WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 9 : Manufactured Substances in Industry

CHAPTER 9

: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

A : SULPHURIC ACID
Learning Outco e! You should be able to: list uses of sulphuric acid explain industrial process in the manufacture of sulphuric acid explain that sulphur dioxide causes environmental pollution.

Acti"it# $ : SULPHURIC ACID 1. Sulphuric acid is manufactured through the %%%%%%%%&Proce!! . 2. Contact Process consists of three stages: (Complete the table below)

Stage $

Pre'aration o( (a)%%%%%%%%%%%% ga! Chemical equation : S ) O* SO*

Con"er!ion o( !u+',ur -io.i-e to !u+',ur trio.i-e Stage * Chemical equation Catal st !emperature Pressure : (b). + .. : (c).. : (d).. oC : (e).. atm .

Pro-uction o( !u+',uric aciStage / Chemical equation : (f)%%% ) H*SO0 (g). ) H*O %%%%&& %%%%%&

".

State si# u!e! of sulphuric acid. i).. ii).. iii).. .. i$). $) $i). ..

%.

.gas from the burning of product manufactured 1

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 9 : Manufactured Substances in Industry

from sulphuric acid can cause disease and rain. &. 'igure 1 belo( sho(s the (aste product from a factor (hich affect the qualit of the en$ironment.

Figure 1 a) ) referring to the 'igure 1 abo$e* state the follo(ing* i) ii) ! pes of (aste products and their sources. +o( acid rain is formed and its effect. 'ormation of acid rain:.

. ,ffects on en$ironment:..

iii) +o( does the to#ic (aste affect the en$ironment and its effect .. .

B : AMMONIA
Learning Outco e!

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 9 : Manufactured Substances in Industry

You should be able to: list uses of ammonia state the properties of ammonia explain the industrial process in the manufacture of ammonia design an activity to prepare ammonium fertilizer.

Acti"it# * : AMMONIA 1. -mmonia is anu(acture- through the +aber Process b combining

%%%%%%% gas and .gas. 2. (i). !he reaction can be represented b the chemical equation (ii) State the condition necessar to produce ammonia. Catal st : (a) ..

!emperature : (b) . Pressure : (c)

.atio /2 :+2 : (d) ". !he follo(ing statements refer to the uses of ammonia. 'ill in the blan0 (ith the correct (ords. (a) !o manufacture .. such as ammonium sulphate and nitrate. !he chemical equation for producing ammonium sulphate is gi$en b .. (b) -mmonia is used as ra( material to produce . in the 1st(ald Process. (c) -mmonia is also used as an al0ali to pre$ent the of late#. %. 2isted belo( are three properties of ammonia. 'ill in the blan0 according to the aspect gi$en. (a) Colour: -mmonia is a.. gas. (b) Solubilit : -mmonia is $er in (ater. (a) Smell : -mmonia has a smell. (b) -mmonia dissol$es in (ater to produce an . solution. ammonium

&.

-mmonium fertiliser can be prepared in the laborator b adding ammonia solution and certain acids as sho(n in the table belo(. Neutra+i!ation reaction! Al ali Acid Na e o( a oniu !a+t 1(erti+i!er2

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 9 : Manufactured Substances in Industry

-queous ammonia -queous ammonia -queous ammonia (i)

Phosphoric acid

-mmonium phosphate (a) 'ormula:..

/itric acid

-mmonium nitrate (b) 'ormula:..

Sulphuric acid

-mmonium sulphate (c ) 'ormula:.

Calculate the percentage of nitrogen found in each of the ammonium fertilisers. 3.elati$e atomic mass: + 4 15 / 4 1%5 1 4 165 P 4 "15 S 4 "27

(ii) 'rom the calculations in (b)(ii)* deduce the t pe of ammonium compound that is most suitable for use as a nitrogenous fertiliser. 8i$e reasons for our ans(er. .

C : ALLOY
Learning Outco e! You should be able to: relate the arrangement of atoms in metals to their ductile and malleable properties state the meaning of alloy state the aim of ma ing alloys list examples of alloys list compositions and properties of alloys relate the arrangement of atoms in alloys to their strength and hardness relate properties of alloys to their uses.

Acti"it# 0: ALLOY 1. 9hat is allo : -llo is a .......................of a pure metal (ith...................................in......................quantities

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 9 : Manufactured Substances in Industry

Figure 2 2. - pure metals contains atoms of the same si;e arranged in a regular and orderl manner. Pure metal are .. and . because t,e +a#er! o( ato (hen e.terna+ (orce is applied on them. ". <n an allo * the foreign metal atoms . ...arrangement of metal atoms and the la ers of metal atoms are pre$ented from ......o$er each other easil . %. Complete the sequences b dra(ing the arrangement of atoms in the bo# belo(.

+ Pure metal &. Another pure metal alloy

!hree aims of allo ing a pure metal are : a. to increase the %%%%%%%%%%& and %%%%%%%%%&& of metal. b. to pre$ent %%%%%%%%%%%% or rusting. c. to impro$e the %%%%%%%%%%& of metal surface.

6.

,#amples of allo . (Complete the table below) A++o# Co 'o!ition Pro'ertie! U!e!

(i)

==> Iron 1> (ii)%%%%&&

+ard

)ridges* $ehicles* hea$ machiner frame(or0

(iii)

=?> (i$)%%%% "> +ea- and anti on#

+ard and shin

@ecorati$e ornaments* sou$enirs

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 9 : Manufactured Substances in Industry

=A> ($) )ron;e 1A> tin

+ard and shin

@ecorati$e ornaments * art crafts

)rass

?A> Co''er "A> ($i)

+ard and shin

@ecorati$e ornaments* musical instrument

Bagnalium

?A> A+u iniu "A> ($ii)

+ard and light

($iii)

D : POLYMERS
Learning Outco e! You should be able to: state the meaning of polymers list naturally occurring polymers list synthetic polymers and their uses identify the monomers in the synthetic polymers !ustify uses of synthetic polymers in daily life.

Acti"it# 3: POLYMERS 'ill in the blan0s belo(. 1. Pol mers are .... made up of man smaller and identical separating unit called .. 2. is the process b (hich the monomers are Coined together to form a big molecule 0no(n as the pol mer. ". 8i$e at least t(o e#amples of:naturall occurring pol mers and at least t(o e#amples of s nthetic pol mers. Natura++# occurring 'o+# er! S#nt,etic 'o+# er!

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 9 : Manufactured Substances in Industry

%.

Batch the s nthetic pol mers (ith their respecti$e monomer

S#nt,etic Po+# er

Mono er

Pol Pol Pol Pol

eth lene prop lene $in lchloride st rene

Phen lethene Chloroethene ,thene Propene !etrafluoroethene Beth lmethacr late

Perspe# !eflon

6. Complete the table.

S#nt,etic Po+# er
Pol eth lene Pol prop lene Pol $in lchloride Pol st rene Perspe# !eflon

U!e!

E : 4LASS AND CERAMICS

Learning Outco e! You should be able to: list uses of glass list uses of ceramics list types of glass and their properties state properties of ceramics.

Acti"it# 5: 4LASS AND CERAMIC "ill in the blan s below. 7

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 9 : Manufactured Substances in Industry

1. 2.

Bain composition of glass is %%%%%%%%%%%%* (Si12). Complete the table belo(. T#'e o( g+a!! (a) Silica ==> )oron o#ide 1> C,e ica+ co 'o!ition Pro'ertie! Der high softening point (1?AAoC). !ransparent to ultra $iolet and infra red light. @ifficult to be made into different shapes. @oes not crac0 (ith sudden temperature change. Der resistant to chemical attac0. 2o( softening point (?AAoC). )rea0s easil . Crac0s easil (ith sudden temperature changes. 2ess resistant to chemical attac0. ,as to ma0e into different shapes. E.a '+e! o( u!e! Birrors* 2enses* 2aborator glass (ares.

%%%%%%%%%&

(b)

%%%%%%%%%&

Silica ?A> Sodium o#ide 1&> Calcium o#ide 1A> 1thers &>

)ottles* 9indo(* 2ight bulb* )o(l

Silica EA> +igh softening points(EAAoC). 2aborator )oron o#ide @oes not crac0 easil (ith apparatus* 1&> sudden temperature change. Coo0ing Sodium !ransparent to ultra $iolet light. utensils* %%%%%%%%%& o#ide "> Der resistant to chemical attac0. ,lectrical -luminium tubes. o#ide 1> (d) Silica &&> 2o( softening point (6AAoC). @ecorati$e 2ead o#ide +igh densit . items* "A> +igh refracti$e inde#. Cr stal Potassium .eflects light ra s and appears glass %%%%%%%%%&& o#ide 1A> shin . (ares* Sodium 2ens* o#ide "> Prisms -limunium Chandeliers o#ide 2> ". are made from cla that is dried and then ba0ed in a 0iln at high (c) temperatures. %. !he main constituent of cla is .. . (aluminium o#ide and silicon dio#ide). & 6. ... ...consists of h drated aluminosilicate cr stals. (+igh qualit (hite cla ) Complete the table. Co 'o!ition Pro'ertie! E.a '+e! o( u!e!

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 9 : Manufactured Substances in Industry

Construction materials* -luminosilicate (aluminium o#ide and silicon dio#ide) (i) very hard and strong but brittle (ii). (iii). (i$). ($).. !able(are* <nsulators in electric equipments* .efractories. 'lo(erpots

Acti"it# 6 1. Compare and contrast bet(een glass and ceramic. 4+a!! Cera ic

(a) Bain components: .. (c) % t pes of glass: . . (d)<mpro$ed 8lass:

(b) Bain components: ... (e) % e#amples of ceramics: .. ... .. .. (f) <mpro$ed Ceramics:

...................... .. (g) % common Properties of glass and ceramic (i) very hard and strong but brittle (ii) (iii) (i$).

(h) 2 differences: (i) (ii) 9

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 9 : Manufactured Substances in Industry

F : COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Learning Outco e! You should be able to: describe needs to produce new materials for specific purposes state the meaning of composite materials list examples of composite materials and their components compare and contrast properties of composite materials with those of their original components.

Acti"it# 7: COMPOSITE MATERIALS 1. Composite material is a structural material that is formed b ..........or different substances such as metal* allo s* glass* ceramics and pol mers. 2. 8i$e three e#amples of composite materials. (i).. (ii) (iii). ". State the purpose of creating composite materials. .. . %. Photochromic glass is an e#ample of composite material. a) Compare to a normal glass* (hat is added to a photochromic glass: .. b) State the special feature of a photochromic glass. &. Complete the table belo(.

E.a '+e (i) .einforced concrete

Co 'o!ition

Pro'ertie! (ii) Strong but brittle* 10

U!e!

...

..

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 9 : Manufactured Substances in Industry

... (iii) .. Superconductors .. .. ($) .. 'ibre optic .. .. ($i) .. 'ibre glass .. .. ($iii) Photochromic glass .. ... ..

9ea0 in tension

.. .. (i$)

Conducting electricit

2o( material costs* +igh transmission capacit * chemical stabilit * 2ess susceptible to interference. +igh tensile strength* ,as to colour* 2o( in densit * Der strong. !ransmit data* $oice and image in a digital format.

($ii) .. .. (i#)

9hen it is e#posed to light* sil$er chloride is con$erted sil$er and dar0en the glass

.. .. ..

Acti"it# 9 1. (a) )ron;e is an allo of copper. (i) /ame the element that is added to copper to form bron;e. . (ii) ,#plain (h bron;e is harder than pure copper. . .. (iii) @ra( and label the arrangement of particles in pure copper and bron;e. 32 mar0s7 .31 mar07

11

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 9 : Manufactured Substances in Industry

Pure copper

)ron;e

32 mar0s7

(b) S nthetic pol mers are (idel used in our dail li$es. (i) Complete the table (ith the correct monomers. Po+# er Pol $in lchloride Pol ethene 32 mar0s7 (ii) State one e#ample of pol $in lchloride commonl used n our dail li$es. (c) 8lass and ceramic ha$e similar characteristics. (i) State one similar characteristic of glass and ceramic. (ii) 9hat t pe of glass is used to ma0e laborator glass(are: 31 mar07 31 mar07 31 mar07 Mono er

2.

'igure " sho(s the flo( chart for the industrial manufacture of sulphuric acid and the production of fertili;er F.
Sulphur

Sulphur dioxide
+eat Su#$tan!e %

D21&* 1 atm

%&AoCG&AA oC

Concentrated +2S1%

'ertili;er F

Sulphuri! a!id
'igure "

"leum

)ased on 'igure "* ans(er the follo(ing questions. (a) /ame the process of manufacturing sulphuric acid. 12

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 9 : Manufactured Substances in Industry

31 mar07 (b) /ame the substance H. 31 mar07 (b) Substance H could react directl (ith (ater to form sulphuric acid. ,#plain (h this step is not carried out in the industrial process. 31 mar07 (c) 9rite the chemical equation (hen oleum reacts (ith (ater to form sulphuric acid. .. 31 mar07 (d) /ame the substance I and the fertili;er F. Substance I: 'ertili;er F :...

!he combustion of petrol in the engines of $ehicles produce sulphur dio#ide. !his gas (hen dissol$ed in rain (ater is corrosi$e. (e) 9rite a chemical equation (hen sulphur dio#ide reacts (ith rain (ater.
.

31 mar0 7 " - student conducts an e#periment to stud the hardness of t(o metallic plates* . and S. +e drops a steel ball on . a fe( times and each time* the diameter of the dent is measured. +e repeats the same procedure on the S plate. !he reading of the diameter of the dents made on each metallic plates are as follo(s* @iameter of dent made (mm) Plate < << <<< -$erage si;e

13

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 9 : Manufactured Substances in Industry

. S

2.% ".1

2." ".2

2." ".2

(a) (b)

9rite the a$erage si;e of the dents made b . and S in the table abo$e. 3 2 mar0s7 9hat are the differences seen in the t(o t pes of metallic plates based on their (i) properties (ii) composition 3 % mar0s7

(c)

'rom the obser$ation made in the gi$en table abo$e* (hich plate (ould be made of (i) iron: (ii) steel: 3 2 mar0s7

(d)

8i$e t(o uses of steel. 3 2 mar0s 7

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