Khi A v C c cht bi cc neo Khi B c gi li nh A v C Khi D c gi li bi A,B v C Khi E v F c gi li bi A,B v C h tr bi neo v b tng phun

NQP-CHCTN

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Chng 3. Kt cu chng dng khung-Khung chng

3.1 Khi nim v kt cu c bn
Khung chng l kt cu chu ti b ng (tip nhn v chng li cc dng tc ng t pha khi ), c lp ghp t cc cu kin dng thanh thng hoc thanh cong vi cc cch ghp ni khc nhau, cho php to nn nhiu dng kt cu vi tnh nng v chc nng khc nhau. Ni chung mt kt cu chng dng h khung thng bao gm cc b phn c bn sau: khung c bn, l b phn chu ti c bn ca kt cu, kn hoc h vng, thng dng thanh, c ng vo gia cc khung, vi nhim v chnh l m bo khong dn cch u gia cc khung c bn v i khi cng ng vai tr truyn ti dc theo trc ca h khung, ging, l kt cu c tc dng ging cc khung li vi nhau v cng vi cc thanh vng c tc dng m bo tnh n nh khng gian ca h khung, chn, c s dng chn pha sau cc khung c bn cng nh khong trng gia cc khung, vi mc ch to kh nng tip nhn v truyn u ti trng (hay p lc t pha khi ln khung) cng nh gi n nh khi trong phm vi ; vt liu chn rt a dng v c s dng ty thuc vo loi cng trnh cng nh cc yu cu c th. o v chn, thng bng b tng phun hoc b tng phun kt hp vi li thp, hoc tm Bernold vi va ngho, thng c s dng kt hp vi khung thp khi gp khi yu, km n nh, o tm chn, thng c lp gi ln hai khung (hoc nhiu khung) v c chc nng tip nhn ti trng t pha khi ri phn b u ln cc khung (bng tm, thanh g; bng cc tm b tng li thp c trc, cc tm thp) o chn, c s dng ch yu ti cc m hm l, vi mc ch chnh l lp y cc khong h sau khung chng, sau cc tm chn, o ti hay ng chn, thng bng ti vi gai c ci khi lp dng khung v sau bm y va lp kn khong h gia khung v bin khong trng, cch chn ny dc gi l phng php Bufflex. nm, c th c s dng nm cht ti cc v tr cn thit gp phn gi n nh khung c bn khung n nh trn mt phng ca khung c bn (nm u ct, nm u x)

NQP/CHCTN

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Ngoi ra, ty thuc vo loi vt liu, loi lin kt gia cc thanh khung, ty theo yu cu v chc nng s dng, m cc khung chng c th c lin kt vi nhau bng inh a (khung g), mt bch, gng, lp l...cng nh cc dng khp khc nhau.

3.2 Khung chng bng g

3.2.1. Khi qut chung
Trong cng tc thi cng xy dng cc cng trnh ngm, g c th c s dng lm kt cu tm hoc c nh. Kt cu bng g vi chc nng lm kt cu chng c nh ch c s dng trong ngnh m, ti cc ng l c tui th nh, thng khng qu 2 n 3 nm iu kin p lc m nh v t bin i. G c x l cng c th t tui th 3 n 6 nm hoc lu hn. Mt s loi g v cc ch tiu c bn c thng k trong bng 2.1 Bng 3.1.V d c tnh mt s loi g chng gi hm l ca Vit Nam TT Loi g Trng lng Gii hn bn daN/cm2 th tch Nn dc Un ngang un dc 3 (KN/m ) th th th 1 Thng ta 8,36 344 435 292 2 Trm i 8,21 321 490 264 3 Ga 8,13 307 441 275 4 T tho 7,92 350 478 293 5 Vi thiu 7,71 403 413 320 6 Thang ng 7,54 346 436 377 7 D gai 7,36 439 570 365 8 Vi thc 7,14 342 414 297 9 H nu 6,49 331 423 295 10 D chua 6,37 378 507 304 11 Lm cm tng 6,24 363 459 305 12 Trm 6,15 298 396 297 13 D bp 6,1 329 448 14 Sn en 5,9 333 407 277 15 Dung en 5,82 290 357 258 16 Cho trng 5,73 310 279 286 17 D bang ni 5,64 330 420 268 18 Dung bng 5,41 226 289 205 19 B xt 5,37 292 361 210 20 Thng nng 5,13 228 255 179
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Khi thi cng xy dng cc cng trnh ngm dn dng hoc cc hm trm c tit din ln, kt cu g ch c s dng lm kt cu chng tm thi v ng nhin s c d b sau . Ngy nay, do s ra i ca cc loi vt liu v kt cu chng mi hp l hn nh thp, btng phun, btng si thp v neo... vai tr kt cu chng bng g trong xy dng cng trnh ngm ngy cng hn ch. Tuy nhin g vn cn c s dng x l trong cc trng hp c bit nh khi thi cng o theo s chia gng, ti cc v tr tit din cng trnh ngm thay i v c bit l khi khc phc hin tng sp l cc b. G vi c im d ch bin nn rt thch hp lm vt liu d tr khng th thiu c mi cng trng xy dng khi cn phi c cc bin php x l ngay, kp thi. Kt cu chng bng g ni chung c cc u, nhc im sau: u im: Cho php nhn thy v nghe thy khi p lc t pht trin n trng thi nguy him (khi sp b ph hy c th pht ra ting ku rng rc); Vn chuyn d dng; Ch bin v gia cng n gin, d thch ng vi iu kin bin i . Nhc im: Khng lin kt vi khi ; Bin dng nhiu khi chu ti; Hu nh khng s dng li c; Kt cu chng tm v c nh qu hn phi d b, do vy gy ra qu trnh bin i c hc trong khi ; khi d b hoc thay i cn phi c bin php gia c v bo v; D chy, d mc nt v gy ra lc cn kh ng hc ln; i hi ngi thi cng c tay ngh th cng nht nh ch bin.

3.2.2 Kt cu chng g cc cng trnh ngm nm ngang v nm nghing

Khung chng bng g hin ti cn c s dng rng ri Vit Nam trong khai thc than hm l, c bit l trong cc ng l chun b, xut pht t iu kin kinh t cng nh h thng khai thc, cc cng ngh v k thut ang s dng v iu kin a cht m phc tp. Ni chung, vi cc cng trnh ngm ngang v nghing (l bng v l nghing trong cc m hm l, ng hm trong xy dng dn dng), khi thi cng xy dng cc cng trnh ngm nm ngang tit din ln bng s chia gng, kt cu chng bng g thng c s dng di hai dng chnh l: dng 'khung ca' hay khung hp dng 'khung nh khun'.

NQP/CHCTN

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Dng khung ca hay khung hp. Ty thuc v kh nng c th xy ra ph hy ca khi xung quanh cc cng trnh m kt cu g c th c s dng cc dng khc nhau: t dng dm (x) n, dm x v mt ct, kt cu h hay kn (Hnh 3.1).

Hnh 3-1 Khung h bao gm cc cu kin chnh l hai ct v mt x (x nc); khung kn c thm dm nn cho trng hp xut hin p lc nn (Hnh 3-2). Cc ct, x v dm nn thng bng g trn ng knh t 15 cm n 30cm.
x nm vng dc nhi chn cc

ct

khng dm nn

chn hng

mt ct A-A

mt ct B-B

Hnh 3-2: Kt cu chng bng g cho CTN nm ngang, nghing

NQP/CHCTN

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Ngoi ra mt lot cc cu kin khc nh nm, dng, chn, m v inh a cng c s dng, nhm to tip xc tt vi khi d v phn b lc u ln x, ct cng nh dm nn , m bo cho khung chng cng nh ton b kt cu khng gian n nh. Trn hnh 3-3 l mt kt cu g h c xem l kt cu hon chnh, y , ng nhin hn hu gp trong thc t. nc
mng x gc

x nc
nm mng ct tm ct

sn

tm chn, g ba

thch ngn

nn

L chn ct

Hnh 3-3. Cu to ca kt cu chng h hon chnh bng g Trn hnh 3-4 l hnh nh mt kt cu chng bng g s dng cho ng l hai ng xe.

Hnh 3-4. Kt cu chng g ng l hai ng xe

X nc tip nhn p lc t pha nc v truyn qua cc ct xung nn ng hm. Cc ct lm nhim v x nc v tip nhn phn no p lc ngang (sn-hng). Dm nn, song song vi x nc, lin kt cc ct vi nhau v tip nhn p lc nn. Khung chng h bng g thng c dng hnh thang va m bo tnh n nh ca khung, va cho php gim chiu di x nc (nh vy lm gim m men un x- do m men un tng theo chiu di). Gc nghing

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