MDG Indicators of Sri Lanka

MDG Indicators of Sri Lanka
A mid Term Review 2008
Department of Census & Statistics
ISBN 978 - 955 577 676 - 9
Preface
The Government of Sri Lanka signed the Millennium Declaration in year 2000 with other member countries of the UN. Achievement of the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) by 2015 is a priority in the national agenda, and many laudable programmes have been introduced to combat poverty and related issues such as disease, malnutrition, and lack of basic amenities; with the aim of reaching the set targets.
A strong monitoring and evaluation mechanism is essential to check the status of the eight goals at regular intervals, in order to identify the issues that hinder our progress and formulate the necessary strategies to redress them. As the national agency for official statistics, the Department of Census and Statistics (DCS) has been entrusted with the responsibility of preparing indicators for this task, with funds provided through the MDG Country Support Programme of the UNDP.
This publication presents a mid term review of the achievements gained and the challenges that needs to be addressed, in the process of meeting the MDG targets. It is my fervent wish that the indicators herein will shed some light on under-served areas, so that concerned authorities could use the information for effective remedial actions.
D. B. P. Suranjana Vidyaratne Director General Department of Census & Statistics 2009 .03 . .
Acknowledgements
Many persons have made contributions to the preparation of this report. While each and every one of them was invaluable to the successful completion of this collective task, it is not possible to acknowledge all of them individually. However, some major contributions must be mentioned. The services of the present Director General Ms. D. B. P. S. Vidyaratne and the former Director General Mr. A.G.W. Nanayakkara. are acknowledged with gratitude, for directing the project activities since its inception in 2006. The valuable contribution made by the Steering Committee for providing overall guidance is also acknowledged. The Department of Census and Statistics is extremely thankful to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) for providing the necessary funds through the MDG Country Support Programme. Special mention is due to Ms. Janette Moritz, Ms. Alessandra Casazza and Ms. Geraldine Rathnasingham for providing valuable assistance in many ways. The overall responsibility of the project activities, as well as the preparation of this mid term assessment was assigned to the Research and Special Studies Division. The staff involved in various activities of the project in different phases include Ms. A. P. de Silva (Director), Mr. K. G. Tilakaratne (Deputy Director), Mr. D. N. Jayakodige (Senior Statistician), Mr. M. D. S. Senanayake (Senior Statistician), Mr. H. W. M. Jayaweera (Statistician), Mr. K. S. R. L. Senadeera (Statistician), Ms. I. C. Premaratne (Statistician), Ms. L. A. D. D. P. Jayasekara (Statistical Officer), Mr. M. M. M. Mahir (Statistical Officer), Ms. K. K. B. Gunatilaka (Statistical Officer), Mr. I. M. U. Duminda (Statistical Officer), Mr. R. D. J. U. Rajapaksha (Statistical Officer), Mr. V. P. Lalith (Statistical Officer), Ms. B. A. Jayawickrama (Statistical Officer), Mr. W. B. M. R. Weerasekara (Statistical Officer), Mr. H. U. P. Kumara (Statistical Assistant), Ms. K. B. C. Deepali (Management Assistant), Ms. T. M. C. Tilakarathna ( Data Entry Operator), Ms. A. F. Dilshana( Data Entry Operator), Mr. R. P. Chandana (Driver), Mr. A. Ananda ( K. K. S.), and Mr. U. G. Dickson ( K. K. S.). Their efforts to ensure a successful completion of the project activities are thankfully acknowledged.
Information for the indicators included in this report were collected from the special MDG Indicator Survey, other surveys of the DCS and a number of government institutions. From the departmental side, staff of the Research & Special Studies Division, Sample Survey Division, Demographic & Health Survey Unit, National Accounts Division, Cartography Division, Data Processing Division and Printing Division deserve due recognition for their services. District staff of the Department who were responsible for data collection for the MDG indicators through departmental surveys, particularly the MDG Indicator Survey deserve a special word of thanks. They include Deputy Directors, Senior Statisticians, Statisticians and field officers who worked as enumerators. The Department is extremely thankful to the responding households for providing information. The following government institutions rendered unstinted support in the preparation of indicators by providing information from their administrative records. Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Ministry of Education Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Councils Department of Commerce Department of Forest Department of Wild Life Conservation Department of External Resources Department of Trade, Tariff and Investment Policy Department of Elections Registrar Generals Department Anti Malaria Campaign National Programme for Tuberculosis Control and Chest Diseases Their contributions are acknowledged with deep gratitude.
Contents
Page
Preface Acknowledgements Contents Introduction .. Status at a Glance . Regional Disparities Achievements, Challenges and Issues ... Annex MDG Indicators and Definitions .. 1-4 5-10 11-20 21-104 105-116
Introduction
Background: At the UN General Assembly in New York in year 2000, the world leaders decided on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as a strategy to sustainable development. The MDGs are comprised of eight time bound goals, 18 reachable targets and 48 measurable indicators, with 1990 as a baseline and 2015 as the deadline to achieve the goals. Incidence and magnitude of poverty, illiteracy, child malnutrition, gender inequality, infant, child and maternal mortality, environment pollution, access to basic amenities, access to health facilities and access to IT and communication facilities are some of the dimensions captured by the MDGs. The overall objective is to improve the living conditions of the people, raise economic and social empowerment at community level and ultimately bring about sustainable social and economic development of the country. Sri Lanka has become a signatory to the Millennium Declaration by signing it with 190 other countries in year 2000. By including the MDGs into the Governments ten year development plan Mahinda Chinthana : Vision for a new Sri Lanka which extends from 2006 to 2016, the Sri Lankan Government has accorded high priority to achieving them and shown its determination to meet the set targets within the stipulated time frame. Key initiatives introduced by the Government in the recent past in this context includes the establishment of Dairy villages, Irrigation rehabilitation, Medicinal herbal villages, Industrial villages, Community managed water supply schemes, Rural IT centers and Programmes to improve rural infrastructure. 2. MDG Country Support Programme: The Department of Census and Statistics (DCS) as the authority on official statistics has been entrusted with the responsibility of preparing MDG indicators, in the UNDP funded project MDG Country Support Programme. The DCS undertook the monitoring and evaluation component and was assigned the task of providing sub national as well as country level estimates for the MDG indicators at regular intervals, in order to establish a strong information system and enable an efficient M&E mechanism.
3. Status of Indicators: Out of the 51 (with 3 sub indicators) indicators listed under the MDGs nine indicators under goal 8 were left out as they are not relevant to Sri Lanka. The following four indicators were identified as not feasible, as it was not possible to obtain information for them through surveys / censuses or from administrative data sources. 1. HIV prevalence among (15-24) year old pregnant women. 2. Condom use at last high-risk sex. 3. Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of non-orphans aged (10-14) years. 4. Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis. Ultimately, thirty-eight indicators were selected for the study.
4. Data Sources: The majority, comprising of 18 indicators were compiled from regular data collection exercises of the DCS and its branch offices in key Government institutions. With the aim of bridging the data gaps, The DCS launched a special survey to collect timely information for certain indicators and also established a Data Producers Technical Working Group to harness information mainly from administrative records maintained by government institutions.
MDG Indicator Survey A special survey was conducted in years 2006 & 2007 to canvass timely information to prepare twelve MDG indicators. Information pertaining to literacy, educational background of children (5-14) yrs., tertiary educational pursuits and knowledge about HIV/AIDS virus from household members (15-24) yrs., access to basic amenities and characteristics of slum dwellers were gathered through a household approach.
Data Producers Technical Working Group (DPTWG) Government institutions engaged in data collection activities through surveys or generate statistics through administrative data constituted the DPTWG. The main objective of establishing this working group was to develop a common platform to provide timely information to construct MDG indicators, which falls outside the scope of DCS statistical activities.
5. Data Issues The following data issues were noted as constraints in the examination of the time trends with respect to the MDG indicators reviewed.
i.
Non availability of baseline statistics. Baseline information is not available for quite a number of indicators. Even for those indicators compiled from survey data, very few could be obtained to depict the status at district level for the base year 1990 or the closest.
ii.
Limitations in coverage Some indicators are derived using several variables or related factors. For example, to compute the proportion of people with secure tenure, it is necessary to consider a number of variables related to the dwelling and living standards of the inmates. Likewise, for the indicator on energy use per one $ GDP, all the energy sources needs to be covered. For such indicators it is very important to check whether the coverage is complete.
iii.
Inconsistencies across time An adequate number of data points from 1990 onwards is necessary to develop an efficient Monitoring and Evaluation mechanism. Sometimes even the same data source has generated estimates using different concepts and definitions over time, making it difficult to assess the situation.
iv.
Lack of data for lower administrative divisions It is very essential to get information at lower administrative levels to conduct a meaningful assessment, as the problems are not always visible at national level or provincial level. The use of small area estimation techniques in Income and Expenditure survey data has brought to light pockets of high poverty incidence in several Divisional Secretariate divisions. There are many other characteristics such as malnutrition and infant mortality, which may show considerable variations within districts.
v.
Weaknesses in administrative data Although weaknesses in coverage and accuracy exist in administrative data, and the use of them for statistical purposes is somewhat improper, it appears to be the most
appropriate source or the only available source, to compile some indicators such as infant mortality, child mortality, maternal mortality and HIV prevalence.
6. Challenges Ahead i. Sri Lanka being a developing country with a devastating war which has been draining its resources for the last two decades, has been able to achieve a relatively high human development level, well portrayed by a HDI of 0.743 with rank 99 in 2005. This favourable stand at country level, is clearly visible in many of the MDG indicators under review. However, there are geographical area pockets and vulnerable sub populations, where the situation may be far from satisfactory, but lay hidden behind national averages. Some of these risk groups are people in the conflict affected areas, the displaced, the disabled, street children, estate population, tsunami victims, the slum dwellers and the rural poor. The MDG information system should be geared to capture these under-served populations, so that effective policies could be formulated to address their issues, and thereby pave the way for them to enter the social mainstream. ii. Focus on improving the administrative data sources in this country is vital to further strengthen the MDG database, in order to provide a sustainable system of data flow, where consistency between data points is ensured. The need to adopt standard concepts, definitions and computational methodologies across time is emphasized to facilitate an efficient M&E mechanism. It is also very important to adhere to the guidelines provided by the relevant UN agencies in the construction of MDG indicators, thus facilitating comparisons between countries, which is also an essential requirement as the MDGs constitute a global agenda.
Status at a Glance
Page
Are we on track to reach MDG targets? ................... 5 - 7 Assessment of progress by indicator 8 - 9 Scorecard 10
Are we on track to reach MDG targets ?

Indicator 1 : Poverty head count ratio 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
19 90 /9 1 20 02 20 06 20 15
Indicator 2 : Poverty gap ratio
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
91
20 02
Year
19 90 /
20 06
Year
Indicator 4 : Prevalance of underweight children under five years of age
50 40 30 20 10 0
20 06 19 90 19 93 20 00 20 15
Year
100 80 60 40 20 0
91 19 90 /
Indicator 5 : Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption
20 02
20 06
Year
% 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Indicator 6 : Net enrolment ratio in primary education
Indicator 7 : Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5
140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

20 02 19 90 19 96 20 06
20 02
19 90
19 96
20 06
20 15
Year
% 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Indicator 8 : Li te racy rate 15 -24 ye ar ol ds
% 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Indicator 9 : Ratio of girls to boys in primary education
91 19 94
20 01
20 06
20 15
19 96
20 02
20 06
19 90 /
19 90
Year
Year
20 15
20 15
Year
20 15
20 15
% 50 40 30 20 10 0
Indicator 11 : Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector
% 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Indicator 12 : Women representation in Parliament
20 01
20 01
19 93
20 06
20 15
Rate Indicator 13 :Under five mortality rate

25 20 15 10 5 0
19 91 20 00 20 03 20 15
19 90
19 90
Rate 25 20 15 10 5 0
19 94
Indicator14 : Infant mortality rate
19 90
20 00
19 95
20 03
%
120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Indicator 15 : Proporti on of one ye ar old childre n immuniz e d against me asl e s
Rate
50 40 30 20 10 0
19 91
Indicator 16 : Maternal mortality ratio
20 01 20 03
-10
19 90
19 93
20 00
20 06
Year
20 15
Year
-20
%
120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Indicator 17 : Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel
No. 1500 1200 900 600 300 0
Indicator 19 : People living with HIV
19 97
20 02
19 90 19 92
20 07
19 93
20 00
20 06
19 90
20 15
Year
Year
20 15
-300
20 15
20 15
Year
20 04
20 07
Year
20 15
Year
Year
Rate 50 40 30 20 10 0
Indicator 23: Incidence rate of TB per 100,000 pop.
(MT) 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00
Indicator 28 : Carbon dioxide emissions per capita
20 00
19 95
20 07
19 98
19 90
20 07
Year
20 15
19 90
Year
ODP MT.
600 500 400 300 200 100 0

19 90
Indi cator 28 : C onsumption of O z one de pl e ti ng C FC 's
% 100 80 60 40 20 0
Indicator 29 : Proportion of households using solid fuel
20 00
20 07
19 95
20 15
19 90
19 94
Year
%
100 80 60 40 20 0
19 90
Indicator 30 : Proportion of households with sustainable access to safe drinking water
% 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Indicator 31: Proportion of households with access to improved sanitation
19 94
20 01
20 06
20 01
20 06
19 90
19 94
Year
Rate
Indicator 45 : Unemployment rate men (15 - 24) yrs.
Rate
50 40 30
Indicator 45 : Unemployment rate women (15 - 24) yrs.
50 40 30 20 10 0
19 93 19 96 20 06 20 02 20 15
820
10 0
19 93 19 96 20 02 20 06
Year
20 15
Year
20 15
Year
20 15
20 01
20 06
20 15
Year
20 15
Assessment of Progress by Indicator

Earliest Estimate Latest Estimate Pop. at risk
Goal, Target and Indicator
GOAL 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER TARGET 1: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day
1. Poverty headcount ratio (percentage of population below the national poverty line) 2. Poverty gap ratio [incidence x depth of poverty] 3. Share of poorest quintile in national consumption (%) 4. Prevalence of underweight children under 5 years of age (%) 5. Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption GOAL 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION
26.1(1990/91) 5.6(1990/91) 8.8(1990/91) 37.7(1993) 50.9(1990/91) 15.2(2006/07) 3.1(2006/07) 7.1(2006/07) 21.6(2006/07) 50.7(2006/07) 365,000 280,500
TARGET 2: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
TARGET 3: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling
6. Net enrolment ratio in primary education (%) 7. Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5 (%) 7A.Primary completion rate 8. Literacy rate of 1524 year-olds GOAL 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN
88.0(1991) 64.1(1990) 78.53(1998) 92.7(1994) 97.5(2006/07) 99.6(2006/07) 88.2(2006/07) 95.8(2006/07) 40,000 1,400 47,000 98,000
TARGET 4 :Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015
9. Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education (%) * Primary * Secondary * Tertiary 10. Ratio of literate women to men, 1524 years old (%) 11. Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector 12. Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament GOAL 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY 13. Under-five mortality rate (per 1000 live births) * Male * Female 14. Infant mortality rate (per 1000 live births) * Male * Female 15. Proportion of 1 year-old children immunized against measles GOAL 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH 16. Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) 17. Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel GOAL 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES 19. Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate 19B. Percentage of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS 19C. Contraceptive prevalence rate
99.0(2006/07) 105.7(2006/07) 187.0(2006/07) 100.9(2001) 30.8(1993) 4.8(1989) 101.8(2006/07) 31.0(2007) 5.8(2004-07)
TARGET 5 :Reduce by two thirds, betrween 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate
22.2(1991) 24.3(1991) 20.0(1991) 17.7(1991) 19.9(1991) 15.4(1991) 95.5(1993) 13.5(2003) 14.8(2003) 12.7(2003) 11.3(2003) 12.4(2003) 10.3(2003) 97.2(2006/07) 2,300 1,800 10,100 2,700 2,200
TARGET 6 :Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
42.3(1991) 94.1(1993) 19.7(2003) 98.5(2006/07) 70 5,500
TARGET 7 :Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
5.3(2000) 5.7(2006/07) 35.3(2006/07) 66.1(1993) 68.0(2006/07)
TARGET 8 :Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major deseases
21. Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria * Incidence rate (per 100,000 population) * Death rate (per 100,000 population) 22. Proportion of population in malaria-risk areas using effective malaria prevention and treatment measurese
1483.4(1990) 0.1(1990) 4.0(2006) 0.0(2006/07) 62.0(2006/07) 600 0 2,700
Assessment of Progress by Indicator

Earliest Estimate
38.6(1992) 2.4(1990) 12.1(1998) 37.3(2000)
Goal, Target and Indicator

23. Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis * Incidence rate (per 100,000 population) * Deaths rate (per 100,000 population) 24. Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under DOTS * Proportion detected under DOTS * Proportion cured under DOTS GOAL 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
Latest Estimate Pop. at risk

41.7(2006) 1.7(2006) 85.7(2007) 83.3(2006) 8,200 340
TARGET 9 :Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources
25. Proportion of land area covered by forest 26. Ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to surface area 27. Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per GDP($) 28. Carbon dioxide emissions per capita and consumption of ozone-depleting CFCs (ODP tons) * Carbon dioxide emissions per capita (metric tons) * Consumption of O3-depleting CFCs (ODP MT) 29. Proportion of population using solid fuels
33.8(1992) 11.1(1990) 0.21(1990) 32.2(1999) 14.2(2006) 0.07(2006)
0.2(1990) 220.1(1990) 89.4(1994)
0.6(2005) 62.3(2007) 79.0(2006/07)
TARGET 10 :Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
30. Proportion of households with sustainable access to an improved water source * Urban * Rural * Estate 31. Proportion of households with access to improved sanitation * Urban * Rural * Estate
72.0(1994) 84.7(2006/07) 95.4(2006/07) 84.6(2006/07) 57.8(2006/07) 85.7(1994) 93.9(2006/07) 91.5(2006/07) 94.8(2006/07) 85.1(2006/07) 716,100 29,600 589,300 97,200 285,400 54,200 196,900 34,300
TARGET 11 :By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers
32. Proportion of households with access to secure tenure * Colombo district GOAL 8: DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT
95.2(2006/07) 91.9(2006/07) 30,500 21,800
TARGET 15 : Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term
41. Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity 44. Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services
0.0(1990) 18.5(1990) 0.0(2006) 12.7(2006)
TARGET 16 : In cooperation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth
45. Unemployment rate of young people aged 15-24 years * Male * Female
34.9(1993) 29.9(1993) 42.2(1993) 21.2(2007) 17.1(2007) 28.1(2007) 253,400 127,200 126,300
TARGET 18 : In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications
47A.Number of telephone lines per 100 population 47B.Cellular subscribers per 100 population 48. Personal computers in use and Internet users per 100 population . * Percentage of households having desktop computers * Percentage of households having laptop computers * Percentage of household population(5-69 yrs) who could use internet
7.9(2006/07) 14.8(2006/07) 0.4(1996/97) 8.2(2006/07) 0.9(2006/07) 9.7(2006/07)
Scorecard
Target
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10
Halve between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day Halve between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger Ensure that by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary education
Indicator No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7a 8 9a 9b 9c 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 21 22 23 24 25 26 28a 28b 29 30 31
Level of achievement
Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005 and in all levels of education no later than 2015
Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under five mortality rate Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major deseases
Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources Halve by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
Notation of symbols Already reached Most likely to reach Shows potential to reach Unlikely to reach
10
Regional Disparities
Page
Map 1
: Proportion of pop. below poverty line and poverty gap ratio - 2006/07
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Map 2 : Gender parity in secondary education (women per 100 men) 2007 Map 3 : Prop. of women candidates and women members of parliament - 2004 Map 4 : Maternal mortality ratio, Infant mortality rate and Child mortality rate 2003 Map 5 : Tuberculosis cases per 100,000 population in 2006 and cured rate under DOTS 2005 Map 6 : Percentage of persons (15-24) yrs. with comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS 2006/07 Map 7 : HIV infected persons reported by official sources 2008 Map 8 : Proportion of land area covered by forest 1999 Map 9 : Proportion of households with access to improved sanitation 2006 Map 10 : Number of telephone lines per 100 population and cellular subscribers per 100 population 2006
Map 1: Proportion of population below poverty line and poverty gap ratio - 2006/07
11
Map 2: Gender parity in secondary education (women per 100 men) - 2007
12
Map 3: Proportion of women candidates and women members of parliament -2004
13
Map 4: Maternal mortality ratio, Infant mortality rate and Child mortality rate - 2003
14
Map 5: Tuberculosis cases per 100,000 population in 2006 and cured rate under DOTS - 2005
15
Map 6: Percentage of persons (15-24) yrs. with comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS 2006/07
16
Map 7: HIV infected persons reported by official sources - 2008
17
Map 8: Proportion of land area covered by forest 1999
18
Map 9: Proportion of households with access to improved sanitation - 2006
19
Map 10: Number of telephone lines per 100 population and cellular subscribers per 100 population 2006
20
Achievements, Challenges and Issues

Page
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger................... 21-32 Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education...................... 33-40 Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women ...... 41-48 Goal 4: Reduce child mortality............................................. 49-56 Goal 5: Improve maternal health ......................................... 57-62 Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases ....... 63-74 Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability ...................... 75-90 Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development ........ 91-104
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Indicator 1. Poverty headcount ratio (percentage of population below the national poverty line) 2. Poverty gap ratio [incidence x depth of poverty] 3. Share of poorest quintile in national consumption 4. Prevalence of underweight children under 5 years of age 5. Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption
Data sources HIES - 1990/01, 2002, 2006/07 DHS - 1993, 2000, 2006/07 HIES - 1990/01, 2002, 2006/07 -
Limitations DHS 1993 and 2000, HIES 1990/91, HIES 2002, excludes Northern & Eastern provinces
HIES 2006/07, excludes Northern province & Trincomalee district in Eastern province
DHS 2006/07 excludes Northern province
HIES - Household Income and Expenditure Survey DHS - Demographic and Health Survey
21
Progress at sub national level Goal 1

Province/ District and Sector Poverty headcount ratio Poverty gap ratio Share of poorest quintile in national consum. Prevalence of underweight children < 5 yrs 1993 37.7 Pop. below minimum level of dietary energy consumption 2006/07 50.7 59.7 64.3 57.9 53.7 45.5 50.0 49.3 34.9 47.5 53.0 47.9 36.8 45.2 50.9 36.8 48.7 48.6 48.8 46.9 48.9 42.8 38.4 40.1 35.3 50.7 43.3 60.6 65.0 49.2 32.7
Reference year 1990/91 2006/07 1990/91 2006/07 2006/07 Average 26.1 15.2 5.6 3.1 7.1 District/Province Western 19.1 8.2 4.1 1.5 6.7 Colombo 16.2 5.4 3.7 1.0 6.6 Gampaha 4.7 8.7 2.6 1.4 7.0 Kalutara 32.3 13.0 7.2 2.7 7.3 Central 30.7 22.3 6.8 4.6 7.6 Kandy 35.9 17.0 8.0 3.8 7.1 Matale 28.7 18.9 6.3 3.7 7.4 Nuwara eliya 20.1 33.8 4.2 6.8 9.8 Southern 30.2 13.8 6.5 2.6 7.5 Galle 29.7 13.7 6.5 2.9 7.2 Matara 29.2 14.7 6.0 2.4 7.7 Hambantota 32.4 12.7 7.2 2.5 7.9 Northern Jaffna Kilinochchi Mannar Vavuniya Mullaitivu Eastern 10.8 2.1 8.6 Batticaloa 10.7 1.5 9.1 Ampara 10.9 2.4 8.4 Trincomalee North Western 25.7 14.6 5.3 2.9 7.8 Kurunegala 27.2 15.4 5.3 3.1 7.7 Puttalam 22.1 13.1 5.2 2.3 7.7 North Central 24.3 14.2 4.4 2.8 6.9 Anuradhapura 24.1 14.9 4.2 2.8 6.8 Polonnaruwa 24.7 12.7 4.9 2.8 7.1 Uva 31.9 27.0 6.8 6.2 8.2 Badulla 31.0 23.7 6.2 5.3 7.9 Moneragala 33.7 33.2 7.9 7.8 8.9 Sabaragamuwa 31.0 24.2 7.0 4.9 8.6 Ratnapura 30.7 26.6 6.3 5.3 8.3 Kegalle 31.2 21.1 7.9 4.3 9.2 Sector Urban 16.3 6.7 3.7 1.3 6.5 Rural 29.4 15.7 6.3 3.2 7.3 Estate 20.5 32.0 3.3 6.2 10.5
2006/07 1990/91 21.6 50.9 54.2 56.8 49.6 56.4 49.3 56.7 44.2 36.1 56.6 56.1 57.0 56.6 43.5 40.2 51.4 48.0 50.2 43.2 47.8 49.9 43.4 49.6 46.7 53.2 57.6 50.9 31.4
14.1 11.6 16.9 25.3 23.2 25.3 23.2 23.3 23.8 35.7* 36* 31.1* 27.5 22.0 27.8 20.6 19.2 25.0 25.6 32.8 26.6 23.9 23.3 19.5 38.3 52.1 16.6 21.7 29.7
* Survey of Child Health and Welfare -2004 (selected Northern and Eastern districts)
22
Indicator 1: Poverty Headcount Ratio
District differentials
% 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
lo n n ha ar am uw ba a nt o K ta al ut Pu ar a tta la m bo lo m pa al at am G
Fig ure 1 .0 1 : Proportion of poor people by dis trict

1990/91 2006/07
Provincial differentials
%
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Fig ure 1 .0 2 : P roportion of poor people by province

1 9 9 0 /9 1 2 0 0 6 /0 7 T arget by 2 0 1 5
Dis tr ict
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or th
or th
- The proportion of people below the poverty line has dropped by 40 percent within the seventeen year interval spanned by 1990/91 and 2006/07. - The prevalence of poverty varies considerably between districts, with Colombo reporting the lowest figure of 5.4 percent and Nuwara-Eliya reporting the highest figure of 33.8 percent. The poor are mostly concentrated in the three districts; Ratnapura, Monaragala and Nuwara-Eliya, where the poverty headcount index stands above 25 percent. - While the percentage of poor populace has almost doubled in Nuwara-eliya district, Monaragala and Gampaha districts have also not recorded any improvement, within the period under review. - Provincial differentials show that Western, Southern, North Western and North Central have already reached the set targets for 2015.
23
Sa
Provi n ce
ba ra
ga m
ve r
ut h
es
en
es
uw
ra l
rn
al e eg al l Ba e d Ra ul tn la M apu on ra N ara uw g a la ar aEl iy a K
le a a d ra ha pu ra
ne g
ala an dy K
ag e
ve r
nu r
Po
ur u
Co
at
Sectoral differentials
%
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
7.9 16 .3
Figure 1.03 :Proportion of poor people by s ector

2 9 .4 2 4 .7 2 0 .5 15.7 8 .2 6 .7 14 .7 10 .3 3 0 .0 3 2 .0 2 6 .1 2 2 .7 15.2 13 .1
Urban
Rural Se ctor
Est at e
Average
1990/91
2002
2006/07
T arget by 2015
Gender differentials
%
30
Figure 1.04 : Proportion of poor pe ople in male he ade d & fe male he ade d house holds
26 2 6 .6 2 3 .0 2 1.5 2 6 .1 2 2 .7
25 20 15 10 5 0
15.3 13 .0
15.1 13 .3
15.2 13 .0
M ale
Fem ale
Average
S e x of house hold he ad
199 0/9 1 2 002 2 006 /07 T arget by 201 5
- The urban sector has recorded a relatively lower poverty level throughout the period, which is understandable with the higher economic opportunities available in the cities. The rural sector has also shown an encouraging decline in poverty incidence with time, dropping by nearly 50 percent from a stagnating 29 percent to a more acceptable 16 percent between 1990/91 and 2006/07. In contrast, the situation in the estates has continued to deteriorate, the proportion of the poor rising from 20 percent to 32 percent over the same period. - Incidence of poverty appears to be gender neutral as there are no remarkable disparities reported for any time point, according to the sex of the household head.
24
Indicator 2: Poverty Gap Ratio

%
9 8 Provincial 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
om
Figure 1.05 : Poverty gap ratio by dis trict
differentials
1990/91
2006/07
bo mp a Pu ha tta la m M H a a ta mb ra an to t Ka a lut Po lon ar a An nar uw ur a ad ha pu ra Ga lle
ala ne g Ku ru
Dis trict
%
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
a Uv b Sa ar am ag a uw n Ce l tra tra en C rth No l ter es n es W n ter e uth o S rn
Figure 1.06 : Pove rty gap ratio by province
-W rth Province o N
1990/91
2006/07
- Poverty gap ratio or the depth of poverty has experienced a marked reduction at national level from 5.6 to 3.1 between 1990 and 2006/07. - While all the districts excepting Nuwara Eliya and Monaragala districts have reported improvements in varying degrees, the most impressive reductions in poverty gap ratio are recorded from Kandy, Kalutara and all the districts constituting the Southern Province. - Western province and Southern province have already achieved the target on poverty reduction, while North Western province is most likely to reach it before 2015. The progress made by the Southern province in the dramatic reduction in income poverty is remarkable and deserves due recognition.
25
a ta le Ka nd Ke y g Ra alle tn ap ur a Nu Bad wa ull a ra -E M liy on a ara ga la
Av er
ag e
Co l
Ga
T arget by 2015
%
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1.7 1.9 1.3 3.7
Figure 1.07 : Poverty gap ratio by sector

6.3 5.6 6.0 6.2 5.6 5.1
3.2
3.2
3.3
3.1 1.7
2.8
Urban
1990/91
Rural Secter
2002 2006/07
Estate
T arget by 2015
Average
%
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Figure 1.08: Poverty gap ratio by s ex of the head of the hous ehold
6 .0 5.5 5.1 4 .8 5.6 5.1
3 .1
2 .8
2 .9
3 .0
3 .1
2 .8
M ale
1 9 9 0 /9 1 2002
Female S e x of house hold he ad

2 0 0 6 /0 7
A verage
T arget by 2 0 1 5
- Differences between sectors appear to be widening with time. The Urban sector with relatively higher economic opportunities have surpassed the target, while the rural sector with the opening up of many ventures has just reached it. However, the target seems to be out of reach for the estate sector and as such needs the attention of the authorities. - The depth of poverty or the gap between average income of the poor and the poverty line remains more or less the same among male headed and female headed households. Nevertheless, decline in the depth of poverty over time, is more pronounced among female headed households.
26
Indicator 3: Share of poorest quintile in national consumption District differentials
% 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Fi gu re 1.09 : S h are of poore st qu i n ti l e i n n ati on al con su m pti on - 1990/91
b am o p uw a ar ha aEl iy a
Male headed hous eholds 1990/91
% 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Figure 1.10 : Share of poorest quintile in national consumption - 2006/07
ge b o u ra ah a ra m p p e o l ha m Av C o rad Ga u An
lo nn ar u Pu w a tta Ra lam tn ap u K ra al ut ar M a at ar a A nu G r a a ll dh e K ap u ur r un a eg al Ba a du l K la eg al le H Ma a m ta b a le nt ot a K M an on d y ar ag al a
Dis tr ict
om
Co l
ve r
Po
ag e
Female headed hous eholds 1990/91
y a le a e a a a a a a e a ta a n d u w Gal tar atal atar gal alam n to d ul l p ur par gal alo gall l iy a r u e t a K na al M M u n ut b a Ba atn Am ara attic Ke ra-E k n r P am a on B R lo M Ku H uw Po N District
27
%
20 18 16
Fi g u r e 1 .1 1 : S h ar e of poor e s t qu i n ti l e i n n ati on al c on s u m pti on by s e c tor
1 3 .7 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 U r ba n R ur a l M a le h e a de d H o use h o lds - 1 9 9 0 /9 1 S e cto r E st a t e A v e r a ge F e m a le h e a de d H o use h o lds - 1 9 9 0 /9 1 A ll H o use h o lds - 2 0 0 6 /0 7 3 .4 4 .6 6 .5 7 .3 5 .0 1 1 .4 1 1 .3 1 0 .5 8 .8 9 .3 7 .1
- Share of poorest quintile in national consumption is a measure of income inequality. Despite the fact that the incidence of poverty and depth of poverty has progressively declined since 1990, an increase in income inequality is seen on the whole. - While modest progress in this aspect is reflected in Colombo and Gampaha districts, Nuwara eliya district has taken long strides to reduce income
inequality. All the other districts display a widening of inequality in income distribution of the inhabitants. - It is interesting to note that the urban sector with rapid growth potentials and in contrast the estate sector moving at a much slower pace, have made some progress towards narrowing down income inequality, whereas the rural sector describing moderate growth has actually increased the gap between the have's, and have - nots, suggesting that the benefits of rural development progammes has not been evenly distributed.
28
Indicator 4: Prevalence of underweight children under five years of age Gender differentials
Figure 1.12 : Proportion of underweight children by sex

% 50 40
4 0 .9
30 20 10 0
3 7 .7 2 9 .8 2 9 .4 2 0 .8 2 0 .5 2 1.6 18 .9
3 4 .8 2 9 .0 2 2 .3 17 .4
Male 1993 2000
Female Sex
Average 2006/07 2015 T arget
%
Figu re 1.13 : Proportion of u n de rwe igh t ch ildre n by s e ctor
62 52 42 32 22 12 U r ban 1993 2000 Rural 2 0 0 6 /0 7 E st at e 2 0 1 5 T arget Se cto r
- Concurrent chronic and acute under nutrition is reflected in low body mass for age, commonly known as underweight. The percentage of pre school children, who are underweight for their age, has declined progressively since the early nineteen nineties from 37.7 percent to 21.6 percent by 2006/07. Nevertheless, one out of every five children under five years of age is reported to be underweight still. - Gender differentials had been substantially large with a higher proportion of girls found to be underweight in 1993. The situation has changed in favour of girls with time, tending to an estimate of 20.8 percent of affected girls as against 23.3 percent of affected boys by 2006/07. - The sector of residence has a significant influence on the status of underweight in the most decisive stage of growth of a child. Underweight is least common among children in urban dwellings (17%) compared to their counterparts in rural households (22%) and estate households (30%).
29
Other determinants
% 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 3-5 1993 6 - 11 2000 12 - 23 2006/07 24 - 35 2015 Target 36 - 47 48 - 59 Age i n mon th s
Figure 1.14 : Proportion of underweight children by age group
%
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Figure 1.15: Proportion of underweight children by previous birth interval

% 40
Figure 1.16 : Prevalance of underweight children by educational level of mother 2006/07
30
20
10
< 2 years 2 - 3 years 4 years & First birth more
0 No s cho o ling Primary Seco nd ary G.C.E(O/L) G.C.E(A/L) & hig her
Birth interval
1993 2006
Educational qualifications
- Short term & long term nutritional deprivation appears to rise in early childhood years after passing the first crucial year of the lifespan. The proportion of underweight children is relatively higher when the previous birth interval is shorter than four years, and when the mother has not gone beyond the primary level of formal schooling. - An analytical study conducted in 2003 found that low birth weight children, children in households with no latrine facilities, children whose mothers are themselves malnourished (BMI < 18.5), or mothers with poor sanitary habits have a higher vulnerability to be underweight in the first five years of their lives.
30
Indicator 5: Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption The time trend % 100 80 60 40 20 0 Male Female Sex of the household head Average
50.8 51.1 50.6
Figure 1.17: Prop. of pop. not receiving adequate dietary energy
1990/91
51.8 52.2
2002
51.0
2006
50.9 51.3 50.7
Figure 1.18 : Prop. of pop. not receiving adequate dietaty energy by sector Female headed households Male headed households
Estate Rural Urban T otal 80 60 40 1990/91 20 0 0 2002 20 40 2006/07 60 80
- According to the Household Income & Expenditure Surveys, half of the Sri Lankan population are deprived of adequate dietary energy. This phenomenon has remained static since 1990. - The surveys reveal that this issue is gender neutral. However, male headed households in the urban sector is slightly better than their female counterparts, while the vice versa is true in the estate sector. - Sectoral situation is somewhat unrealistic. The estate sector where poverty as well as child malnutrition is highest when compared to urban and rural sectors, records the lowest percentage (33%) of households without adequate dietary energy consumption. In contrast, urban sector where poverty as well as child malnutrition is lowest shows the worst situation in this respect, with the deprived population as high as 65 percent.
31
Energy availability
Figure 1.19 : Per capita availability of calories per day

2500 2400 2300 2200
C alories
2100 2030 calories 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500
19 97
19 90
19 91
19 92
20 02
19 99
19 98
19 95
19 96
20 03
19 94
19 93
20 04
20 05
20 00
20 01
Year
- The food balance sheets (FBS) of Sri Lanka reveals that the daily per capita availability of calories follows an increasing trend over time, and has always been much higher than the standard requirement of 2030 calories. It should be noted that the figure has been derived with the assumption of equitable distribution of available food among all social classes, age groups and gender. - Due to the fact that the FBS shows the food availability and not the actual consumption, it presents clearly an over estimate of energy consumption even at national level. However, it suggests that this issue of dietary energy deprivation, may not be so severe.
32
20 06
Goal 2 : Achieve universal primary education
Indicator 6. Net enrolment ratio in primary education 7. Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reached grade 5 7A.Primary completion rate 8. Literacy rate of 15-24 year olds
Data sources SC 1991/1998 MDGIS 2006/07 SC 1990/1997 MDGIS 2006/07 MDGIS 2006/07 SC 1990/91,1994, 2001/2006 MDGIS 2006/07 MDGIS
Limitations
2006/07 province
excludes and
Northern
Trincomalee district in Eastern province
SC School Census MDGIS MDG Indicator Survey
33

Net enrolment ratio in Prop. of pupils Primary primary education starting grade 1 completion Province/ who reach rate District and sector grade 5 Reference year Average Western Colombo Gampaha Kalutara Central Kandy Matale Nuwara eliya Southern Galle Matara Hambantota Northern Jaffna Kilinochchi Mannar Vavuniya Mullaitivu Eastern Batticaloa Ampara Trincomalee North Western Kurunegala Puttalam North Central Anuradhapura Polonnaruwa Uva Badulla Moneragala Sabaragamuwa Ratnapura Kegalle Sector Urban Rural Estate 1991 2006/07 2006/07 2006/07 Literacy rate of 1524 year-olds
2001
2006
88.0
97.5 96.9 97.3 97.6 94.7 98.0 98.8 97.3 96.8 97.7 99.3 93.2 100.0 99.0 98.8 99.1 97.8 99.1 95.5 96.1 94.8 99.1 97.4 97.6 97.1 97.2 97.4 96.9 97.4 97.6 94.6
99.6 99.3 99.5 99.6 98.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.9 100.0 99.7 100.0 98.2 100.0 96.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.4 99.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.2 99.7 98.9
88.2 88.0 87.9 90.0 84.2 86.8 88.3 * 79.8 88.0 94.0 73.7 * 88.6 86.0 91.1 87.6 87.2 88.5 92.2 87.4 * 85.4 88.5 80.1 91.0 90.2 91.9 87.0 89.5 69.5
95.6 96.2 95.3 97.3 96.0 94.9 96.4 95.1 91.8 96.0 96.2 95.4 96.6
95.8 96.8 96.5 97.0 97.1 95.5 96.1 96.1 94.2 95.7 96.3 93.2 97.6 94.4 93.9 94.7 96.0 97.8 92.7 96.3 96.2 96.4 95.5 94.3 97.4 94.3 91.6 98.6 95.7 96.6 83.9
93.5 93.4 96.7 94.2 95.8 96.1 95.2 94.1 93.9 94.5 94.8 94.1 95.8 95.5 96.3 85.5
*Reliable estimates cannot be provided due to small sample sizes
34
Indicator 6 : Net enrolment ratio in primary education (5-9 years)

The time trend
Figure 2.01: Net enrolment ratio in primary education by year

100 Targe t 80 60 NER 40 20 0 1991 1998 2006/07 2015
Year
Figure 2.02 : Net enrolment ratio in primary education (5-9 years) by sex 2006/07
100
96
97.5
97.4
97.4
NER
92
88
84
80 Mal e 2006/07 Fe male Total T arget by 2015
sex
The overall net enrolment ratio at primary level was above 85 percent even in 1990 and continued to rise over the decade. Access to primary education in the formal educational system has almost reached the universal level by 2006/07 and is gender neutral.
35
Figure 2.03 : Net enrolment ratio and reasons for non-attendence by sector 2006/07
(a) Urban sector
NER 100 98
9 8 .1
Reasons for not attending school

34% 22%
96 94 92 90
9 6 .8
9 7 .4 20% 24% 0%
Mal e
Fe mal e
Total
Eco no mic pro blems Child resented Sick/Disability Scho o l far away/ P o o r facilities Other reaso ns
(b) Rural S ector

NER 100 98 97.8 96 94 92 90 M ale Fe m ale Total 97.4 97.6
20% 3% 35% 20% 22%
Eco no mic pro blems Child resented Sick/Disability Scho o l far away/ P o o r facilities Other reaso ns
(c) Estate S ector

NER 100 98
8% 45% 1 2%
1 4% 21 %
96 94 92 90 Mal e Fe m al e Total 94.4 94.9 94.6

Child resented Sick/Disability
Eco no mic pro blems
Scho o l far away/ P o o r facilities Other reaso ns
Sectoral disparities are discernible for non attendance in primary school. While the main reason in the urban and estate sector is reported as economic problems, ill health appears to be the major constraint among rural children.
36
Indicator 7: Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5

The time trend
% 100 80 60 40 20 0
Figure 2.04: Primary survival rate by year
% 100
Figure 2.05 : Primary completion rate by year
80 60 40 20 0
1990
1997
Ye ar
2007
1998
2001
2004 Ye ar
2007
Male
Female
Male
Female
Figure 2. 06: Primary survival rate by province - 2006/07
Ea s te rn
Figure 2. 07: Primary completion rate by province - 2006/07

Uva 100
100
S a ba ra ga m uwa
95 90 85
We s te rn
North Central
95 90 85
Central
No rth C e ntra l
80
Uva
Sabaragamuwa
80
North Western
No rth We s te rn C e ntra l
S o uthe rn
Eastern Western
Southern
Male
Female
Male
Female
Both the survival rate and completion rate are indicators of the proportion of students completing primary schooling. The former estimate presents the proportion expected to cover the primary cycle regardless of age, while the latter estimate reflects the proportion of children in the official age cohort who have completed the primary cycle. Survival rates have increased from 94.1 percent to 99.6 percent between 1990 and 2006/07. Completion rates have increased from 78.5 percent to 88.2 percent during the ten year period since 1998. Almost all the provinces have reached universal level in retaining the students in primary school until they finish the requirements of basic education. However a fair proportion of children in the relevant age group are not enrolled in grade 5. This feature is more apparent among girls.
37
%
100 98.6 80
Figure 2.08 : Primary survival & completion rates of male : 2006/07

99.6 90.7 84.6 75.6 98.1 99.3 89
60
40
20
0 Urban Rural Estate T otal completion
S ector
survival
%
100
Figure 2 .09 : Primary survival & completion rates of female : 2006/07
99.8
99.8 90.0 88.4
100.0
99.8 87.5
80 60
63.3
40 20 0
Urban survival Rural Estate T otal
S ector
completion
Male-female disparities are minimal in the access to basic education. However there is a discernible feature apparent between survival and completion rates. The overall as well as the sectoral survival rates are marginally higher in respect of girls as against boys. The contrary is true for completion rates with the exception of urban sector where girls are ahead of boys. It implies that girls are more likely to retain in school until they complete primary schooling, but comparatively more boys attend primary school at the stipulated ages.
38
Indicator 8 : Literacy rate of 15-24 year-olds

The time trend
Figure 2.10 : Trends in youth literacy levels (a) 15-19 year olds
Percentage
100 95 90 85 80 75
(b) 20-24 year olds
19 63
19 71
19 81 19 90 /1 99 1
19 94
19 81
19 63
19 71
19 90 /1 99 1
19 94
20 01
20 06
Year
Women
Ye ar
Men
%
100 80 60 40 20 0
Figure 2.11 : Literacy rate of 15-24 Year-olds, by district : 2006/07
Literacy rate of Sri Lankan youth has recorded a substantial rise within the past half a century, from 85 percent in 1963 to 96 percent in 2006/07.Evidently progress made by young women in improving their literacy skills is more pronounced than that of their male counter parts. Rapid increase in literacy levels of young women has resulted in reversing the gender gap in favour of women from the early nineteen nineties. It reflects the diminishing gender differences in the access to formal schooling. District disparities appear to be minimal with more than 50 percent of the districts registering literacy rates higher than the average 95.8 percent. The ability to read and write is lowest among inhabitants in the Ratnapura district .(91.6%).
Ka nd y An M u r ata ad le ap ur a Po G lo a nn ll e ar u C wa ol o G mb am o pa Ka ha M l ut on ar a a H rag am a b la Ku a nt ru ota ne ga Ke la ga ll e
at na p Pu ura t ta la M m at B ar N at ic a uw a ar loa a el iy Ba a du Am ll a pa ra
Av er ag e
District
39
20 01
20 06
Figure 2.12 :Literacy rate of youth by sector
100 80 60 40 20 0
Urban Rural 1990/91 Estate Average 2006/07
9 4 .4 9 5 .7 9 4 .3 9 6 .6 8 3 .9 7 5 .4 9 3 .3 9 5 .8
Sector
Figure 2.13: English literate youth by sector

Read a letter Write a Read a telegram/letter newspaper U R E Av U R E Av U R E Av
0 20 U - Urban R - Rural 40 % E - Estate Av - Average 60 80 100
Sectoral differentials have narrowed down with time. Nevertheless, the literacy gap between the estate population and the urban and rural folk is noteworthy.
The ability to communicate in English is fairly high among urban youth with more than two out of every five persons claiming to be competent. Among rural youth, literacy skills in English is lower, but relatively favourable as every third person has reported to be capable of reading and writing a simple letter. In contrast, only one person out of ten estate youth appear to be literate in this international language.
40
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Indicator 9. Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education
Data sources SC - 1990/91, 1996, 2001, MDGIS - 2006/07 MDGIS - 2006/07 QLFS - 1993/96/99, 2002/05/07 Parliamentary hand book
Limitations
SC covers government schools
only
10. Ratio of literate women to men, 1524 years old 11. Share of women in wage employment in the nonagricultural sector 12. Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament SC - School Census MDGIS MDG Indicator Survey QLFS - Quarterly Labour Force Survey
MDGIS excludes Northern province and Trincomalee district in Eastern province QLFS excludes Northern and Eastern provinces
41

Ratio of girls to boys in Province/ District and Sector Share of women in Ratio of literate wage women to men, employment in 1524 years old the nonagricultural sector
2001 2006/07 1993 2007
Primary education
Secondary education
Tertiary education
Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament

1989 2004
Reference year Average District/Province Western Colombo Gampaha Kalutara Central Kandy Matale Nuwara eliya Southern Galle Matara Hambantota Northern Jaffna Kilinochchi Mannar Vavuniya Mullaitivu Eastern Batticaloa Ampara Trincomalee North Western Kurunegala Puttalam North Central Anuradhapura Polonnaruwa Uva Badulla Moneragala Sabaragamuwa Ratnapura Kegalle Sector Urban Rural Estate
2006/07
2006/07
2006/07
99.0 101.8 93.7 96.7 131.8 97.4 99.4 103.6 89.4 99.1 88.3 115.6 104.0 100.1 102.9 97.6 93.2 97.8 85.3 101.1 101.0 101.4 100.0 105.0 90.8 98.5 95.9 102.2 85.4 101.5 99.8
105.7 106.0 104.7 100.2 121.4 104.5 106.2 99.7 104.3 110.1 105.1 106.5 125.8 98.9 91.2 106.3 95.7 96.2 94.6 108.3 99.6 126.1 117.1 133.1 96.3 108.2 107.4 109.3 99.5 106.3 114.6
187.0 88.5 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 78.0 229.4 -
100.9 101.6 101.7 101.1 101.7 99.8 100.1 101.8 98.2 101.2 101.0 101.2 101.5 100.9 101.4 101.2 101.5 101.5 101.4 101.6 100.6 100.2 101.5 101.3 101.2 101.5 101.2 101.3 96.6
101.8 100.6 102.3 99.4 99.6 103.1 103.6 103.9 101.6 101.4 100.6 102.2 101.9 101.1 102.4 100.1 102.2 99.6 107.3 102.3 101.7 103.9 103.2 103.5 102.8 102.7 103.8 100.1 100.8 101.7 107.3
30.8 30.8 31.9 29.7 30.1 29.9 30.7 23.7 32.3 35.0 29.3 41.2 47.5
31.0 31.9 33.5 31.9 28.4 28.7 27.3 31.8 30.7 30.7 31.0 28.6 33.1 31.0 33.6 25.4 31.6 30.9 32.8 27.0 25.4 29.8 31.2 28.0 34.9 34.1 30.6 25.3
4.8
5.8 2.6 0.0 5.9 0.0 8.3 0.0 20.0 14.3 4.0 0.0 0.0 14.3 6.7 11.1 0.0 12.5 20.3 14.3 0.0 8.7 6.3 12.5 7.7 12.5 0.0 7.7 0.0 20.0 10.5 20.0 0.0
26.7 28.6 25.8 39.3 41.4 33.9 27.2 26.7 28.7 29.2 30.9 27.5 31.0 30.3 30.9
**Estimate not presented due to inadequate number of cases
42
Indicator 9: Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education

Figure 3.01 : Ratio of girls to boys in primary education by dis trict - 20 06/07
140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Girls per 100 boys
m uw G a a r lle M ae on l iy er a ag Co a l a lo Ra m b tn o ap G u ra am pa A ha m K ur par un a eg ala
D istrict
Fig ure 3 .0 2 : Ratio of g irls to boys in s econdaryeducation by dis trict -2 0 0 6 /0 7

140 120
Girls per 100 boys
100 80 60 40 20 0
ti c a P u lo a tt a K ur lam u M neg on al A a nu erag ra al dh a ap ur a M at G al N amp e uw a a r ha a e Co l iya lo m bo G al le K an A dy m pa r M a Ra a t a tn ra ap u K ra eg a K ll H a lu e a m ta r Po b a n a lo to t nn a ar uw Ba a du l la ve r A ag e
Ba
D i strict
There appears to be no gender bias against girls in the formal educational system. On the average, boys outnumber girls marginally at the primary level while the opposite is true at secondary level. Gender parity prevails in a large number of districts at both primary and secondary level.
43
nu Ka r a nd Po dh a y lo p u n n ra ar uw K a eg Ba a l l e tic al oa H Ma a m ta b a le nt ot Ba a du l M la at a K ra al ut ar a
la
t ta
Pu
ve r
ag e
Figure 3.03 :Gender parity in primary, secondary & tertiary education by sector - 2006/07
240 200
229
Girls per 100 boys
160 120 80 40 0
10 1 85 10 0 99 10 6 115 78
Primary
Urban
Secondary
Rural Estate
Tertiary
The time trend

Fi g u re 3 .04 : G e n de r pari ty i n pri m ary , s e con dary & te rti a ry e du cati on by ye ar
200 180 160 Girls per 100 boys 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1 9 9 0 /9 1 P r im ary 1996 Ju.Se co n do r y 2001 Se.Seco n do ry 2 0 0 6 /0 7 T e rt iar y
% 250 200 150 100 50 0 1990/ 91 1996 2001 2006/ 07
A / L Science
A / L A rt s
A / L C o mmer ce
While more boys than girls tend to follow primary & secondary level classes urban areas, the contrast is observed in rural and estate schools. This much more prominent with regard to tertiary education where
in
feature is
women participation
stands at 229 per 100 men in the rural sector as against 78 women per 100 men in the urban sector. The gender differences in school enrolment rates have remained rather static over
the years, with more girls at senior secondary level, specially in the arts stream. This disparity at school level has further widened at higher seats of learning, as reflected by the gender parity index in tertiary education which doubled from 92 to 187, during the time interval spanned by 1990 and 2006/07.
44
Indicator 10: Ratio of literate women to men, 15-24 years old

The time trend
Figure 3.05 : Gender parity in literacy by year.
110 108 106 104 102 100 98 96 94 92 90
/9 1 90
Women per 100 men
100
101
102
01
/0 7
20
19
Year
20
06
Gender parit y
Linear (Gender parit y)
Figure 3.06 : Ratio of literate women to men, 15-24 years old.
1 1 0 1 08 1 06
%
Secto r
107 101 102
Women per 100 men
1 04 1 02 1 00 98 96 94 92 90
108 105 102 99 96
Ur ba n
Rur a l
Est a t e
G am pa K ha al K uta ur un ra eg a A la m pa r K a eg al le N G uw a a lle A ra e nu l ra iya da pu ra
Young women have surpassed their male counterparts in the ability of writing, since the early nineteen nineties and the gap continue pace. In almost all the districts, women outnumber men
Sectoral distribution shows that young women in all the sectors are ahead of
H am ba nt ot a M at a Co ra lo m Ba bo tic M a on loa ar ag al a Ba du ll K a Ra and tn y ap ur a M Po lo ata nn le ar uw a Pu tta la m
A ve ra
ge
District
to widen at a slow
in literacy skills.
20
reading and
15
their
male counterparts in reading and writing abilities, while this feature is accentuated in the estate sector.
45
Indicator 11: Share of women in wage employment in the non agricultural sector District differentials
%
50 40 30 20 10 0 1993 2007
Figure 3.07: Percentage of women employees by dis trict
an dy ap ur a K al ut ar a M a M t on ara ar a N uw g ala ar a A nu el iy a ra da pu ra G al le
du lla
Districts
F ig u re 3 . 0 8 : P e rc e n t a g e o f w o m e n e m p lo y e e s b y p ro v in c e F ig u re 3 . 0 9 : P e rc e n t a g e o f w o m e n e m p lo y e e s b y s e c t o r
Uva
%
36
40
We s tern
35 30 25 20
Central
32
28
24
No rth Central
So uthern
20
Sabaragamuwa
19 9 3
No rth Wes tern

2007
16 19 9 3
19 9 6
U r b an
Women employees in industry and service related activities, constitute less than
third of the total wage earners in the non- agricultural sector, and this has been the prevailing situation since the 1990 decade. No significant deviations from the overall average is noted either among districts or among provinces. Between sectors, the urban sector seems to provide relatively higher opportunities for women and is closely followed by the rural sector. The proportion of women
employees in non-agricultural work has recorded a sharp drop in the estate sector during the first half of the 1990 decade, but has continued to show signs of recovery over the years, even though the sectoral gap is still noticeable.
46
at al am e Po pa lo n n ha ar H u am wa ba nt o Co t a lo m K bo ur un eg ala K eg al le G
19 9 9 2002 2005 2008 R ur a l Est at e T o t al
la
Ba
ve r
tta
ag e A
Pu
Ra
tn
one
Indicator 12: Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament

The time trend
Number
250 Women 200 150 100 50 0
-2001 -2004 -1952 -1956 -1959 -1964 -1970 -1977 -1989 -1994 (M ar ch-A pril -2000 -2007 )
Figure 3.10 : Members of Parliament by gender

M en
2000
1947
2001
1952
1956
1960
1965
1970
1977
1989
1960
Pe ri od
%
8
Figu re 3.11 : Proportion of wom e n candidate s at parliam e ntary e le ction s
1994
6
3.5 3 2 1.3 2.8 3.2 1.8 3.1
2
0.8
0
47 52 56 60 19 19 19 19 19 19 89 19 94 77 20 19 19 04 70 65
- Women representation in national Parliament has been very low over the decades and has fluctuated between 4.0 percent and 5.8 percent during the period spanned by 1990 and 2007. It is noted that the proportion of women candidates has remained in the narrow interval of 3.1 percent and 6.2 percent within this period. To strengthen women's voice in Parliament, it is necessary to encourage more women to vie for the prestigious seats.
47
2004
6.2
Other determinants
%
12
%
Figure 3.12 :Proportion of women elected to Provincial Councils -1993 & 2004
Tot a l
10 8 6 4 2 0 Central
1993
2004
5 4 3 2 1 0
4.7
5.0
1993
2004
North Western
Western
North Central
Uva
Sabaragamuwa
Southern
%
6
Figure 3.13 :Proportion of women elected to Local Authorities -1991 & 2006
2 .0
To ta l
5 4 3 2 1 0 1991 M unicipal Council 2.9 2.5
1.5 1.0 0 .5 0 .0
1991
2006
3.4 3.0
1.6
1.6
2006 Urban Council Pradeshiya sabha
In the provincial setup, a marginal rise in women representation is observed since the early nineteen nineties. Only in three provincial councils, namely Central, North Western and Western, women constitute over 5 percent of members. Women representation in local government authorities is still worse, with the percentage of women members in Municipal Councils, Urban Councils and Pradeshiya Sabhas at 3 percent, 3.4 percent and 1.6 percent respectively in 2006.
48
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
Indicator
Data sources RGD 1991 RGD - 2003 -
Limitations The civil registration system covers the whole island. But this information is most likely to
13.Under-five mortality rate
14.Infant mortality rate
RGD - 1991 RGD - 2003
generate underestimates due to inherent weakness of an
administrative data system. - DHS 2000 was not designed to provide provincial and district level estimates. The survey was 15.Proportion of 1 year-old children immunized against measles DHS 1993 DHS 2006/07 confined to 17 southern districts. Only Northern province was not covered in DHS 2006/07.
RGD - Registrar General's Department DHS - Demographic and Health Survey
49
Progress at
Province/
sub national level Goal 4
Under-five mortality Infant mortality rate per Proportion of 1 year-old rate per 1,000 live births 1,000 live births children immunized District and Sector against measles Reference year 1991 2003 1991 2003 1993 2006/07 Average 22.2 13.5 17.7 11.3 95.5 97.2 District/Province Western 24.4 13.2 20.7 11.2 97.0 Colombo 31.5 17.8 27.0 15.2 95.0 Gampaha 11.9 7.1 9.9 6.1 98.5 Kalutara 20.1 5.0 16.6 4.1 98.2 Central 31.3 16.5 24.9 14.5 97.8 Kandy 32.5 17.1 26.8 15.4 98.8 Matale 15.7 12.1 11.5 10.3 95.7 Nuwara eliya 37.9 18.0 28.9 15.6 97.0 Southern 18.5 11.3 15.1 9.3 97.6 Galle 15.7 12.7 13.0 10.8 93.8 Matara 27.5 10.4 23.2 8.4 100.0 Hambantota 9.4 8.9 6.5 6.7 100.0 Northern 11.5 7.6 8.5 4.5 Jaffna 13.3 8.9 10.2 5.7 Kilinochchi 8.2 3.3 3.8 1.2 Mannar 41.7 3.3 41.7 1.9 Vavuniya 7.0 10.1 4.5 8.0 Mullaitivu 5.6 5.1 4.3 2.5 Eastern 15.5 15.8 9.3 11.3 95.8 Batticaloa 20.2 25.2 12.4 21.1 94.1 Ampara 14.1 9.4 8.0 5.9 96.0 Trincomalee 8.6 7.7 5.6 3.4 97.7 North Western 23.7 13.4 19.2 11.5 97.3 Kurunegala 23.1 15.6 19.2 14.2 98.6 Puttalam 24.9 9.1 19.4 6.4 94.6 North Central 20.8 24.5 16.6 20.3 100 Anuradhapura 25.2 20.1 21.0 17.4 100.0 Polonnaruwa 10.6 29.3 6.7 27.6 100.0 Uva 17.3 9.9 11.9 7.5 96 Badulla 19.5 11.4 14.6 9.5 96.0 Moneragala 11.7 3.8 5.3 2.1 96.1 Sabaragamuwa 24.2 12.4 19.8 11.1 96.6 Ratnapura 27.4 14.4 22.6 13.0 95.1 Kegalle 17.9 8.7 14.3 7.5 99.1 Sector Urban 28.0 16.2 23.8 14.4 95.1 96.6 Rural 11.7 7.8 7.3 5.2 96.1 97.4 Estate 39.6 19.9 30.3 13.5 84.7 94.5
50
Indicator 13: Under-five mortality rate (per 1000 live births)

The time trend
Figure 4.01 : Mortality of children under five years by year.

27
2003
Mortality Rate per 1000 live births
24 21 18 15 12 9
20 15 10 5 0 Ma le Fe ma le
< 1
1- 4
Targe t 6 3 0 1990 1993 CMR 1996 1999 1-4(yrs.) 2002 2003 Ye ar Linear (CMR) 2015 Linear (1-4(yrs.))
Figure 4.02 : Under- five mortality rate by province

35 Rate (per 1,000 live births) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
n er rth o N a Uv a n rn rn uw er te te m th a es u es g o a W W S r ba rth Sa No l ta To rn ste Ea l al tra ntr en C Ce rth No
Province 2003 T arget
1991
The mortality pattern of children under 5 years has dropped by 40 percent since the early nineteen nineties, where the probability of survival is much higher from the second year of life onwards. On the average, nearly 5,000 children still die before their fifth birthday. Provincial differences are noteworthy. While Northern province records the lowest risk, children in the North Central, Central and Eastern provinces appear to be more vulnerable than those living in other provinces.
51
Figure 4.03: Under - five mortality rate by sector
40
Rate per 1000 live births
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Rural 1991 12 8 4 Urban 16 28
40
20 13 9
22 14 7
Estate Se ctor 2003
Total Target
Challenges and issues
Figure 4.04 : Percentage of under - five deaths according to cause of death in different sectors - 2003
11% 5% 5% 5% 6% 7% 10% 10% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 20% Sector Rural 21% Estate
Urban
Pe rce ntage of de aths Respiratory and cardiovascular disorders specific to the perinatal period Disorders related to length of gestation and fetal growth Infections specific to the perinatal period Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities Diseases of the circulatory system Symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified Certain infectious and parasitic diseases Diseases of the respiratory system External causes of morbidity and mortality Other type of diseases
Apparently the risk of dying has always been and still is much higher for pre school children in the estate sector, compared to those in the urban and rural sectors, even though the drop in mortality levels since early nineteen nineties is most prominent with respect to estate children. Respiratory and cardiovascular disorders and disorders related to gestation and fetal growth are the most common causes of death in the urban sector. These causes together with external causes contribute largely to child mortality in the estate sector.
52
Indicator 14 : Infant mortality rate

The time trend
Figer 4.05 : Mortality of infants by year

21 IMR per 1,000 live births 18 15 12 9 6 3 0
Gend er co mp aris o ns 2003 15
10 5 0 Male Female
IM R
19 90 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03
Year
Line ar (IMR)
IMR
Figure 4.06 : Infant mortality rate by province

30
Rate per 1,000 live births
25 20 15 10 5 0
So ut he rn Sa ba ra ga m uw a W es te rn
Uv a
W es te rn
Ce nt ra l
To ta l
th er n
No r
th
1991
Province 2003
No r
Target
Infant mortality rate stands at 11.3 per 1,000 live births in 2003, and reflects a one-third drop since 1990. While more than 4,000 babies face the risk of death in the first year life, probability of dying in infancy appears to be higher for boys than for girls. Survival opportunities of infants have improved in virtually all the provinces with the only exceptions of North Central and Eastern provinces. Mortality among infants is highest in Polonnaruwa district (27.6) which is closely followed by Batticaloa district (21.1).
53
No r
th
Ce nt ra l
Ea ste r
20 15
Figure 4.07 Infant mortality rate by year

35 Rate per 1,000 live births 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Rural Estate Urban Se ctor T otal
1991
2003
Target
Figure 4.08 : Percentage of Infant deaths according to the cause of de ath - 2003 11.8% 4.0% 4.5%
R ura l
24.9%
Es t a t e
8.8%
U rb a n
3.8% 6.2% 24.0%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 10 0 %
11.9% Respiratory and cardiovascular disorders specific to the perinatal period Disorders related to length of gestation and fetal growth Infections specific to the perinatal period Diseases of the circulatory system Symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities Certain infectious and parasitic diseases Diseases of the respiratory system Other types of diseases
p e rc e n t a g e o f d e a t h s
A spectacular drop in infant mortality rate is reported in the estate sector within the twelve year period defined by 1991 & 2003, and has registered a slightly lower rate than that of the urban sector in 2003. The risk of an infant dying is nearly three times higher in the cities and the estates than in rural hamlets.
Respiratory and cardiovascular disorders specific to the perinatal period and disorders related to length of gestation and fetal growth, attribute to fifty percent of infant deaths.
54
Fig ur e 4 .0 9 : N e onatal mor tality & Infant m or tality by ye ar

30
IMR/ NMR rates /1,000 live births
25 20 15 10 5 0 1993 2000 Ye ar 2 0 0 6 /0 7
IM R
N eo n at al m o rt alit y
Fig ur e 4 .1 0 : Infant mor tility rate by mothe r's educ ation - 2 0 0 6 /0 7

35 IMR per 1,000 live birth 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 N o educat ion P rim ary Secondary P as s ed G .C .E.(O /L) H igher
Mothe r 's e duc ation
Over 75 percent of infant deaths take place in the neonatal period within the first 28 days after birth.
The risk of death of an infant is highly co-related with the educational level of its mother, the vulnerability rising sharply when the mother has not gone beyond the primary school.
55
Indicator 15: Proportion of one year old children immunized against Measles
The time trend
Figure 4.11 : Measles cases and immunization coverage by year

120 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Immunized (%)
100 80 60 40 20 0
Ye ar Immunization Cases
Figure 4.12 : Immunization coverage by sector
% 100 80 60 40 20 0 Urban
Rural
Estate
Ave rag e Total
1993
S ector
2007
Measles is no longer a life threatening disease for children in their early childhood years, mainly due to the successful immunization programmes conducted through out the country. Immunization cover has increased progressively from 80 percent to 95 percent between 1990 and 2005. Immunization cover against measles is as high as 97 percent according to the DHS conducted in 2006/07. Virtually, all the districts surveyed report a coverage level exceeding 95 percent while several districts have reached universal cover. Sectoral disparities are also minimal in this regard. The number of reported cases of Measles which stood at 4,004 in 1990, has gradually dropped to 248 by 1995 and has remained static thereafter, until a sudden outbreak of the disease in 1999/2000, when a repetition of the situation in the early nineteen nineties was experienced again. With concerted effort, the infection has been brought under control, and by 2003, the number of Measles cases dropped down to a mere 244.
56
Cases
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Indicator 16 .Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)
Data sources RGD - 1991, 2003 -
Limitations In 1991, MMR was not reported for Hambantota and Mannar districts. DHS 2000, 1993 was not designed to provide provincial and district level estimates. The coverage of the survey was confined to the 17 Southern districts Northern province was not covered in DHS-2006/07.
17. Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel
DHS - 2000, 2006/07
RGD - Registrar General's Department DHS - Demographic & Health Survey
57

District/Province and Sector
Reference year Average Western Colombo Gampaha Kalutara Central Kandy Matale Nuwara eliya Southern Galle Matara Hambantota Northern Jaffna Kilinochchi Mannar Vavuniya Mullaitivu Eastern Batticaloa Ampara Trincomalee North Western Kurunegala Puttalam North Central Anuradhapura Polonnaruwa Uva Badulla Moneragala Sabaragamuwa Ratnapura Kegalle Sector Urban Rural Estate 47.2 35.9 31.8 18.5 21.9 26.5 99.2 94.6 70.3 99.2 98.6 96.1 Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births 1991 42.3 17.8 15.8 17.5 24.5 81.4 93.3 74.1 63.1 28.9 25.4 51.1 0 37.9 29.7 32.8 0 63.8 86.9 70.2 78.9 43.9 105.5* 41.4 39.1 45.9 44.3 44.6 43.6 37.8 31.7 53 52 69.6 17.9 2003 19.7 5.7 3.2 7.7 18.9 27.7 10 43.9 61.5 21.7 15.2 34.6 13.7 44.1 32.8 93.3 47.1 25.9 42.3 26.2 14.8 31.2 37.4 8.3 8.5 8 8.2 11.5 0 24.4 33.5 0 39.7 32.7 53.2 96.3 98.4 94.3 96.5 98.1 97.7 99 96 96.4 95.4 94.2 95.1 93 98.7 98.9 98.5 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel 1993 94.1 2006/07 97.6 98.8 98.2 99.3 98.8 96.2 96.9 96.3 95.1 98.7 98.6 98.4 99
*Based on small numbers of deaths and population + Based on Survey of Child Health and Welfare in selected Northern and Eastern districts in Sri Lanka-2004
58
Indicator 16 : Maternal mortality ratio

The time trend
Figure 5.1 : Maternal mortality ratio
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
19 91 19 93 19 97 19 99 20 01 20 03
MMR (Per 100,000 live births)
Target
Year
MMR
Linear (MMR)
Figure 5.2 : Maternal mortality ratio by district
125
MM Ratio (Per 100,000 live births)
MMR
100 75 50 25 0
19 9 1 2 0 0 3 2 0 15
60 40 20 0
Po lo nn M aru on w er a ag Co ala lo G mb am o p Pu ah a t t K al ur am un eg a A nu K la ra an dh dy H am apu b a ra Ba nto tti ta ca lo a G a K lle al V utar av a un A iya m Ra pa tn ra ap ur a Ja ff Ba na du Tr M lla i n at co ara m M ale ul la e iti v M u at a M le an n N Ke ar uw g a al K ra- le ill el in i y oc a hc hi
District
1991 2003 Target
Maternal deaths have registered a 50 percent drop since the early nineteen nineties, and the trend pattern indicates a strong likelihood of reaching the MDG target of 10 deaths per 100,000 live births by 2015.
District disparities are large with Colombo district reporting the lowest level of maternal mortality (3.2/100,000 l.b) and Kilinochchi district the highest level of pregnancy related deaths, (93.3/100,000 l.b).
Sector wise, all the sectors have recorded substantial improvements in reducing maternal deaths, where urban sector takes the most prominent place.
59
20 15
19 95
Figure 5.3 : Maternal mortality ratio by sector

50
Ratio (Per 100,000 live births)
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
47.2 42.3 35.9 31.8 26.5 21.9 18.5 19.7
Urban
Rural 1991
Estate Sector 2003
Average
Challenges and Issues
Figure 5.4: Major causes of maternal deaths - 2001 14.1% 3.1% 20.3%
Abortion
Haemorrhage
Hypertension
12.5%
Complications of labour & delivery
3.1% 46.9%
Major puerperal infections & sepsis
Other
Leading causes of maternal mortality happen to be complications faced during labour and delivery, illegally induced abortions and post partum haemorrhage. While labour and delivery problems account for nearly half of maternal deaths, illegal abortions have led to one fifth. Maternal malnutrition is also another cause of aggravating complications during pregnancy and increasing the risk of death. DHS -2000 revealed that nearly 25 percent of women are undernourished and a study conducted by the Medical Research Institute in 2001 found that 30 percent of pregnant women are suffering from iron deficiency anaemia.
60
Indicator 17: Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel

Figure 5.5 : Maternal care at delivery by dis trict-2006/07
100.0 (%) Births attended 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0
al a pa r N Ba a uw d u a l P o r a - la lo eli n n ya ar uw a A nu M a r a ta l Tr dh a e i n pu co ra m al e K e an dy ne g Co ala lo m b M o a Ba ta tti ra ca lo K a eg al le G a K lle a Ra luta tn r a ap Pu u ra H tta am la ba m n G to ta am pa ha ra g ve r A m ag e K
on e
Figure 5.6 : Maternal care at delivery by sector
100
(%) Births attended
80 60 40 20 0 Urban
1993
Rural
ur u
Di stri ct
Estate
Average
Target
2015 T arget
Sector
2006/2007
Sri Lanka has made significant strides to improve maternal care during pregnancy, at delivery and during the lactation period. Institutional deliveries are very high and accounted for 98 percent of births in 2006/07. It is a common occurrence throughout the island and these births are attended by a doctor, nurse or midwife.
Only marginal differences exist among districts and sectors. The progress made by the estate sector is remarkable in this respect reporting a rise of 26 percentage points within 13 years , thus causing the sectoral gap to narrow down to a mere 3 percentage points by 2006/07.
61
Other determinants
Fig ure 5 .7 : Maternal care at delivery by categ ory of health pers onnel
1993
24%
70%
Year
2000
42%
54%
2006
74%
23%
10
20 Doc tor
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
(% ) B irths attended
Nurs e/midw if e
Figure 5.8: Maternal care at delivery

(a) By birth orde r of child 100 80
(%) births attended
(b) By mothe r's age at birth
100
(%) births attended
80 60 40 20 0
60 40 20 0 1 2-3
B irt h o rd e r
4-5
6+
<20
2006/2007
20-34
Mothe r's age (Yrs)
35+
1993
Among the health personnel who have assisted in deliveries, the
attendance of a
medical doctor is much pronounced in recent times. The proportion of deliveries attended by a doctor has increased three folds since 1993, from 24 percent to 74 percent by 2006/07. -
Virtually all births are attended by a professional health provider, and this feature has ceased to depend on the birth order of the child or mothers age at birth, as it used to be in the past.
62
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases
Indicator 19. Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate
Data sources DHS - 1987,1993 , 2000 ,2006/07
Limitations - DHS 1987, 1993 and 2000 excludes Northern & Eastern provinces. They were not designed to provide provincial & district level estimates. - DHS 2006/07 excludes Northern province - MDGIS 2006/07 excludes Northern province and Trincomalee district in Eastern province. - DOTS has not been implemented in Mannar, Killinochchi and Mullaithivu districts
19B. Percentage of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS 19C. Contraceptive prevalence rate
MDGIS -2006/07 DHS - 1987, 2000,1993, 2006/07 Anti malaria campaign DHS - 2006/07
21. Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria 22. Proportion of population in malariarisk areas using effective malaria prevention and treatment measures 23. Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis 24. Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under DOTS
NPTCCD
DHS-Demographic and Health Survey MDGIS- MDG Indicator Survey NPTCCD - National Programme for Tuberculosis Control & Chest Diseases
63
Progress at
sub
national level Goal 6

Contraceptive prevalence rate Incidence of Malaria per Percentage of 100,000 Pop. children (<5yrs.) who slept under a bednet Prevalence and death rates associated withTuberculosis Incidence rate per 100,000 pop. Death rate per 100,000 pop. Cured rate of TB under DOTS %
Province/ District
Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate
Pop.(15-24) yrs. with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS %
Reference year Sri Lanka Western Colombo Gampaha Kalutara Central Kandy Matale Nuwara eliya Southern Galle Matara Hambantota Northern Jaffna Kilinochchi Mannar Vavuniya Mullaitivu Eastern Batticaloa Ampara Trincomalee North Western Kurunegala Puttalam North Central Anuradhapura Polonnaruwa Uva Badulla Moneragala Sabaragamuwa Ratnapura Kegalle
2006/07 5.7 8.0 9.3 7.3 7.0 5.5 6.6 5.5 3.1 6.8 6.5 8.1 5.9 1.8 1.5 2.4 1.4 5.1 6.1 3.1 3.5 3.7 3.0 3.0 3.3 2.6 4.5 3.7 5.5
2006/07 35.3 35.8 40.5 30.1 39.1 30.0 30.8 30.1 28.2 38.9 42.6 35.1 36.9 34.5 28.8 38.9 38.3 41.2 32.8 32.8 34.0 30.8 30.4 29.3 32.0 37.6 37.8 37.2
1993 66.1 -
2006/07 68.4 66.9 65.2 67.3 69.8 69.5 69.1 70.7 69.5 71.1 73.6 68.8 69.5 47.3 34.5 55.7 52.8 72.5 75.5 66.1 75.3 74.0 77.8 71.9 72.4 71.1 72.3 73.4 70.9
1990 1483.4 112.2 65.4 227.6 18.4 1434.6 229.9 6713.8 68.1 461.5 43.5 102.4 1779.6 688.5 182.7 2554.6 2017.3 1228.1 439.8 502.0 536.9 758.7 98.4 5524.2 5259.1 6158.6 5885.8 6556.0 4585.5 2310.5 515.4 5811.1 1505.0 1423.2 1581.5
2006 4.0 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.5 2.5 5.3 0.0 1.5 0.0 1.0 5.2 7.8 0.5 1.0 0.6 56.0 0.0 5.7 1.3 1.5 20.2 11.4 16.6 5.4 6.8 10.1 3.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.5
2006/07 62.0 69.7 60.3 80.8 66.7 51.7 61.2 56.3 31.3 74.0 70.6 73.9 79.9 33.9 12.8 52.2 35.9 75.4 84.6 57.3 86.2 84.7 89.0 48.7 42.8 58.7 62.1 60.2 64.7
1992 38.6 59.7 81.4 44.0 41.0 31.4 43.5 37.5 9.2 35.9 40.6 28.3 35.2 30.7* 35.5 18.8 55.2 14.2 21.1 30.4 32.0 26.0 31.0 33.3 25.6 18.8 17.9 20.7 36.3 28.5 46.1
2006 41.7 54.2 61.8 42.6 59.6 50.3 69.4 34.4 25.0 31.1 36.8 27.1 26.0 35.3 44.2 13.4 16.0 65.2 0.0 35.7 31.7 41.3 32.4 26.0 29.3 19.3 29.8 29.5 30.4 25.7 25.9 25.2 51.5 54.1 47.9
1990 2.4 -
2006 1.7 2.7 1.2 4.5 2.6 1.8 1.6 2.1 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 1.2 0.0 0.0 6.7 0.7 1.7 2.7 1.3 1.0 1.7 2.4 0.3 1.6 2.4 0.0 0.7 1.0 0.2 2.0 3.4 0.0
2000 37.3 78.2 83.3 72.8 88.1 87.7 72.5 91.7 93.5 79.2 -
2006 83.3 83.7 85.8 76.7 89.8 83.2 85.1 79.1 79.2 83.5 82.5 82.9 87.7 65.5 68.5 60.7 77.7 70.3 87.6 70.0 85.9 88.9 79.6 91.3 93.2 87.5 83.6 88.9 75.4 84.3 84.2 84.4
Sector
Urban Rural Estate 6.5 5.6 2.0 34.4 36.7 16.3 60.2 68.3 54.5 59.2 69.6 64.2 53.1 66.9 22.5
* Relates to both Northern and Eastern provinces
64
Indicator 19: Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate

The time trend
(%) 10 8 6 4 2 0
19 87
Figure 6.01 : Condom users among married women using contraception by year
19 93
20 00
Year
Condom use rate of CPR
Linear (Condom use rate of CPR)
Figure 6.02 : Condom users among married women using contraception by district - 2006/07
(%)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Tr in co m Ba ale tti e ca l A oa M mp on ar a Po era lo gal n a N nar uw uw ar a a el Pu iya ttl am A Bad nu ra ulla da Ra pur tn a ap u K ra eg al l M e at al e
District
Figure 6.03: Condom users among married women using contraception by sector (%) 10
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
9.2
6.5 5.6 4.5 2.4 5.7 5.3
2.0
Urban
Rural
Estate Sector
2000
65
H am ba K nto ur un ta eg ala G al K le an K dy al u G tara am pa h M a at a Co ra lo m bo
A ve ra ge
20 06 /0 7
Average
2006/07
20 15
Other determinants
Figure 6.04 : Condom users among married women using contraception by current age of the woman
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 C urre nt age (yrs.) 1993 2006/07 2.6 3.5 2.2 2.3 4.5 4.3 5.3 6.6 8.0 7.6 6.5 5.0 4.2 5.1
- The acceptance of condoms as a reliable contraceptive method has been increasing among married couples and the percentage using them has doubled within the twenty year interval spanned by 1987 and 2007. On the average, 5.7 percent of married women using contraception have used condoms in 2006/07. - Wide disparities in preference levels are noted between districts. While married women who use contraceptives in ten districts have opted the condom exceeding the overall average of 5.7 percent, and those in Colombo district records the highest figure of 9.3 percent, condom users in the three districts constituting the Eastern province fall below 2.5 percent. - Marginal differences are observed between the urban & rural sectors, but the contrast is quite significant between the estate sector and the other areas, the preference for condoms being three times higher among urban and rural couples as against those in the estates.
66
Indicator 19a: People living with HIV, (15 - 49) yrs. old
The time trend
Figure 6.05 : Cumulative HIV cases and percentage of infected women
Cumu. No. of HIV cases
Figure 6.06 : Cumulative number of AIDS cases

300 2 50
600 500 400 300 200 100 0

19 92 19 97 19 87 20 02 20 07
100 75 50 25 0
(%) of infected women Number
200 150 10 0 50 0
Year
Male Female % of infected women Female
Ye ar Male
Figure 6.07 : HIV infected persons (15-49)yrs. old -2007

13%
81%
44% 56 %
6%
(15-24)yrs.
(25-49)yrs.
Other
M ale
Female
Official statistics report 1,029 persons detected with HIV virus upto September 2008. Evidently, the number should be much higher and according to unofficial sources it is close to 5,000. Anyhow, it is clear that in spite of the fact that this killer virus has not spread to uncontrollable levels in Sri Lanka, it is on the rise, and the proportion of infected women appear to be steadily increasing. It is most likely to emerge as a serious health issue in the future. Over 80 percent of the HIV infected persons are in the (15-49)yrs. age cohort, and 44 percent of them are women who have the ability to give birth to a child. Every three out of four persons living with HIV, both men and women, are young adults or middle aged people in the (25-49)yrs. age interval. Focus should be laid on the fact that a large number of unskilled workers in the Free Trade Zones and women migrants, who fall into the high risk category of getting infected with the HIV virus are in this particular age cohort.
67
Indicator 19b : Percentage of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS
Figure 6.08 : Percentage of knowledgeable youth by district - 2006/07
(%) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
a e Ba l iy tti a ca lo a Ba du l G am la pa ha Po Ma lo tal nn e ar uw a K M an d on er y ag Pu ala A tta nu la ra m da pu ra M at ar a H am ba nt ot a K eg a Ra l tn le ap u A ra m pa K ra al ut Co ara lo K mb ur un o eg ala G al le A ve ra ge
N uw ar
District
2006/07
Target
Other determinants
(%) Figure 6.09 : Percentage of knowledgeable youth by s ector,s ex,age group & educational level - 2006/07
100 80 60 40 20 Fe m a le E sta te U rb a n M a le 0 p rim a ry a n da b o ve
R u ra l
G .C .E (O /L ) P a sse d
Y e a r 6- 1 1
1 8 -2 4 yrs.
Sector
Sex
Age Group
Educational level.
Conduct of comprehensive awareness programs to educate youth across all social strata is seen as the need of the hour, as knowledge about the HIV virus, major ways of preventing its transmission and common misconceptions related to this horrendous disease, is very poor among young men and women in the (15-24)yrs. age interval. Only one person out of every three persons in this vulnerable age cohort has been able to reach the minimum standard required. Wide disparities exist between districts. Galle district records the highest percentage (42.6%) of knowledgeable youth while Nuwara eliya registers the lowest percentage (28.2%). Eleven districts fall below the average rate of 35 percent. It is observed that knowledge about HIV/AIDS is comparatively lower in the estate sector, among men as against women, and among teens (15-18)yrs. as against the older age group of (18-24) yrs. Awareness about the disease shows a positive correlation with the educational level of the individual.
68
G .C .E (A /L ) D e g re e
P a sse d
A ve ra g e
< 1 8 yrs.
B e lo w
Ta rg e t
Indicator 19c: Contraceptive prevalence rate

The time trend
Figure 6.10 :Contraceptive prevalence rate by year
(%) 100 80 60
2006/ 07
C o nt r acep t i ve met ho d mi x
17. 6 35. 2 15. 2
40
1 987
29. 8 10. 8 21. 1
20 0
20
40
60
80 ( %)
St erilized
Modern t em.
T raditional
20 06 /0 7
19 87
19 93
CPR
20 00
Ye ar
Linear (CPR)
Figure 6.11: Contraceptive prevalence rate by district - 2006/07
CPR 100 80 60 40 20 0
Ba t Tr tica in l co oa m al ee A m p C ar a ol om Pu bo tta G lam am pa ha M at ar a N uw Ka ar nd H a el y am iy ba a nt K ota al ut ar a M at a K le M eg on al er le ag al Ba a R dul at na la pu ra A nu G ra al d le K apu ur ra u Po ne ga lo nn la ar uw a A ve ra ge
District
The use of contraceptives by married women in the reproductive age cohort has somewhat increased within the 1990 decade, but shows signs of faltering after 2000. Overall, 68 percent of married couples have claimed to be using contraception in 2006/07.
Sharp contrasts are not apparent between districts. Out of the twenty districts surveyed in 2006/07, only six districts record figures lower than the average, with the districts in the Eastern province at the tail end.
69
20 15
Figure 6.12: Contraceptive prevalence rate by sector
C PR 100 90 80 70 60 61 50 40 30 20 10 0 Urban Estate S e ctor Rural Average 59 55 68 64 70 66 68
C o n t ra c e p t iv e m e t h o d m ix
Est at e Rural Urban

0
St erilized
25
50
75
Tradit ional
1 00
( %)
M od en t emp.
1993
2006/07
Other determinants
Figure 6.13 : Contraceptive prevalence rate by current age of the mother
CPR 100 80 60 40 20 0 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 Current age 35-39 40-44 45-49
1993
2006/07
The situation has remained more or less static in the urban & rural areas since the early nineteen nineties. Still, rural women are on the lead with 70 percent reporting the use of a contraceptive method. Estate women register a significant increase in contraceptive use from 54.5 percent to 64.2 percent, and have emerged as the second highest in 2006/07 surpassing their urban counterparts (59.2%). Sterilization appears to be the most popular method among estate women with 2 out of 3 women using contraception, reported to be sterilized. The envisaged pattern of rising contraceptive use with the passage of years until the early forties is still intact. Despite the fact that the teenagers in the (15-19) age group have always been and still is the lowest users of contraception, a 100 percent rise in contraceptive use among teenagers is reported between 1993 and 2006/07.
70
Indicator 21: Prevalence and death rates associated with Malaria

The time trend
Figure 6.14 : Deaths due to Malaria by year
No.140
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Year
Figure 6.15 : Percentage distribution of Malaria cases by province - 1990 & 2006
9% 9% 2% 11% 4% 3% 2%
6% 2% 2% 15% 15%
21%
1% 1%
39%
14%
44%
Western North-Western
Central North-Central
Southern Uva
Northern Sabaragamuwa
Eastern
- Morbidity levels due to Malaria has followed a sharp downward trend since 1990, and it is no longer considered as a life threatening disease in Sri Lanka. Outbreaks of the infection in epidemic proportions has not been reported in the recent past. However, the disease has not been wiped out still in the endemic areas in the dry zone and conflict affected Northern and Eastern provinces.
71
Indicator 22: Proportion of population in Malaria-risk areas using effective Malaria prevention and treatment measures
Figure 6.16 : Percentage of children (<5 yrs.) who slept under a bednet by sector - 2006/07
( %)
100 80 60 40 20 0
K eg K all alu e ta ra G all H Ma e am ta ba ra n G tot am a K pa A uru ha nu ne ra ga Po dha l a lo pu nn ra ar uw a
B N atti uw ca a lo Tr ra e a in liy co a m a Ba lee du A lla m pa M ra ata Pu le M ttal on am e Ra raga tn la ap Co ura lo m b K o an dy
Figure 6.17 : Percentage of children (<5 yrs.) who slept under a bednet by sector - 2006/07
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Estate Urban Rural Average 23 53 67 62
The use of a bednet as a protective measure against mosquitos is widespread, with an average of 62 percent of children below five years of age claiming to be sleeping under a bednet. District wise disparities are discernible with five districts reporting over 80 percent of children using this prevention method, whereas the corresponding proportions in Batticaloa, Nuwara Eliya and Trincomalee districts are only 12.8 percent, 31.3 percent and 33.9 percent respectively . The practice of using a bednet to protect pre school children from the mosquito menace is highest among rural households (67%), followed by urban dwellings (53%). In the estate sector, only 23 percent of households use this prevention method, probably due to the fact that mosquitos are hardly a threat for them.
A ve ra ge
District
Sector
72
Indicator 23: Prevalence and death rates associated with Tuberculosis

The time trend
Incidence rat e per 100,000 populat ion Deat h rat e per 100,000 populat ion
Figure 6.18 : Incidence rate and death rate of TB by year
50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 1990 1994 1998 2002
Incidence Rat e
3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 2007

Deat h Rat e
Year
C ase s pe r 100,000 population 90 Inc i d e nc e 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
M u K llai ili ti no vu ch M chi an Pu n tta ar la M N m on el er iya ag a H Ba la am du ba lla nt o K M ta A ur at nu u ar ra neg a Po dh ala lo apu nn r a a Ba ru w Tr tti a in ca co lo m a al e M e at al G e A alle m pa ra A ve ra ge G am pa h Ja a K ffna R eg at al na le p K ur al a u C tar ol a o V m av bo un iy K a an dy
1 50.0 1 00.0 50.0 0.0
Figure 6.19 : Incidence rate by district

ra t e b y a g e g ro up 2007
District
1992
2006
TB is still a serious health concern in Sri Lanka with approximately 8,000 new cases detected annually. The link of the infection with the HIV virus has aggravated the severity of this health issue. Morbidity figures of TB shows an increasing trend over the years. It is attributed mainly to the improved case detection strategies adopted in the recent past, than to an actual rise in the incidence rates. The death rates register a somewhat retarding trend. The overall incidence rate of TB stood at 42 per 100,000 population in 2006. It is much higher in Kandy, Vavuniya, Colombo and Kalutara districts . The risk of getting infected with TB appears to rise with age, with the lowest incidence rate reported for children under 14 years and the highest incidence rate for elders over 55 years of age.
73
Indicator 24: Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under DOTS
The time trend
(%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year 2004 2005 2006 2007
Figure 6.20 : Percentage of TB cases detected under DOTs
Figure 6.21 : Percentage cured under DOTs - 2006
(%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
ge R at na pu K ra eg al l K e a n C Po ol dy lo om nn b ar o uw A H m a am p ba ara nt ot K Bad a ur u un lla e A K gal nu a a ra lut dh ar ap a ur a V av un i Tr J ya in af co fn m a Ba al e e t M tic on al o er a a G gal am a pa h M a at N ale E Pu liy tta a la m G a M lle at ar a A ve ra
District
Directly observed treatment short course (DOTS) is an effective curative strategy that has been successfully implemented in many countries. In 1997, it was introduced in one district in Sri Lanka and subsequently expanded to cover the whole island except a few Northern districts by 2005. The progress of the programme is well reflected by the rise in case detection rates over the period. On the average, the cure rate under DOTS was 83.3 percent in 2006. It was even higher in eleven districts out of the twenty two districts where DOTS has been implemented.
74
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Indicator 25. Proportion of land area covered by forest 26. Ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to surface area 27. Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per $1 GDP
Data sources
Limitations
Department of Forest Department of Wild Life Conservation Department of Census & Statistics
- Northern and Eastern provinces were excluded in Demographic Survey 1994. - Only Petroleum production is considered, in the estimation of energy use in Indicator 27.
28. Carbon dioxide emissions per capita and consumption of ozone- depleting CFCs (ODP tons) 29. Proportion of population using solid fuels 30. Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source 31. Proportion of population with access to improved sanitation 32. Proportion of households with access to secure tenure
MDGIS - MDG Indicator Survey
Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Demographic Survey 1994 MDGIS - 2006/07
- Northern province and Trincomalee district in Eastern province, were excluded in MDGIS 2006/07.
75
Progress at
sub
national
level - Goal 7
Prop. of households Access to with access to secure tenure improved sanitation
Province/ District/Sector
Reference year Average Western Colombo Gampaha Kalutara Central Kandy Matale Nuwara eliya Southern Galle Matara Hambantota Northern Jaffna Kilinochchi Mannar Vavuniya Mullaitivu Eastern Batticaloa Ampara Trincomalee North Western Kurunegala Puttalam North Central Anuradhapura Polonnaruwa Uva Badulla Moneragala Sabaragamuwa Ratnapura Kegalle
Proportion of land area covered Proportion of households using Prop. of households by forest solid fuel with sustainable access to an improved water source
1992 33.8 7.1 3.0 0.6 14.4 31.7 19.5 44.9 30.4 23.3 13.1 18.0 32.7 55.4 1.6 32.1 66.7 64.4 72.2 38.5 21.8 40.6 52.1 18.3 6.8 36.8 45.6 45.3 46.3 36.3 21.9 43.7 17.7 21.9 9.8
1999 32.2 6.3 3.3 0.9 12.3 28.8 20.0 37.7 28.5 24.2 13.2 17.2 34.9 54.4 1.6 31.2 65.9 63.0 70.9 37.7 21.7 40.0 50.3 16.3 6.0 32.8 42.0 40.5 45.4 33.9 20.0 41.1 18.2 22.7 9.7
1994 89.4 73.4 53.4 85.0 92.0 94.0 91.8 96.7 96.0 95.4 94.0 96.0 97.4
2006/07 79.0 54.5 33.8 62.2 80.4 86.5 82.9 91.9 90.1 90.2 88.0 89.6 94.6
1994 72.0 83.7 95.0 83.4 68.9 74.1 74.3 72.7 74.7 63.9 60.7 62.8 71.7
2006/07 84.7 94.4 97.5 93.7 89.4 72.1 81.7 83.2 46.1 85.0 83.2 89.2 83.2
1994 85.7 93.3 97.1 92.2 87.6 84.8 90.8 91.2 70.5 87.8 84.4 90.2 91.0
2006/07 93.9 94.9 94.7 94.7 95.8 92.9 96.3 92.9 86.0 96.9 97.6 97.4 94.8
2006/07 95.2
91.9
77.9 72.1 82.9 91.0 93.8 84.5 94.6 94.2 95.5 94.8 93.5 97.0 92.7 92.7 92.7
96.0* 85.1* 87.3* 89.1 93.8 85.0 93.7* 86.2 87.2 83.9 82.7 84.3 79.4 78.3 79.4 76.3 72.9 72.7 73.2
78.5* 68.4* 73.2* 87.4 81.4 92.7 83.0* 92.1 93.4 89.1 90.9 88.7 95.0 95.6 94.8 96.8 95.3 94.1 96.8
97.0 97.9 94.8 97.6 97.2 98.4 97.0 96.3 98.4 98.0 97.5 98.6
75.4 72.5 82.4 69.3 71.7 64.3 57.9 63.6 45.6 54.1 52.7 55.8
74.7 76.8 69.8 76.6 72.6 84.9 77.7 79.7 73.2 88.2 85.5 91.4
Sector
37.6 95.4 91.5 84.8 84.6 94.8 Estate 96.7 57.8 85.1 * Based on survey of child health and welfare in selected Northern and Eastern districts in Sri Lanka - 2004
Urban Rural
76
Indicator 25: Proportion of land area covered by forest

Figure 7.01 : Percentage of forest cover by district
70 Forest cover (%)
G
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
am pa h Ja a Co ffn K lom a ur b un o e K gal a eg K al alu le ta r G a M all e ata K ra an B dy Ba adu t l Ra tica la t n loa ap N u K e ra ili li no ya ch ch i A ve ra ge Pu H tt am al ba am nt o M ta A A ata nu m le r p Po adh ara lo apu n M nar ra on uw Tr er a i n ag co ala V ma av lee un M iy M an a ul na la r iti vu
District
1992
1999
Figure 7.02 : Percentage of forest cover by province

Western
60
Northern
50 40 30 20
S abaragamuwa
North-Central
10 0
North-Western
Eastern
S ourthern
Uva
Central
1992
1999
- One third of the land area is under forest cover in Sri Lanka. A substantial decline in the forest area is noted in Matale, Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa districts while marginal increases are recorded in Hambantota and Ratnapura districts, within the 1990 decade. - Virtually none of the provinces has registered an increase in the forest area whilst contraction in forest cover appear in North Central, Uva and Central provinces.
77
Indicator 26: Ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to surface area
Figure 7.03 : Area protected to m aintain biological diversity
Area (Hectare)
500,000
11% 14%
400,000
300,000
1990 Total protected area
2006
200,000
100,000
0 JC SNR NR Category of protected area S NP
1990
2006
JC - Jungal Corridors SNR - Strict Nature Reserves NR - Nature Reserves S - Sanctuaries NP - National Parks
- Sri Lanka is a country with high biodiversity. Population growth and the many ambitious programmes launched to bring about economic development has contributed to the decrease in ecosystems, plant and animal species. However, the government has taken many steps towards biodiversity conservation. - Protected areas has increased by 3 percent over the period under review. The expansion of national parks and sanctuaries has contributed largely for this achievement.
78
Indicator 27: Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per $1 GDP
Figure 7.04 :Energy use (kg oil equivalent ) per $1 GDP 0.50 0.45 0.40
Petroleum (kg) /GDP($)
0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00

19 90 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06
Ye ar
- Energy use (petroleum in kg) per $ GDP has followed a declining trend since 1990, with the highest value of 0.21 reported for 1990 and the lowest value of 0.05 reported for 2005.
79
Indicator 28: Carbon dioxide emissions per capita and consumption of Ozone - depleting CFCs
Figure 7.05 : Carbon dioxide emissions per capita by year

Carbon dioxide ( MT) 0.90 0.70 0.50 0.30 0.10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year
Carbon dioxide emission Linear (Carbon dioxide emission)
O DP MT 600 500 400 300 200 100 0
Figure 7.06 : CFC Consumption by year
19 90
19 91
19 92
19 93
19 94
19 95
19 96
19 97
19 98
19 99
20 01
20 02
20 03
20 00
20 04
20 05
Ye ar
- Sri Lanka ratified the United Nations Framework convention for climate change in November 1993 and submitted the first national communication in year 2000. - Green house gas emissions leads to air pollution and if continued will lead to global warming and climatic changes. Carbon dioxide which is a constitute of green house gases is produced mainly from the use of fossil fuel, predominant in sectors of transport, industry and power generation. The per capita Carbon dioxide emissions per year has recorded a three fold rise from 0.20 MT to 0.64 MT between 1990 and 2005. - Chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs is a chemical product that causes depletion of the ozone layer. Sri Lanka has introduced many rules and regulations to reduce the use of such substances. As a result, CFC consumption which had risen to 521 MT in 1995 from 210 MT in 1990, has gradually declined to 62 MT by 2007.
80
20 06
20 07
Indicator 29: Proportion of the households using solid fuels

Figure 7.07 : Percentage of households using solid fuels by district
100
80
Percentage
60
40 20
0
K al ut ar a K an dy A m p Pu ara tta la m G al le N Ma uw ta r ar a a el iy a M at Ra al tn e ap ur K a eg al l Ba e d K u u ll A ru n a nu ag ra a d la H hap am ur a b Po ant ot lo nn a a M ruw on ar a ag al a Co lo m G bo am p Ba aha tti ca lo a A ve ra ge
District
1994
2006/07
Figure 7.08: Percentage of households using solid fuels by province

100 80 60 40 20 0
Sa ba ra ga m uw a N or th -C en tra l A ve ra ge n So ut he rn W es ter n Ce nt ra l Ea ste r es te rn U va
Pecentage
N or th
-W
Province
1994
2006/07
81

Figure 7.09 : Percentage of households by type of fuel used for cooking by sector - 2006/07
100% 10
13 18
75%
50
50%
85
97 79
25%
38
0% Urban Rural Estate Gas kerosene/ Electricity Ave rage Se ctor Fire w ood/ Saw dust/ Paddy husk
- Overall, the proportion of households using solid fuels has registered a marked decline of 10 percentage points between 1994 and 2006/07. However, still four households out of every five households in the island use fire wood, saw dust or paddy husk for cooking purposes. - A significant decline in the usage of biomass is not reported within the period under review either at provincial level or district level, other than the Western province and Colombo and Gampaha districts, where a rapid growth in urban
neighbourhoods with limited natural resources, has been experienced in the recent past. - Sectoral disparities are wide and reflects the different living styles of people in densely populated cities and the more simple livelihoods of the rural and estate folk. The proportion of households depending on firewood, saw dust or paddy husk for their cooking purposes in the rural and estate sectors are as high as 85 percent and 97 percent respectively. In contrast, only 38 percent of households in the urban sector have similar practices.
82
Indicator 30: Proportion of households with sustainable access to safe drinking water
The time trend
Figure 7.10 : Trends in accessibility to safe drinking water

100 90 Percentage of households 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
20 06 /0 7 19 90 20 00 20 01 19 93 19 96 20 15
Tube we ll
Target
Main source of drinking wate r by ye ar 2006/07 Year 1993

( %)
P ipe bo rne wa te r
0%
20%
P ro te c te d we ll
40%
60%
Unpro te c te d we ll
80%
100%
Othe r unim pro ve d s o urc e s
Year
Percentage with safe water access
Linear (Percentage with safe water access)
Figure 7.11 : Access to safe drinking water by district

90 80 70 60
100 90 80 Percentage of households 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
7 2 .0 1 994
8 4 .7 2006
8 6 .0 Ta rge t (201 5)
N uw ar a e Ra l iya tn ap ur a K M eg on al le e Po arag lo al nn a ar uw a Ba du lla K an dy M at al e H G am a ba lle nt ot a P A ut nu tal a ra dh m ap ur a
District
83
A m K pa ur r un a ag ala M at a K ra al ut G ara am Ba pah tti a co lo Co a lo m bo

1994 2006/07
A ve ra ge
Figure 7.12: Main source of drinking water by province - 2006/07

West ern Uva Cent ral Sout hern
Province
Average
Sabaragamuwa Nort h-Cent ral East ern Nort h-West ern 0% 20% 40% P rot ect ed well Unprot ect ed well 60% 80% 100%
Pipe borne wat er Prot ect ed spring wat er/Rain wat er
T ube well Ot her unimproved sources
Other determinants
Figure 7.13 : Distance to the water source by sector - 2006/07

100% 11 80% 22 32 60% 87 69 71 53
4 11
21
40%

20%
0% Urban Rural Estate Average
Sector
Within premises Outside premises but within 200m 200m-1Km >1 Km
84
Figure 7.14 : Main source of drinking water - 2006/07
2% 2%
10% 4% 15%
26%
Urban
Pipe borne water Protected spring water
Rural
Protected well Unprotected well T ube well
Estate
Other unimproved sources
- The proportion of households with access to safe drinking water has increased over the decade and has almost reached the MDG target of 86 percent, by year 2006. - Among districts, only Nuwara eliya district records an accessibility rate below 50 percent, while Colombo with the highest accessibility rate (98%) has more or less reached the universal level. - Pipe borne water recipients have risen by 30 percent within the time span of 13 years since 1993. However, protected well continues to be the most dependable water source to the majority of households, it being the main water source in all the provinces except Uva and Central provinces. While Western province leads in receiving pipe borne water from the Water Board, North Western province happens to be getting this facility the least. - There is a wide variation between sectors in the proportion of households enjoying safe drinking water. While 96 percent of households in the cities receive this essential requirement, only 58 percent of households in the estate sector enjoy the privilege. - Sectoral disparities exist not only on the availability of a safe water source, but also the distance to it from the place of residence. Whilst this most essential ingredient for living is within their reach to almost all the urban dwellers, the situation is less promising for rural folk, with 8 percent of the households having the water source beyond 200m from the residence. For estate people the situation is really bleak, with over 10 percent of the householders facing the tedious task of travelling more than a kilometre, to fetch water for their bare necessities.
85
Other determinants
Figure 7.15 : Households by water source and whether water is purified and method of purifying - 2006/07
17%
14% 4%
44 %
56 %
83%
12% 45 % 55 % 88%
53%
24 % 47 % 53 % 76 %
8%
29%
43% 57% 92%
Pipe bone water Other improved
Protected well Unimproved
Purify drinking water Not purify drinking water
Boiling
Other method
- Over 50 percent of the Sri Lankan households depend on the protected well for their water requirements. Nearly 30 percent have access to pipe borne water and 4 percent are served by other improved sources. One out of seven households or 14 percent do not receive safe water. - The majority of the householders are in the habit of purifying drinking water regardless of the water source, whether it be an improved water source or not. This practice is most common among households using pipe borne water (57%). - Boiling water as a means of purification is the preferred method by a vast majority of households exceeding 80 percent.
86
Indicator 31: Proportion of population with access to improved sanitation

The time trend
Figure 7.16 : Trends in the accessibility of improved sanitary facilities

(%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
20 06 /0 7 19 92 19 94 19 96 20 15
Target
2006/07 1994 0% 50% 100%
Exclusively for the household Share w ith other None
Ye ar Percentage with imp. sanitation
Linear (Percentage with imp. sanitation)
Figure 7.17 : Percentage of population with access to improved sanitation by district

95 90 85 80
9 3 .9 8 5. 7 9 2 .9
(%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
1 994
2006/07
Target
B N at ti uw co l An ara oa ur e ad liy ha a pu Pu ra t ta l Am am pa ra M Ku at a ru na le ga la
Av er ag e R at na p C ura ol o G mb am o H am pah ba a nt o Po Ba ta lo du nn ll ar a uw a Ka lu ta ra M Kan on d er y ag a Ke la ga l M le at ar a G al le
District
1994
2006/07
87
Figure 7.18 : Type of sanitary facilities by province - 2006/07

Sabaragamuwa Uva We ste rn Sourthe rn
Province
Ave rage
C e ntral North - We ste rn North - C e ntral Easte rn 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Exclusively for the household
Share with other
Public / Common
None
Figure 7.19: Access to sanitary facilities by latrine type and sector -2006/07
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Urban Rural S ector Estate Average 88 79 69 80 8 11 14 4 4 11
13
Water seal
Pour flush
Pit
None
88
Figure 7.20 : Type of sanitary facilities by sector - 2006/07
1.8%
4% 13%
Urban
Rural
Estate
Exclusively use
Share with other
Public / Common
None
- The proportion of population with access to improved sanitation stands at 94 percent in 2006/07 and has exceeded the MDG target of 93 percent. - Substantial improvements in sanitary conditions have been recorded in all the districts within the past decade. Galle district shows the most satisfactory situation with 98 percent of the households having access to improved sanitary facilities, while Batticaloa district is at the tail end with a relatively low figure of 83 percent . - It is vital that every household should have a separate toilet for their exclusive use. Overall 86 percent of the households enjoy this facility. But there is a wide variation between provinces and among sectors in this regard. Only 76 percent of households in the Eastern province and 67 percent of households in the estates are having a toilet for the exclusive use of the household members. It is still worse to note that persons living in 11 percent of the households in the Eastern province, and 13 percent of the households in the estate sector have no latrine facilities at all.
89
Indicator 32: Proportion of people with access to secure tenure

Figure 7. 21 : Prop. of urban pop. living in slums
15%
4.8%
95.2%
Urban Sec. Pop.Pop. Other Sec. Pop.
Slums
Other dwellings
Figure 7.22 : Prop. of urban pop. in Colombo dist. living in slums

8.1%
55%
91.9%
Colombo Urban sec Pop. Pop. Colombo Other sec. Pop.
Slums
Other dwellings
- Overall, 15 percent of the Sri Lankan population live in urban areas. Apparently 5 percent of the urban dwellers live in slums or shanties. - In the densely populated Colombo district, every other person lives in an urban neighbourhood. Survey data reveals that 8 percent of these urban residents are poorly housed.
90
Goal 8 : Develop a global partnership for development
Indicator 39. Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and clothing from developing countries 41. Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity. 44. Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services 45. Unemployment rate of young people aged 15-24 years 47A. Number of telephone lines per 100 population 47B. Cellular subscribers per 100 population. 48. Personal computers in use and Internet users per 100 population. QLFS - Quarterly Labour Force Survey MDGIS - MDG Indicator Survey CLS Computer Literacy Survey
91
Data source
Limitations
Department of Commerce - QLFS 1993, 2006, 2007 excludes Northern and Eastern provinces
Department of External Resources Department of Census & Statistics QLFS - 1993, 2006, 2007
MDGIS - 2006/07
- MDGIS 2006/07, CLS 2006/07 excludes Northern province and Trincomalee district in Eastern province
CLS - 2006/07
Progress at
sub
national Level Goal 8

No. of telephone lines per 100 pop. 2006/07 7.9 11.6 13.7 10.9 8.5 7.6 9.5 6.7 4.4 6.3 7.6 6.0 4.3 4.0 3.4 4.6 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.6 7.1 5.6 5.0 5.7 3.8 5.6 4.7 6.8 Cellular Desktop PCs subscribers used in per 100 households population
Province/ District
Reference year
Unemployment rate of young people aged 15-24 yrs. each sex and total 1993
Total Male 29.9 36.5 35.5 33.2 43.7 24.6 30.1 * * 41.7 36.8 51.3 38.0 34.9 39.4 39.9 35.8 44.8 36.4 44.9 26.9 33.9 42.0 42.0 45.5 38.2
Internet users per 100 pop.
per 100 pop.

2006/07
2006 Female 42.2 43.5 45.5 39.1 * 52.5 62.1 41.2 45.1 42.6 49.3 37.1 38.4 39.4 37.1 44.5 29.9 26.8 * 28.7 25.9 * 43.1 41.5 44.3 Total 21.6 17.6 16.6 17.6 19.6 22.2 27.6 18.5 17.2 30.3 33.0 28.2 28.1 19.2 21.6 15.2 18.6 15.3 25.2 23.6 22.6 25.4 23.9 25.2 22.0
Male
Sri Lanka Western Colombo Gampaha Kalutara Central Kandy Matale Nuwara eliya Southern Galle Matara Hambantota Northern Jaffna Kilinochchi Mannar Vavuniya
17.5 15.5 14.5 17.0 14.2 18.9 25.6 11.8 13.1 23.9 26.7 21.1 22.3 14.8 18.7 9.1 12.6 9.8 * 18.8 20.4 * 18.3 20.1 15.6
Female 28.2 20.8 19.9 18.5 28.1 27.1 31.0 29.3 22.5 40.3 42.4 39.6 37.3 26.9 26.0 28.7 29.4 25.8 35.9 31.0 25.6 42.4 33.5 34.5 32.2
2006/07 14.8 23.1 28.7 21.0 15.5 12.2 14.8 10.9 7.6 12.0 14.2 10.9 9.6 11.1 11.1 11.1 14.2 13.0 16.9 7.4 7.6 7.0 6.0 6.2 5.7 9.3 8.8 9.9
2006/07
8.2 16.4 23.9 12.7 9.1 6.7 9.6 4.9 2.0 4.9 5.8 5.3 3.0
-
9.7 18.0 26.9 13.6 8.2 8.1 11.8 5.7 2.0 7.2 8.8 5.4 6.5
-
Mullaitivu
Eastern Batticaloa Ampara Trincomalee North Western Kurunegala Puttalam North Central Anuradhapura Polonnaruwa Uva Badulla Maneragala Sabaragamuwa Ratnapura Kegalle Sector Urban Rural Estate
27.7 25.5 32.4 20.3 21.6 17.7 22.6 23.5 * 39.3 39.5 39.1
20.1 17.3 25.4 14.7 18.2 * 18.4 21.9 * 36.2 38.0 34.8
3.7 3.3 4.0 4.8 4.5 5.6 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.7 3.5 1.3 3.3 2.9 3.9
17.8 6.9 1.1
6.0 4.2 7.2 5.2 5.6 4.5 3.6 3.8 3.2 3.6 4.8 1.6 6.2 8.3 3.5
17.7 8.8 1.6
29.7 43.9 33.8
25.7 41.7 28.2
36.5 46.9 41.7
16.4 22.7 17.3
14.2 18.0 16.7
19.9 30.4 17.9
11.4 7.6 2.4
23.5 13.8 5.6
* Cell count is not enough to provide relaible estimales
92
Indicator 39 : Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and textiles and clothing from developing countries
Figure 8.01 : Average applied tariffs imposed by developed countries by type of product - 2006
USA
5 .3
7 .7
11.4
Switzerland
4 3 .8
6 .5
6 .4
No rway
6 1.1
7 .1
11.1
New Zealand
1.7
10 .5
3 2 .6
J apan
2 4 .3
5 .4
9 .2
Euro pean Unio n
15 .1
6 .5
11.5
Canada
17 .3
10 .6
17 .2
Aus tralia
1.2
18 .3
4 1.1
10
20
30
40
50
60 0
10 Te xtile products
0 20
10
20
30
40
50
Agricultural products
C lothing products
High tariffs is a critical constraint affecting developing countries in accessing global markets. Tariffs in Norway and Switzerland are particularly high for
agricultural products. In the case of textile and clothing products, Australia, New Zealand and Canada apply relatively higher tariffs. -
On the whole, tariffs imposed by the United States are comparatively low and appears to offer a better market access to developing countries.
Swiss and Japanese markets are open with low tariff barriers for the garment industry even though they are not favourable for agriculture products.
93
Indicator 41 : Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity
The time trend
Figure 8.02 : Proportion of ODA allocated for trade
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
The official development assistance allocated for strengthening the trade sector has remained negligibly small throughout the years, and shows no signs of improvement in the near future.
94
Indicator 44 : Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods & services
The time trend
Figure 8.03 : External debt service as a percentage of exports of goods & services by year
% 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
The proportion of export earnings that needs to be utilized to ease the burden of debt service has followed a declining trend during the period under review, the drop being around 35 percent from 18.5 in 1990 to 12.7 by 2006, with cyclic fluctuations in between. An unexpected sharp drop to 7.9 percent is marked in 2005, mainly attributed to the debt relief granted after the Tsunami of 2004.
95
Indicator 45 : Unemployment rate of young people aged 15-24 years, each sex and total
Figure 8 . 04 : Unemployment rate by sex and district 2006

45 40 35 30
M ale
Female
Rate
25 20 15 10 5 0
G am pa Co ha l o N uw mb o ar a El iy a A Ba du nu l ra dh la ap u K ra ur un eg ala K al ut ar a M at al e K an dy K eg Ra alle tn Po apu lo r nn a ar H uw am a ba nt ot a M at ar a M Ga on lle ar ag al a A ve ra ge Pu tta la m
District
Note : Cell count is not enough to provide reliable estimates for male rates in Polonnaruwa & Moneragala districts
Figure 8.05 : Provincial trends in youth unemployment Sabaragamuwa

Fe male
Uva North Central North Western Southern Central Western
Mal e
60
40
20
0 1993
0 2007
20
40
60
96
Sectoral trends
Figure 8.06 : Sectoral trends in youth unemployment

100
25
Un e m p lo ym e n t ra t e ( A ll a g e s )
M ale Female
80
20
Rate
15 10 5 0 19 9 3 2007
Rate
60
Ye a r
40
20
Urban M ale 1993
Rural M ale 2007
Estate S ector Female 1993
Total Female 2007
The unemployment rate of youth (15-24)yrs. stands at 21.4 in 2007, with corresponding rates for men and women being 17.1 and 28.1 respectively. While the unemployment rate of men has halved during the 14 years since 1993, the unemployment rate for women has dropped by one third. District differentials bring out wide variations in unemployment levels between districts. While Galle district poses highest unemployment problems to youth, both men and women alike; the least problems for men and women are reported from Puttalam and Gampaha districts respectively. The provincial scene indicates that Southern province is the worst area for youth in the labour market. Western province appears to be the most promising area for women job seekers while North Central is best for men. Sector wise, the progress made by estate youth is noteworthy. While the unemployment rates have almost halved in the urban and rural sectors, the estate sector registers a decline over 60 percent and reports the lowest unemployment rate of 12.1 as against 14.7 and 23.0 with respect to urban and rural sectors, in 2007.
97
Indicator 47 : Fixed telephone lines & cellular subscribers per 100 population
The time trend
Figure 8.07 : Growth in communication facilities by year
10
Cumulative No. of tel./cell
8
( In Million') subscribers
6 4 2 0 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

Ye ar
2001
2003
2005
2007
Fixed telephone lines
Mobile Subscribers
Figure 8.08 : Increase in the number of subscribers per 100 population
16 14
Pe rce ntage of house holds by availability of a phone - 2006/07

20%
Fixed lines / Mobile sub.
Per 100 population
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 19 9 1 Ye ar 20 06/0 7
50%
1 3%
1 7%
Mobile phone only Mobile & Land phone Mobile Subscribers
Land phone only None
Fixed lines
The telecommunication industry in Sri Lanka has experienced a rapid growth in the recent past since the year 2000. While fixed lines have increased at a steady pace, the expansion of mobile connections has been very fast and has risen to 8 million between 1990 and 2007. Three out of every ten households possess a land phone while a mobile phone is available in four out of every ten households. Nevertheless, 50 percent of the households have neither a land phone nor a mobile.
98
Figure 8.09 : Fixed telephone lines & Cellular subscribers by district - 2006/07
35 Tel. line/Cell. Subscribers per 100 population
% 16
30 25 20 15 10 5 0
12 8 4 0
C e llula r s ubs c ribe rs
F ixe d te le pho ne line s
Tel. lines / Cell subscribers per 100 population
District and sectoral differentials reveal that fixed line access is still low in certain districts such as Nuwara eliya, Moneragala and Batticaloa as well as in the estate sector. Although mobile phones have been able to bridge the urbanrural divide to some extent, still the use of both fixed lines and mobile phones are much higher in the urban sector compared to the other two sectors.
99
M on er ag al a B Po ad u lo nn lla ar N u uw w a a A r a- e nu li y ra dh a ap Ra ura tn H apu am ra ba nt ot a K eg al le M at al e M at a Ba r tti a ca lo A a m K par ur un a eg ala G al le K an dy K al ut a Pu ra tta la m G am pa Co ha lo m bo
District
Cellular subscribers
Figure 8.10 : Fixed telephone lines & Cellular subscribers by sector - 2006/07 25
23.5
20 15
13.8
10 5 0
11.4 7.6 5.6 2.4

Urban Rural Estate
S ector
Cellular subscribers
Other determinants
Figure 8.11 : Cellular subscribers per 100 population by age group 2006/2007
35 30 Cellular subscribers per 100 population 25 20 15 10 5 0
%
Cellular s ub s crib ers p er 10 0 p o p ulatio n b y Sex 2 0 0 6 /0 7
30 20 10 0 M a le F e m a le
Sex
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60+
Age group (yrs.)
Figure 8.12 : Cellular subscribers per 100 pop. by edu. attainment - 2006/07
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 No schooling Year 1-5 Year 6-11 Passed O/L Passed A/L Degree & above
Cellular subscribers per 100 population
Educational attainment
Apparently there is a gender distinction in the usage of cellular phones as more men than women are reported to be using this facility. It is interesting to note that over 25 percent of youth in the prime age interval of (20-29) years have mobile phones. The proportion declines progressively with age, with only 5 percent of senior citizens claiming to be possessing a cellular phone. Usage of cellular phones is positively correlated to the educational level of an individual.
100
Indicator 48 (a) : Personal computers in use per 100 population

%
30
%
Figure 8.13 : Percentage of households having desktop and laptop computers by district - 2006/07
25 20 15 10 5 0
10
0 D e s kt o p La p t o p
Mone ragala Nuwa ra-el iy a Anur adhap ura Polon naruw a Rat na pura Hamb antot a Bat tic aloa
Kuru negal a
Kega l le
Badu l la
Gall e
District
Laptop computer
Desktop computer
Figure 8.14 : Percentage of schools with computer laboratories & internet accessibility - 2006/07 %
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
ul la V itiv N av u uw u n ar iy a a Ba Eli tti y a ca l K oa eg a A lle m pa Tr Ba ra i n du co ll m a Ra ale tn e K ap u u Po ru n ra lo eg a A nn la nu ar ra uw dh a ap ur a ra ga K la an M dy at ar H Ma a am ta b a le nt K ota al u Pu tara tta G lam am pa ha G Co all lo e m bo ve r ag e
Distirct
Computer laboratory Internet facilities
101
on e
Gamp aha
Colom bo
Putta lam
Kalut ara
Mata le
Amp ara
Mata ra
Kand y
% 21
Figure 8.15 : Pe rce ntage of hous e holds having compute rs by s e ctor & ye ar
20.4
18 15 12 9 6 3 0
1.5 0.3 10.5 7.5
3.1 0.0 0.3 1.2
Urban
Rural
Es tate
Se ctor 1996/1997 2004 2006
Digital divide is well reflected between districts, provinces and sectors.
Colombo district has a clear predominance over the other districts in the availability of a computer at household level, with nearly one out of every four households reporting the facility. The only other district with over 10 percent of households claiming ownership of a household PC is Gampaha district. Similarly the Western province (16.8%) and the urban sector (18.2%) stands apart in the acquisition of this new technology.
Overall, 17 percent of schools have a computer laboratory while 6 percent have internet connections. Marked contrasts between districts are noted in the availability of IT facilities in schools.
Colombo district is at the lead with every third school having a computer laboratory and every fifth school having access to the internet. Apparently student population in Mullativu district is the most disadvantageous in this context with corresponding percentages of 2 percent and 0 percent respectively.
102
Indicator 48(b) : Internet users per 100 population

%
30
Figure 8.16 : Percentage of household pop. of (5-69) yrs. with the ability to use email/internet by district - 2006/07
C u m . N o . o f In t e rn e t s u b s c rib e rs
2 50 In 1 ,000 2 0 0 150
25 20 15 10 5 0
10 0 50 0
Ye ar
M on e N rag uw a ar la Po a e li lo nn ya ar uw a A Ke nu ga ra l dh le ap ur a Pu tta la m Ba du Ba l tti la c K alo ur a un eg ala M at ar a M H a am ta l ba e nt ot a K al ut Ra ar tn a ap ur a A m pa ra
G al le
A ve ra ge
District
Int ernet
E-mail
Fi gu re 8.17 : Pe rce n tage of h ou se h ol d pop. of (5-69) yrs. wi th the abi l i ty to u se e mai l & i n te rn e t by se ctor - 2006/07
20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Urban Rural 2.2 1.6 9.2 18.2 17.7
8.8
Est at e
S ector
E-mail
Internet
The rapid growth in the number of internet and email subscribers within the past decade provides ample evidence, about how positively Sri Lankans have reacted to the new opportunities introduced by this advancement in communication technology. However, the ability to use email and internet facilities is confined to only 10 percent of the countrys population, the vast majority of them living in urbanized areas.
103
G am pa ha K an Co dy lo m bo
Other determinants
Figure 8.18 : Percentage of household population of 5-69 years who have the ability to use e-mail & internet
a) By age group
%
50 40 30 20 10 0
51 0 1 01 7 1 7 20 20 30 30 45 45 55 55 69
Age group (yrs.) E-mail Internet
b) By language literacy
c) By educational attainment %
100 75 50 25
%
50 40
30 20
0
No s c ho o ling B e lo w gra de 5 Gra de 510 G. C . E. (O/L) G. C . E. (A/L) o r a bo ve
10 0
Educational le ve l
E-mail
English Sinhala
Internet
T amil E-mail Internet
Generally young people show a higher aptitude for IT related work. It is amply demonstrated by youth in the (17-20) yr. age group with nearly one out of every four persons claiming to be able to use internet and email facilities. The competence rate declines steadily with age to reach 4 percent in respect of senior citizens. Use of this modern technology is also positively correlated with educational attainment of the individual. It is noted that English literate people are far more likely to use email and internet facilities, than their counterparts who are literate only in local languages.
104
Annex - MDG Indicators and Definitions 1. Poverty headcount ratio (Percentage of population below the national poverty line)
The poverty headcount ratio is the proportion of the national population whose incomes are below the official threshold (or thresholds) set by the National Government. National poverty lines are usually set for households of various compositions to allow for different family sizes. Where there are no official poverty lines, they may be defined as the level of income required to have only sufficient food or food plus other necessities for survival. Definition Used Same as the UN definition but real per capita expenditure is used instead of income.
2 : Poverty gap ratio (Incidence multiplied by depth of poverty)

Poverty gap ratio is the mean distance separating the population from the poverty line (with the non-poor being given a distance of zero), expressed as a percentage of the poverty line. Definition Used Same as the UN definition
3 : Share of poorest quintile in national consumption

Share of the poorest quintile in national consumption is the income that accrues to the poorest fifth of the population. Definition Used Same as the UN definition but real per capita expenditure was used instead of per capita income
4 : Prevalence of underweight children under 5 years of age.

Prevalence of (moderately or severely) under weight children is the percentage of children under five years, whose weight for age is less than minus two standard deviations from the median for the international reference population aged 059 months. The international reference population was formulated by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) as a reference for the United States and later adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) for international use (often referred to as the NCHS/WHO reference population). Definition Used Numerator: Number of children whose weight for age Z- score is less than -2.0 standard deviations (SD) below the median on the NCHS/CDC/WHO international reference standard. Denominator: Number of living children between ages 0 and 59 months at the time of the survey.
105
5 : Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption.

Proportion of the population below the minimum level of dietary energy consumption is the percentage of the population whose food intake falls below the minimum level of dietary energy requirements. This is also referred to as the prevalence of undernourishment, which is the percentage of the population that is undernourished. Definition Used Same as the UN definition but real per capita expenditure was used instead of per capita income.
6 : Net enrolment ratio in primary education

Net primary enrolment ratio is the ratio of the number of children of official school age (as defined by the national education system) who are enrolled in primary school to the total population of children of official school age. Primary education provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art and music. Definition Used Same as the UN definition.
7 : Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5.

The proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5, known as the survival rate to grade 5, is the percentage of a cohort of pupils enrolled in grade 1 of the primary level of education in a given school year who are expected to reach grade 5. Definition Used Same as the UN definition
7a : Primary completion rate

Primary completion rate is the ratio of the total number of students successfully completing (or graduating from) the last year of primary school in a given year to the total number of children of official graduation age in the population. Definition Used Same as the UN definition
8 : Literacy rate of 15-24 years-olds

Literacy rate of 1524 year-olds, or the youth literacy rate, is the percentage of the population 1524 years old who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement on everyday life. The definition of literacy sometimes extends to basic arithmetic and other life skills.
106
Definition Used Percentage the population 15-24 years, who can both read and write fluently or read fluently and write with difficulty in everyday life, to the total population of 15-24 years old.
9 : Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education.

Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education is the ratio of the number of female students enrolled at primary, secondary and tertiary levels in public and private schools to the number of male students. Definition Used Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education is the number of female students enrolled at primary, secondary and tertiary levels to the number of male students. Target population for (1) Primary : Children enrolled in grade1 to grade 5 regardless of age
(2) Secondary : Children enrolled in grade 6 to grade 13 regardless of age (3) Tertiary : Children who have at least G.C.E.(A/L) qualification and enrolled in educational or vocational activities, of 2 years duration or more, that will ultimately lead to a degree or an equivalent qualification
10 : Ratio of literate women to men , 15-24 years old.

The ratio of literate women to men, 1524years old (literacy gender parity index) is ratio of the female literacy rate to the male literacy rate for the age group 1524. Definition Used Same as the UN definition the
11 : Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector

The share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector is the share of female workers in the non-agricultural sector expressed as a percentage of total employment in the sector. The non-agricultural sector includes industry and services. Following the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) of All Economic Activities, industry includes mining and quarrying (including oil production), manufacturing, construction, electricity, gas and water. Services includes wholesale and retail trade; restaurants and hotels; transport, storage and communications; financing, insurance, real estate and business services; and community, social and personal services. Employment refers to people above a certain age who worked or held a job during a reference period. Employment data include both full-time and part-time workers whose remuneration is determined on the basis of hours worked or number of items produced and is independent of profits or expectation of profits.
107
Definition Used The share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector is the share of female workers in the non agricultural sector expressed as a percentage of total employment in the sector. The non agricultural sector includes industry and services. Following the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) of All Economic Activities, industry includes mining and quarrying, manufacturing, construction, electricity, gas and water. Service includes wholesale and retail trade; restaurants and hotels; transport, storage and communications; financing, insurance, real estate and business services; and community, social and personal services. Wage employed persons are all household members, who during the reference period worked as paid employees
12 : Proportion of seats held by women in National Parliament

The proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments is the number of seats held by women expressed as a percentage of all occupied seats. Definition Used Same as the UN definition.
13 : Under five mortality rate.(Child mortality rate)

The under-five mortality rate is the probability(expressed as a rate per 1,000 live births) of a child born in a specified year dying before reaching the age of five if subject to current age-specific mortality rates. Definition Used Same as the UN definition
14 : Infant mortality rate.

The infant mortality rate is typically defined as the number of infants dying before reaching the age of one year per 1,000 live births in a given year. Definition Used Infant mortality rate is the probability( expressed as a rate per 1000 live births) of a child born in a specified year dying before reaching the age of one if subjected to current age specific mortality rates.
15 : Proportion of 1year old children immunized against measles.

The proportion of 1-year-old children immunized against measles is the percentage of children under one year of age who have received at least one dose of measles vaccine. Definition Used Out of the number of living children between 12 and 23 months of age, the proportion who have received at least one dose of measles vaccine.
108
16 : Maternal mortality rate

The maternal mortality ratio is the number of women who die from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes) during pregnancy and childbirth or within 42days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, per100,000 live births. The 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases makes provision for including late maternal deaths occurring between six weeks and one year after childbirth. Definition Used Maternal death is the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy irrespective of the duration and the site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management, but not accidental incident causes.
17 : Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel

The proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel is the percentage of deliveries attended by personnel trained to give the necessary supervision, care and advice to women during pregnancy, labour and the post-partum period; to conduct deliveries on their own; and to care for newborns. Skilled health personnel include only those who are properly trained and who have appropriate equipment and drugs. Traditional birth attendants, even if they have received a short training course, are not to be included. Definition Used Numerator : Number of live births where a skilled health personal (Doctor, Nurse, Midwife) has provided assistance at delivery. Denominator : Number of live births. Reference period is the five years preceding the survey.
19: Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate

Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate is the number of women aged 15-49 years in marital or consensual unions who are practicing contraception by using condoms as a proportion of all of women of the same age group in consensual unions who are practicing , or whose sexual partners are practicing , any form of contraception. Definition Used Numerator : The number of women whose sexual partners use a condom. Denominator: The number of women who use a family planning method.
19 B : Percentage of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS
Percentage of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS is the share of women and men aged 15-24 years who correctly identify the two major ways of preventing the sexual transmission of HIV (using condoms and limiting sex to one faithful, uninfected partner), who reject the two most common local misconceptions about HIV transmission and who know that a healthy- looking person can transmit HIV.
109
Definition Used Percentage of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS is the share of women and men aged 15-24 years who correctly identify the three major ways of identifying the sexual transmission of HIV out of five methods of transmittance (not limiting sex to one faithful uninfected partner, blood transfusion, homosexuality, sharing blades and razors, sharing needles or syringes) and who know that a healthy looking person can transmit HIV.
19 C : Contraceptive prevalence rate

The contraceptive prevalence rate is the percentage of women who are practicing, or whose sexual partners are practicing, any form of contraception. It is usually reported for women ages 15-49 in marital or consensual unions. Definition Used Numerator: The number of women who say they use any specific method (any modern method and any traditional method), including ever-users of female sterilization. Denominator: The number of ever married women (15-49) years.
21: Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria

Prevalence of malaria is the number of cases of malaria per 100,000 people. Death rates associated with malaria refers to the number of deaths caused by malaria per 100,000 people. Definition Used Same as the UN definition
22: Proportion of population in malaria-risk areas using effective prevention and treatment measures
malaria
Malaria prevention is measured as the percentage of children ages 0-59 months sleeping under insecticide-treated bed nets. Malaria treatment among children is measured as the proportion of children ages 0-59 months who were ill with fever in the two weeks before the survey and who received appropriate antimalarial drugs. Definition Used Same as the UN definition
23: Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis

Tuberculosis prevalence is the number of cases of tuberculosis per 100,000 people. Death rates associated with tuberculosis refers to the number of deaths caused by tuberculosis per 100,000 people. A tuberculosis case is defined as a patient in whom tuberculosis has been bacteriologically confirmed or diagnosed by a clinician. Definition Used Same as the UN definition
110
24: Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under internationally recommended TB control strategy
The tuberculosis detection rate is the percentage of estimated new infectious tuberculosis cases detected under the internationally recommended tuberculosis control strategy DOTS. DOTS combines five elements-political commitment, microscopy services, drug supplies, surveillance and monitoring systems and use of highly efficacious regimes-with direct observation of treatment. The cure rate is the percentage of new, registered smear- positive (infectious) cases that were cured or in which a full course of DOTS was completed. A tuberculosis case is defined as a patient in whom tuberculosis has been bacteriologically confirmed or diagnosed by a clinician. Definition Used Same as the UN definition
25: Proportion of land area covered by forest

The proportion of land area covered by forest is the forest areas as a share of total land area, where land is the total surface area of the country less the area covered by inland waters, such as major rivers and lakes. As defined by the food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000, forest includes both natural forests and plantations. It refers to land with an existing or expected tree canopy of more than 10 percent and an area of more than 0.5 hectare where the trees should be able to reach a minimum height of five metres. Forests are identified by both the presence of trees and the absence of other land uses. Land from which forest has been cleared but that will be reforested in the foreseeable future is included. Excluded are stands of trees established primarily for agricultural production, such as fruit tree plantations.
Definition Used The proportion of land area covered by forest is proportion of land area under forest cover as a share of total land area. Land area is the total surface area of the country lees the area covered by inland waters. Forest area includes the area covered by both natural forest and forest plantations.
26: Ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to surface area

The ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to surface area is defined as nationally protected area as a percentage of total surface area of a country. The generally accepted IUCNWorld Conservation Union definition of a protected area is an area of land or sea dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity and of natural and associated cultural resources and managed through legal or other effective means. Definition Used The ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to surface area is defined as nationally protected area as a percentage of total surface area. Protected areas, both terrestrial and marine, are total and expressed as a percentage of the surface area of the country.
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27: Energy use (Kilogram oil equivalent) per $1 gross domestic product (PPP)
Energy use (kilogram oil equivalent) per $1gross domestic product (PPP) is commercial energy use measured in units of oil equivalent per $1 of gross domestic product converted from national currencies using purchasing Power parity conversion factors. Definition Used Same as the UN definition
28: Carbon dioxide emissions per capita and consumption of ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons (ODP Tons)
Carbon dioxide emissions per capita is the total amount of carbon dioxide emitted by a country as a consequence of human (production and consumption) activities, divided by the population of the country. In the global carbon dioxide emission estimates of the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center of Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the United States , the calculated country emissions of carbon dioxide include emissions from consumption of solid, liquid and gas fuels; cement production; and gas flaring. National reporting to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which follows the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidelines, is based on national emission inventories and covers all sources of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions as well as carbon sinks (such as forests). Consumption of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in ODP (ozone-depleting potential) tons is the sum of the consumption of the weighted tons of the individual substances in the groupmetric tons of the individual substance (defined in the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer) multiplied by its ozone-depleting potential. An ozone-depleting substance is any substance containing chlorine or bromine that destroys the stratospheric ozone layer. The stratospheric ozone layer absorbs most of the biologically damaging ultraviolet radiation.
Definition Used Carbon dioxide emissions per capita is the total amount of carbon dioxide emitted by a country as consequence of human (Production and consumption) activities, divided by the population of the country.
29: Proportion of the population using solid fuels

Proportion of population using solid fuels is the proportion of the population that relies on biomass (wood, charcoal, crop residues and dung) and coal as the primary source of domestic energy for cooking and heating. Definition Used Proportion of households that relies on biomass (wood, saw dust / paddy husk) as the primary source of domestic energy for cooking.
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30: Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural
The proportion of the population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural, is the percentage of the population who use any of the following types of water supply for drinking: piped water, public tap, borehole or pump, protected well, protected spring or rainwater. Improved water sources do not include vendor-provided water, bottled water, tanker trucks or unprotected wells and springs. Definition Used The percentage of households that use any of the following types of water supply for drinking, with accessibility within 1 km. distance from household. piped water (mainline), tube well, protected well, protected spring or protected rain water.
31: Proportion of population with access to improved sanitation, urban and rural
Proportion of the urban and rural population with access to improved sanitation refers to the percentage of the population with access to facilities that hygienically separate human excreta from human, animal and insect contact. Facilities such as sewers or septic tanks, poor-flush latrines and simple pit or ventilated improved pit latrines are assumed to be adequate, provided that they are not public, according to the World Health Organization and United Nations Childrens Funds Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report. To be effective, facilities must be correctly constructed and properly maintained. Definition Used The proportion of households with access to improved sanitation is the percentage of households with access to facilities that hygienically separate human excreta from human, animal and insect contact. This includes water seal latrines, pour flash latrines, ventilated improved pit latrines and simple pit latrines considering that they are either private or shared but not public.
32: Proportion of households with access to secure tenure

The proportion of households with access to secure tenure is 1 minus the percentage of the urban population that live in slums. Secure tenure refers to households that own or are purchasing their homes, are renting privately or are in social housing or subtenancy. Households without secure tenure are defined as squatters (whether or not they pay rent), the homeless and households with no formal agreement. A slum household is defined by UN-HABITAT as a group of individuals living under the same roof that lack one or more (in some cities, two or more) of the following conditions: security of tenure, structural quality and durability of dwellings, access to safe water, access to sanitation facilities and sufficient living area.
Definition Used Same as the UN definition

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39: Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and clothing from developing countries
Average tariffs are the simple average of all applied and valorem tariffs (tariffs based on the value of the import) applicable to the bilateral imports of developed countries. Agricultural products comprise plant and animal products, including tree crops but excluding timber and fish products. Clothing and textiles include natural and synthetic fibers and fabrics and articles of clothing made from them. Definition Used Same as the UN definition.
41: Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity

Official development assistance comprises grants or loans to developing countries and territories on the OECD Development Assistance Committee list of aid recipients that are undertaken by the official sector with promotion of economic development and welfare as the main objective and at concessional financial terms (if a loan, having a grant element of at least 25 per cent). Technical cooperation is included. Grants, loans and credits for military purposes are excluded. Also excluded is aid to more advanced developing and transition countries as determined by DAC. Activities to help build trade capacity enhance the ability of the recipient country _ To formulate and implement a trade development strategy and create an enabling environment for increasing the volume and value-added of exports, diversifying export products and markets and increasing foreign investment to generate jobs and trade _ To stimulate trade by domestic firms and encourage investment in trade-oriented industries _ To participate in the benefit from the institutions, negotiations and processes that shape national trade policy and the rules and practices of international commerce Those activities are further classified by the First Joint WTO/OECD Report on TradeRelated Technical Assistance and Capacity-Building (2002) under two main categories, trade policy and regulations (divided into nineteen subcategories) and trade development (divided into six subcategories). Definition Used Same as the UN definition.
44: Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services

External debt service refers to principal repayments and interest payments made to nonresidents in foreign currency, goods or services. Long-term refers to debt that has an original or extended maturity of more than one year. External debt service refers to principal repayment and interest payments made to non residents in foreign currency, goods or services. Long-term refers to debt that has an original or extended maturity of more than one year.
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Exports of goods and services comprise sales, barter or gifts or grants of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Where exports of goods are valued f.o.b., the costs of transportation and insurance up to the border of the exporting country are included in exports of goods. Other transactions involving a mixture of goods and services, such as expenditures by foreign travellers in the domestic market, may all have to be recorded under services in the rest of the world account. Export receipts along with worker remittances received from abroad provide the foreign exchange proceeds for meeting external debt service obligations. Definition Used Same as the UN definition
45: Unemployment rate of young people aged 15-24 tears, each sex and total
Unemployment rate of young people aged 1524 years is the number of unemployed people ages 1524 divided by the labour force of the same age group. Unemployed people are all those who are not employed during a specified reference period but are available for work and have taken concrete steps to seek paid employment or self employment. In situations where the conventional means of seeking work are of limited relevance, where the labour market is largely unorganized or of limited scope, where labour absorption is temporarily inadequate or where the labour force is largely self employed, a relaxed definition of unemployment can be applied, based on only the first two criteria (without work and currently available for work). The labour force consists of those who are employed plus those who are unemployed during the relevant reference period. It is the economically active portion of the population Employment refers to being engaged in an economic activity during a specified reference period or being temporarily absent from such an activity, while economic activity refers to the production of goods and services for pay or profit or for use by own household. Definition Used Unemployment rate of young people aged 15-24 years is the number of unemployed people aged 15-24 divided by the labour force of the same age group. Persons who were available and/ or looking for work, and had no employment during the reference period, are considered to be unemployed. The labour force consists of those who are employed plus those who are unemployed during the relevant reference period.
47: Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 population

Telephone lines refer to the number of telephone lines connecting subscribers terminal equipment to the public switched network and that have a dedicated port in the telephone exchange equipment. Cellular subscribers refers to users of cellular telephones who subscribe to an automatic public mobile telephone service that provides access to the public switched telephone network using cellular technology.
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Definition Used Number of cellular subscribers as a proportion of 100 persons usually residing in the households. Number of households telephone lines (land telephones) as a proportion of 100 persons usually residing in the households.
48: Personal computers in use and Internet users per 100 population
Personal computers (PCs) are computers designed to be operated by a single user at a time. Definition Used Same as the UN definition. Note: This survey was designed to estimate personal computers in use per 100 households and not per 100 populations.
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MDG Indicators of Sri Lanka - A Mid Term Review

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MDG Indicators of Sri Lanka - A Mid Term Review

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A mid Term Review 2008

Department of Census & Statistics

ISBN 978 - 955 577 676 - 9

Are we on track to reach MDG targets ?

Indicator 2 : Poverty gap ratio

Indicator 4 : Prevalance of underweight children under five years of age

Indicator 5 : Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption

Indicator 6 : Net enrolment ratio in primary education

Indicator 7 : Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Indicator 8 : Li te racy rate 15 -24 ye ar ol ds

Indicator 9 : Ratio of girls to boys in primary education

Are we on track to reach MDG targets ?

Indicator 11 : Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector

Indicator 12 : Women representation in Parliament

Rate Indicator 13 :Under five mortality rate

Indicator14 : Infant mortality rate

Indicator 15 : Proporti on of one ye ar old childre n immuniz e d against me asl e s

Indicator 16 : Maternal mortality ratio

Indicator 17 : Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel

No. 1500 1200 900 600 300 0

Indicator 19 : People living with HIV

Are we on track to reach MDG targets ?

Indicator 23: Incidence rate of TB per 100,000 pop.

(MT) 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00

Indicator 28 : Carbon dioxide emissions per capita

600 500 400 300 200 100 0

Indi cator 28 : C onsumption of O z one de pl e ti ng C FC 's

Indicator 29 : Proportion of households using solid fuel

Indicator 30 : Proportion of households with sustainable access to safe drinking water

Indicator 31: Proportion of households with access to improved sanitation

Indicator 45 : Unemployment rate men (15 - 24) yrs.

Indicator 45 : Unemployment rate women (15 - 24) yrs.

Assessment of Progress by Indicator

Goal, Target and Indicator

Assessment of Progress by Indicator

Goal, Target and Indicator

Latest Estimate Pop. at risk

0.2(1990) 220.1(1990) 89.4(1994)

0.6(2005) 62.3(2007) 79.0(2006/07)

Indicator No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7a 8 9a 9b 9c 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 21 22 23 24 25 26 28a 28b 29 30 31

Map 3: Proportion of women candidates and women members of parliament -2004

Map 7: HIV infected persons reported by official sources - 2008

Map 8: Proportion of land area covered by forest 1999

Map 9: Proportion of households with access to improved sanitation - 2006

Achievements, Challenges and Issues

Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

DHS 2006/07 excludes Northern province

Progress at sub national level Goal 1

Indicator 1: Poverty Headcount Ratio

Fig ure 1 .0 1 : Proportion of poor people by dis trict

Fig ure 1 .0 2 : P roportion of poor people by province

al e eg al l Ba e d Ra ul tn la M apu on ra N ara uw g a la ar aEl iy a K

Figure 1.03 :Proportion of poor people by s ector

Indicator 2: Poverty Gap Ratio

Figure 1.05 : Poverty gap ratio by dis trict

bo mp a Pu ha tta la m M H a a ta mb ra an to t Ka a lut Po lon ar a An nar uw ur a ad ha pu ra Ga lle

Figure 1.06 : Pove rty gap ratio by province

a ta le Ka nd Ke y g Ra alle tn ap ur a Nu Bad wa ull a ra -E M liy on a ara ga la

Figure 1.07 : Poverty gap ratio by sector

Female S e x of house hold he ad

Indicator 3: Share of poorest quintile in national consumption District differentials

187.0 88.5 78.0 229.4 -