General Lab Safety

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN Central University of Rajasthan
Laboratory Safety Training Dr. Janmejay Pandey
CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN Central University of Rajasthan
Outline of the presentation:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Why is it important Some fundamental Concepts Safety in Chemical & Biological Labs Safety Supplies and Equipments Safe Laboratory Practices Safety from fire Your contribution towards making labs safe
CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN
Why is it important ?
C U Rajasthan- Health & Environmental Safety
C. U. Rajasthan- Motto
Education for sustainable Development Laboratory Safety !

A critical component of sustainable development
Consequences of lack of lab safety measures !

1. Damage or loss of institutional property/ valuables. 2. Loss of important work/ results. 3. Most importantly .. Serious personal injuries, illness and
disabilities.
Negligence of lab safety : A horror story
Sheri Sangji
1. 2.
UCLA (Dec. 18, 2008). A chemistry researcher working with a pyrophoric chemical got caught in a Laboratory fire. She suffered deep 3rd degree burns over 40 % of her body & 18 days later she died from this accident.
C U Rajasthan- Health & Environmental Safety 6
CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN Lack of lab safety training : Another tragic example
1. Georgia Institute of Technology (2003). An Afro- American Lab Technician attempted to bring down a non- labeled reagent bottle from a high shelf. The bottle slipped out of her hand, content of the bottle spilled over her. It turned out to be concentrated acid.
2.
Do we need to be in accidents to learn lessons !

Most frequently reported infections in Laboratory workers during last 10 years
Disease or Agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Q fever Hantavirus Hepatitis B virus Brucella sp. Salmonella sp. Shigella sp. Hepatitis non-A, non-B No. of Cases 223 176 169 84 81 66 56 28
Cryptosporidium sp.
Total
27 1074
10
Flying laboratory instruments/ objects
11

Injuries to Research Students/ Employee
Source: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Office of Laboratory Safety


Injuries to Laboratory Support Staff/ Random Visitor
Source: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Office of Laboratory Safety

Government Regulations for Lab Safety

Training is an important government regulation in western world
1. Regulatory requirement in several developed/ developing countries and organizations e.g. (NIH, CDC, OSHA, EPAUSA), (CSIRO- Aus), (EMBL- EU). 2. Institutional and Laboratory quality assessment & audit.
14
Indian Status
15
We need to learn the risks associated with labs in a holistic manner & also how to mitigate their hazardous effects. How can we make our labs safe !
Lab Safety Measures

Key Concepts of Laboratory Safety

Laboratory safety revolves around
understanding, safe storage, usage & disposal of

hazardous components of lab work
17
Key Concepts of Laboratory Safety

1. Understand 2. Organize 3. Ensure containment
4. Protect
5. Be prepared
18
1. Understand
Prior preparation is extremely useful in ensuring lab safety. Physical: Chemical:
Get training for safe use of instrument. Use MSDS and other source about chemicals.
Biological:
Specific:
Read about hazardous effects of biological material.

Get necessary specific training e.g. radiological/ laser etc.
19
2. Organize
Organize your work and work place before you start. Work diligently. Be alert and attentive. Dont work in lab in haste.
Ensure everything is safe before leaving the lab.
(Most laboratory accidents happen when people are distracted or hurried) Clinical Microbiol. Rev. (1995). 8: 389- 405
3. Ensure containment
Keep hazardous material (chemicals, biological and physical hazards) within at least 2 levels of containments.
Contain any undesired spillage/ release of any and all hazardous material.
21
4. Protect (yourself and co-workers)

Use appropriate protective and safety equipments.
1. Protective clothing (Lab cloth, Lab glasses, Gloves, Rubber Boots etc.).
2.
3. 4.
Chemical Fume Hood.

Laminar Air Flow and Bio-Safety Cabinets. Protective Working Shield.
5. Be prepared (for emergencies)

1. Despite all the laboratory safety trainings, you may still encounter laboratory accidents
2. We must be adequately trained and prepared for such events.
23
Safety in Chemical & Biological Labs
24
Chemical hazards in a laboratory
Several forms of chemical hazards

Explosive
Any chemical (solid, liquid or gas) that is in its unstable equilibrium. When initiated by shock they undergo rapid chemical change Have the tendency to change into more stable compound (usually gas) In the process of change they give out energy, heat, light & sound
26
Characteristics of explosive
Can expand upto 10,000 15,000 times of their original volume Expansion may occur at a rate of 6,000 meters/ second Exert pressure of 110 metric ton/ square centimeter Cause temperature of 3,000- 4,000 oC within 10 seconds
Corrosive
Corrosive chemicals (Acids, Bases, Strong Oxidizing Agent) Corrosive chemicals react with animal tissues & metals Cause burn and permanent tissue damage at the point of contact
Corrosives
can cause irreversible damage to eyes

Corrosive Protection
Work in Chemical Fume Hood, Protect Eye, Face, Skin PVC and nitrile gloves often provide appropriate protection
Use splash goggles, face shield if splashing is possible

29
(A- W of dilution) :
Add Acid gently to Water
1. Make sure you add a very small amount of the acid to the water. 2. Never add the water to a concentrated acid solution.
3. The Acid- Water mixing is an exothermic reaction and gives off loads of heat.
Oxidizer
Oxidizers are not of themselves combustible, but can initiate and support combustion These are chemicals capable of supporting a fire by giving oxygen to the fire. Examples: Organic Peroxide with basic chemical structure R-O-O-R.
CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN Handling Procedures for Oxidizers
Always handle in a chemical fume hood. Wear safety goggles, a lab coat, and appropriate gloves. Use fire blankets to deprive fires of oxygen Shut sash on fume hood fires Health & Environmental C U RajasthanSafety 32
Flammables
Flammable Liquid Any liquid that has a flash point below 100oF
Differs from combustible liquid (Any liquid that has a flash point
at or above 100oF)
Flammables
Flammable Solids Any solid that catches fire through friction or which could be readily ignited.
34
While working with flammables
Remove Ignition Sources (heat or spark) Keep away from oxidizers and combustible materials Work in a fume hood or well ventilated area
Reactive chemicals
Reactive materials can release heat or a toxic or flammable gas upon contact with water. Safe handling of these materials will depend on the specific materials and the conditions in which this material is handled.
Examples (Sodium metal, Lithium aluminum hydride)

Pyrophoric materials
Pyrophoric materials can react with air and ignite spontaneously at or below 113F. Pyrophoric materials should be handled and stored in inert environments. Examples: (Silane, White or yellow phosphorous, t-butyl lithium)
37
Poison/ Toxin
Cause illness or injury by upsetting biological functions or damaging biological structures

Dose-response relationship
38
Working with Toxins/ Poison
Read MSDS for exposure limits and proper handling information Use Fume Hood Minimize exposure by using proper protective equipments No food or drinks in lab
Carcinogenic chemicals
Cause abnormal growth of tissue May have variety of different mechanism Should be handled only after appropriate training Ethidium Bromide, Aromatic Pesticides, etc.
Radioactive
1. Radioactive atoms with unstable nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles 2. Several applications in laboratory 3. Extremely harmful, know n carcinogen 4. Should be used only after detailed training
CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN Understand the lab chemical and its potential hazard
Manufacturer Identity Hazards
42

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Explanation Guide for Chemical hazard
43
MSDS Information
Material Safety Data Sheet provides comprehensive information about: Physical Properties Hazards
First Aid measures

Engineering controls PPE
Must have a copy of MSDS for each chemical in the laboratory for easy access in an emergency
Why MSDS Information important ?

MSDS Contents 1. Identification of substance 2. Composition/Data on components 3. Hazards identification 4. First aid measures 5. Fire fighting measures 6. Spill cleanup measures 7. Handling and storage 8. Exposure controls and personal protection 9. Physical and chemical properties 10. Stability and reactivity 11. Toxicological information 12. Ecological information 13. Disposal considerations 14. Transport information 15. Regulations 16. Other relevant information
45
Guidelines for safe storage of laboratory chemical

Must be followed to:
1. Prevent unwanted reactions e.g. incompatible chemicals being mixed
2. Such reactions may generate heat/ fume/ gases that can lead to explosion/ fire and cause damage to personnel and property. 3. Preventing small accident from turning into major disaster
46
Chemical Storage Guidelines

The storage area and cabinets should be labeled to identify the hazardous nature of the products stored within
Ensure that all chemicals are stored according to compatibility (e.g., oxidizers away from flammable liquids).
Flammables storage
1. Flammables include organic liquids, combustibles, and organic acids etc. 2. Flammable materials kept outside a cabinet should be in fire proof safety cans. 3. Flammable liquids (>1L) must be stored inside flammable cabinets. 4. Never store flammable liquids in a standard cabinet. Example: i.e. acetone, hexane, acetic acid, phenol, and chloroform
48
CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN Solvent storage

1. Solvents should be stored in well organized dedicated storage cabinet
2.
Read MSDS carefully to determine compatibility before storage
49

Acids Storage Store by acid class in separate secondary containment Never store acids above eye level
Concentrated per-chloric acid should be stored alone in a cabinet by itself


Bases Storage Store in secondary containment
Store away from acids and solvents

Never store at or above eye level. Examples: Hydroxides Amines
Ammonia
Bleach
Dry non-hazardous chemicals can be stored on laboratory shelves.
52

Chemicals should never be stored on the floor. If need be they must be stored in approved secondary containers.
53
Compressed Gases
Compressed gases may pose a physical and/or health hazard depending on the gas being used. Restraint:
Gas cylinders must be individually secured with suitable regulators

Only cylinders with safety caps can be group chained.
54
CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN Storing compressed gases

Flammable gases (i.e. propane, hydrogen) must be stored away from sources of ignition and oxidizing gases (i.e. oxygen).
Poison/toxic gases (i.e. chlorine, carbon monoxide, phosgene or ammonia) can pose serious potential hazards to personnel and therefore special storage and handling measures are required.
Poison gases must be stored as follows:
Small size cylinders (fit inside hood) Use and storage in hood Large size cylinders (regular use) Use and store in ventilated
with an air monitoring and alarm system
55

Design and working principles of Fume Hoods
56
Using Fume Hoods

Use For All Operations Where Odoriferous, Volatile, Toxic or Harmful Release Possible
When using the fume hood you first make sure that the exhaust blower is operating and air is entering the hood.
Remember, do not put your face inside the hood
Work at least 6 inches into the hood

Minimize storage of chemicals in the hood Clean spills immediately Work with the sash at the proper operating level as guided by the indicator arrows
Testing Fume Hood Functionality
1. 2.
Functional testing of the Fume Hoods is done with Dry Ice Fume Hoods with unidirectional blow of dry ice away from the sash
Biological Hazards in a laboratory
Several forms of biological hazards

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN Before you use any biological sample in the laboratory
Learn about the potential risk associated with any biological sample before using it in your lab experiment
(Sources for information)
Center for Disease Control (CDC) Food & Drug Administration (FDA) American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) German Culture Collection (DSMZ) Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC) C U Rajasthan- Health & Environmental
Safety
60

Information about the bio-safety level of biological sample
61
Aerosols and Droplets

Aerosols and Droplets are the main sources of biohazard contamination
62
Reduce Aerosols
Gently expel fluids against the walls of tubes or flasks Perform aerosol forming experiments in Biological Safety Cabinet

Bio Safety Level I
Hazard group 1- P1 Doors closed during work Normal laboratory procedures
64

Containment level 2
Hazard group 1 2 (P1- P2) Use Class II safety cabinet Use autoclave Protect against aerosol generation
Class II
Auto
65

Bio Safety Level III
Hazard group 3 P1 -P3 Keep Laboratory and changing room at negative pressure so air flows from outdoors to indoors Use Class II safety cabinet
Entry
Change room ( ve)
ve) Class II Minus pressure
Auto
66

Bio Safety Level IV
Hazard group 4, P1 -P4 Keep rooms at negative pressure Use Class III safety cabinet Optional air inlet Install airlock and shower
Restricted entry Change room Minus pressure
-ve
Shower
-ve
-ve
-ve
Class III
67

Laminar Air Flow (LAF)
Unidirectional straight uninterrupted airflow Sufficient for working with BSL1 agents Generally used where protection is required for product/ work only
No protection to operator
68

Design and working principles of Bio Safety Cabinets
Bio Safety Cabinet Class I
1. Unidirectional air flow from working area towards HEPA filter aided exhaust
2.
3.
Some protection to user & environment

No protection to worked
Bio Safety Cabinet I


Bio Safety Cabinet Class II
1. Bi-directional flow of HEPA filter purified air
2.
Good protection to user, the environment and the work
Bio Safety Cabinet II


Bio Safety Cabinet Class III
Fan Anti blow-back valve + alarm Exhaust HEPA Pre-filter Inlet HEPA
1. 2. 3. 4.
Generally used for the highest hazard category Fully sealed shell operator protection for
Work is done by using gloved sleeved ports Air is drawn into and out of the cabinet via HEPA filters
71
CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN Biological Safety Cabinet Operation Procedure
Clean Area
Working Area
Contaminated Area
72

Never block the rear vents of the Bio-safety Cabinets
It defeats the basic principle of the BCSs.


Store required supplies outside of Bio-safety Cabinets
74

Never use LAF/ BSCs as a substitute to fume hoods
75

Keeping proper information/ record of the BSL Laboratory
BSL-1 Laboratory
Information sheet must contain
Name of infectious agent(s)

Mode of transmission(s)
BIOHAZARD
All Personal Protective Equipment shall be removed prior to leaving this work area. Eating, drinking, smoking applying cosmetics or lip balm and handling contacts lenses area prohibited in this work area. Name of infectious agent(s):
__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________
Requirements of entering lab Emergency Contact Person, Phone
Transmission route(s):
__________________________________________________________________________________
Special requirements for entering this area:

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Emergency contacts Name: ________________________________ Title: ______________ Phone: _______________

________________________________ ________________________________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________
EH&S office
(M-F 8-5) 646-3327 (after hours) 911.
__________________________________________________________________________________ *Biosafety Level 2 is similar to BSL-1 and is suitable for work involving agents of moderate potential hazard to personnel and the environment. It differs from BSL-1 in that 1.Lab personnel have specific training in handling pathogenic agents and directed to competent scientist; 2. Access to the lab is limited when work is being conducted: 3. Extreme precautions are taken with contaminated sharp items and 4. Certain procedures in which infectious aerosols or splashes may be created are conducted in biological safety cabinets or other physical containment equipment
New Mexico State University Environmental Health & Safety Date _______
76

Used injection and sharps are the other common source of bio-hazard contamination
77
Scissors, scalpels, razor blades, pins, syringe needles and knives are sharp so use care. Always direct sharp edges and points away from yourself and others. If you are cut or bleeding, let your teacher know immediately. Use only as directed.
Safe handling of needles and sharps
Needles must not be recapped, bent, sheared or removed from a disposable syringe. Used needles should be destroyed. All used sharps must be placed in a rigid, hard-plastic, punctureresistant container for disposal.
Safe handling of broken glass-ware
Broken glassware within laboratory should not be handled with bare hands
Broken glassware should be disposed properly

Safety Supplies and Equipments
81
Common Laboratory Safety Equipment
Regular Safety checks
Fire safety
Personal protective equipment
Lab shower Eye wash station
Waste disposal
Personal protective equipment (PPE)

Includes any devices or clothing worn by the worker to protect against the hazards in the environment. Examples Safety glasses
Safety masks
Lab coats & Shoes Protective gloves,
83
Protective Laboratory Goggles/ Masks
Put on your safety glasses and mask before entering the lab. You never know what may come flying off of a work bench, a fume hood, or a refrigerator Use of protective masks minimizes the chances for inhalation dependent exposure
Protective Clothing (Lab Coat)

Must covers arms and legs
Lab coats with closed fasteners

Non-flammable, non-porous aprons when using corrosives Remove before leaving the lab Launder separately
85
Lab coat, goggles and glove practice
Inappropriate
Appropriate
86
Personal protection before entering the lab

Minimize exposed skin at all times by wearing the appropriate clothing Use appropriate protective equipment at all times in the lab when chemical, radioactive, or bio-hazardous materials are being handled.
87
Emergency Laboratory Shower
1.
Each lab should be equipped with an emergency shower at an unobstructed and easily accessible location within the laboratory preferably within 10 seconds Laboratory showers pour water at ~ 20 gals. / min. (compare to 2 gals. / min.) of standard bathroom shower
2.
Eye Wash Station
Each lab should be equipped with an eye wash station
89

How to use an Eye Wash Station
Shout for help Hold your eyelids open with your fingers as you walk towards eye wash unit Rinse your eyes thoroughly Ask a co-worker to watch clock to make sure that you continued to rinse your eyes for at least 15 minutes Ask a co-worker to collect MSDS and visit a doctor
Regular testing and maintenance of Emergency Shower, Eye Wash Station & document test reports C U Rajasthan- Health & Environmental
Safety 90
CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN Personal protective equipments

Many types of
1. 2. 3. Chemical Fume Hoods Laminar Air Flow Bio-safety Cabinets
91
CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN Other Safety Equipments
1. Fire extinguishers are important means of laboratory safety.
2. Should be used as per recommendations and only after appropriate training.

3. Never use fire extinguisher for large fires
CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN Other Safety Equipments
1. First Aid Kit should be accessible to all workers in the lab 2. First Aid Kits should be stocked and maintained regularly 3. Laboratory workers should be trained for use of First Aid Kit
Safe Laboratory Practices
94
5. Follow rules & guidelines

Dos
95

Donts
96
Floor- plans with fire exit procedure
97
Safety from fire
98
Fire: The other very common lab hazard Fire Safety

All employees are responsible for safety. Know the location of fire extinguishers .
Learn how to use them correctly.

Know where the fire blanket is. Know the procedure for reporting a fire.
Institution/ University should organize fire safety training/ drills.

Fire Safety
Components of a fire
Fuel Oxygen
Heat
Necessary chain reaction
Fire Safety
Classification of fires
1. Class A fires
Occur with ordinary combustible material, such as wood, rubber, paper, cloth, and many forms of plastics.
2. Class B fires
Occur in a vaporair mixture over flammable solvents, such as gasoline, oil, paint, lacquers, grease, and flammable gases.
Fire Safety
Classification of fires
3. Class C fires
Occur in or near electrical equipment.
4.
Class D fires Occur with combustible metals, such as magnesium, sodium, and lithium.
(Class D fires should be fought by firefighters only)
Courtesy of Health and Environmental Safety, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston
Fire Safety
Fire Safety
Fire Extinguishers
1. Type A extinguishers
Contain soda and acid or water and are used to cool the ordinary fire such as wood, cloth or paper.
2.
Type BC extinguishers
Contain foam, dry chemicals, or carbon dioxide (CO2). Are used to combat fires occurring in vaporair mixtures over solvents such as grease, gasoline or oil fires.
CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN Fire Extinguishers

3. Type ABC extinguishers
Contain a dry chemical and are used on fires of wood, cloth, paper, oil, grease, and gasoline. Multipurpose in combating fires and thus, these are best suited for use in research laboratories.
Fire fighting with Fire extinguishers
P. A. S. S
P = pull pin A = aim at fire S = squeeze lever S = swipe side to side
Heat Hazard in the laboratory

Use an oven mitt or gloves or clamp when handling hot materials. Always heat objects in a test tube holding away from you and others. Hot plates, hot water and hot glassware can cause burns. Glassware looks the same when hot or cold, so use care when heating any type of glass. Rapid changes in glass temperature can cause it to expand, crack and/or explode! Never touch a hot plate, oven trays etc. with bare hands.
CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN Emergency Response to Possible Fire

Things to do in a fire response 1. Pull the nearest fire alarm 2. Close windows and doors (minimize O2 influx) 3. Use an ABC type extinguisher for small fire 4. If fire is too big, leave the area immediately by stairs 5. Drop to ground and roll or crawl to exit
Your contribution towards making labs safe
Phlebotomy Handbook: Blood Collection Essentials, Seventh Edition Diana Garza Kathleen Becan-McBride
Students and researchers:

Complete Laboratory Safety Training Ensure complete compliance with the laboratory safety training Ensure own safety and of others
110

How do we ensure safety for all C U Raj. family members ?
University Safety Training Programme

Teach What! (PPT modules and Reading Materials) Train- How! (Hands-on Training & Demos)
Test (Online safety Quiz)

General Lab Safety

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

General Lab Safety

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN Central University of Rajasthan

Laboratory Safety Training Dr. Janmejay Pandey

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN Central University of Rajasthan

Outline of the presentation:

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

C U Rajasthan- Health & Environmental Safety

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

Education for sustainable Development Laboratory Safety !

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

Consequences of lack of lab safety measures !

C U Rajasthan- Health & Environmental Safety

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

Negligence of lab safety : A horror story

C U Rajasthan- Health & Environmental Safety

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

C U Rajasthan- Health & Environmental Safety

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

Do we need to be in accidents to learn lessons !

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

Flying laboratory instruments/ objects

C U Rajasthan- Health & Environmental Safety

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

Source: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Office of Laboratory Safety

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

Source: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Office of Laboratory Safety

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

Government Regulations for Lab Safety

C U Rajasthan- Health & Environmental Safety

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

C U Rajasthan- Health & Environmental Safety

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

Lab Safety Measures

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

Key Concepts of Laboratory Safety

understanding, safe storage, usage & disposal of

C U Rajasthan- Health & Environmental Safety

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

Key Concepts of Laboratory Safety

C U Rajasthan- Health & Environmental Safety

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

Read about hazardous effects of biological material.

C U Rajasthan- Health & Environmental Safety

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

Ensure everything is safe before leaving the lab.

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

C U Rajasthan- Health & Environmental Safety

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

4. Protect (yourself and co-workers)

Chemical Fume Hood.

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

5. Be prepared (for emergencies)

2. We must be adequately trained and prepared for such events.

C U Rajasthan- Health & Environmental Safety

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

Safety in Chemical & Biological Labs

C U Rajasthan- Health & Environmental Safety

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

Chemical hazards in a laboratory

Several forms of chemical hazards

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

C U Rajasthan- Health & Environmental Safety

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN