3 1.5 5
A
(
=
(

2 8 6
2 9 0
0 7 2
B

(
(
=
(
(


2x3
3x3
ng cho chnh
21
a

1: Ma Trn
* Khi m = n (s hng = s ct) ta ni A l ma trn
vung cp n.
Tp hp tt c cc ma trn vung cp n c k
hiu M
n
.
V d:
0 7 8
1 3
; 4 2 0
2 7
5 0 2
(
(
(

(
(

(

Ma trn vung cp 2
Ma trn vung cp 3

1: Ma Trn
Cc ma trn c bit:
1. Ma trn khng:
ij
0, , . a i j =
V d:
0 0 0
0 0 0
O
(
=
(

(tt c cc phn t u = 0)

Cc ma trn c bit:
2. Ma trn cho: l ma trn vung c:

1: Ma Trn
ij
0, . a i j = =
(cc phn t ngoi ng cho chnh = 0)
V d:
2 0 0
0 4 0
0 0 9
(
(
(
(

11
22
0 ... 0
0 ... 0
... ... ... ...
0 0 ...
nn
a
a
a
(
(
(
(
(

1: Ma Trn
Cc ma trn c bit:
3. Ma trn n v: l ma trn cho c:
1, 1, 2,..., .
ii
a i n = =
K hiu: I, I
n
.
V d:
2 3
1 0 ... 0
1 0 0
1 0 0 1 ... 0
, 0 1 0 ,
0 1 .. .. ... ..
0 0 1
0 0 ... 1
n
I I I
(
(
(
(
(
(
= = =
(
(
(

(
(

1: Ma Trn
Cc ma trn c bit:
4. Ma trn tam gic: l ma trn vung c
0, .
ij
a i j = >
V d:
1 2 5 4
0 3 1 0
0 0 2 6
0 0 0 9
(
(

(
(
(

(tam gic trn)
0, .
ij
a i j = <
(tam gic di)
2 0 0 0
7 1 0 0
0 8 2 0
2 9 1 5
(
(
(
(
(

MT tam gic trn MT tam gic di

1: Ma Trn
Cc ma trn c bit:
5. Ma trn ct:l ma trn c n=1.
Ma trn ct c dng:
| |
11
21
1
:
..
i
m
m
a
a
a
a
(
(
(
=
(
(

Cc ma trn c bit:
6. Ma trn hng: l ma trn c m=1.

Ma trn hng c dng:

| |
11 12 1
...
n
a a a
1: Ma Trn

Cc ma trn c bit:
7. Ma trn bng nhau:
ij ij
, , .

( (
= = = =

ij ij
m n m n
A a b B a b i j
8. Ma trn chuyn v: cho ma trn A=[a
ij
]
mxn
,
ma trn chuyn v ca ma trn A k hiu A
T
v xc nh A
T
=[b
ij
]
nxm
vi b
ij
=a
ji
vi mi
i,j.
(chuyn hng thnh ct)
1: Ma Trn

V d:
11 12 1 11 21 1
21 22 2 12 22 2
1 2 1 2
... ...
... ...
.. .. ... .. .. .. ... ..
... ...

( (
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (
( (

n m
n m
T
m m mn n n nm
m n n m
a a a a a a
a a a a a a
A A
a a a a a a
Dng ca ma trn chuyn v:
2 3
3 2
1 6
1 2 5
2 7
6 7 9
5 9

(
(
(
= =
(
(

(

T
A A
1: Ma Trn

1: Ma Trn
* Khi A

= A
T
th A c gi l ma trn i xng.


V d:
1 2 3
2 0 5
3 5 1
(
(
= =
(
(

T
A A

1: Ma Trn
* Khi A

= -A
T
th A c gi l ma trn phn i
xng.


V d:
0 1 4 0 1 4
1 0 3 1 0 3
4 3 0 4 3 0

( (
( (
= =
( (
( (


=
T
T
A A
A A

Cc ma trn c bit:
11. a thc ca ma trn:
Cho a thc

v ma trn vung

Khi :

(trong l ma trn n v cng cp vi ma trn A)
[ ]
ij n
A a =
1
0 1
( ) ...
n n
n n
P x a x a x a

= + + +
1
0 1
( ) ...
n n
n n n
P A a A a A a I

= + + +
n
I
1: Ma Trn

V d:
Cho
2
2
( ) 3 5 P x x x = +
v ma trn
1 2
0 3
A
(
=
(

Khi :
2
2 2
2
( ) 3 5
1 2 1 2 1 0
3 5
0 3 0 3 0 1
P A A A I = +
( ( (
= +
( ( (


1: Ma Trn

1: Ma Trn
Cc php ton trn ma trn:
1. Php cng hai ma trn:

ij ij ij ij

( ( (
+ = +

m n m n m n
a b a b
1 2 0 3
3 5 2 4
4 2 1 5
( ( (
( ( (
+ =
( ( (
( ( (

V d:
1
0
1+ 0=1
1
2 3
2+3=5 5
-1 1
5 3
(cng theo tng v tr tng ng)

)
)
) ( ) ( )
+ = +
+ = + =
+ + = + +
i A B B A
ii A O A O A
iii A B C A B C
Cc tnh cht: Gi s A,B,C,O l cc ma
trn cng cp, khi :
1: Ma Trn

1: Ma Trn
Cc php ton trn ma trn:
2. Php nhn mt s vi mt ma trn:
ij ij
. ,

( ( = e

m n m n
a a R.
V d:
3 2 0
2 7 4 5
0 2 1

( (
( (
=
( (
( (

2
3
2.3=6 6
2.(-2)=-4
-2
2
-4
0
14
2.0=0
8 10
0 -4 2
(cc phn t ca ma trn u c nhn cho )

Cc tnh cht: l hai ma trn

cng cp, khi
, , , R A B o | e
1: Ma Trn
) ( )
) ( )
) ( ) ( )
) 1
i A B A B
ii A A A
iii A A
iv A A
o o o
o | o |
o | o|
+ = +
+ = +
=
=
Sinh vin t kim tra.

1: Ma Trn
Ch :
1 3 6 5 1 3 6 5
( 1)
4 5 1 3 4 5 1 3
( ( ( (
= +
( ( ( (

( 1) A B A B = +
1 3 6 5 5 2
4 5 1 3 3 2

( ( (
= + =
( ( (


Nhn xt: tr 2 ma trn l tr theo v tr tng ng

1: Ma Trn
Cc php ton trn ma trn:
3. Php nhn hai ma trn: Cho hai ma trn
Khi ma trn gi l tch ca
hai ma trn A, B. Trong :


; ,
m p p n
A B
[ ]

=
m p p n ij m n
A B c
1 1 2 2
... , 1, ; 1, .
ij i j i j ip pj
c a b a b a b i m j n = + + + = =
1 i
a
2 i
a
ip
a
Hng th i ca ma trn A.
1 j
b
2 j
b
pj
b Ct th j ca ma trn B.
Nh vy = hng th i ca ma trn A nhn tng ng
vi ct th j ca ma trn B ri cng li.
ij
c

V d: Nhn hai ma trn sau:

3 3 3 2 3 2
3 2 1 1 2
0 1 4 3 0
2 3 0 4 1

( ( (
( ( (
=
( ( (
( ( (


3. 1
.3
+2 +1
.4
=13
13
=
=3.2+2.0+1.(-1)=5 5 3
2
2 0 1
-1
Ch : hng 1 nhn ct 2 vit vo v tr
12
c
s ct ca A= s hng ca B
1: Ma Trn

3 3 3 2 3 2
3 2 1 1 2 13 5
0 1 4 3 0
2 3 0 4 1

( ( (
( ( (
=
( ( (
( ( (


V d: Nhn hai ma trn sau:
1: Ma Trn
=0.1+(-1).3+4.4=13
Hng 2
Ct 1
13
Hng 2
Ct 2
=0.2+1.0+4.(-1)=-4 -4
7
-4

Ch : Php nhn 2 ma trn khng giao hon

1: Ma Trn
1 4
5 2
1 4
3 1
4 0
3 1
4
2 10
4 5 2
1 1
6
3
1
2
0
9
5
AB
BA

(
(
(
= =
(

(
= =
(

(
(

(
(

(
(

V d:

V d:
1: Ma Trn
1 5 7 1 0 0 1 5 7
8 4 2 0 1 0 8 4 2
3 1 0 0 0 1 3 1 0
1 0 0 1 5 7 1 5 7
0 1 0 8 4 2 8 4 2
0 0 1 3 1 0 3 1 0
AI A
IA A
( ( (
( ( (
= = =
( ( (
( ( (

( ( (
( ( (
= = =
( ( (
( ( (

Cc tnh cht: Ta gi s cc ma trn c cp

ph hp tn ti ma trn tch
1: Ma Trn
) ( ) ( )
) ( )
) ( )
) , ( ) ( ) ( )
) ( )
=
+ = +
+ = +
e = =
= =
i A BC AB C
ii A B C AB AC
iii A B C AC BC
iv k k AB kA B A kB
v AI A IA A

Cc tnh cht:
1: Ma Trn
) ( )
) ( ) ,
) ( )
+ = +
= e
=
T T T
T T
T T T
i A B A B
ii kA kA k
iii AB B A
Sinh vin t kim tra.

1: Ma Trn
V d: Cho v
Tnh f(A)?
2
( ) 3 5 f x x x = +
3 5
1 4
A
(
=
(

Ta c:
2
2
2
( ) 3 5
3 5 3 5 1 0
3 5
1 4 1 4 0 1
3 5 3 5 9 15 5 0
1 4 1 4 3 12 0 5
14 35 4 15 18 50
7 21 3 7 10 28
f A A A I = +
( ( (
= +
( ( (

( ( ( (
= + +
( ( ( (

( ( (
= + =
( ( (

AA

1: Ma Trn
Bi tp: Cho

2 0 0 2 0
3 1 0 ; 1 3
4 2 5 4 5
A B
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (

Tnh
2
; ; ; 3 .
T
AB A A A AB B

1: Ma Trn
Bi tp: Cho

v ma trn

Tnh f(A) =?
2
( ) 3 4 f x x x = +
1 2 3
0 3 4
0 0 2
A
(
(
=
(
(