Kin trc My tnh

NV Tam, HT Cc. IOIT, VAST

CHN
I!I THI"# CH#N

V$ M%& T'NH (I"N T)

*.*.S+ ra ,-i ./ 0ht tri1n c2a my tnh

Trc cng nguyn xut hin cc cng c x l s tnh ton cc vn s h!c" #i$% th& '( )* nh+ ,c h!c -h. /"-%sc%l 0)1234)5526 c7 nhi u 7ng g7. trong c8 gii h7% tnh ton s h!c" 9ng l+: r% :;t :y tnh :i vi nguyn l :i <,nh x= r>ng c%?" @c ,nh x= cA% -%sc%l c7 )B vC tr 0tD B4E6 v+ x&. Ft '& ti&. nh%u" @c :y n+y giG. cho vic tnh ti n Hc nh%nh ch7ng" Ti&. th=o 7 nh+ ,c h!c IJc K=i,niL 0)5M54)*)56 ch& r% :y tnh c8 h!c c7 th nhNn v+ 'h%i c>n ,Oc 2" Th& '( )EP Qh+ ,c h!c Rnh @"/%,,%g= 0)*E)4)1*)6 nghS &n tT ;ng h7% cc :y tnh c8 h!cU tT ;ng thTc hin lin ti&. cc .hV. tnh" Wy cA% /%,,%g= cXn YZng ,>ng c l[ xc Cnh .hV. tnh thTc hin" \iu :y tnh n+y Hc g!i l+ :y tnh ch8ng tr]nh ngo+i 0ngHc vi :y tnh hin n%y l+ :y tnh ch8ng tr]nh trong6 thTc hin lun :;t lo^t .hV. tnh c Cnh trong :;t ch8ng tr]nh" Wy tnh n+y c7 A @-_U ,; nh v+ thi&t ,C v+o`r%" Trong th& chi&n lXn thJ 2U nhi u hng v+ tr8ng ^i h!c a Wb xNy YTng cc :y tnh ,cng r8l= YT% trn nguyn l /%,,%g=" dohn W%uchly v+ h!c tre d" -r=s.=r fc'=rt a trgng I^i h!c -=nnsylv%ni% th=o yu cXu thi&t '& :y tnh tnh gng ^n" W%uchly gF. Rt%n%sohh4)EM) v+ s Yng nguyn l :y R/@ 0Rt%n%sohh4/=rry @o:.ut=rU :y tnh % r% )E3B6 .ht trin v+ % r% :y tnh fQiR@ 0fl=ctronic Qu:=ric%l int=gr%tor %nY @%lcul%torU n>: )EM3 4 )EM56" Wy tnh fQiR@ Hc xNy YTng tD cc jn in t" Wy nFng 3B tnU trki r;ng trn Yin tch )*B :2U cng sut tiu th 2BB 'lU thTc hin Hc mBBB .hV. tnh`giNy" fQiR@ Hc coi l+ :y tnh in t Xu tin" Qh+ ton h!c non Q=u:%nn l+ nggi t vn trong ch& t^o fQiR@ nghin cJu :y tnh fQiR@ v+ % r% ou%n ni: :i" )6 @h8ng tr]nh Hc ghi trc v+o ,; nhP Wy tnh c7 ,; nh lu tr$ :;t ch8ng tr]nh trc 'hi thTc hin v+ ghi '&t ouk trung gi%n" @h8ng tr]nh Hc thTc hin th=o tr]nh tT" 26 Qgpt rq nhnhP Wy tT ;ng rq nhnh nhg cc ouy&t Cnh logic
)3

Kin trc My tnh

NV Tam, HT Cc. IOIT, VAST

-hXn ln cc :y tnh ng+y n%y u l+: vic trn nguyn l non Q=u:%nn" TD 'hi r% gi &n n%yU :y tnh trki ou% m th& h" @c th& h cA% :y tnh in t ,%o gr:P )6 Th& h ) 0)Em)4)Em16P sjn in t chNn 'hng
26

Th& h 2 0)EmE4)E5M6P /n YtnU Rss=:,ll=rU @o,ol 0mE6

36 Th& h 3 0)E5m4)E*B6P ni in t cu nhv v+ vD% 0wwiU Wwi6 M6 Th& h M 0)E*) &n n%y6P ni in t cu ln v+ siu ln 0KwiU nKwiU WwiU #wi6 m6 Th& h m 0)E1B4)EEB6P xT n xNy YTng :y tnh th& h m vi tnh n>ng x l song song tr tu nhNn t^o v+ ngn ng$ tT nhin" Tuy nhin YT n n+y 'hng th+nh cng nh :c tiu r%"

*.3.4h5n 678i cc h9 th:n; my tnh

*.3.*. 4h5n 678i cc h9 th:n; my tnh th<7 hi9= n>n; ?@hA n>n; tnh t7nB xT% trn 'hk n>ng tnh ton cA% WTsTU nggi t% chi% l+: M lo^iP Wy tnh c nhNn 0-=rson%l @o:.ut=r6U Wy tnh Wini 0Winico:.ut=r6U Wy tnh ln 0W%inhr%:=6 v+ Wy tnh siu ln 0wu.=rco:.ut=r6" @c thng s Fc trng nh gi hiu n>ng cA% :y tnh l+P Tc ; 0'hk n>ng tnh ton6 I; Y+i cA% tD x l xung lHng ,; nh trong xung lHng ,; nh ngo+i

a. My tnh c nh5n Wy tnh c nhNn thgng l+ :y tnh :;t nggi s Yng" V d: Wy vi tnh -=ntiu: in vi 4 Tc ; Hc Fc trng ,cng tXn s cA% rng hr )UM#yLz )Um#yLz"""2U1#yLz 3U)#yL" I; Y+i tD x l 32 ,it" xung lHng ,; nh trongP 5MW/U )21W/U 2m5W/U""" xung lHng S% cJngP 2B #/U MB #/U 1B#/"""
23

Kin trc My tnh

NV Tam, HT Cc. IOIT, VAST

C. My tnh cD .Ea ?MiniB W;t :y tnh Wini thgng c7 'hk n>ng cho 2B { )BB nggi rng thgi s Yng" Wy tnh Wini c7 hiu n>ng s Yng thgng g. )B lXn :y tnh c nhNn" @u h]nh cA% :;t :y tnh :ini c7 th Hc th hin nh trn hnh 1.1"

Thit b u cui

Thit b u cui Thit b u cui

My tnh mini

Thit b u cui Thit b u cui

Hnh 1.1:

Cu hnh tiu biu ca my tnh mini

c. My tnh 6n Wy tnh ln l+ :y tnh % nggi s Yng" Thgng :;t :y tnh ln c7 th ni vi h8n )BB thi&t ,C Xu cui" Thng thgng :y tnh ln c7 c: x lP
4

B tin x l (The-Front end-Processor) l+: nhi: v thu thO. v+ x l s ,; Y$ liu ti tD cc thi&t ,C Xu cui trc 'hi % v+o cho ,; x l chA" B x l ch (!ost "rocessor) l+: nhi: v x l chnh v+ i u 'hin to+n ,; h thng" B x l "h tr# (The-$%c& end-Processor) l+: nhi: v oukn l t.U c8 sa Y$ liu v+ :y in" Wy tnh ln c7 'hk n>ng tnh ton g. )B lXn :y Wini" V d: Wy tnh i/W M31)U i/W |w`MBB" @u h]nh cA% :;t :y tnh ln Hc th hin nh trn hnh 1.'"
33

Kin trc My tnh

NV Tam, HT Cc. IOIT, VAST

F. My tnh GiH= 6n Wy tnh siu ln cc cu trGc hng v+o t>ng tc ; x l ,cng cchP 4 4 4 4 x l" Wy tnh siu ln c7 'hk n>ng tnh ton ln h8n )B lXn :y tnh ln" (n) dn): 4 4 4 4 4 -hNn tch s liu ;ng t W .hvng Yeng 'h cA% :y ,%y" Qghin cJu sJc n} cA% .hkn Jng h^t nhNn" Qghin cJu : .hvngU t^o Y^ng c8n ,o trong YT ,o thgi ti&t" \i&n t^o nh$ng : h]nh chuyn ;ng trong v~ tr" xZng linh 'in nh%nh h8n" |Gt ngpn 'hokng cch gi$% cc linh 'in" \i&n trGc :y n+y 'hc vi cc lo^i :y :ini" Wy tnh siu ln .hki l+: vic trong .heng l^nh" V d: Wy tnh @r%y mUm triu _wxz @o:.%g 2BB triu _wx { h+ng ng+n ,;

M3

Kin trc My tnh

NV Tam, HT Cc. IOIT, VAST

*.3.3. 4h5n 678i cc h9 th:n; my tnh th<7 @in trc Qgo+i nguyn l :y tr]nh tT 0th=o non Q=u:%nn6U trong gi%i o^n gXn Ny cen .ht trin cc :y tnh th=o nguyn l song song" Th=o Wich%=l ly:n c7 th .hNn lo^i :y tnh nh s%uP
aB Cc @i1= n;=yHn 6 IJ 6

@8 s8 .hNn lo^i YT% trn tnh 8n xNu h%y % xNu cA% lnh v+ Y$ liu Yo Wich%=l lynn xut" Trong 7 xNu lnh 0instruction str=%:6 l+ :;t tO. tuXn tT cc lnh 0instruction6 Hc thTc hin ,ai :;t @-_ v+ xNu Y$ liu 0Y%t% str=%:6 l+ chu[i cc Y$ liu :+ xNu lnh cXn c7" @7 ,n lo^i 'i&n trGc nh s%uP
SISK 0Gin;6< inGtr=ccti7n Gtr<am, Gin;6< Fata Gtr<am6"

Th=o nguyn l non Q=u:%nn { :y tnh tuXn tT" W;t thgi i: ch c7 :;t lnh Hc thTc hinU t8ng tT nh 'hi skn xut tU :;t nggi l+: tt ck cc cng vic" INy l+ : h]nh :y tnh von Q=u:%nnU cen g!i l+ thi&t '& 'iu :y tnh ni ti&.U trong 7 ch :;t lnh thTc hin a :;t thgi i:" wiwx oui chi&u lo^i :y s=ri%l sc%l%r co:.ut=r" Tt ck cc :y wiwx s Yng :;t ,; &: ch8ng tr]nhU -@ 0-rogr%: @ount=r6U t^o r% ou tr]nh thTc hin lin ti. cc lnh" w%u :[i lXn lnh ly Hc tD ,; nhU -@ tT ;ng cO. nhOt gi trC :i c7 C% ch lnh ti&. th=o" 0TJc thTc hin th=o thJ tT lin ti&. 0s=ri%l orY=r66"
MISK 0m=6ti06< inGtr=cti7n Gtr<am, Gin;6< Fata Gtr<am6"

Qhi u lnh cZng th%o tc trn :;t :kng Y$ liu" Trong thTc t& l+ 'i&n trGc :+ s liu Hc % ou% :;t chu[i cc 8n vC x l"

n Y t8ng tT YNy chuy n skn xut :[i nggi cng nhNn thTc hin :;t nhi: v hoFc :;t tO. hH. nhi: v YT% trn '&t ouk cA% nggi trc 7" @c 'i&n trGc gng ng nh systolic %rr%y v+ v=ctor .roc=ssor thu;c lo^i Wiwx

K+ lo^i 'i&n trGc vi 'hk n>ng thTc hin v+i lnh th%o tc trn :;t xNu Y$ liu" @ch t} chJc 'iu :y n+y nh th& n+oP c7 h%i cch Yin ^t" 4 =: xVt :;t l. cc :y tnhU trong 7 cc 8n vC x l ring ,it nhOn cc lnh ring ,it th%o tc trn cZng :;t Y$ liu" INy l+ lo^i :y thch thJc cc nh+ 'i&n trGc :y tnhU v+ ch% c7 :y n+o lo^i n+y trong thTc t&"
m3

Kin trc My tnh

NV Tam, HT Cc. IOIT, VAST

4 @7 th x=: xVt 'hc nh s%uP 7 l+ l. cc :y tnhU trong 7 Y$ liu i ou% lin ti&. cc 8n vC x l" @c :y tnh 'i&n trGc 'iu gng ng 0.i.=lin=Y6U h%y cc ,; x l v=ctorU thu;c l. :y n+yP l v=ctor l+ thTc hin ou% cc tXngU :[i tXng thTc hin :;t chJc n>ng xc Cnh v+ t^o r% :;t '&t ouk trung gi%n" K Yo n7i 'iu 'i&n trGc n+y l+ Wiwx v] rcng cc th+nh .hXn cA% :;t v=ctor Hc nh]n nhOnU thu;c v+o cZng :;t Y$ liuU v+ tt ck cc tXng ,iu Yin % lnh . Yng cho

v=ctor 7" 0n YP YNy chuy n lp. r.6

SIMK 0 Gin;6< inGt=cti7n Gtr<am, m=6ti06< Fata Gtr<am6"

@h :;t ,iu lnh ging nh%u x l nhi u s liu rng thgi" W;t 8n vC i u 'hin 'hai ;ng nhi u 8n vC x lU t8ng tT nh Wiwx h[ trH x l v=ctor" W[i :;t .hXn t cA% v=ctor Hc % v+o 8n vC x l ring thTc hin rng thgi" T8ng tT nh trong YNy chuy n skn xut tU nhi u cng nhNn cZng l+: :;t s cng vic" W[i cng nhNn tT xNy YTng t ,cng cch cZng thTc hin :;t nhi: v ging nh%u t^i :;t thgi i:" n Y tnh l8ng cho )"BBB nggi th] :y wiwx .hki thTc hin )"BBB veng lF.U cen trn :y wiWx c7 th thTc hin song song )"BBB Yeng s liu " Wt lnh 8n Hc s Yng x l nhi u Y$ liu rng thgi" Trong lo^i :y n+yU :;t 8n vC i u 'hin 'ch ho^t nhi u Hn v x l ring ,it" wiWx h} trH x l v=ctor nh n7i trnP gn cc th+nh .hXn cA% v=ctor cho tDng 8n vC x l ring ,it cc 8n vC n+y tnh ton rng thgi" n Y tnh l8ng th=o gig cho )BBB nggi l+:P 4 trn :y wiwxP cX: l+: )BBB lXn tuXn tT z 4 trn :y wiWxP thTc hin song song rng thgi trn )BBB xNu x liu 'hc nh%u 0 :[i tnh ton cho :;t l%o ;ng6" 0 v YP Qhi u l%o ;ng l+: cZng :;t vic nh nh%u rng thgiU s%u 'hi xong vicU h! nhOn cng vic :i6
MIMK 0 m=6ti06< inGtr=cti7n Gtr<am, m=6ti06< Fata Gtr<am6"

Wy c7 nhi u 8n vC x l { nhi u lnh 'hc nh%u Hc YZng x l nhi u s liu rng thgi" sNy l+ :y .hJc t^. nht nhng c~ng hJ% hn nht ^t Hc '&t ouk thng ou% x l t8ng tr%nh" T8ng tT nh trong YNy chuy n skn xut tU :[i nggi cng nhNn tT xNy YTng t :;t cch ;c lO. th=o tO. hH. cc lnh ring cA% :]nh"

53

Kin trc My tnh

NV Tam, HT Cc. IOIT, VAST

K+ lo^i :y c7 nhi u 8n vC x lU nhi u lnh YZng x l nhi u Y$ liu rng thgi" Ko^i :y n+y .hJc t^. nhtU tnh rng thgi a Ny l+ v] 'hng ch cc ,; x l ho^t ;ng rng thgiU :+ nhi u ch8ng tr]nh 0ti&n tr]nh6 Hc thTc hin trong cZng :;t 'hung thgi gi%n" 0n YP W[i nggi 'hng l+: cZng :;t vic rng thgiU :+ thTc hin ;c lO. tO. cc ch thC cho ring h!6"
C. Cc @i1= my tnh

Tuy nhin cho ti ng+y n%y cch .hNn lo^i trn ch a :Jc ; t8ng i" ThTc t& 'i&n trGc :y :%ng :Xu spc .h% tr;n" y]nh s%u cho thy cch .hNn lo^i cc 'i&n trGc x l thgng thyP
Multiprocessor

MIMD

Multicomputer Multi-multiprocessor Data floww machine

SIMD Processing architectures MISD

Array processor Pipelined vector processor Systolic array

Hybrid Special purpose

MIMD-SIMD machine MIMD-SISD machine Artificial neural network Fuzzy logic processor

*. m=6ti0r7c<GG7rL K+ :;t :y song song vi nhi u @-_ U chi% s ,; nh h thng" W[i @-_ c7 th lO. ch^y :;t .hXn cA% :;t ch8ng tr]nhU h%y ch^y :;t ch8ng tr]nh 'hc vi ch8ng tr]nh ch^y trn @-_ 'hc" W h]nh s%uP

*3

Kin trc My tnh

NV Tam, HT Cc. IOIT, VAST

P!

. . . .

Pm

Interconnection network (IN)

M!

. . . .

Mm

W: :oYul ,; nhU -)U-n @-_" :^nh '&t ni ,n trong 0iQ6 '&t ni :[i @-_ vi :;t tO. cc :oYul ,; nh" I chuyn Y%t% gi$% h%i @-_U :;t tr]nh tT chuyn Y%t% .hki Hc lO. tr]nh thTc hin" 3.m=6ic7m0=t<rL K+ :;t :y song songU trong 7 :[i @-_ c7 :;t ,; nh ring ,itU trong 'hi 7 ,; nh chnh .hNn .hi ring .hXn cho tDng @-_" IFc i: l+ cc @-_ 'hng th truy nhO. v+o ,; nh cA% nh%u" INy l+ sT .hNn ,it c8 ,kn vi :y % x l n7i trc 7"

Interconnection network (IN)

....
P P! Pn

M!

Mm

P"

P"!

P"s

13

Kin trc My tnh

NV Tam, HT Cc. IOIT, VAST

Trong h]nhU :[i nGt 0-Qs6 c7 @-_ -n v+ Wn ring ,it" Qi l+ :^ng '&t ni" x%t% sq Hc cc lnh chuyn chuyn tD -Q n+y &n -Q 'i% c7 '&t ni vi n7" Q&u chuyn Y%t% ti :;t -Q 'hng '&t niU th] Y%t% .hki i ou% :;t -Q trung gi%n" M. M=6tiNm=6ti0r7c<GG7rL K+ .hi hH. cA% h%i 'iu cu trGc trn 0:ulti.roc=ssorU v+ :ulico:.ut=6U trong 7 :[i :;t nGt l+ :;t % x l 0:ulti.roc=ssor6" O.Kata P67Q machin<L K+ lo^i 'i&n trGcU trong 7 :;t lnh sn s+ng thTc hin 'hi Y%t% cho cc ton h^ng 0o.=r%nY6 cA% lnh sn s+ng" x%t% g!i l+ sn c7 l+ Yo '&t ouk '&t ouk thTc hin lnh trc 7 v+ chuyn Y%t% 7 cho cc ton h^ng cA% lnh %ng Hi" ni cch thJc nh vOyU 'i&n trGc t^o r% lurng Y$ liu" Ny t% thy 'hng cXn c7 ,; &: ch8ng tr]nh nh trong : h]nh von Q=u:%nn" @c lnh lurng Y$ liu l+ tT chJ% Tng trong ,kn thNn lnhU c7 nghS% l+ lnh 'hng oui chi&u v+o ,; nh chnhU :+ :%ng th=o cc gi trC cA% ,i&n trong ,kn thNn lnh" Trong 'i&n trGc n+y vic thTc hin :;t lnh 'hng tc ;ng &n cc lnh 'hc %ng sn s+ng thTc hin" Qh vOy sq c7 nhi u lnh %ng sn s+ng c7 th Hc thTc hin rng thgi v+ '&t ouk l+ c7 ti : n>ng tnh ton rng thgi rt c%o"
PE

PE

PE

I&D I&D Mang ph$n ph%i

IN IN

Mang trong t#i *enh va du lieu

I&D Du li&u 'ket (ua) *enh va du lieu +o nho

Knh v+ cc ton h^ng Hc gi$ trong ,; nh lnh v+ Y%t% 0ix6" W;t 'hi lnh sn s+ng thTc hinU lnh Hc gai &n :;t trong cc th+nh .hXn x l 0-f6 ou% :^ng .hNn .hi iQ" W[i -f l+ :;t @-_ vi ,; nh ring h^n ch&" \hi thTc hin lnh U -f tnh ton v+ gai '&t ouk ti :^ng ch 0iQ6 &n ch nhOn Y%t%""
E3

Kin trc My tnh

NV Tam, HT Cc. IOIT, VAST

R. Array 0r7c<GG7r. ?SJ 6 ,a chiT=BL /%o gr: :;t tO. cc nGt x l 0-Qs6 v+ :;t ,; x l v hng 0sc%l%r @-_6 l+: vic Yi sT 'i: sot cA% 8n vC x l trung tN: 0@ontrol _nit @_6" @_ t]: cc lnh trong ,; nhU giki : lnh v+ gai cc lnh 7 cho @-_ v hng h%y cho cc nGt .h thu;c v+o 'iu lnh" Q&u l+ lnh v hngU thi chuyn cho @-_ v hngU cen th] chuyn cho tt ck cc nGt -Qs" @c -Q thTc hin cZng :;t lnh rng thgi trn cc Y$ liu 'hc nh%u c7 trong ,; nh cA% n7" Qh vOy x l % chi u ch cXn :;t ch8ng tr]nh 0:;t coY=6 cho tt ck cc nGt U 'hng cXn nhNn ,kn ch8ng tr]nh cho :[i nGt" t8ng cng s%u x l % chi u l+ 'h%i thc tnh song song trong tO. Y$ liu choU chJ 'hng .hki thTc hin song song tr]nh tT cA% thTc hin lnh" Tnh ton song song thTc hin ,cng cch gn cho :[i @-_ ti :;t .hXn Y$ liu" Q&u Y%t% l+ v=ctorU th] Y%t% 7 8n gikn l+ :;t th+nh .hXn v=ctor" l % chi u t>ng cgng hiu n>ng ,cng cch th%o tc tt ck cc .hXn Y$ liu 0 gn cho :[i @-_6 rng thgi" @c .hV. ton s h!cU logic u c7 th thTc hin trn v=ctorU nn x l % chi u cen g!i l+ x l v=ctor"
I"
.P/ vo huong

*enh vector
P P ! P n

*enh vo huong

,,,, P"s n-t

./-Don vi di&u khi&n

M!

Mn

Du lieu
0% nho chinh

lenh tu +o nho

U. 4i0<6in<F .<ct7r 0r7c<G7r ?SJ 6 .<ct7r @i1= ,-n; :n;B K+ 'hk n>ng x l cc ton h^ng v=ctor 0 chu[i cc Y%t% lin tc6 c7 hiu ouk c%o" I7 l+ i: 'hc ,it vi x l % chi uP % chi u Hc i u 'hin ,cng lnh 0lnh 'iu v=ctor6U cen x l v=ctor 'iu gng ng l^i Hc i u 'hin ,ai chu[i Y$ liu lin tc"

)B3

Kin trc My tnh

NV Tam, HT Cc. IOIT, VAST

.P/ vo huong

*enh vo huong *enh vector

./-Don vi di&u khi&n Pipe Pipe ! Pipe n

Du lieu

lenh tu +o nho
Mm

M!

Trong 'i&n trGc n+y c7 h%i @-_ chnhP :;t @-_ v hngU v+ :;t @-_ v=ctor" @k h%i nhOn lnh tD @_" @-_ v=ctor 'i: sot thTc hin cc lnh v=ctor ,cng cc ng YtnU cen @-_ v hng thTc hin lnh nh cc @-_ thng thgng" @_ ly lnh tD ,; nhU giki : lnh v+ tu lo^i lnh sq chuyn cho cc @-_" V. SyGt76ic arrayL /%o gr: s lHng ln cc th+nh .hXn x l ging nh nh%u 0.roc=ssing =l=:tn= -f6" W[i -f c7 ,; nh gioVi h^nU v+ 'hng gii h^n s -fU :[i -f chi= Hc ni &n cc lng gi ng cA% n7 ,ai :^ng iQ" Qh vOy t% nhOn thy cch ni ging 'i&n trGc gng ngU v Y nh a trgng tuy&n tnh h%y trgng h%i chi u" Trong h thng n+yU cc Y$ liu h%y cc '&t ouk tDng .hXn i ou% cc -f trong thgi gi%n thTc hin cA% :;t v+i chu '] x l" :[i chu ']U :;t s -f thTc hin :;t s cc th%o tc nh s%nhu 0v Y nh nhNn h%y chi%6 trn cc Y$ liu cA% cc -f 7U v+ gai cc '&t ouk tDng .hXn ti cc -f lng gi ng"

))3

Kin trc My tnh

NV Tam, HT Cc. IOIT, VAST

P1

P1

P1

P1

P1

P1

I" Dau vao

P1 P1

I" Dau ra
P1

W. HyCriF archit<ct=r<L K+ '&t hH. cc Fc thZ cA% cc 'i&n trGc 'hc nh%u t^o r% hiu n>ng tt nht cho tnh ton song song" @7 h%i 'iu tnh ton song songP 4 'i: sot song songP h%i h%y nhi u tnh ton 0o.=r%tons6 thTc hin rng thgi trn cc @-_ 'hc nh%uz 4 Y$ liu song songP cZng :;t tnh ton thTc hin trn cc .hXn cA% Y$ liu ,ai nhi u @-_ rng thgi" WiWx l+ : h]nh l tang cA% 'i: sot song songUn7 thch hH. cho ,+i ton cXn nhi u tnh ton 'hc nh%u thTc hin rng thgi trn :;t Y$ liu tch ,it" Wy wiWx thch hH. cho xu l x l s liu song songU thch hH. cho ,+i ton 'iu cZng :;t th%o tc x l rng thgi trn cc .hXn 'hc nh%u cA% :;t Y$ liu" wiWx h} trH x l v=ctor ou% thi&t '& gng ng" Trong thTc t& x l Y$ liu song song l+ rt lnU v] ou tr]nh 7 t l vi lHng Y$ liu % v+o tnh ton" Tuy nhin 'hng .hki lGc n+o giki .h. n+y c~ng th+nh cngU Yo 7 cXn s Yng .hi hH. ck h%i cch n7i trn" n YU :;t s Jng Yng ch^y tt 'hi chi% chi% nhv :[i .hXn cA% Jng Yng YZng x l Y$ liu song songU trong 'hi tt ck cc .hXn l^i ch^y th=o 'iu 'i: siot song song th=o 'i&n trGc ng" W;t nh7: cc @-_ ly Y$ liuU thTc hin cc tnh ton ,%n XuU s%u 7 chuyn '&t ouk cho nhos: thJ h%iU v+ nh7: h%i tnh tonU chuyn ti&. cho ti 'hi c7 '&t ouk cui" @c :y '&t hH. ck h%i WiWx v+ wiWxU cho hiu ouk ng ghi nhOn" X. Cc thit CY ,Zc Ci9t

E") M8n; n<=r7n nh5n t87 ?ArtiPicia6 n<=ra6 n<tQ7r@ ?ANNBBP IHc
xNy YTng tD v s cc th+nh .hXn tnh ton ho^t ;ng song songU c7 'hk n>ng h!c v+ tT thch nghi vi sT th%y }i cA% :i trgng tnh ton v+ 8ng Xu vi h}n lo^n" @u trGc :^ng n=uron nhNn t^o hJ% hn giki ouy&t Hc cc vn :+ :y von Q=u:%nn 'h7 c7 th thTc hin Hc 0v Y nh : .hvng thng tin tT nhinU nhOn Y^ng :tu g=n=U nh$ng vn cXn c7 n>ng lTc tnh ton 'iu con nggi :i thTc hin Hc6"
)23

Kin trc My tnh

NV Tam, HT Cc. IOIT, VAST

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W[i :;t -f ,pt chc :;t v+i Fc tnh cA% n=uron sinh h!cU chGng c7 :;t tO. cc Xu v+oU v+ :;t h%y v+i Xu r%" W[i Xu v+o Hc gn :;t tr!ng lHng s" Tr!ng lHng n+y t8ng tT nh nrng ; ti&. hH. 0syn%.tic str=ngth6 cA% n=uron sinh h!c" Tt ck cc Xu v+o cA% :[i -f Hc ,;i ln ,cng tr!ng lHng v+ s%u 7 c;ng l^i xc Cnh :Jc ho^t ;ng cA% n=uron" W;t :Jc ho^t ;ng l+ :;t chJc n>ngU g!i l+ chJc n>ng ho^t ;ngU Hc YZng t^o :;t Xu r% 0tn hiu r%6" IXu r% cA% :;t l. l+ Xu v+o cA% l. ti&. th=oU v+ t^i 7 chGng Hc c;ng l^iU nh giU t^o Xu r%" u tr]nh n+y i ou% to+n :^ng n=uron t]: Hc :;t ouy&t Cnh cui cZng n+o 7" \hng ging nh von Q=u:%nnU trong 7 th+nh .hXn c8 ,kn l+ @-_U RQQ l+ 'i&n trGc '&t ni 0:^ng n=uron6 gi$% cc -f" ni :;t ,+i ton cho trcU t% cXn xc Cnh gi trC chnh xc cho cc tr!ng lHng :^ng c7 th thTc hin cc tnh ton cXn thi&t" Thng thgng vic xc Cnh gi trC Hc ti&n h+nh ,cng .h8ng .h. i u chnh t8ng tc cA% tr!ng lHng th=o hng cki thin hiu n>ng cA% :^ng n=uron" KuOt i u chnh tr!ng lHng g!i l+ luOt h!c 0l=%rning rul=6 v+ to+n ,; ou tr]nh c7 Hc gi trC chnh xc cA% tr!ng lHng g!i l+ ou tr]nh h!c 0l=%rning6"

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lO. luOn gXn Gng" Trong 'hi trc Ny t% c7 lO. luOn h%i gi trC 0tru= v+ h%ls=6" Kogic :g n} lTc giki ouy&t hiu ouk vi tnh .hJc t^. cA% ou tr]nh nhOn thJc cA% con nggiU v+ n7 vHt ou% :;t s cc .hi n .hJc .hi hH. vi logic nhC nguyn c} in 'hng th .hkn nh Hc ou tr]nh nhOn thJc thTc cA% con nggi" Tuy cc .hXn : : .ht trin trn logic :g :%ng l^i :;t s '&t ouk t cho v+i Jng YngU th] cc Jng Yng hiu n>ng c%o %ng cXn cc ,; x l logic :g chuyn Yng" *.3.3. 4r7c<GG7r 0<rP7rmanc< Th= .=rhor:%nc= oh th= .roc=ssorU hich c%n ,= consiY=r=Y %s th= c=ntr%l n=rvous syst=: oh th= units th%t co:.os= th= co:.ut=r syst=:U is :=%sur=Y using th= nu:,=r oh instructions th%t c%n ,= =x=cut=YY in % unit oh ti:= %s %n inY=x" Th=s= inY=x=s %r= inYic%t=Y ,=lo"

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Kin trc My tnh

NV Tam, HT Cc. IOIT, VAST

Wi-w is %n %crony: oh Willion instructions -=r w=conYU %nY inYic%t=s in :illion units th= nu:,=r oh instructions th%t c%n ,= =x=cut=Y in on= s=conY" in oth=r orYsU % ) Wi-w .roc=ssor is % .roc=ssor th%t c%n =x=cut= on= :illion instructions .=r s=conY" /%sic%llyU th= l%rg=r th= nu:,=r oh instructions th%t c%n ,= =x=cut=YU th= high=r th= v%lu=" Th= t=r: Wi-w is :%inly us=Y to inYic%t= th= .=rhor:%nc= oh .roc=ssors oh high =nY :%inhr%:= co:.ut=rs" yo=v=rU it is :=%ningl=ss to us= this inY=x to co:.%r= .roc=ssors oh Yihh=r=nt ty.=s oh :%chin=s th%t =x=cut= Yihh=r=nt instruction cont=nts"

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R @-i is th= nu:,=r oh cloc's r=ouir=Y to =x=cut= instruction This inY=x inYir=ctly inYic%t=s th= =x=cution ti:= oh on= instruction Literature Architecture: *ohn +. !enness, %nd -%.id /. P%tterson0 1o2"3ter /rchitect3re: / 43%ntit%ti.e /""ro%ch0 third edition0 5or)%n 6%372%nn0 8e9 :or&0 ';;<. =ee 999.2&".co2>1/<. -%.id /. P%tterson %nd *ohn +. !enness,0 @o:.ut=r rg%niL%tion %nY x=signP Th= y%rY%r= int=rh%c=" Text 7or 1?@8 1A1. Berrit /. Bl%%39 %nd Frederic& P. Broo&s0 *r.0 @o:.ut=r Rrcht=ctur=P @onc=.ts %nY fvolutionU /ddison Cesle,0 1DDA. )M3

Kin trc My tnh

NV Tam, HT Cc. IOIT, VAST

Cilli%2 =t%llin)s0 @o:.ut=r rg%niL%tion %nY Rrchit=ctur=U Prentice !%ll0 ';;;. 5iles *. 53rdocc% %nd Vincent P. !e3rin)0 -rinci.l=s oh @o:.ut=r Rrchit=ctur=U Prentice !%ll0 ';;;. *ohn -. 1%r"inelli0 @o:.ut=r wyst=:s rg%niL%tion %nY Rrchit=ctur=U /ddison Cesle,0 ';;1. -%.is /. P%lterson E *ohn +. !%nnes,0 1o2"3ter ?r)%niF%tion %nd desi)n: The h%rd9%re > =o7t9%re inter7%ce0 1DDG. /ndre9 = T%nen$%3n0 =tr3ctred 1o2"3ter ?r)%niF%tion0 Hth01DDG.*%2es 5. 7eld2%n0 1h%rles T. Ietter0 1o2"3ter /rchitect3re /desi)nned text $%sed on )eneric IJ=1. 1DDH.

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NV Tam, HT Cc. IOIT, VAST

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Kin trc My tnh

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Kin trc My tnh

NV Tam, HT Cc. IOIT, VAST

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Kin trc My tnh

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Kin trc My tnh

NV Tam, HT Cc. IOIT, VAST

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