: ,

:
,

:
.
2010

 : ,

, .
. . ,


.

 : ,

...............................................................................................................3
.....................................................................................................5
........................................................................................................7
........................................................................................................................8
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................9
1. ...................................................................................................................10
2. ...............................................................................11
2.1 ................................................................................12
2.1.1 ............................................................................................13
2.1.2 .....................................................................................................14
2.1.3 ...................................................................................16
2.1.4 ..........................................................................................17
2.1. 5 ....................................................................................19
2.2 ............................................................................................20
2.2.1 RF...........................................................................................20
2.2.2 Rwave .............................................21
2.2.3 R wind Rseaway .............................22
2.2.4 Rroughness ..........................................23
2.2.5 Rshallow ............................................................................23
2.2.6 Rappendage ...........................24
2.2.7 ( Bollard Pull )................................................25
2.3 ...............................................................................................27
2.3.1 Padeye .................................................................................................28
2.3.2 .........................................................................29
2.4 ....................................................................................................32
2.4.1 .....................................................................................................32
2.4.2 ( Bollard Pull) ......................................................33
2.4.3 ..........................................................33
2.4.4 .............................34
2.4.5 .............................................................................................34
2.4.6 .................................................................................................34
2.4.7 ..........................................................................................35
2.4.8 ...............................................................................................36
2.4.9 .................................................................................................................36
2.4.10 ...........................................................................................................37
3. ...................................................................40
1 ..................................................................................................................40
2 ..................................................................................................................43
3 ..................................................................................................................46
4 ..................................................................................................................48
........................................................................................51
..........................................................................54
..............................................................................56
............................................................................58
.......................................................................................61
.........................................................................................62
4. ...........................................................64
4.1 ...........................................................................65
3

 : ,

4.2 .........................................................................................67
4.3 .....................................................................................................70
4.4 .....................................................................................71
5. ..........................................................74
5.1
.................................................75
5.2
..........................................................76
6.1
......81
6.2
....................................................88
6.2.1 .......................90
6.2.2 .....................................91
6.2.3 ..........................................................94
7
...........95
7.1 ..........................................................................................................................96
7.1.1
Bulk carrier ................................................96
7.1.2
Tanker.......................................................102
7.2 ..............................................108
8. ...................................................................................................110
..........................................................................................114

 : ,

2.1.1-1 . .................13
2.1.2-1 ...........................................................................14
2.1.3-0-1 - ............................................................................16
2.1.4-1 Storm persistence..............................................................................................................................17
2.1.5-1 ........................................................................19
2.3 Padeye..........................................................................................................27
2.3.1-1 Padaeye..............................................................................................28
2.3.2-1 ...........................................................................................29
2.3.2-2 2 ..........................................................................................30
2.3.2-3 Flounder Plate.........................................................................................................31
2.3.2-4 ...............................................................................................32
3.1-1 .................................................................................................................40
3.1-2 ............................................................................................................................41
3.1-3 ................................................................................................................................41
3.1-4 ...............................................................................................42
3.1-5 ....................................................................................................42
3.2-1 .........................................................................................................................43
3.2-2 FOTIV KIRILOV.................................................................................................................45
3.2-3 FOTIV KIRILOV................................................................................................................45
3. 3 -1 .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .4 6
3.3-2 CITY OF ANDROS....................................................................................................................47
3.3-3 CITY OF ANDROS .......................................................................................................47
3.3-4 ATLAS.................................................................................................................................48
3.4-1 ..................................................................................................................................49
3.4-2 ..........................................................................................................................49
3.4-3 Ocean-going tug................................................................................................................................50
3.5-1 ..................................................................................................................................51
3.5-2 ....................................................................................................................................52
3.5-3 .....................................................................................................................................52
3.5-4 WIZARD..............................................................................................................................53
3.6-1 ...................................................................................................................................54
3.6-2 .........................................................................................................54
3.6-3 ..............................................................................................................................55
3.7-1 ...........................................................................................................................56
3.8-2 ................................................................................................................................57
3.7-2 ST 824..................................................................................................................57
3.7-3 ............................................................................................................................58
3.8-2 .................................................................................................................................59
3.8-3 ...........................................................................................................................59
3.8-4 ........................................................................................................................60
4.1-2 ..................................................................................65
4.1-3 .............................................66
4-1-4
.......................................................................................................................................................................... 66
4-2-5
2006-2010..................................................................................................................67
4-2-6 ( total loss )
2006-2010.................................................................................................................................................68
4-2-7 total loss
2006-2010............................................................................................................................................... 68
4-2-4
2006-2010....................................................................69
4-3-8 .....................................................................70
4-3-9
2006-2010........................................................................................................................71
4.4-1 2006-2010....72

 : ,

4.4-2 20062010..................................................................73
0-10 Bollard Pull B.P>20mt..........76
0-11 Lbp B.P>20mt..........77
0-12 Lb.p
B.P>20mt.......................................................................................................................................................................78
0-13 - .........................................................83
0-14 - ...........................................................86
0-15 SLGallery v1.4...........................89
0-16 L Bulk carriers ...........................96
0-17 L Bulk carriers ................................97
0-18 L,B,T .........................................................97
0-19 B Bulk carriers ......................... 98
7.1.1-5 B Bulk carriers .................................98
7.1.1-6
...............................................................................................................................................................................99
7.1.1-7 Bulk carriers ........................100
7.1.1-8 Bulk carriers ....100
7.1.1-9 Bulk carriers .......101
7.1.1-10 Bulk carriers ..........101
0-20 L Tankers ................................102
0-21 L tankers ...........................103
0-22 B tanker ...................................103
0-23 tankers
.....................................................................................................................................................................................104
0-24 T tanker ........................................104
0-25 tanker
...................................................................................................................................................................................105
0-26 L,B,T tankers...................................105
0-27 tankers
..................................................................................................................................................................106
0-28 ,
....................................................................................................................................106
0-29 tankers............................................107

 : ,

2.1.2-0-1 BEAUFORT..15
3.1-1 Container.40
3.1-2 .41
3.2-1 Bulk carrier..44
3.4-1 ...44
3.4-2 .46
3.5-1 ..51
3.5-2 WIZARD..53
3.6-1 ...55
3.6-2 ..55
3.7-1 ST 824..56
3.7-2 ..57
3.8-1 ...60
3.9-1 Bollard Pull.61
3.9-2 ..61
3.10-1 ..62
3.10-2 62
5.2-1 B.P..77
6.1-2 2006-201077
6.2-2 -.81
6.2-3 ..84
6.2.1-1 - 2006-2009..90
6.2.1-4 .90
6.2.1-5 ..90
6.2.2-1 . 2006-201091
6.2.2-2 ...92
6.2.2-3 ...92
6.2.2-4 .93
6.2.2-5 93
6.2.2-6 ..93
6.2.3-1 ...94
0-4 .97
0-2 ....99
0-3 .100
0-4 ..102
0-5 Tanker ..103
0-6 tankers..104
0-7 tankers105
0-8 tankers107
7.2-0-9 108





.

.
4
.
.


.
2006-2010
.

.
-
- .


.

,

4 , .


.

Bulk Carrier Tanker.

 : ,

ABSTRACT
In the current thesis we try to describe the procedure which is followed in cases of
towings as well as calculate the possibility of salvage towing and its total cost. Our
main target is to determine the most important elements of a towing procedure and
estimate its role in world shipping.
Firstly we present the four basic steps of the procedure followed before every towing.
The ways of calculating the minimum demands of the tug as well as its final selection
are being explicitly described. Then comes the procedures presentation through real
towing examples and the comparison between the demanded elements and those that
were finally given. Next things are the statistical analysis of casualties for the period
2006-2010 and the distribution of the most important features of tugs.
In fact maybe the most important part of this thesis is the towing analysis after
casualties. We present the nautical zones of the world with the greatest number of
casualties-towings as well as we calculate the possibility of a casualty-towing for
every type of ship and casualty. In the last part of this thesis we try to estimate the
average total towing cost for two types of ships based on their demands for break
horsepower.
According to our results in most of the cases we use tugs with greater horsepower
than that needed and also the world fleet of tugs has a statistically important growth
over the past 4 years, even larger than that of the worlds fleet of ships. We also
notice a large possibility of towing a ship after a hull/machinery casualty. Finally
when comparing the total towing costs for each type of ship we notice a greater
average horsepower demand for Bulk Carriers than that of Tankers.

 : ,

1.



.

.
4
.
,

Bollard Pull
.

, .


. Bollard Pull ,
,

Bollard Pull 20 .

Bulk carrier Tanker
.

10

 : ,

2.
2.1
2.2.
BOLLARD PULL
2.3.
2.4.

11

 : ,

2.1

, , ,
.

, . (
.
IMO ( International Maritime Organization )
( GUIDELINES FOR SAFE OCEAN TOWING)
21 1998,
:
1)
,
, .
2)

. ,
, ,

.
3)
,


.
4)

, 24
.

5)
:
-
-
-
- ( swell )
- 48
6)
,
.

12

 : ,

7) 24
.
,

.
o
48
,
,
.



.
, .

2.1.1

( 2.1.1-1) .
,
,

.
,

.
,
.

.

2.1.1-1

13

 : ,

2.1.2
1.3
, Global Wave Statistics,
BMT Fluid Mechanics.
BEAUFORT ( 2.1.2-1 ).
2.1.2-1 4 :
1. Beaufort.
2. ,
Beaufort.
3. .
4. .
, :
-

- 10 %
- 2 % 10 %
- 0.05 % 2 %
- 0.05 % .

2.1.2-1

14

 : ,

2.1.2-0-1 BEAUFORT

Beaufort

<1
0-0,2
<1

1
1-3
0,3-1,5
1-5

4-6

1,6-3,3

6-11

7-10

3,4-5,4

12-19

11-16

5,5-7,9

20-28

17-21

8,0-10,7

29-38

22-27

10,8-13,8

39-49

28-33

13,9-17,1

50-61

34-40

17,2-20,7

62-74

41-47

20,8-24,4

75-88

10

48-55

24,5-28,4

89-102

11

56-63

28,5-32,6

103-117

12

64-71

32,7-36,9

118-133

15

<1
.

1-3
o . .
.
4-7

.

8-12
. .

13-18 .
.

.
19-24
.
.
25-31
.
.
32-38
.

39-46
.
47-54 .
.
55-63
.
.
64-72
.
73-82

 : ,

2.1.3
1.4 T z
( ) Global Wave Statistics, BMT Fluid Mechanics.

.
, 78 0.078 7,8%.

2.1.3-0-1 -

:
-

- 9.95% .

- 0.95%

- 0.05% 0.95%.

- 0.05%.

16

9.95%.

 : ,

2.1.3-1
( ). ,

( ).
.


1000.

2.1.4

.
,

.

2.1.4-1 Storm persistence

:
:
.

17

 : ,

.
:
.

.
,
<> <>.
.
:
1. :
( )
.

. , ,
5
0.32 ,
10 5 ,
32% (
) 10 .
,
32% ( )
10 .
2. :
( ) (
)
, .
,

.
3- 43-
12-.
3. :
( )
. ,
2
10
0.34, 34%
(
).
( 2.1.4-1)
.

,
18

 : ,

.
.
.

2.1. 5

( 1.6).
3 :
1. :
.

.
2. :
.
.
3. :
.
.

19
2.1.5-1

 : ,

2.2
,
.
,
:
RF :

Rwave :

Rwind :

Rseaway :
Rroughness :
Rshallow :
Rappendage :
,
,
,
.
, .
,
5 .

5 .

2.2.1

RF

80% .
William Froude 1872
:
RF =FSVn

(2.1)

: F :
S :
V :
n :
1957 ITTC ( nternational Towing Tank Conference) :
CF = 0,075/(LogRe -2 )2

(2.2)

: CF
Re Reynolds
20

 : ,

Reynolds
.
Re = VL/

(2.3)

V:
L :
:


(m2/sec)

( C)

1,354* 10 -6
1,188* 10 -6
1,054* 10 -6

10
11
20

, :
R F = C F (/2) S V2

(2.4)

Denny
S = 1,7 LT + LB CB

(2.5)

: =
B =
CB=
5-300m,
:
RF = 1,8061 L -0,0494 S (0,5144 V) 1,825 / 1000 (KN)

(2.6)

:L m
S m2
V

2.2.2 Rwave
, (
)

.
21

 : ,

, ,
.
( ),
,
. , Froude ( Fn < 0,35 )

.

2.2.3 Rwind
Rseaway
,
,
.

. :
Rwind = ( 0.0623 V2 Cs Cn A ) / 1000 (tons)

(2.7)

V : m/s
Cs: ( 0,5-1,25 )
Cn: ( 15m =1 15-30m = 1,1 )
A : m2
Blendermann :
Rwind = 0,5 air u2 Z

(2.8)

Z = ( AL CD1 cos ) / { 1 0,5 ( 1- ( CD1/CDt) ) sin2 2} CD IAF = CD1 ( AL/AF )

(2.9)
U : ( m/s )
E : ( )
:
AL: (m2)
AF : (m2)
air : =1,25 (kg/m3)
E
Ro-Ro
Ferry
LNG

Drilling Vessel
Cargo ship

CDt
0,95
0,9
0,7
0,9

CDIAF
0,55
0,45
0,6
0,4

0,8
0,8
0,5
0,8

0,7
1
0,85

0,75
0,9
0,65

0,4
0,1
0,4

22

 : ,

Beaufort (B) (u)

:
u = 0,836 1,5

(2.10)

6 .

.
.
,
. O
:
Rwave = 0,131 RB hw2

(2.11)

: hw

R ( 0,2 , 0,31- 0,45 )

2.2.4 Rroughness
.
5% .
.
(
scrap ),
10% .

2.2.5 Rshallow

.
.
.
. ,
, .
,
:
V = 4,7 (h)0,5 (knots)

(2.12)

h .

23

 : ,

2.2.6
Rappendage
( bilge keels ),
( rudders) , ( boosings open shafts) ,
( struts ).
.

,
. ,
.
5
7% .

,
:
F = CD (/2) V2 (d2)/4 n = (CD /8) V2 d2

(N)

(2.13)

CD = 1,1
=1025 (kg/m3)
D = ( m)
n =
V = ( m/s )
, ,
.
1% .
.

,
RT .
RT = RF + RW + R A + R S + R roughness

(2.14)

,
, :
: 20 m/s ( Beaufort 8 )
: 5 m ( 12-15 m )
: 0,5 m/s

. .
24

 : ,

,
Bollard Pull :
RT = 0,75 BP

(2.15)

:
=

2,1 x Rz x V
Rz = 6 X L ( T + B/2 ) + 3000....[ kg ] (2.16)
145,7
Rz
.
80%
. 1=1,8*

2.2.7 ( Bollard Pull )

, Bollard Pull.

Bollard Pull
.

. Bollard Pull .
Bollard Pull
.
.

.

Bollard Pull
Bollard Pull .

.

Bollard Pull

. Bollard Pull
.
,
, .

25

 : ,

Bollard Pull;

,
.
.


Bollard Pull trial.
,
, .
.

.

Bollard Pull
Sustained Bollard Pull
Bollard Pull Bollard Pull
, 5 10 ,
. ,
30 ,
.
Maximum Static Bollard Pull
Sustained
Bollard Pull , 30
. ,
30 Maximum Static Bollard Pull
2 .
Maximum Bollard Pull
. Maximum Bollard Pull
Sustained Bollard Pull
Bollard Pull.
Brazilian Bollard Pull
Bollard Pull
5-10 , .
Bollard Pull
Brazilian Bollard Pull
Sustained Bollard Pull 5-10 .
Marketing Bollard Pull
Marketing Bollard Pull
.
Bollard Pull . , Marketing
Bollard Pull < >

. , ,
Bollard Pull
26

 : ,

.
< > .

Bollard Pull
, 3-4 %,
Bollard Pull ,

.
Bollard Pull,
.

2.3

Bollard Pull ,
,
.

, ,
.
padeyes.
Padeye -
.
<>
. (2004) .

2.3 Padeye

27

 : ,

2.3.1 Padeye
3
. , Padaeye
240.000 lbs
(F)=80.000lbs.
1) (F)
(t) Padeye.
2) (F) (t).
( 3.2)
3)
(d).
4) 3
,
(L).

.
5) (l) Padeye,
(T). (T)
(F)
(l).

2.3.1-1 Padaeye

28

 : ,

2.3.2

( ).
, ,

.
( )

.
1)

.
Padeye
bullnose .

2.3.2-1

2) 2
2 ( )

. 2
(flounder plate) .
flounder plate .
flounder plate .
2.3.2-2

29

 : ,

2.3.2-2 2

3) (Lead chain)

flounder plate
( 2.3.2-3).
30

 : ,

60 ,
<>.



.

.

2.3.2-3 Flounder Plate

4)

.
(chain stoppers),
(safety shackles), flounder plates.
2.3.2-4

31

 : ,

2.3.2-4

2.4
2.4.1

.
,
,
,
(Bollard Pull) .
,
.

VLCC.
32

 : ,

,
.

,
.
,
,
. ,
.

2.4.2 ( Bollard Pull)

, BP ,

. BP
.

.
BP ,

.
BP ,
:
)
80-120 bhp = 1 ton Bollard Pull
) ( )
60-80 bhp = 1 ton Bollard Pull

. .

,
5 .

,
7 .

2.4.3
BP .

.
9 10 .

, . ,
,
6 7
33

 : ,

.
,
.

2.4.4

,
BP.

.

.
.

.

.

2.4.5

- BP 2
.
. 2

, .

2.4.6

. 25%
.
, .
,
.
( BP)
, .


..

, .
,

34

 : ,

.
.
.
.
,

( )
.



. 2

.

2.4.7
, ,
.
,

,
.

.
:
i) ,
() ,, .
ii) ,
.
iii) ,

iv)
v)
vi) ,
vii)

viii)

.
.
.

.
.
.
35

 : ,

2.4.8


.
, .

.
:
i) ( Break horsepower)
ii) (

.)
iii)
iv) (
)
v)
. (
.)

.
.

.
Ro-Ro
10 .
16 .

.
,

2.4.9
1)


.
.
.

,
.

36

 : ,

.
,
.
.


. ,


.
2)

- .

, .
,

.

.
3)
,

.
,
.

, .

2.4.10

.
( )
.

,

. :
1)

. :
37

 : ,

-
- , ,
- , .
- , ,
.
- ,
, .
- , ,
, , ,
,
, , , .
- , Safety
Construction, Safety Radio, Safety Equipment,
.
- .
- , , ,
.
- ,
.
- .
- .
- .
2)
,
.
.
.
3)

.
12 ,
.
2

.
4)

.
.

38

 : ,

5)

.
6)

. ,
.
7)

,
.
,
.
8)


.

.
,
.
9)

.

.

. 800

, .
.

.

.

.

39

 : ,

3.

1
10 2009

,
556 110 .

3.1-1 -

3.1-1 Container

Class

Container Carrier
1998,
GL
40

 : ,

Loa
195.60 m
Lbp
185.50 m
B
30.20 m

16.60 m
mid -
6.25 m

1.90 m

20,856 mt
Bollard Pull
40 mt

3472 HP
, ,
10 .

110 5.2 5.3.

3.1-3

3.1-2

3.1-2

Loa (m)
B (m)
D (m)
Tsummer (m)

Ocean Going Salvage

47.00
10.52
5.60
4.76
41

 : ,
(mt)
GRT
(mt)
NRT
(mt)

Class

(BHP)

Bollard pull (mt)

(mt)

,
,

1,135.60
638
191
1974,
LRS
2 MAK 9M 433 AK,
6,200
CPP
70
210
-
1 x 800 m 5 x 36 WRC -52 mm. MBL 187 mt

GMDSS A1, A2, A3

Gyro Auto pilot GPS - Radars

3.1-4

42

 : ,

3.1-5

2
24 2005

, 1.332
266 .

3.2-1 -

43

 : ,

3.2-1 Bulk carrier

Lov
B
D
Tsummer
GRT
,
Class

Tmean

Bollard Pull
A

Bulk carrier

227.65 m
32.20 m
18.32 m
12.77 m
37,401
1986, Japan
NKK valid
20

11.0 m
0.8 m
88mt
5177HP

1.
2.
3.
4.

.
.
.

.
5. .

3.2-2 FOTIV KIRILOV

Lov
B
D
Tsummer
GRT
NRT
,
Class

Bollard pull

, ,

Ocean Going / Salvage

88.10
19.36
9.0
7.2
5,250
1.575
1989
RMRS
4 x Wartsila 12V 32D
24,480 BHP
2 x CPP
248 mt

44

 : ,

3.2-2 FOTIV KIRILOV

3.2-3 FOTIV KIRILOV

45

 : ,

3
1 8 2 002
,
, 665 133
.

3 . 3 -1 -

3.3-1 Passenger

,
Loa
B
T


Bollard Pull

Passen ger Vessel

1 96 2 Italy
6 2 .0 0
m
9 .80
m
4 .32
m
1 02 2 mt
2 x B&W 1 7 3 0 BHP
18mt
834HP

46

 : ,

3.3-2 CITY OF ANDROS

3.3-3 CITY OF ANDROS

47

 : ,

3.3-2

Lov
B
D
Tsummer
GRT
NRT
,

Bollard pull

28.95 m
8.84 m
4.89 m
4.57 m
283 ton.
85 ton.
UK 1967
2 x Ruston
2400 HP
2
30 mt

3.3-4 ATLAS

4
,
4 480 .

48

 : ,

3.4-1 -
3.4-1

Loa
Lbp
Beam
Depth
mid-

Bollard Pull

124.39 m
124.00 m
22.80 m
12.80 m
4.65 m
0.5 m
10,055 mt
45 mt
1938 HP

5.14

3.4-2

49

 : ,

3.4-2

Loa (m)
B (m)
D (m)
T (m)
(mt)
GRT
(mt)
NRT
(mt)
,
Class

(BHP)

Bollard pull

Ocean Going Supply Anchor Handling

64.59
13.80
6.90
6.02
3,331
1,474
442
1980,
BV
11
2 x NOHAB F216V-D825
7,040
2 x CPP in fixed nozzles
93
847 m3
-
2 x 900 m x 64 mm. BL 250 mt

,,

GMDSS

3.4-3 Ocean-going tug

50

 : ,

7 2007

,
1.324 265 .

3.5-1

3.5-1

L (m)
B (m)
D (m)
mean (m)
(m)

40.00 m
22.00 m
2.80 m
1.55 m
0.40 m

Bollard Pull

29mt
780HP

51

 : ,

3.5-2

1977
LIMA 7707 . 3
. .
stoppers,
.

3.5-3

52

 : ,

3.5-2 WIZARD

Lov
B
D
T max
GRT
NRT
,
Class

Bollard pull



,,

Ocean Going Salvage tug

36.56 m
10.00 m
5.00 m
4.65 m
347 ton
104 ton
1969 Appledore - UK
HRS
10
Two x RUSTON DIESEL 6ATCM MKII
3,920 BHP
CPP 4 blades
45 mt

1 x 750 m & 1 x 600 m x 44 mm..

GMDSS / VHF
Navtex / Radars / Echosounder / Auto pilot / GPS

3.5-4 WIZARD

53

 : ,

3 March 2005

3.6-1 -

3.6-2

54

 : ,

3.6-3

3.6-1

L (m)
B (m)
D (m)
mean (m)
(m)
Bollard Pull (mt)
A (HP)

37.72
19.17
8.00
5.84
0.55
42
1200

3.6-2

Lov
B
D
Tsummer
GRT
NRT
,
Class

Bollard pull

Ocean Going equipped with winch and

hook

44.44 m
10.2 m
4.95 m
4.6 m
487.23 tonnes
209.3 tonnes
1965, UK
MMIS
9
2 x RUSTON 9ATCM
6000 ihp
1 x CPP
60 mt
55

 : ,



,
,

-
1 x 850 m x 48 mm. MBL 148 mt

GMDSS (A1,A2,A3) and 3 x VHF

Magnetic compass Radars , GPS, NAYTEX

16 2005

, 548
110 .

3.7-1 -

ST 824
.
3.7-1 ST 824

L
B
D

18.40m
10.80m
5.70m
56

 : ,

324mt

Tfor

1.65m

Taft
Bollard Pull

3.70 m
60mt
1113 HP

3.7-2 ST 824
3.7-2

Lov
B
D
Tsummer
GRT
NRT
,
Class

Ocean Going / Salvage

45.16 m
12.00 m
6.00 m
4.90 m
762 mt
228 mt
1977 /
LRS
10
2 x MAK 12M453AK V
8000 bhp
2 X CPP
57

 : ,
Bollard pull

100 mt
1 x 250 bhp

2 x 900 m / 65 mm

,
,

GMDSS
2 Radars / Sat Nav

Autopilot

3.7-3

End cylindrical floaters
construction not completed

Curved plating welded

44.00 m

58
36.48 m

3.8-1 DELTA VERENIKI

 : ,

DELTA VERENIKI
.

.
1,5 m
Bollard Pull

=
=

16 mt
615HP

3.8-2

3.8-3

59

 : ,

3.8-1

Lov
B
D
Tsummer
GRT
NRT
,

Bollard pull

28.95 m
8.84 m
4.89 m
4.57 m
283 ton.
85 ton.
UK 1967
2 x Ruston
2400 HP
2
30 mt

3.8-4

60

 : ,

3.9-1 Bollard Pull

1
2
3
4

Bollard
Pull(mt)
40
88
18
45

Bollard
Pull(mt)
70
248
30
93

Bollard
Pull(mt)
30
160
12
48

%
75,0
181,8
66,7
106,7

29

45

16

55,2

42

60

18

42,9

60

100

40

66,7

16
42,25
41

30
84,5
65

14
42,25
24

87,5
85,29
70,83

23,52

71,07

49,34

43,57

16,30

49,25

34,19

30,19

3.9-2

1
2
3
4

(HP)
3472
5177
834
1938

(HP)
6200
24480
2400
7040

Bollard
Pull(mt)
2728
19303
1566
5102

%
78,6
372,9
187,8
263,3

780

3920

3140

402,6

1200

6000

4800

400,0

1113

8000

6887

618,8

615
1891,1
1156,5

2400
7555
6100,0

1785
5663,9
3970,0

290,2
326,8
331,6

61

 : ,

1619,6

7146,8

5799,2

162,5

1122,3

4952,4

4018,5

112,6

,
500 b.h.p, scopic 2007

.
3.10-1

b.h.p 5000 b.h.p

b.h.p 5001 12000 b.h.p
b.h.p 12001 20000 b.h.p
b.h.p 20000 b.h.p

US$ 2.500
US$ 1.875
US$ 1.250
US$ 0.625

2.4

.

.
3.10-2

1
2
3
4

(HP)
3472
5177
834
1938
780

$US
8680
12832
2085
4845
1950

(
)$US
39783
142220
11554
19380
21531

1200

3000

6000

1113

2783

12753

615

1599

1599

Bollard Pull Break horse Power

85,3
326,8% .

62

 : ,

Bollard Pull.
:
. Bollard Pull 50 mt,
80,120 200 mt Bollard Pull;
:
1) emergency towing
, ,


.
2) 2.
Bollard Pull Marketing
Bollard Pull
Bollard Pull. 80% Bollard
Pull , ,
Marketing Bollard Pull.
3)

.
,
.

.
4) 2.4,
.
.
, ,
extra
,

.
5) ,


.
,
,
,
.

,
,
,
.
63

 : ,

4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

64

 : ,

4.1


Sea-web ship and casualty database Lloyds Register of ships
2006-2010. :

(total loss)

5
.
:
1 1/1-30/6
2 1/7-31/12
2010 1/1-1/6 2010

4.1-1

20061/6/2010
,
2007 2006
200 . 2007

65

 : ,

900 ,
900 5 .

4.1-2

2 ,
4-1-3
.

4-1-3

4-1-2 4-1-3
,
(total loss) .
4-1-3

.

66

 : ,

Kendalls
tau-b test
SPSS,
( = -0,648
,p=0,016)
Kendalls tau-b test
. -1
( ) 1( ).
. SPSS
p-value
( 0.05 )
.
p = 0,016<0,05 = -0,648 -1
0.
.

4.2



.

4-2-1
2006-2010

4-2-1

Kendalls tau-b test (t=0,778,p=0,004).

67

 : ,

4-2-2 ( total loss )

2006-2010

4-2-3 total loss

2006-2010

4-2-2 20062010
.
4-2-3

,
total loss .
Kendalls tau-b test (t = -0,611,
p =0,022) .
68

 : ,

4-2-4 .

4-2-4

2006-2010

4-2-4

,
Kendalls tau-b test ( t =0,778, p = 0,004 ).

,

.



.
,

, .


.


.
,
.
.
69

 : ,

4.3
.
6
:

(collision)
(contact)
/ (Fire/Explosion)
(Foundered)
(hull/machinery
problem)
(stranded)

,
Sea-web casualty data base Lloyds Register of ships.

4-3-1

4-3-1

2
21%.

,
.

70

 : ,

4-3-2
2006-2010

,
29% 2006
35%
2010 45% .
Kendalls tau-b test = 0,592 p =
0,028.


.



.
,

.

.


, ,

.

4.4

,
71

 : ,

.

, Sea-web ship and casualty
database Lloyds Register of ships:

Bulk carriers
Containerships
General cargo
Passengers
Tanker

4.4-1
2006-2010

250
200
150
100
50
0
Bulk carrier

containership general cargo

passengers

tanker

4.4-1
2006-2010

4.4-1
general cargo 220
25% .
:
1. bulk
carriers tankers

.
.
, .
2.

,
,
Sea-web ship database,
72

 : ,

4.4-2
2006-2010

4.4-2
containerships
.

,
.


.
containerships
( 4600 Clarkson Annual
Statistics), ,
.
Containerships

containers .
, ,
.

73

 : ,

5.
5.1
5.2

74

 : ,

5.1

Sea-web ship database Lloyds Register of ships
Bollard Pull 20 .
.

5.1-1
2006-2010

Shipping Review
Database( Clarkson Research, Spring 2010).

5.1-2 2006-2010

2
2006-2010 12,67%
75

 : ,

16,9%
2000 .


.


.


,
( 2.
).

5.2
2
:
1. Bollard Pull (B.P)
2. (LBP)
B.P
Crystal Ball
Sea-web ship database Lloyds Register of
ships.

5.2-1 Bollard Pull

B.P>20mt

76

 : ,

5.2-2 B.P B.P>20mt

5.2-1 B.P

Assumption: Bollard Pull

Statistic
Mean
Median
Standard Deviation
Variance
Skewness
Kurtosis
Coeff. of Variability
Minimum
Maximum

Assumption values
51,27
47,69
19,77
390,86
1,27
5,58
0,3856
20,03
182,91

Max Extreme distribution

51,29
47,84
19,46
378,69
1,22
5,54
0,3794
20
250

5.2-2 Percentiles B.P

Assumption: Bollard Pull

Percentile
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%

Assumption values
20,03
29,76
34,84
39,34
43,34
47,69
52,35
57,95
65,35
76,98
182,91

77

Max Extreme distribution

20
29,9
35,1
39,44
43,58
47,84
52,52
58,03
65,25
76,81
250

 : ,

5.2-3 Lbp
B.P>20mt

5.2-4 Lb.p
B.P>20mt
5.2-3 Lbp

Assumption: Lbp
Statistic
Mean
Median
Standard
Deviation
Skewness
Kurtosis
Coeff.

Assumption
values
34.473
32.475
11.512
1,14
4,99
of 0,3339

Max
distribution
34.125
32.211
11.209
1,05
4,52
0,3285

78

Extreme

 : ,

Variability
Minimum
Maximum

15.070
102.472

15.000
90.000

5.2-4 Percentiles Lbp

Assumption: Lbp
Percentile
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%

Assumption values
15.070
21.808
24.828
27.507
29.956
32.474
35.338
38.467
42.827
49.443
102.472

Max Extreme distribution

15.000
21.623
24.727
27.290
29.719
32.211
34.940
38.156
42.353
49.050
90.000

79

 : ,

6.

6.1

6.2

6.2.1

6.2.2
6.2.3

80

 : ,

6.1

6.1-1 2006-2010

Zones
Br Isles ,N sea ,E chal Biscay
E.Mediterenian &Black sea
China,Japan,Korea
S.china,E.indies
Baltic
W.Mediterean
S atlantic,E.coast,S.America
U.S Eastern Sea Board
Great lakes
Iceland
Kiel Kanl
W.Indies
Russia Arctic bering sea
Gulf
North atlantic
North America Pacific Coast
W.Africa coast
Australasia
E.Africa coast
Gulf of Mexico

1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2

2006
2006
2007
2007
2008
2008
2009
2009
2010
27
34
59
47
63
44
44
49
37
404
20
15
17
40
29
31
30
44
35
261
4
5
7
29
20
12
21
11
10
119
7
5
5
11
6
15
13
28
9
99
4
9
14
7
17
14
14
7
12
98
10
5
8
13
13
6
12
11
8
86
9
8
9
11
5
10
9
7
3
71
9
6
5
4
7
10
10
4
1
56
4
12
5
4
3
6
4
7
5
50
0
1
5
6
2
7
7
9
8
45
3
6
10
5
5
4
1
2
6
42
5
1
9
6
7
6
0
5
2
41
1
2
3
2
6
3
7
4
9
37
2
1
5
4
2
7
4
8
3
36
2
1
9
4
5
6
3
2
3
35
3
2
5
3
4
3
3
8
3
34
3
0
3
5
3
7
4
6
3
34
2
2
5
2
6
5
2
2
2
28
1
4
2
3
4
6
4
3
1
28
2
3
6
3
1
2
1
2
4
24

81

.
44,9
29,0
13,2
11,0
10,9
9,6
7,9
6,2
5,6
5,0
4,7
4,6
4,1
4,0
3,9
3,8
3,8
3,1
3,1
2,7

Median
44
30
11
9
12
10
9
6
5
6
5
5
3
4
3
3
3
2
3
2

St
deviation
11
10
8
7
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Confidence
7,5
6,6
5,5
4,8
2,8
1,9
1,6
2,0
1,8
2,1
1,7
1,9
1,7
1,5
1,6
1,2
1,3
1,1
1,1
1,0

 : ,

Bay of Bengal
CanadianArctic, Alaska
New Foundland
Suez Canal
Red sea
S.Pacific
Indian Ocean Antarctic
Panama canal
West coast S.america
North Pacific
Cape Horn

2
1
1
0
3
0
0
2
1
0
0

1
3
1
1
0
1
4
0
0
0
0

3
1
1
3
1
1
1
0
0
0
1

3
2
4
3
0
0
0
1
0
1
0

2
1
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
1
0

1
2
3
0
0
3
2
1
1
0
0

4
3
2
0
2
3
0
0
2
0
0

0
1
2
1
3
0
0
1
1
1
0

2
1
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
1
0

18
15
14
11
10
10
8
5
5
4
1

2,0
1,7
1,6
1,2
1,1
1,1
0,9
0,6
0,6
0,4
0,1

2
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0

6.1-1
45
30 .
6.1-1
:

30-45 .
15-29 .
5-14 .
0-5 .

82

0,8
0,6
0,9
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,9
0,5
0,5
0,3
0,2

 : ,

6.1-1 -

83

 : ,

6.1-2 2006-2010

Zones
Br Isles,N sea,E chal Biscay
E.Mediterenian &Black sea
Baltic
China,Japan,Korea
S.china,E.indies
Great lakes
U.S Eastern Sea Board
W.Mediterean
North America Pacific Coast
New Foundland
S atlantic,E.coast,S.America
Gulf of Mexico
Iceland
Kiel Kanl
Russia Arctic bering sea
Gulf
CanadianArctic, Alaska
Australasia
West Indies
Bay of Bengal
West Africa coast
North atlantic
East Africa coast
Red sea

1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2

2006
2006
2007
2007
2008
2008
2009
2009
2010
146
143
189
168
201
177
153
178
138 1493
67
61
63
108
140
176
148
209
202 1174
46
40
71
57
68
68
50
50
62
512
47
45
67
50
86
53
76
42
37
503
48
25
36
47
59
62
68
78
63
486
48
70
53
40
42
55
40
47
23
418
45
32
22
30
36
32
31
13
16
257
27
16
29
29
34
28
23
26
30
242
23
24
27
30
38
17
32
30
18
239
33
18
23
22
26
18
34
31
20
225
26
25
34
30
27
21
19
19
5
206
40
25
30
25
22
21
20
11
9
203
8
7
22
24
23
20
29
33
34
200
31
25
37
20
19
19
13
8
16
188
3
5
11
14
18
16
33
15
21
136
8
11
15
17
18
22
22
16
7
136
18
15
16
16
16
16
15
9
5
126
17
10
12
11
18
14
10
15
9
116
15
6
14
9
8
13
20
11
10
106
8
10
13
12
9
11
11
18
11
103
2
5
12
6
8
13
13
19
19
97
9
6
19
12
14
13
14
5
5
97
5
9
10
13
11
11
14
8
6
87
3
5
6
4
6
3
7
6
6
46

84

.
165,9
130,4
56,9
55,9
54,0
46,4
28,6
26,9
26,6
25,0
22,9
22,6
22,2
20,9
15,1
15,1
14,0
12,9
11,8
11,4
10,8
10,8
9,7
5,1

Median
168
140
57
50
59
47
31
28
27
23
25
22
23
19
15
16
16
12
11
11
12
12
10
6

St
deviation
22
59
11
17
17
13
10
5
7
6
8
9
10
9
9
5
4
3
4
3
6
5
3
1

Confidence
14,4
38,4
7,2
10,9
10,8
8,4
6,5
3,3
4,4
4,1
5,5
6,1
6,3
5,8
5,8
3,6
2,7
2,1
2,8
1,9
3,9
3,2
2,0
0,9

 : ,

S.Pacific
North Pacific
West coast S.america
Suez Canal
Indian Ocean Antarctic
Panama canal
Cape Horn

3
3
6
3
4
4
3

4
4
1
2
5
6
0

4
4
3
4
2
0
1

2
4
4
3
0
1
0

2
4
1
3
2
2
0

1
6
4
3
1
1
0

10
1
2
6
0
2
3

4
4
2
1
1
0
0

2
2
6
4
3
2
0

32
32
29
29
18
18
7

3,6
3,6
3,2
3,2
2,0
2,0
0,8

3
4
3
3
2
2
0

3
1
2
1
2
2
1

.
6.1-2
,
.
, ,
(severe casualties).
6.1-2 :

35 -45%.
25-34%.
15-24%.
0-14%.

85

1,7
0,9
1,3
0,9
1,1
1,3
0,9

 : ,

6.1-2

86

 : ,

2006-2010,
, 27 22% .

,

,
.

.

35%
.
.


.

.
18 4

.
44%

.

,
( 36%)
.

( 6%) 6.1-2
28 .
200 4 14
(1,6 )

.

87

 : ,

6.2

,
Sea-web ship and casualty database
Lloyds Register of Ships.


2006-2009
Clarkson Research Services,Spring 2010.
6.2-1 -

2006
2007
2008
2009
.

71242
73467
75969
78684
74840,5

1448
1846
1897
1762
1738,25

: =23*10-3
100 2,3 .
Poisson

.
Poisson

. :
P(=) = * e- /!

(6.2-1)

.
(6.2-1)
Pc=22,9*10-3

6.2-2.

.

. () p n .
88

 : ,

6.2-2

2006
2007
2008
2009
.

1448
1846
1897
1762
1738,25

300
577
569
560
501,5

0,207
0,313
0,300
0,318
0,284

:
P(X=k)= n!*px*qn-x/(x!*(n-x)!)

(6.2-2)

SLGallery v1.4
6.21
Pp=0,233

6.2-1 SLGallery v1.4

2

:
Pf=Pc*Pp=22,9*10-3 *0,233 Pf=5,36*10-3

89

 : ,

6.2.1

6.2 .
Poisson
.
6.2.1-1 - 2006-2009

2006
1o
180
90
69
7
foundered
272
hull/machinery
6
michelaneus
wrecked/stranded 153
777

collision
contact
fire/explosion

2007
1o
152
98
89
7
333
2
180
861

2o
132
73
52
6
234
6
166
669

2o
219
86
82
4
342
4
246
983

2008
1o
221
104
85
1
346
2
212
971

2009
1o
177
77
75
9
345
0
167
850

2o
205
101
87
2
322
0
203
920

.
2o
179
81
69
5
388
0
186
908

.
.
3 .
6.2.1-2

8.6*10-3

4.9*10-3

5*10-3

.
6.2.1-3 hull machinery

hull machinery

2006
2007
2008
2009
.

85
184
124
143
150,3

506
675
668
733
692
90

0,168
0,273
0,186
0,195
0,218

183,1
88,8
76,0
5,1
322,8
2,5
189,1
867,4

 : ,

: Ph=0,218
hull/machinery
:
Phull=Pc*Php=0,0086*0,218 Phull= 1,89*10-3
6.2.1-4

2006
2007
2008
2009
.

312
371
426
356
366,25

63
48
118
102
231

0,202
0,129
0,277
0,287
0,224

:
Pcol,= 0,224

:
Pcol= Pcol,* Pc Pcol=1,1*10-3
6.2.1-5

2006
2007
2008
2009
.

319
426
415
353
378,25

64
142
106
117
231

0,201
0,333
0,255
0,331
0,280

: Pstr,p = 0,280

:
Pstr = Pstr,p*Pc= 0,280*0,005 Pstr =1,4*10-3

6.2.2

.

5:
91

 : ,

Bull carriers
Tankers
Containerships
General cargo
Passenger

,


.
6.2.2-1 2006-2010

1 2006
2 2006
1 2007
2 2007
1 2008
2 2008
1 2009
2 2009
.

Bulk
carrier
137
126
119
142
117
120
118
142
127,63

general
containership cargo
81
174
56
150
67
210
79
247
92
241
74
250
72
240
57
249
72,25
220,13

passengers
51
35
47
56
55
69
56
53
52,75

tanker
103
94
125
127
121
117
112
110
113,63

231
210
295
332
349
292
252
301
282,75

777
671
863
983
975
922
850
912
869,13

Clarkson Research services,
Spring 2010.
6.2.2-2

2006
2007
2008
2009
.

general
containerships cargo
3641
15435
3990
15596
4367
15734
4730
15900
4182
15666,25

passengers
6356
6396
6454
6510
6429

tanker
10816
11180
11626
12199
11455,25

bulk
carrier
17038
17653
18395
19257
18085,75

-
6.2.2-3 .
6.2.2-3

Bulk
carrier
0,014

containership general cargo

0,035
0,028
92

passengers
0,016

tanker
0,020

 : ,

,
Poisson.

.
6.2.2-4
.
6.2.2-4

1 2006
2 2006
1 2007
2 2007
1 2008
2 2008
1 2009
2 2009
.

Bulk
carrier
23
30
37
41
23
22
26
35
29,63

containership
10
9
22
15
26
25
21
18
18,25

general
cargo
42
42
60
93
81
62
74
84
67,25

passengers
3
1
4
2
4
5
4
6
3,63

tanker
18
14
28
28
30
36
29
38
27,63

68
40
56
57
55
53
50
81
57,50

164
136
207
236
219
203
204
262
203,88

6.2.2-5

Bulk

carrier
0,232

containership general cargo

0,253
0,306

passengers
0,069

tanker
0,243

, 2

2 .

. 6.2.2-6.
6.2.2-6

Bulk

carrier
3,2*10-3

containership general cargo

8,8*10-3
8,6*10-3

passengers
1,1*10-3

tanker
4,8*10-3

passenger
.


,
.

93

 : ,

6.2.3

,

.

,
.
:

=
,P *
,P *
,P

6.2.3-1
6.2.3-1

Bulk
carrier
6,67
11,44
8,62

- *10 -4

containership
16,32
28,00
21,11

general
cargo
13,27
22,77
17,17

passengers
7,75
13,30
10,03

tanker
9,37
16,08
12,12

94

 : ,

7.1
7.1.1 Bulk Carrier
7.1.2 Tanker
7.2

95

 : ,

7.1

:
bulk carriers tankers.

Scopic 2007.

7.1.1

Bulk carrier

2.16
.
Sea-web ship and casualty database Lloyds Register of ships.
Bulk carriers
5 ,
(L,B,T).
5 .
Crystal ball,
L,B,T
.

7.1.1-1 L Bulk carriers

L=328,58m
L= 87,03m. Bulk carriers
2006-2010 197,15m.
.

96

 : ,

7.1.1-2 L Bulk carriers

7.1.1-1
Assumption: L

Statistic
Mean
Median
Standard
Deviation
Variance
Skewness
Kurtosis
Coeff.
Variability
Minimum
Maximum

Assumption
values
199,31
197,86

Logistic
distribution
199,15
198,19

49,30
2430,08
0,12
2,65

49,32
2432,73
0,12
2,62

0,25
87,08
328,24

0,25
87,03
328,58

of

7.1.1-3 L,B,T

97

 : ,

7.1.1-3
Bulk carrier

.
70%.

7.1.1-4 B Bulk carriers

7.1.1-5 B Bulk carriers

Bulk carriers ,
32,41m 80% Bulk carriers
24m.

98

 : ,

0-2

Assumption: B
Statistic
Mean
Median
Standard
Deviation
Variance
Skewness
Kurtosis
Coeff.
Variability
Minimum
Maximum

Assumption
values
32,61
32,59

Logistic
distribution
32,53
32,47

8,36
69,86
0,08
2,67

8,30
68,90
0,05
2,67

0,26
12,38
54,00

0,26
12,37
54,01

of

7.1.1-6

scatter

3 .
99

 : ,

Bulk carrier.

7.1.1-7 Bulk carriers

7.1.1-8 Bulk carriers

0-3

Assumption: T
Statistic
Mean
Median
Standard
Deviation

Assumption
values
13,55
13,65

Logistic
distribution
13,51
13,65

2,96

2,98

100

 : ,
Variance
Skewness
Kurtosis
Coeff.
Variability
Minimum
Maximum

8,74
-0,2759
2,8

8,86
-0,2984
2,78

0,2182
4,66
19,72

0,2202
4,55
19,72

of

7.1.1-9 Bulk carriers

7.1.1-10 Bulk carriers

101

 : ,

0-4

Forecast:
Statistic
Mean
Median
Standard Deviation
Variance
Skewness
Kurtosis
Coeff. of Variability
Minimum
Maximum

Fit: Beta
5.020,83
4.904,66
1.405,73
1.976.084,31
0,4632
3,14
0,28
752,98
20.493,21

Forecast
values
5.020,83
4.912,33
1.405,80
1.976.281,94
0,4631
3,14
0,28
1.633,63
11.272,45

10000
Bulk carrier 5.020,83b.h.p
2.3 2.
2,5$/b.h.p b.h.p
5.000b.h.p 1,875$
5000 12.000. :

Kdbulk=12.539$

Bulk

carrier

5000*2,5+20,83*1,875

7.1.2 Tanker
Bulc carriers.
tanker
Crystal ball

.

7.1.2-1 L Tankers

102

 : ,

7.1.2-2 L tankers
7.1.2-1 anker

Assumption: L
Statistic
Mean
Median
Standard
Deviation
Variance
Skewness
Kurtosis
Coeff.
Variability
Minimum
Maximum

Assumption
values
199,37
196,36

Lognormal
distribution
199,17
196,48

32,70
1069,14
0,47
3,24

33,13
1097,77
0,49
3,36

0,16
105,27
349,14

0,17
35,17
356,68

of

7.1.2-3 B tanker

103

 : ,

7.1.2-4 tankers
7.1.2-2 tankers

Assumption: B
Statistic
Mean
Median
Standard
Deviation
Variance
Skewness
Kurtosis
Coeff.
Variability
Minimum
Maximum

Assumption
values
31,32
30,73

Lognormal
distribution
31,32
30,80

5,86
34,33
0,58
3,48

5,79
33,51
0,54
3,47

0,19
15,78
58,99

0,18
8,01
60,00

of

7.1.2-5 T tanker

104

 : ,

7.1.2-6 tanker
7.1.2-3 tankers

Assumption: T
Statistic
Mean
Median
Standard
Deviation
Variance
Skewness
Kurtosis
Coeff.
Variability
Minimum
Maximum

Assumption
values
10,93
10,29

Gamma
distribution
10,91
10,28

2,91
8,45
1,05
3,88

2,89
8,38
1,05
3,89

0,27
6,63
22

0,27
6,61
22,02

of

7.1.2-7 L,B,T tankers

105

 : ,

7.1.2-8 tankers

7.1.2-9 ,

106

 : ,

7.1.2-10 tankers

7.1.2-4 tankers

Statistic
Mean
Median
Standard
Deviation
Variance
Skewness
Kurtosis
Coeff.
Variability
Minimum
Maximum

Fit: Gamma
4.514,2
4.416,5

Forecast values
4.514,2
4.411,6

928,0
861.082,9
0,6
3,6

930,1
865.033,8
0,7
3,8

0,2
1.594,6

0,2
1.995,0
9.601,4

of

10000
Tnker 4.514,2b.h.p
2.3 2.
2,5$/b.h.p b.h.p
5.000b.h.p .
:
Tanker = 4.514,2*2,5Kdtanker=11.285,5$

107

 : ,

7.2
2


.
2010

Salvage
.
SMIT
BMT Salvage
. :

5 .

. SMIT
800
.
120 ,
800/120 , t= 6,67
(
), t=7 .

Bulk carriers Tankers
:
7.2-0-1

Bulk
Carrier
Tanker

($)

(days)

($)

12539
11286

7
7

87773
78999

2


.
Bulk Carriers
Tankers.

Bulk Carriers
Tankers
108

 : ,

VlCC


.




.

109

 : ,

8.
Bollard Pull Break horse Power

85,3 326,8% .


Bollard Pull
emergency towing
, ,


.
2.
Bollard Pull Marketing
Bollard Pull
Bollard Pull. 80%
Bollard Pull , ,
Marketing Bollard Pull.


.
,
.

.

,


.
,
,
,

.

, ,
,

.

.
110

 : ,

,

, .


.


.,
.

.


.



.
,

.

.


, ,

.
2006-2010
12,67%
16,9%
2000 .


.

.


,
( 2.
).


111

 : ,

2006-2010,
, 27 22% .

,

,
.

.

35%
.
.


.

,
( 36%)
.
passenger
, 1.1*10 -3 , .


,

.
Bulk
carrier

. 70%.
Bulk carriers ,
32,41m 80% Bulk
carriers 24m.
2


.
Bulk Carriers
Tankers.

Bulk Carriers
Tankers
VlCC
112

 : ,

.




.

113

 : ,

INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION,
GUIDELINES FOR SAFE OCEAN TOWING, 21 December
1998
R.M.Isherwood M..A,Wind Resistance of Merchant Ships,The
Royal Institution of Naval Architects,1972
J.A. Vermersch Jr., Exxon Production Research Co.,Transapacific
Tow Oceanographic Criteria,
Guidance notes for Approval of Tows, SectionV
BMT Fluid Mechanics,Global Wave Statistics Online Help
L.Beckwith,New Collision Avoidance Regulations for Existing
Ships
Lloyds Register Of Shipping
Clarkson Research services,Shipping Review database, Spring
2010
DET NORSKE VERITAS,RULES FOR PLANNING AND
EXECUTION OF MARINE OPERATIONS, PART 1,DESIGN
LOADS
The Towage Connection by J.W van Beunigen. Paper for the
76.Hauptversammlung der Schiffbautechnische, Hamburg, 1981
Smit brochure on Smit Bracket, 1988
Apendix G,Calculating Steady State Towline Tension, U.S Navy
Towing Manual
.,
, , 2005
.. ,27
06

114

 : ,

, .. , .
, 2009
,Murray R. Spiegel, Schaums Outline
Series, MacGraw Hill, New York, , , 1977
Sea-web ship and casualty database,Lloyds Register of Ships
Department of Trade-UK. Submission to Sub-Committee on ship
Design & Equipment, 24 th Session,Towing Systems on Large
Ships-Results of a Questionnaire
Hellenic Register of Shipping
|Scopic 2007
Tom Ainsworth, NWS Juneau Alaska,Significant Wave Height, A
closer look at wave forecasts

115