Chapter 1

Material Behavior

Stress-Strain Stress Strain Characteristics of Concrete Subjected to Uniaxial Compression

The stress-strain stress strain properties of concrete depend on many y variables among which, (a) strength of concrete and (b) ( ) confinement and (c) rate of loading are the most important ones.

Stress-Strain Stress Strain Characteristics of Concrete Subjected to Uniaxial Compression

Stress-Strain Stress Strain Characteristics of Concrete Subjected to Uniaxial Compression

Stress-Strain Characteristics of Concrete under Repeated Compressive Loading

Tests by a) Sinha, Gersle and Tulin, and b)Karsan and Jirsa

Modeling the Uniaxial Stress-Strain Curve of Concrete under Compression

Hognestad Model

Modeling the Uniaxial Stress-Strain Curve of Concrete under Repeated Compressive Loading

Envelop curve

Stress

Strain

Thompson and Park Model

Tensile Strength and Properties of Concrete in Tension

Direct tension test: = P/A

Tensile Strength and Properties of Concrete in Tension

M d l of Modulus f Rupture R t Test T t

f ctf

My = I

Tensile Strength and Properties of Concrete in Tension

Split Cylinder Test

f cts

2P = ld

Tensile Strength and Properties of Concrete in Tension

Direct tensile strength (fct is in MPa) Split tensile strength (fcts is in MPa) Flexural tensile strength (fctf is in MPa) Flexural tensile strength (fctf is in MPa) (Single load at mid span)

0.35 f c

0.50 f c
0 .7 f c

0.64 f c

Tensile Strength and Properties of Concrete in Tension

After Rsch

Shear Strength and Modulus of Elasticity

Shear strength g of concrete is higher g than its tensile strength g fs = 35 percent to 80 percent of fc

Modulus of Elasticity

Pauw

E cj = w1.5 (1362) f cj
E cj = 4750 f cj

ACI

EUROCODE 2

E cj = 9500(f cj + 8)1 / 3

TS500

E cj = 3250 f cj + 14000

Bearing Strength
In case of point loads

f cl = f c R

2f c

I case of In f strip t i loads l d

fc b f cl = 1.5 b

1.5f c

The ratio of total area to the loaded area is R. b and b' are the widths of the member and the loaded area, respectively

Shear Modulus, Poissons Ratio and Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

Coefficient of thermal expansion for concrete can be taken as 110-5 mm/mm/C0 which happens to be same with that of steel In case of point loads Tests made at METU have revealed that the Poisson's ratio changes h significantly i ifi tl with ith th the load level. At stress t levels l l of f c/fc=0.3-0.7, 0307 the Poissons ratio is approximately 0.15-0.25. In and TS-500, it is specified as 0.20

Shear Modulus, Poissons Ratio and Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

Shear modulus also varies as a function of the load level. Various values have been recommended based on Ec and c values found experimentally using the following elasticity equation. equation

Ec Gc = 2(1 + c )
In 1967, an extensive research program was carried at METU to study the relationship between Gc and Ec. It was intended to determine Gc from two independent tests in which the same concrete would be used.

G c = 0 .4 E c
In TS-500, above is recommended to compute the shear modulus.

Behavior under Multiaxial Stresses

Concrete Under Biaxial Stresses Rsch, H., und Hilsdorf, H., Verformungseigenschaften von Beton unter Zentrischen Zugspannangen Zugspannangen, Materialprfungsamt fr das Bauwesen der Technischen Hochschule Mnchen, Rep. No .44, 1963.

Behavior under Multiaxial Stresses

Concrete Under Triaxial Stresses Richart, F.E., Brandtzaeg, A., and Brown, R.L., A Study of the Failure of Concrete Under Combined Compressive Stresses Stresses, University of Illinois Eng. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 185, 1928.

Behavior under Multiaxial Stresses

Cowan, H.J., Cowan H J The The Strength of Plain Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete under the Action of Combined Stresses, With Particular Reference to the Combined Bending and Torsion, Magazine of Concrete Research, V.5, Dec 1953. Dec. 1953

f cl = f c + 4.0 2

Behavior of Reinforcing Steel under Monotonic Loading

Behavior of Reinforcing Steel under Monotonic Loading

Es = 200 000 MPa

Behavior of Reinforcing Steel under Repeated and Reversed Loading

Bauschinger Effect Repeated loading - unloading Repeated reverse cyclic loading

Modeling the Uniaxial Stress-Strain Curve of Steel under Monotonic Loading

sy= f y /Es sp= 0.01 0 01 su= 0.10-0.20 fsu = ~1.5f y

T ili Trilinear model d l

Modeling the Uniaxial Stress-Strain Curve of Steel under Reverse Cyclic Loading
Aktan, A.E., Karlsson, B.I., and Szen, M., Stress-Strain Relationship 775 i K1 = of Reinforcing Bars Subjected to Large Strain Reversals, Civil 775 E i Engineering i St di Studies, St t l Research Structural R h Series, S i N 397. No. 397 Univ. U i of f n Illinois, June 1973.

Ko

K0 = 8,000 MPa

Akt Aktan, Karlsson K l and dS Sozen M Model d l

Tension Stiffening g
As early as 1899, it was known that a bar embedded into concrete block carries more load than that of a bare bar. Considre tested small mortar prisms reinforced with steel wires. When he subject the prism to tension he observed that their load-deformation response was almost parallel to the bare steel wire response but remained well above it it.

Tension Stiffening g
In 1908, Mrsch explained this phenomenon as follows: Because the friction against the reinforcement, and the tensile strength which still exists in the pieces lying between the cracks, even cracked concrete decreases to some extent the stretch of reinforcement. This effect came to be called tension stiffening.

Tension Stiffening