B CNG NGHIP

TRNG CAO NG CNG NGHIP IV

KHOA HA- B MN THC PHM

ti tiu lun:

Quy trnh sn xut c ph bt khng ha tan

GV : M SAO MAI
SVTH :Trn Th Kim Hnh
LP :CHTP3
Mn: LN MEM
Tp HCM - 2003

SVTH:Tran Th Kim Hanh

Trang 1

LI GII THIU

C ph l mt loi thc ung c t lu i v lin tc c pht trin

cho n ngy nay. C ph l mt trong nhng thc ung c a chung
nht th gii v c mc tiu th cao. c bit cc th trng ln nh M,
c , Php v cc nc Bc u, ni m c ph c coi l khng th
thiu th khng c iu kin t ai, kh hu trng. V vy i v
nhng nc c iu kin trng c ph khng ch tiu th trong nc m cn
l mt hng xut khu mang li li nhun kinh t cao.
C ph l mt loi hng v gic. c tnh cu hng v gic l c hng v
phong ph, trong thnh phn ho hc cu n c cht c bit nh cafein.
Nay l cht c tc dng kch thch gy cho ngi tiu th c cm gic khoan
khoi, hng phn, c sc ht c bit lm cho ngi ung l d thnh
thi quen v c nhu cu v n gi l nghin.
Cc mt hng v gic (ch c ph, thuc l, ru, bia, nc ngt, mui,
m chnh, tng, nc chm ) khng phi l thc phm ch yu nh lng
thc, tht, c, rau qu: song s hiu bit v c tnh sinh l, qu trnh sn
xut ch bin, yu cu cht lng. Sn phm c ph dng bt mang mt
hng v c trng, v ng c trong bt c ph lm cho con ngi cm thy
d chu khi ngh ngi hay trong lc tr chuyn cng bn b.
Trong phm vi bi sermina ny ti ch yu gii thiu vi cc bn v
nguyn liu, quy trnh sn xut mt hng c ph dng bt khng ho tan
cng mt s my mc thit b chnh trong qu trnh sn xut v bo qun
cht lng ca thnh phm.

SVTH:Tran Th Kim Hanh

Trang 2

MC LC
Ni dung

Trang

CHNG I: M U .................................................................................. 4
I. S lc v sn phm ................................................................................... 4
I.1. Ngun gc ca c ph ........................................................................... 4
I.2. Lch s trng cy c ph Vit Nam .................................................... 4
I.3. Gi tr dinh dng ca c ph ............................................................... 5
II. Trn th trng ........................................................................................... 5
II.1. C ph trn th
gii
5
II.2. Tnh hnh sn xut c ph ti Vit
Nam 5
CHNG II: QUY TRNH SN XUT C PH BT .............................. 6
I. Nguyn liu ................................................................................................ 6
I.1. Cc loi c ph...................................................................................... 6
I.1.1. C ph ch (coffee arabical) ................................................... 6
I.1.2. Cph vi (coffe canephora) ................................................... 7
I.1.3. C ph mt (coffee excelsa) .................................................... 7
I.2. Cc iu kin v ngoi cnh .................................................................. 7
I.2.1. nh hng ca t ai............................................................ 7
I.2.2. nh hng ca kh hu........................................................... 8
I.2.3. nh hng ca iu kin chm sc k thut ........................... 8
I.2.4. nh hng ca cao ............................................................ 8
I.3. Thnh phn ha hc ca c ph ............................................................. 8
I.3.1. Cu to qu c ph ................................................................. 8
I.3.2. Thnh phn ha hc ca v qu .............................................. 9
I.3.3. Thnh phn ha hc ca lp nht ........................................... 10
I.3.4. Thnh phn ha hc ca v tru ............................................. 10
I.3.5. Thnh phn ha hc ca nhn ................................................. 10
I.3.6. Thi k thu hoch .................................................................. 13
I.4. Cc qu trnh chuyn ho trong ln men c ph ..................................... 13
II. S dng cht n ........................................................................................ 15
III. Quy trnh sn xut c ph dng bt ............................................................. 16
III.1. S quy trnh sn xut c ph dng bt ........................................... 16
III.1.1. Ch bin c ph nhn................................................................ 17
III.1.1.1. Phng php t ............................................................. 17
III.1.1.2. Phng php kh ............................................................. 18
III.1.2. Lm sch c ph ....................................................................... 18
SVTH:Tran Th Kim Hanh

Trang 3

III.1.3. nh lng ............................................................................... 19

III.1.4. Rang c ph .............................................................................. 19
III.1.5. Lm ngui ht c ph ............................................................... 20
III.1.6. Phn loi .................................................................................. 21
III.1.6.1. Phn loi theo kch thc ................................................. 21
III.1.6.2. Phn loi theo t trng ..................................................... 22
III.1.6.3. Phn loi theo mu sc ..................................................... 22
III.1.7. Qu trnh nghin c ph ............................................................ 23
III.1.7.1. Nghin trung bnh v nghin nh ..................................... 23
III.1.7.2. Nghin mn v nghin keo ............................................... 24
III.1.8. Cc cht to nn hng v c ph ............................................. 24
III.1.8.1. Nhm cht d bay hi ...................................................... 24
III.1.8.2. Nhm cht khng bay hi ................................................ 26
III.1.9. Pha trn, ng gi, nhp kho v bo qun................................. 27
CHNG III: V SINH THIT B .................................................... 27

CHNG I: M U
I. S LC V SN PHM:
I.1 Ngun gc ca c ph:
C ph s dng t rt xa xa BaT, c ph c em dng t nm 875 trc
cng nguyn.
SVTH:Tran Th Kim Hanh

Trang 4

C ph ch mc vng nng m, n l loi cy khng ln lm, c ngun gc xa xa ta

vng ng Phi trn cao nguyn A-bixini. Cho ti nm1496 khi Crit-Tp-C-Lng v
cc nh thm him khc tm ra chu M th loi ngi m bit ti qu hng th hai ca
c ph l Nam M trn t nc Braxin rng ln. Hin nay c ph trn ra mi ni.
I.2 Lch s trng cy c ph Vit Nam:
C ph c cc nh truyn a cng gio a vo trng th nm 1857 B Trch
(Qung Bnh) v Qung Tr. n nm 1870 cy c ph thy H nam Ninh.
Nm1888, thc dn Php thnh lp n in c ph nhiu ni nh Ngh An, Qung
Tr , c Lc. Cc n in ln mc ln Ngn Ti, Ngn Ph, Ngn su- H Tnh
(1910), Yn M-Thanh Ho (1911) n 1920-1925, khi khai ph vng t Bazan ph
nhiu Ty Nguyn, ngi Php a c ph vo trng y. n 1945 tng din tch
c ph ton quc khong 10.070 ha, nng sut c ph ch khong 4-5 t/ha, c ph vi 56 t/ha.
Trong th gian chin tranh tnh hnh sn xut c ph c nhiu bin i. min Bc
cc nng trng duy tr sn xut ngay c nhng nm chin tranh c lit. Nhng do quy
hoch trng c ph khng ng n ngay t u nn nhiu nng trng c thit lp
t sau ny phi thanh l. Min Nam sau nm 1986, do chin tranh nhiu vng phi b
hoang, n nm1973 ch cn 8872 ha, nm 1975 khong 10.000 ha, phn ln c ph sn
xut ra c tiu th vng ni i.
Sau ngy gii phng 4/1975 ngnh c ph pht trin cha tng c, ch trong hai
nm1978 -1979 tnh c Lc pht trin phong tro rm r trng c 6000 ha c ph
to kh th mnh v quyt tm cao. Nhng do cha chun b chu o, thiu trnh
chuyn mn nn gp nhiu kh khn, khng lu sau c mt din tch ln c ph b hy
b, s cn li ci cc, khng hiu qu.
Vo thp k 80, chnh ph ta k hng lot cc hip nh hp tc sn xut v Lin X
(c) CHLB c, Tip Khc, Ba Lan, ta iu kin cho c ph c vn u t, thit b
bc vo thi k pht trin m.

I.3 Gi tr dinh dng ca c ph:

C ph l mt sn phm c ch bin t nhn c ph, qua cc cng on ch bin
ta c c ph dng bt c mi v thm ngon c trng.
Cng nh ch c ph c tc dng kch thch thn kinh lm cho u c tnh to l
do tc dng ca cht cafein. C ph cn cha chng au u , chong vng cho ph n.
C ph kch thch i no v ty sng, ng thi lm tng hot ng ca c tim, gim
lng cacbonic ng trong phi v gp phn loi b nhiu cn b vo nc tiu.
II. TRN TH TRNG:
II.1 C ph tr th gii:
Trn th gii hin nay c 79 nc trng c ph v din tch trn 10 triu ha, v tng
sn lng hng nm 6 triu tn. Cc nc c c ph ln nht l Braxin vi trn 3 triu ha,
CotedIvoire (Chu Phi) v Indonesia mi nc khong mt triu ha, Columbia v gn 1
SVTH:Tran Th Kim Hanh

Trang 5

triu ha, Braxin vn l nc sn xut c ph ln nht th gii, gi c ph trn th gii

cng chu nh hng bi tnh hnh sn xut cu Braxin. Nh p dng mt s tin b k
thut ging mi, mt cy trng nn hng chc nc a nng sut bnh qun t 1
triu tn nhn/ha nh Costarica c din tch c ph ch l 80.000 ha t nng sut bnh
qun trn 1.5tn/ha. Tuy nhin do s xut hin cu bnh r st c ph, cc nc Trung
vNam M nhiu nm gp nhiu kh khn v tn km.
Th trng c ph th gii trong nhng nm va qua thng chao o khng n nh
v gi c. T chc c ph trn th gii ICO khng cn gi c hn ngch xut nhp
khu, gi c tri ni trn th trng t do nn c nhng giai on gi c ph h xung rt
thp. Tnh trng ny dn n nhiu nc phi hy b bt din tch trng c ph, hoc
khng tip tc chm sc c ph na v kinh doanh khng cn thy hiu qu.
T sau nm 1992, th trng c ph trn th gii li ri vo tnh trang thiu ht, cung
khng p ng cu. Nhng tnh trng ny ch ko di n nin v c ph
nm1997/1998 khi sn lng c ph t 96.8 triu bao, sn lng c ph trn th gii
nin v 1998/1999 t 104 triu bao a n cung vt cu, lm cho c ph b rt gi
thm ha v tnh hnh ko di cho n hin nay.

II.2 Tnh hnh sn xut c ph ti Vit Nam:

Vit Nam l nc ng u th gii v sn xut c ph vi v ng th ba v xut
khu c ph. Ngy 26/3/1991 Vit Nam chnh thc gia t chc quc t c ph (ICO).
Ngy 13/10/1992 hi ng b trng k ngh nh 174 HBT thnh lp lin hip
cc x nghip c ph thuc b Nng Nghip v Pht Trin Nng Thn. Trong thp
nin:1990-2000 din tch trng v sn lng c ph Vit Nam tng rt ng k (bng
4).
Bng 4:Din tch trng v sn lng c ph Vit Nam:
Nm
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1997
2000

Din tch (nghn ha)

115
103.7
101.3
123.9
186.4
340.4
400

Sn lng (nghn tn)

100
119
136
180
218
420
550

Xut khu (nghn tn)

93.5
116.2
122.7
176.4
120
389
514

Vi nmgn y c ph ch c ch trng pht trin mt s tnh min bc nh

Sn La, Tuyn Quang, Bc Thi, Vnh Ph, Lai Chu, Lng Sn nhng cha ng
k.
Khuynh hng pht trin c ph Vit Nam hin nay l khng tng din tch nhng
thm canh tng nng sut c ph Rosbuta l dng sn xut chnh cu cc tnh pha nam v
d thch nghi , nng sut cao, nhng c ph Arabica d bn v c gi cao hn.
Hn mt th k tri qua, k t khi cy c ph c trng u tin trn t nc ta, n
nay cy c ph tr thnh cy cng nghip quan trng trong nn kinh t quc dn.

SVTH:Tran Th Kim Hanh

Trang 6

CHNG II: QUY TRNH SN XUT C PH BT

I. NGUYN LIU:
I.1 Cc loi c ph: C ba loi
I.1.1 C ph ch (coffee ArabicaL):
Ngun gc cao nguyn Jimma, thuc nc Etiopia, vng nhit i pha Chu
Phi. Gm cc chng nh:Typpica Bourbon, Moka, Katura
y l c ph c trng lu i nht v tiu th nhiu nht trn th gii v thm
ngon, du (chim 70% sn lng c ph trn th gii ). Hm lng cafein trung bnh
1.3%.
Cy thuc dng bi thn cao 3-4m cnh i xng. mm ,r xung. L mc i
xng hnh trng di, u nhn, ra l qun, xanh m. Qu c ph thuc loi qu tht,
hnh trng khi chn c mu ti (chng caturra amarello c qu mu vng) chiu
di 10-18mm, rng 8-12mm. ht c ph hnh trn dt, c mu xanh xm, xanh lc,
tu theo ging v iu kin bo qun, ch bin. Cy c ph ch c c tnh t th
phn nn c thun chng cao hn cc loi c ph khc.
Cy c ph ch a ni mt v hi lnh. Phm vi thch hp18-250C, thch hp
nht l 10-200C. Do yu cu nh vy nn c ph thng trng min ni c cao
t 600-2500m. Cc nc trng c ph ch c hng v thm ngon nh:
Keyya,Tazania,ColumbiaThng trng ni c cao 800m tr ln.
I.1.2. C ph vi ( coffe canephora):
Ngun gc khu vc Cng G, min vng thp xch o v nhit i Ty Chu
Phi, c rt nhiu chng loi khc v kch thc l, gn sng ca phin l, mu sc
l v qu, hnh dng qa song chng loi c trng ph bin nht cc nc trn
th gii l Rosbusta.
C ph v c hm lng cafein trong ht chim1.79-3.06%( cao nht trong ba
loi c ph).
Cy c mt hoc nhiu thn, cao 8-12m, cnh di r xung. L hnh trng hoc
hnh li mc,mi nhn ,phin l gn sng mnh. Qu hnh trng ,nm qu nh, trn
qu thng c nhiu gn dc, qu chnh c mu hoc hng. Kch thc ht thng
nh hn c ph ch, ht c dng hnh trn, dy, mu xanh bc, xanh lc hoc xanh
nu tu chng loi v cch ch bin. T l nhn trn qu cao hn c ph ch.
C ph vi khng t th phn c, iu ny dn t s a dng vun c ph
vi trng bng ht.
C ph thch ni nng m,nhit thch hp nht l 24-260C
I.1.3. c ph mt (coffee excelsa):
Ngun gc x Ubangui-Chari,x Bin H St,sa mc Sahara thng gi c ph
sari.
Hm lng cafein trong ht 1.02-1.15%. cy cao 6-15m, l to hnh trng hoc hi
li mc. Qu hnh trng, hi dt, nm qu li. Qu to khi chn c mu sm, ht

SVTH:Tran Th Kim Hanh

Trang 7

mu xanh ng vng, v la bm cht vo ht lm kh trc ht. C ph mt t hn, c

v chua cht lng nc ung t c a chung.
I.2.Cc iu kin v ngoi cnh:
I.2.1.nh hng ca t ai:
t trng c ph phi c tng su 70 cm tr ln, c thot nc tt( khng b
ng, ly) , t Bazan thch hp cho cy c ph.
I.2.2.nh hng ca kh hu:
Cy c ph i hi mt s yu cu v nhit , lng ma, nh sng, gi.
Nhit :tu tng chng c ph. Cy c ph ch a ni mt v lnh,
phm vi thch hp t 8-200C, thch hp nht t 22-220C, do c ph
ch thng c trng min ni c cao t 600-2500m. c ph vi
thch hp ni nng m, hit thch hp t 24-260C.
Gi rt, gi nng, gi kh: u bt li i v s sinh trng ca cy
c ph.
Lng ma: c ph ch 1300-1900mm, c ph vi 1300-2500 mm, c
ph mt tng t c ph vi nhng do c bn r n su v vy c
th trng nhng ni c lng ma ln.
m ca khng kh: ln hn 70%, c bit giai on c ph n hoa
cn c m cao.
nh sng: c ph ch a nh sng tn x, c ph vi l cy thch nh
sng trc x yu.
I.2.3.nh hng ca iu kin chm sc k thut:
Ch chm sc k thut trong th gian trng c ph rt quan trng. Cc ch
chm sc k thut bao gm:
nh nhnh, to hnh cy.
T gc cy c ph.
Bn phn ng nh k, ng sn lng cn thit.
S lng v loi cy bng mt cn thit cho tng loi cy c ph.
Phng tr su bnh hi c ph.
Chm sc cy tt s c nh hng n cht lng c ph, my ca
ht c ph, cht dinh dng trong nhn y .
I.2.4. nh hng ca cao:
cao vng t trng cng nh hng n cht lng ca c ph. C ph trng
cao 2000m tr ln c hng v c bit v xp hng c ph trng thp.
I.3.Thnh phn ha hc ca c ph:
I.3.1.cu to qu c ph:

SVTH:Tran Th Kim Hanh

Trang 8

Qu c ph gm nhng phn sau (i t v vo nhn)

Lp v qu: L lp v ngoi cng, mm mng, c mu xanh hoc .
V ca c ph ch mm hn c ph vi v c ph mt.
Lp v tht: Nm di lp v qu. V tht c ph ch mm, cha nhiu
cht ngt d xay xt hn. V tht c ph mt cng v dy hn.
Lp v tru: Cng, cha nhiu cht x bao bc xung quanh nhn. V
tru ca c ph ch mng v d p v hn c tru ca c ph mt v c
ph vi.
Lp v la: L lp v mng nm st nhn c ph, c mu sc c tnh
khc nhau ty thuc loi c ph. V la c ph ch c mu trng bc, rt
mng v d bong ra khi ht trong qu trnh ch bin. V la c ph vi
mu nu nht, cn v la c ph mt mu vng nht.
Nhn c ph: Nm trong cng. Lp t bo ngoi ca nhn th cng v
c nhng t bo nh, trong c nhng cht du. Pha trong c nhng t
bo ln v mm hn. Mt qu c ph thng c 1, 2 hoc 3 nhn.
Thng thng th ch c hai nhn.
T l cc thnh phn cu to cc ht ca c ph (% theo qu ti):

Cc loi qu v nhn
C ph ch (%)
V qu
43-45
Lp nht
20-23
V tru
6-7.5
Nhn v v la
26-30
I.3.2. thnh phn ho hc ca v qu:

C ph vi (%)
41-42
21-22
6-8
26-29

V qu c mu khi chn, l cht antoxian, trong c vt ca alcaloit,

tannin, cafein v cc loi mem. Trong v qu c t 21.5-30% cht kh. Ngi ta phn
tch cc cht sau:
Thnh phn ho hc
Protit
Lipit
Xenlulo
Tro
Gluxit
Tannin
Pectin
Cafein

C ph ch
9.2-11.2
1.73
13.16
3.22
66.16

0.58

C ph vi
9.17
2.00
27.65
3.33
57.15
14.12
4.07
0.25

I.3.3. Thnh phn ha hc ca lp nht (theo % cht kh):

Pha di lp v qu l lp nht, gm nhng t bo khng c cafein, tannin, c
nhiu ng v pectin.
Thnh phn ha hc
SVTH:Tran Th Kim Hanh

C ph ch (%)

C ph vi (%)
Trang 9

Pectin
ng kh
ng khng kh
Xenlulo v tro

33
30
20
17

38.7
45.8
-

pH ca lp nht tu theo chn ca qu, thng t 5.6 -5.7 c i khi 6.4.

Trng hp nht c bit c men pectaza phn gii pectin trong qu trnh ln men.
I.3.4. Thnh phn ha hc ca v tru
Gm c xenlulo l ch yu. Sau y l thnh phn ho hc ca v tru c ph ch
ln men sau 40 gi v ra sch.
Thnh phn ho hc
Hp cht c du
Protein
Xenlulo
Hemixenlulo
Cht tro
ng
Pantosan

C ph ch (%)
0.35
1.46
61.8
11.6
0.96
2.0
0.2

C ph vi (%)
0.35
2.22
67.8
3.3
-

Trong v tru c mt t cafein, khong 0.4% do t nhn khuch tn ra lc ln men

hoc lc phi kh. V tru dng lm cht t, d chy, c th ng thnh bnh khng cn
cht dnh bng cc loi my p than, p mn ca.
I.3.5.Thnh phn ho hc ca nhn
C ph nhn dng thng phm gm: nc, khong, lipit,protit, gluxit. Ngoi ra
cn c nhng cht khc m ta thng gp trong thc vt l nhng acid hu c ch yu
nh acid clorogenic v ancaloit. Trong th gii cng nh trong nc ta, c nhiu
nghin cu v thnh phn ho hc ca nhn c ph.
Ngoi ra trong nhn c ph cn mt lng ng k vitamin, cc cht bay hi v
cc cu t gy mi thm. Hin nay ngi ta tm ra c ti hn 70 cht thm hn hp li
thnh mi thm ca c ph. Trong c ph ch yu l vitamin nhm B nh B1, B2, B6,
B12 v cc loi acid hu c l tin cc loi vitamin.
Thnh phn ho hc
Nc
Cht bo
m
Protein
Cafein
Acidclorogennic
Trigonenlin
Tannin
Acidcafetanic
SVTH:Tran Th Kim Hanh

Tnh bng g/100g

8-12
4-18
1.8-2.5
9-16
0.8-2
2-8
1-3
2
8-9

Tnh bng mg/100g

Trang 10