1.

1.1

, :
= { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ... }
, , ,
. , :
= { ..., 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ... }.
, , , . ,
:
x
Q = { , x , y 0}
y
.
R.
, :

| | , ,
.
,
1
1
- 3 = 3,
- =
5 =5,
0 = 0,
2
2

 1.1

: .
. .:
(+6) + (+4) = +10

(4) + (5) = 9
:
. ..:
(9) + (+5) = 4 (+8) + (5) = +3.

, , , :

+ = +

+ ( + ) = ( + ) +

+0=
0
+ (-) = 0
0

:
, .
, .

: . ..:
(+6) (+7) = +42 (7) (3) = +21
:
. ..:

(+5) ( 4) = 20 (7) (+4) = 28.

, , , :

 1.1

. = .

.( .) = (.).

.1 =
1
. 0 = 0
0
1
. = 1, 0
1

( ) =

( + ).( + ) = . + . + . + .

.
,
. :
- = + (-)
:
(7) (5) = (7) + (+5) = 2 (+8) (+6) = (+8) + (6) = +2

.
,
. :
1

: = = . , 0

:
- 27
1
3
-6
1
( 6) : (- 4) = (- 6).
= (- 27) .( - ) = 3
= -
=
2
4
4
-9
9

:
:
. :
(7) + (+6) (4) + (4) = (1) (4) + (4) = (1) + (+4) + (4) = (+3)
+ (4) = 1
.
:
(7) + (+6) (4) + (4) = (7) + (+6) + (+4) + (4) =

 1.1

)2
(-3
(+6) + (+4) + (1
- 74
+4
4) = (+10) + (-11) = -1
14243

(7) + (+6) (4) + (4) = (7) + (+6) + (+4) + (4) = (7) + (+6) = -1
:
. , .
, . . :
(+5,6) (6) (1,2) (4,3) = 173,376.

1. -

.
-3

1
2

0, 3

- 0,8

16

3,14

22
7

0, 3 x = 0, 3 10x = 3, 3 10x - x = 3 9x = 3
3 1
8
x = = . To -0, 8 - 0,8 = - . 16 = 4
9 3
10
314
. 3,14 3,14 =
.
100
2. :

) 3 + 7 = +4
)
) 6 + 6 = 0
) 2 9 = 11.
1
2
) (- 2). = 3
3
) 0.( -

2
)=0
7

,
.
) .
)
,
.
)
.
) 0 = 0.

 1.1

4 5
) . = 1
5 4

)
+.

12
5 5
) ( 6) = ( 6). =
5
12 2

)
.

2
8
8 1
) : (+ 4) = . =
5
5
5 4

)
.

4 4 4 3
) : + = . + = 1
3 3 3 4

)
.

3. :

) ( 32 5) x = 11x

) 3 (2 5 x) = 6 + 15x

) 3 (2 5) x = + 9x

) 2 (x 3) = 2 x + 6

) /
-3

) (3 + x) (2 +y) =
=6+3 y+2x+x.y
) 4 (3 x + 2) = 12 x + 8

) .
) 0 = 0.
)

4. .
i) , :
)
)
)
) .
ii) , :
)
)
)
) .

i) . 3 = 3 .

1
. 2. = 1
2
5. (),
(), :
) .
ii)

 1.1

) .
) .
) .

) () , 1,
.
) () ,
(-3)+(-4)=-7
) ( , .
) () , . ,
, .

-
1

N :
) 2 + 3 4 12 :( 4) + 1
) 3 (2) 5 + 4:(2) 6

) 2 +3 (4 12) : ( 4 + 1)
) 8 : (3 + 5) 4 (2 + 6)

) 2 + 3 4 12 :( 4) + 1=
=2+12+3+1=18.
) 2 +3 (4 12) : ( 4 + 1)=
= 2+3.(-8):(-3)=2+(-24):(-3)=
=2+8=10.
) 3 (2) 5 + 4:(2) 6= +
6526=7
) 8 : (3 + 5) 4 (2 + 6)
= 8 : ( + 2) 4 ( + 4) = 4
16= 20

)
.
) ,

.
)
.
) ,

.

.
(5 4) ( +2) + (6 +4) (7) =

 1.1

4(2+63)+(9+6)=

14 + ( 6 + 5 3) ( 4 1) (2) =

(3) (2) + 4 (+5) (1) : (1) =

(5 4) ( +2) + (6 +4) (7) =

=-1-2-2+7=2.
4(2+63)+(9+6)=
= 4-1-3=0.
14 + ( 6 + 5 3) ( 4 1) (
2) =14-4-(-5).(-2)=10-(+10)=0.
(3) (2) + 4 (+5) (1) : (1) =
=6+4-5-(+1)=6+4-5-1=4.

.

.

, xx
B .
= 5 m, .

4+4+5=13.OA =65 km
5.=5.5 km=25 km.
4

:
2 1 1 1
) + +
3 4 2 12
1 2
1 2
) 5 5
2 3
2 3

1 3 5 1 5 11
) + + +
3 2 6 2 3 6
7 1 4 3 2 2
) 1 : +
2 2 5 5 5 3

2 1 1 1
+ + =
3 4 2 12

) .
,

 1.1

10

2 1 1 1
8
3 6 1
= +
=
+
=
3 4 2 12 12 12 12 12
=

11 7
4 1

=
= .
12 12 12 3

1 3 5 1 5 11
) + + + =
3 2 6 2 3 6
4 18 10 6 20 22
=
= + + +
12 12 12 12 12 12
= + 4 + 8 = 4 8 = 12 =
12 12
12
12 12

= 1
5 2
1 2
3 4
1 2
) 5 5 = 5 =
2 3
2 3
2 3
6 6
19 5
14
7
15 4
1
= 5 = + = =
6 6
6
3
6 6
6
7 1 4 3 2 2
) 1 : + =
2 2 5 5 5 3
2 7 5 8 3 6 10
= : + =
2 2 10 10 5 15 15
15 3 15
5 3 3 4
= : + =+
+ =
20 5 4
2 10 5 15
15 45
30
3
+

= .
=
20 20
20
2

)
.

.
.
.
)
.

.
.
.

1 2
1
+ 1
23
2 3
4
)
)
1 1
1

3 +
2 3
6 2
4

1
3
) 7 +
1
2+
3
3

 1.1

1 2
3 4 6
5
+ 1 +

) 2 3
= 6 6 6= 6=
18 1 3 20
1 1
+
3 +
6
6 6 6
6 2
5 20
5 6
5
1
= : =
=
=
6 6
6 20
20
4
1
1
6
23
4
4 =
)
=
1

12 1
2 3
2
4

4 4
25

4 = 25 : 11 = 25 2 = 25
=
11
4 2
4 11 22

1
9 1
10

3 =-7+ 3 3 =-7+ 3 =
).-7+
5
1
6 1

2+
+
3
3
3 3
10 5
10 3
=-7+ : =-7+ =
3 3
3 5
3

30
= -7 +2 = -5
=-7 +
15

11
)


.

.
) .


.

.

.

.
.

:
1, -3, 0 , 2 , 1 , -2 , -5 , 0 , -3 , -1
.

 1.1

12

1 + ( 3) + 0 + 2 + 1 + ( 2 ) + ( 5) + 0 + ( 3) + ( 1)
=
10
1 3 + 2 +1 2 5 3 1
=
=
10
1+ 2 +1 3 2 5 3 1
=
=
10
4 14 10
=
=
= 1
10
10

.

.


-1

(+ -) .
) 12520 = -3
) -891 = 0
5 3 10
) ... ... = 3
) -0,356,158,50 = 2
4 4 4

) 12+5-20 = -3

) 12 5 20

) -8+9-1 = 0

) -8 9 1

5 3 10 5 3 + 10 12
+ =
=
=3
4 4 4
4
4

) -0,35-6,15+8,50 = 2

10
4

5
4

3
4

. ) -0,35 6,15 8,5

) 8( )+(5)=3
) 2(+ )(4+)(2)=0
) 2(3)+(7+9)3(+2)=0

)8( )+(5)=
=8++5=8+(+)+()5=3
)) 2( + )(4+)(2)=
=2-- + -4-++2+=2-4+2=0
)2( 3) + (7+9 )3 (+2 ) =
=-2.+6-7.+9.-6=(-2-7+9)=0.=0

) .

.
) .

.
) 0.=0

 1.1

13

x+y=5 +=7,
A=4(x)(y) =(5x+) + (8+y)(4)

A=4(x) (y)=4x+y+=
=4-(x+y)+(+)=4(5)+(7)=4+57=2
=(5x+)+(8+y)(4)=

( + )=- -
.

=+5+x--8+y-+4=x+y-(+)+5+4-8=
=-5-(-7)+5+4-8= -5+7+5+4-8= 3

.
.

10

, , 56 ,
, 32, = -(9-2)-(15--2).

A = (9 2 ) (15 2 ) =
= 9 + 2 15 + + 2 =
= + + 2 + 2 9 15 =
= + + 2( + ) 24 =
= 28 + 32 24 = 36

, 56, 2+2=56 2(+)=56

+=32. ,
32, 2+2=32.
.
, .
.

11

-7, -6, -5, -3, 1, 2, 4, 5, 9
, .
-7

-5

-6

-3

 1.1

14

> 1
. :

= .....
1
424
3

= 1 1 =, = 0 0 0 = 1
1
- = 0 = 1, 2, 3, ...

= +

4 2 4 3 = 4 2+3= 4 5

: = -

5 4 : 5 2 = 5 4-2 = 5 2

() =

(5 x) 3 =5 3 x 3 = 125 x 3

43
4
=

53
5

() =

(3 )

2 2

= 34 =

1
1
=
4
81
3

4
3

=
=
3
4

, :
10 1 < 10 , .
: 4500000 = 4,5 106, 0,000003 = 3 10-6

 1.1

15

1. (),
(), :
) + + + = 4 .
) = 4.
) (5)6 56 .
8

2
3
) .
3
2
2
) (3 ) = 9 2 .

) ( 5) .
) 3 2 .

) () + + + = 4 .
) () ...=1+1+1+1=4.
6
) () ( 5) = 5 6 5 6 .
2

28
38
2 8 38
2
3
) () = 8 = 8 8 . 8 = 1 .
3
2
3 2
3
2
2
2 2
2
) () (3 ) = 3 = 9 .

) () ( 5) = 25 < 0 .
1
1
) () 3 2 = 2 = < 0 .
9
3
2. ( = )
2

2
5
) ( 1) 1 ) 3 9 ) 4 16 ) ...
5
2
6

-2

1
1
2
1
2
) (7 + 2 ) ...7 2 + 2 2
...) ...0 0 ) ...
25
5
2 32

6
) (-1)6=1 , ( 1) =1.
1 1
) 3 2 = 2 = 9 ) 4 2 = 16 = 16
9
3
1
1
2
5
2
) = =
5
2
5

) 5 2...

 1.1

16

) 5 2 =

1
1
1
.
=

2
25 25
5
0

2
) = 1 0 .
5
5

1
1
1
1
) = 5 =

, .
32 32
2
2
2
) (7 + 2 ) = 9 2 = 81 7 2 + 2 2 = 49 + 4 = 53 .
3. .
2

2
i. :
3
4
9
9
4
)
)
)
)
9
4
4
9

ii. ( 2) :
) -23 ) -6 ) 23 ) 1
iii. 2 3 + 3 2 :
) 55 ) 17 ) 56 ) 65

0 3

2
2
i. :
3
3

32 9
3
= = 2 = .
4
2
2

ii. ( 2) : ( 2) = 13 = 1 .
iii. 2 3 + 3 2 : 2 3 + 32 = 8 + 9 = 17 .
4.
, .



4 1
1
.
2
1.
4
2
(2 5 ) .210 2. 2 4
.
3.
4
( 2)2
.
0 3

( )

(2

: 2 3 ).2 2

4.

23

5.
6.

2 4
1

0 3

 1.1

17

( ) =2 ( ) =2
) (2 ) .2 = 2 ( ) .2
) 2 4

4. 1

5 2

) ( 2)

5 .2

10

5 ( () = )

10

= 2 10.210 = 21010 = 2 0 = 1 6.

1
1
= 1. (
2
( 2) 4

1
)

) 2 4 : 2 3 .2 2 = 2 43.2 2 = 21.2 2 = 2 3 4. (

+
: = , = ).
- =

-
1

:
) 2 -5.2 8

) 3 4 : 3 -2

) 3 -2.( 3)

(- 6)6
2

( )

) 5 -2

) 4 2 : 3 4

) 27.3 4.

) 3 4 : 3-2 = 3 4-(-2 ) = 3 4+ 2 = 3 6
) 2 3.5 3 = (2.5) = 10 3
3

( )

= 5 ( 2 )( 4 ) = 5 8

) 3-2.( 3) = 3-2.(- 1) .3 4 = 3 -2.3 4 = 3 -2+ 4 = 3 2

6
(
- 6)
)

26

6
(
- 1) .6 6
=

6
(
2.3)
=

26

26

( ) ( ) (

2 6.36
= 6 = 36
2

2
) 4 : 3 = 2 : 3 = 2 : 3 =
3
7
1
1
1 3
) 27.3 4. 5 = 33.3 4. 5 = 33+ 4. 5 = 5 =
3
3
3
3
7 5
2
=3 =3
2

2 2

2 2

1
35

)
= +
)
: = -
)
() =
)
() =

) 2 -5.2 8 = 2 -5+8 = 2 3

) 5 -2

) 2 3.5 3

2 2

)
= +
)
.
)
.
)
: = -

 1.1

18

( ) .2

) 2

-2 3

) (2,5) .( 4)
4

3
) (0,75) .
4

)( - 3) .(- 3)
2

-4

12

2 2
) - .
3 3

) 412 : 2 20

( )

2+ 2

3
3 3
3
) (0,75) . = . =
4
4 4
4

3
= =1
4

) 36 : (- 12 ) = [36 : (- 12 )] = ( 3) = 27
3

) (2,5) .( 4 ) = [(2,5)(
. - 4 )] = ( 10 ) = 10.000
4

( )

) 412 : 2 20 = 2 2
12

2 2
) - .
3 3

-14

12

12

2 2
= ( 1) . .
3 3

14

12

: 2 20 = 2 24 : 2 20 = 2 24 20 = 2 4 = 16

= ( 1)
3

2
=
3

12

2
.
3

12 14

14

2
=
3

9
3
= =
4
2

) (0,01) .10 5 = 10 2 .10 5 = 10 6.10 5 =

3

) (0,01) .10 5
3

) () =
= +.
) = +

-2

-14

) 2 -2 .2 8 = 2 (-2 ).3.2 8 = 2 -6.2 8 = 2 -6+8 = 2 2 = 4

1
1
2
2
-4
2 4
=
)( - 3) .(- 3) = ( 3) = ( 3) =
2
( 3) 9
2

) 36 3 : (- 12)

-2

) = +
0 = 1 .
) () = .
)
() = .
)
() =
: = -
) = +

) () =
= +.

= 10 6+ 5 = 10 1 = 0,1
3

( )

) x 2 .5x 4
3

2
) - x : x 2
3

( )
(

)(
3

) - 3x 2 . - 2x 3

) (- 2x ) . - 2x 2

) xy 3 .x 3 y

3 3 3
x : - x
-2
2

 1.1

( )
) (xy ) .x

) () =

= + (
5)
) () =
= + .

) x 2 .5x 4 = 5x 6 .x 4 = 5x 6+ 4 = 5x 10
3 2

( )

y = x 2 y 3 .x 3 .y =

= x 2 .x 3 .y 6 .y = x 2+3 .y 6+1 = x 5 y 7

) (- 2x ) . - 2x 2 = (- 2 ) x 2 .(- 2).x 2 =
2

= 4(- 2)x 2 .x 2 = -8x 2+ 2 = -8x 4

) () =
= + .

3
2 3 3 2
2
2
) - x : x = - x : x =
3
3

8
8
= - x 3-2 = - x
27
27

)(
3

) - 3x 2 . - 2x 3
6

) () =
: = -.

) = ( 3) (x ) .( 2) (x )
2

= 4( 27 )x .x = 108x
6

19

6+6

2 3

= 108x

3 2

12

2
2
3 3 3 2
3 3 3
)
x : - x = x : x =
-2
2
2 2

1- 2

-1

2
3
3
= .x 3-2 = x = x
3
2
2

)
() = = +
.

)
() = : = -.

 1.1

20

:
2
0
2
4
= 3.( 2 ) + 4 ( 7 ) .2 8. 2 1 1 2.3 2 , = (- 4 ) : 2 - 5 - (- 3).2 2 ( 2 )

)
= (2,5) .(1,25) .( 4 ) .( 8) , = (25 .8 ) : (5 .40 )
2

= 3.( 2 ) + 4 ( 7 ) .2 8. 2 1 1 2.3 2 =
2

.


. 0 = 1

1
2
0
= 3.( 2 ) + 4 ( 7 ) .2 8. 1 2.3 2 =
2
1
2
0
= 3.( 2 ) + 4 ( 7 ) .2 8. 2.3 2 =
2
= 3.4 + 4 1.2 + 4 2.9 = 12 + 4 2 + 4 18 = 0
= (- 4 ) : 2 - 5 - (- 3).2 2 ( 2 ) =
= 16 : 2 5 ( 3).4 16 = 8 5 ( 12) 16 =
= 8 5 + 12 16 = 1
2

= (2,5) .(1,25) .( 4 ) .( 8) =
2

= (2,5) .( 4 ) (1,25) .( 8) = [2,5.( 4 )] [1,25.( 8)] =

2

= ( 10 ) .( 10 ) = ( 10 )
2

)(

= 25 7 .8 4 : 5 7 .40 4 =
7

2+3

= ( 10) = 100.000
5

25 7 .8 4 25 7 8 4
= 7 . 4 =
5 7 .40 4
5 40
4

57
25 8
7 1
7 1
= . = 5 . = 5 . 4 = 4 = 5 7 4 =
5
5
5
5 40
3
= 5 = 125

.

() =
= +

, ;

= 2
= (3 ) = 3 2. 2 = 9 2
= 9.
2

() =
=2
.

 1.1

21

x (: ) , ,
. :
x =

( )

62 = 36

36 = 6 ,

..

, x 2 =

2 = .

2 = .

x 0 ,

(-6)2 = 36,

( x)

( 6)2

= 36 = 6 = 6

6 2 = 36 = 6

( 16 )

( )

= 4 2 = 16 16

= 16

=x

02=0 ,

0 =0.

, 0 > 0

=
:

 1.1

22

(
(

) ( ) ( ) = .

2=

= .

, .

, ,

1.

) 3 3 + 3 = ) 5 2 3 2 = ) 5 + 4 5 5 5 =
) 12 3 = ) 18 : 2 = ) 3 2 8 =

) - ) 3 3 + 3 = (3 + 1) 3 = 4 3
) -
) 5 2 3 2 = (5 3) 2 = 2 2

) 5 + 4 5 5 5 = (1 + 4 5) 5 =
= 0. 5 = 0
) 12 3 = 12.3 = 36 = 6
) 18 : 2 = 18 : 2 = 9 = 3
) 3 2 8 = 3 2 . 2.4 =
= 3 2 . 2 4 = 6.2 = 12

. ) 0.=0
)
. =

. 0

= .)

. )

. =

2.

 1.1

.
.
.

1.

25

25
25

2.

3.

( 5)

52

23

3 25 = 5
2 -25<0
1 25 = 5

5 2 = 25 = 5

( 5)2

= 5 = 5

2 5 2 -52<0
3. .

16

12

12

64

36

10

14

48

48

3
4
4
3

3
4
4
3

4 = 2 , 1 = 1, + = 1 + 4 = 5 , + = 1 + 4 = 1 + 2 = 3

 1.1

24

= 1.4 = 4 = 2 , = 1 4 = 1.2 = 2 ,

4
= 2,
1

= 2 , 9 = 3 , 16 = 4 , + = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5

+ = 9 + 16 = 3 + 4 = 7 , = 9.16 = 144 = 12 ,
= 9 16 = 3.4 = 12 ,

9
3
9
3
=
= ,
=
= ,

16 4
16 4

64 = 8 , 36 = 6 , + = 64 + 36 = 100 = 10 ,
+ = 64 + 36 = 8 + 6 = 14
, =

64.36 = 2304 = 48 , = 64 36 = 8.6 = 48 ,

64 4
64 4
=
= ,
=
=

36 3
36 3
4. (),
(), .
2 3= 6
)
2+ 3= 5
)
)

9 3
=
4 2

( 3)2

1
1
1 = 1
2
2

=3
2

) 5 10
) 12 3

) 2 3 = 2 . 3 = 6 ()
)
2 + 3 2 + 3 = 5 ()
)
)

9 3
=
4 2

( 3)2

9
3
=
()
4
2

= 3 = 3 ()

 1.1
2

25

1 1
1
1
1 = = = ()
2 2
2
2

5 10 , 2 5 = 4 . 5 = 4.5 = 20 ()

12
12
12
=
=
= 3 ()
2
4
4
2
5. 50 m .
5 2 m ;

E = 2 50 = 2 = 50 = 2.25 = 2 . 25 = 5 2
) 12

3,

-
1

:
) 3 5 7 5 + 2 5 ) 5 7 8 3 2 7 + 4 3
)

5 5
3 12

.
.
2 8
7 7

14 10
21 14
+
.
.
5 7
2
3

) 3 5 7 5 + 2 5 =
= (3 - 7 + 2 ) 5 = 2 5
) 5 7 8 3 2 7 + 4 3 =
= (5 2 ) 7 + ( 8 + 4 ) 3 = 3 7 4 3
)

5 5
3 12
5.5
3.12

=
=
.
.
2 8
7 7
2.8
7.7

25
36 5 6 35 24 11

= =

=
16
49 4 7 28 28 28

14 10
21 14
14.10
21.14
+
=
+
=
.
.
5 7
2
3
5.7
2.3

= 4 + 49 = 2 + 7 = 9

) -
.
) -
.

)
. = . 0 0

= .

)
. = . 0
0

= .

 1.1

26

:
) 3 2 50 + 32 - 6 8 = -10 2 ) 27 20 + 12 5 = 5 3 3 5
) 3. 18 2 . 48 +

120
5

= 6

) 3,6 . 4,9 0,8. 0,2 = 3,8

) 3 2 50 + 32 - 6 8 =

)
2

= 3 2 2.25 + 2.16 6 2.4 =

= 3 2 2 . 25 + 2 . 16 6 2 4 =
= 3 2 5 2 + 4 2 12 2 =

. = .
.

= (3 5 + 4 12) 2 = 10 2
) 27 20 + 12 5 =

)
3
5

= 3.9 4.5 + 4.3 5 =

= 3. 9 4 5 + 4 . 3 5 =

. =

=3 32 5+2 3 5 =
= (3 + 2) 3 + ( 2 1) 5 =
= 5 3 3 5
) 3. 18 2 . 48 +
= 3 3.6 - 2 . 6.8 +

120
5

5.24
5

= 3 3 6 2 6 4 2+
=

( 3)

)
6
. = .
.

=
5 4.6
5

6 2.2 6 + 4 6 =

= 3 6 4 6 + 2 6 = (3 4 + 2) 6 = 6

 1.1

) 3,6 . 4,9 0,8. 0,2 =

36 49
8 2

=
.
10 10
10 10

27

36.49
16
36 . 49
16

=
100
100
100
100
6.7 4 42 4 38
=

=
=
= 3,8
10 10
10
10
=

. =

3
:

12 + 16

) 86 + 2 52 - 9

) 6 12 3 9

12 + 16 = 12 + 4 = 16 = 4

) 86 + 2 52 - 9 = 86 + 2 52 - 3 =

)
.
)

= 86 + 2 49 = 86 + 2.7 = 86 + 14 =
= 100 = 10

) 6 12 3 9 = 6 12 3.3 =

)
.

= 6 12 9 = 6 12.3 = 6 36 =
= 6.6 = 36 = 6
4

, .

5 2

12 2

10

4 2

2 2

12 2

16

3 2

3 2

12 2

18

 1.1

28

:
2.5 2 + 2. 2 = 10 2 + 2 2 = (10 + 2 ) 2 = 12 2

( )

: E = 5 2 . 2 = 5 2 = 5.2 = 10
:
2.4 2 + 2.2 2 = 8 2 + 4 2 = (8 + 4 ) 2 = 12 2

( )

: E = 4 2 .2 2 = 8 2 = 8.2 = 16
:
2.3 2 + 2.3 2 = 6 2 + 6 2 = (6 + 6 ) 2 = 12 2
:

( )

E = 3 2 .3 2 = 9 2

=2+2


= .

= 9.2 = 18

:
) 2 18 + 8

75 + 45 300 : 15

7 5

27 3

)(

7+ 5

) 2

( 18 + 8 ) =

2 . 18 + 2 . 8 =

= 2.18 + 2.8 = 36 + 16 = 6 + 4 = 10
) 6 27 3 = 6 . 27 6 . 3 =

. = . .
)

= 6 . 9.3 6 . 3 = 6 . 9 . 3 6 . 3 =

. = .
27
3.

= 3 6 . 3 6 . 3 = (3 1) 6 3 = 2 6 3 =
= 2 6.3 = 2 18 = 2 2.9 = 2 2 9 = 2.3. 2 =
=6 2

 1.1

29

( 75 + 45 300 ): 15 =
= ( 5. 15 + 3. 15 20 . 15 ) : 15 =
15 ( 5 + 3 20 )
=
= 5 + 3 20 =
)

)

15

.
.

15

= 5 + 3 4 . 5 = 5 + 3 2. 5 =
= 3 5
6

.
2 3+ 6
1
4
5
)
)
)
)
2
4
2 5
3

)
)
)
)
=

2
4
6

=
=

5
2 5

1 2
2. 2
4 6

6. 6
5 5

2 5 5

2 3+ 6

3 2+ 2
3

( 2)

4 6

( 6)

5 5

( )

2 5

2 3 + 2.3

)= 2+

( x )2 = x .

4 6 2
6
=
6
3
=
=

5 5
5
=
2.5
2
2 3+ 2 3
3

:
) 5 + x = 3 5 x ) 6 x = 24
x
)
= 32 ) 3 3 x = 27
2

)

2
x > 0 ,

2
=
2

) 6
3

 1.1

30

5+ x =3 5 x x + x = 3 5 5

2 5
x= 5
2
24
4 6
) 6 x = 24 x =
=
=2
6
6
x
)
= 32 x = 2 32 = 2.32 =
2
2x = 2 5 x =

= 64 = 8
) 3 3 x = 27 x = 27 3 3
x = 3.9 3 3 x = 9 3 3 3
x = 3 3 3 3 x = 0 x = 0

) .



)
. . = .
.
)
.

. =

) .
27

)(

3 1

3 + 1 = 2 .
1
, ,

3 1
.

(
=

)(

3 1

( 3)

1
3 1

3 +1 = 3 3 + 3 3 1 =

( )2

1 = 3 1 = 2
=

1 3 +1

)(

3 1

x>0 ,

3 +1

3 +1
2

x
= x .
3 + 1

, 50 m 2 8 m 2 , 98 m2.

 1.1

31

.

.
=+.

= 50 =

50 =

2.25

2 25 = 5 2

= 8 =

8=

2.4

2 4 = 2 2

=+= 5 2 + 2 2 = 7 2

( ) = 2

( )2 = 7 2 .( 2 )2 = 49.2 = 98 m 2

= 7 2

10

= 3 cm = 6 cm
, , = 2 cm
= 1 cm . = 3 .

2 = 2 + 2 2 = 6 2 + 3 2
2 = 45 = 45 = 5.9 = 5. 9 = 3 5 (1)

2 = 2 + 2 2 = 12 + 2 2

2 = 5 = 5 (2 )
4cm

(1) (2)
= 3 .

2cm

11

( = ), = 4cm
= 4 cm
)
4 + 4 5 .
) 4 + 20 , 4 + 2 20 , 8 5 , 2 2 + 20
4 .
;

 1.1

32

) 2 = 2 + 2 2 = 4 2 + 2 2
2 = 20 = 20 = 4.5 = 4 . 5
= 2 5 cm
= + + = 2 5 + 2 5 + 4
= 4 + 4 5
) 4 + 20 = 4 + 4.5 = 4 + 4 . 5 =
= 4 + 2 5 4 + 4 5 ()
4 + 2 20 = 4 + 2 4.5 = 4 + 2 4 . 5 =

)




=
.
) 20
5

. = .

.

= 4 + 2.2 5 = 4 + 4 5 ()
8 5 = 4 5 + 4 5 4 + 4 5 ()

2 2 + 20 = 4 + 2 20 = 4 + 4 5 ()

1.
.
-5+12-3. .=.
3- 9- 1 .=.
2(-3)-4 ...=
-3(-4)+7 ..=

. 1955 :
-5+12-3-3=1
3- 9- 1 +16 =9
2(-3)-4+15 =5
-3(-4)+7-14=5

2.

.

1 5
-9
3, -9, -4
-8 1,8,-7

 1.1

33

3. , ,
, .

:
2 0.2 1.2 2 = 2 3 2 3
2 2.2 2.2 x = 2 3 2 2-2+ x = 2 3 2 x = 2 3
2 3 . 2 0.2 2.2 x = 2 3 2 2+ x = 2 3 x + 2 = -3 x = -5
2 5 .

2 2.2 1.2 x = 2 3 2 2-1+ x = 2 3 2 x +1 = 2 3 x + 1 = -3 x = -4
2 4 .
.
20
2 5 2 2
21
2 1 2 3
2 4 2 3
2 2
4.

= 377 + 377 + 377 = 2102 - 2101 - 2100
= 259 429
=217.318-218.317

= 377 + 377 + 377 = 3.377 = 31+ 77 = 378

= 2102 2101 2100 = 2100.2 2 2100.21 2100.2 0 =

= 2100 2 2 21 2 0 = 2100.1 = 2100

( )

29

= 2 59 4 29 = 2 59 2 2 = 2 59 2 58 = 2.2 58 1.2 58 = 2 58
= 217.318 218.317 = 217 .3.317 2.217 .317 =

) (

= 3. 217 .317 2 217 .317 = 217.317 = (2.3) = 617

17

5. (-2) x = 2+1

:
2 +1
2 .x = 2 x = = 2 +1 = 2
2
2 +1

= 2 +1 = 2
: ( 2 ) .x = 2 +1 - 2 .x = 2 +1 x =

: ( 2) .x = 2 +1

+1

 1.1

34

6. ;
1
1 3 3 2
2
)
, ,
,
,
,
3 3 3
3 3 12
) 3 8 , 72 ,2 18 ,6 2 ,3 2 ,2 3 6

1
3
3
1
1
3
)
,
=
=
=
=
3
3
3
3
3 3
3
3
,
3
2
12

3
=

2
3.4

3 3
3 3
=

3 3
= 3
3

2
3. 4

2
2 3

1
3

3
3

3
3

) 3 8 = 3 2.4 = 3. 2 4 = 3.2. 2 = 6 2
72 = 8.9 = 8. 9 = 3 8 = 3 2.4 = 6 2
2 18 = 4 18 = 4.18 = 72 = 6 2 , 6 2
3 2 , 2 3. 6 = 2 3.6 = 2 18 = 6 2

3 2 .
7. ;
2
4
1
2
i) = 18 , =
, = 2 2, =
, =
, =
2
4
2
2
ii) = 3 + 3 , = 2 3. 3 , = 12 , = 3 + 3 , = 27 3

2
i) = 8 = 2.4 = 2. 4 = 2 2 , =
,
2
4
4 2
4 2
=
=
= 2 2,
= 2 2, =
2
2
2. 2

2
2
2
2
=
=
, =
2
4
2
2
2 2
4
= = = = .
=

 1.1

ii) = 3 + 3 = 2 3 , = 2 3. 3 = 2.3 = 6,
= 12 = 3.4 = 3 4 = 2 3 , = 3 + 3 = 6 ,
= 27 3 = 3.9 3 = 3 9 3 = 3 3 3 = 2 3
= = .
8.

= 21 + 13 + 7 + 3 + 1 , = 57 + 44 + 15 + 99 + 1

= 21 + 13 + 7 + 3 + 1 = 21 + 13 + 7 + 3 + 1 =
=

21 + 13 + 7 + 4 = 21 + 13 + 7 + 2 = 21 + 13 + 9 =

= 21 + 13 + 3 = 21 + 16 = 21 + 4 = 25 = 5
= 57 + 44 + 15 + 99 + 1 = 57 + 44 + 15 + 99 + 1 =
= 57 + 44 + 15 + 100 = 57 + 44 + 15 + 99 + 1 =
= 57 + 44 + 15 + 100 = 57 + 44 + 15 + 10
= 57 + 44 + 25 = 57 + 44 + 5 = 57 + 49 = 57 + 7 = 64 = 8
9.
1=
121 =
12321 =
1234321 =
.................
12345678987654321 =

1 =1
121 = 11
12321 = 111

35

36

1.1

1234321 = 1111
.................
12345678987654321 = 111
12...
31

+1

10. 80 cm2
, 45 cm2 ,

12 5

2 = 80 = 80 = 16.5 = 16 . 5 = 4 5
2 = 45 = 45 = 5.9 = 5. 9 = 3 5
:
2 = 2 + 2 = 80 + 45 = 125 = 125 = 5.25 = 5. 25 = 5 5

=++= 4 5 + 3 5 + 5 5 = 12 5 .
11.
32
18
128
.
162
50
2

8
98
32
32 = 2.16 = 16 . 2 = 4 2 ,
128 = 2.64 = 64 . 2 = 8 2
50 = 2.25 = 25. 2 = 5 2
8 = 2.4 = 4 . 2 = 2 2
128 + 50 + 8 = 8 2 + 5 2 + 2 2 = 15 2
15 2 4 2 8 2 = 3 2 = 18 .
15 2 4 2 2 2 = 9 2 = 162 .
15 2 3 2 5 2 = 7 2 = 98 .
15 2 9 2 5 2 = 2 .
15 2 8 2 2 = 4 2 = 32 .
12. r = 10 cm .
.

x 2 = r 2 x = r 2 = r = 10