Flexure Formula

Defines bending stress

Flexure formula

Prof Schierle

Flexure Formula (derived for rectangular beam) 1 Beam with marked area 2 Bent beam deforms area into rhomboid 3 Stress block due to bending Flexure formula derivation: fy /y = f/c fy= y f/c (similar triangles) The internal resiting moment is the sum of forces F times lever arm y about NA, the Neutral Axis M=Fy F = a fy F = a y f/c M = y a y f/c M = a y2 f/c f = Mc / I f = Mc / a y2 I = a y2 I = Moment of Inertia Calculus defines the area a as differential area da and the sum sign as integration sign I = y2 da I = Moment of Inertia f = Mc / I Flexure Formula f = bending stress at any distance c from NA. For maximum stress the flexure formula simplifies to f=M/S S = I / c = Section Modulus
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Section Modulus (for rectangular beam) 1 Stress block of partial beam C = T = b (d/2) (f/2) Stress block centroids are d/3 from NA Lever arm between C and T is 2/3 d Internal resisting moment: M = C 2/3 d = T 2/3 d Substituting b (d/2) (f/2) for C and T, yields M = 2/3 d b (d/2) (f/2) M = 2/3 f bd2/4 M = f bd2/6 Solving for f (maximum stress) f = M / bd2/6 f = M/ S where S = bd2/6 (Section Modulus) Comparing a 2x12 joist upright and flat: 2 S=2 (12)2/6 S = 48 in3 3 S=12 (2)2/6 S = 8 in3 The upright joist is 6 times stronger !
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Moment of Inertia 1 Stress block 2 Moment of Inertia as parabolic volume 3 T-beam with asymmetric stress block 4 L-bar stress blocks about X, Y, and Z-axis The Moment of Inertia formula I = y2da reveals, resistance of areas da increases quadratic with the distance from NA (parabolic distribution). The Moment of Inertia parabolic volume is 1/3 the volume of a cube of equal dimensions: I = 1/3 bd (d/2)2 I = 1/3 bd3 / 4 I = Moment of Inertia I = bd3/12 for rectangular beams only From previous derivation, the flexure formula f=Mc/I defines stress at any distance c from NA (needed for asymmetrical shapes, such as T or L-shapes).
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Moment of Inertia
Effect of shapes 1 Upright joist: 2x12, I = 2 (12)3/12 I = 288 in4 2 Flat joist: 12x2, I = 12 (2)3/12 I = 8 in4 3 Wide flange beam: effective (flanges far from NA) 4 Cross beam: ineffective (cross bar at NA) Note: Beams at right deform more than beams at left Material at NA is least effective (short lever arm) Moment of Inertia defines strength and stiffness

Flexure formula

Prof Schierle

Area Method review

Shear at any point is: V = load area left of the point Bending at any point is: M = shear area left of the point Maximum bending occurs where shear goes through zero Negative bending causes convex deflection Positive bending causes concave deflection Inflection point (0 bending) coincides with change of deflection curvature

Flexure formula

Prof Schierle

Examples
Design Defines beam size for actual loads and allowable stress of selected material Analysis Checks if a given beam satisfies allowable stress of the actual material Assume: Wood Allowable bending stress Allowable shear stress (parallel to fiber) Steel Yield strength Allowable bending stress (0.6 Fy) Allowable shear stress (0.4 Fy) Note: F = allowable stress f = actual stress
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Fb = 1200 psi Fv = 95 psi Fy = 50 ksi Fb = 30 ksi Fv = 20 ksi

Beam analysis Mc=0 =16 Rb-1000(20)-300(4)18-200(16)8 Rb=(20000+21600+25600)/16 Rb = 4200 lb Mb=0 =-16Rc-1000(4)-300(4)2+200(16)8 Rc=(-4000-2400+25600)/16 Rc = 1200 lb Shear Var = 0 - 1000 Var= -1000 lb Vbl = -1000 - 300 (4) Vbl =-2200 lb Vbr = -2200 + 4200 Vbr = +2000 lb Vcl = +2000 - 200(16) = - Rc Vcl = -1200 lb Find x (V = 0 Mmax) Vbr - w X = 0; X = Vbr / w = 2000 / 200 X = 10 ft Bending moment Mb = 4(-1000-2200)/2 Mb= -6400 lb Mx = -6400+10 (2000)/2 Mx= +3600 lb Section modulus S=bd2/6 =(3.5)11.252/6 S = 74 in3 Bending stress fb=M/S= 6400(12)/74 fb=1038psi<1200 Shear stress fv= 84 psi < 95 fv=1.5V/(bd)=1.5(2200)/[3.5(11.25)]
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2
30 k

-36k 30 k 360 k

Steel beam design 1 Actual Beam 2 Beam diagram - ignore load at supports (has no effect on beam but on columns) Assume: L = 36, P = 30 k, Fb = 30 ksi, Fv = 20 ksi Reactions R = 2P/2 = 2 (30)/2 R = 30 k Shear Var = Vbl = R Var = Vbl = 30 k Vbr = Vcl = 30 30 Vbr = Vbr = 0 Vcr = Vdl = 0 -30 Vcr = Vdl = -30 k Vdr = -30 + 30 Vdr = 0 Bending moment Mb = Mc = 30 (12) Mb = 360 k Section modulus required S = M/Fb = 360 k(12)/ 30 ksi S = 144 in3 Use W18x75 S = 146>144 Shear stress fv = V/(d tw) = 30k/(18.21x0.425) fv = 3.88 ksi<<20 Note: steel beam shear stress is rarely critical
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Flexure formula

Flexure formula

Prof Schierle

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Concrete beam analysis 1 Actual beam 2 Beam diagram - ignore load at supports (has no effect on beam but on columns) Assume: Span 30, point load P = 20k DL = 2x1.33 x 150 pcf /1000 w = 0.4 klf Reaction R = (2P+w L)/2 = (2x20+0.4x30)/2 R = 26 k Shear Var = R Var = 26 k Vbl = 26 - 0.4 (10) Vbl = 22 k Vbr = 22 - 20 Vbr= 2 k Vcl = 2 - 0.4 (10) Vcl = -2 k Vcr = -2 - 20 Vcr =-22 k Vdl = -22 - 0.4 (10) Vdl =-26 k Bending moment Mb = 10 (26+22)/2 Mb = 240 k Mmax = Mb + 2(5)/2 Mmax = 245 k Note: concrete stress will be covered in Arch 313
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Flexure formula

Flexure Formula
Dont over stress

or else
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