em*pfaMumifh bHkaysmuf&wJh ½ku©pkd;&JU pNrHKUjyef tykdif;

(3)
a[hvl .. xawmhavAsm .. usKyf a&mufaeNyD ..
[m .. jrefvScsnfvm;Asm .. uRefawmf 'DrSmtvkyfawGawmif
rNyD;ao;bl; ..
rif; rNyD;wm ta&;rBuD;bl; .. awmfawmfMum .. usKyf
wpfjcm;bHkukd a&mufoGm;&if rajymvkduf&vkdY .. cifAsm;wkdYyJ rod
jzpfaerSm .. tJ'gqkd cifAsm;wkdY odcsifwmawG
rodvkduf&jzpfoGm;r,f . . [if; bmrSwfaeovJ .. usKyf rajymyJ
aevkduf&rSmvm; ..
rvkyfygeJUYAsm .. tckwavm q&morm;awGu ordkif;aMumif;
aumif;aumif; a&;&r,fwJh As .. ajym ajym .. rsufvHk;
BudK;pm;zGihfxm;yghr,f .. toHzrf;pufvnf; qifxm;ygw,f .. ½ku©pkd;ukd
taumifvkduf .. tJav .. ukd,fxnfBuD; xifxif&Sm;&Sm; rawGU&awmh
"gwfyHk ½kdufrjy&bl;Asm .. q&mawGu 'Dwpfacguf "gwfyHk
½kdufxm;vkdY ajymaew,f ..
usKyfukd "gwfyHk½kduf&if .. tJ'D uifr&m ysufoGm;rSmaygh ..
usKyfukd,fuxGufwJh ukd,fa&mifu odyfjyif;vdkY t&rf;rSdefatmif
avQmhxm;&wm .. EdkYr[kwf&if cifAsm;yg rsufvHk; uef;oGm;r,f .. uJ
pum;&SnfaewmeJY ajymcsifwJh qDukd ra&mufawmhbl; ..
'Dwpfacguf bmajymrSmvJ ..
avmavmq,f usKyfacgif;xJ ay:aewmu toif; Ouú|awG tqihfqihf
ajymif;vmcJhwJh tpOftvmukd ajym&if aumif;rvm;vkdY .. bmvkdYvJ
qkdawmh Ouú| pkpkaygif; (29) a,mufawmif &SdaeNyDqkdawmh rif;
rSwfrdzkdY vkdvdrfhr,f xifw,f .. xl;jcm;csufawG awGU&w,f ..
bmrsm; xl;vkdYwkef; .. wpfa,mufem;&if aemufwpfa,muf jzpfwm
r[kwfvm; ..
a'gufwmOD;wifu 1959 ckESpfrSm wpfcgjzpfcJhNyD; 1963
ckESpfrSm aemufwpfBudrf wm0ef,lcJh&w,f .. tJ'DESpfrSmyJ ol
uG,fvGefoGm;vdkY a'gufwmOD;ukdBuD;u Ouú|wm0ef,lukd
qufvufaemuf wpfa,mufu a'gufwmOD;a&Twif (om;zGm; rD;,yf) aygh ..
tJ'D q&mBuD;u oufwrf; rukefao;wJh tcsdefrSm uG,fvGefoGm;vkdY
nDvmcHrSm q&mrBuD; a':jrMunfoef;u wm0ef,lcJh&w,f ..
aemufwpfa,mufuawmh awmfawmf oufwrf;&Snfw,fvkdY ac:&r,f ..
b,favmufawmif &SnfvkdYwkef; ..
oufwrf; (4)quf (8) ESpfvkdY rSwf .. tJ'Dq&muawmh rif;
BuHKNyD;om;rdkYvkdY rSwfrdrSmaygh .. q&mOD;rsdK;jrihf av ..
NyHK;NyHK;eJYq&mBuD;av ..
'geJY .. Ouú| (29)a,mufxJrSm trsdK;orD; b,fESa,muf ygcJhvJ [if ..
trsdK;orD; Ouú| (2)a,mufawmif jzpfcJhw,f .. xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
ESpfa,mufpvHk; om;zGm;rD;,yf yg&*lawG csnf;yJ ..
Ouú|awGukd wpfa,mufcsif; ajymjyygvm;
tpykdif;awmh vHk;ajymr,f NyD;awmh wpfa,mufcsif;qufajymr,f ..
tJ'Dq&mBuD; q&mrBuD;awG Ouú| jzpfwJhtcsdefrSm ½kd;½kd;cGJpdwf?
ESvHk;cGJpdwf? tEkpdwfcGJpdwf? t½kd;cGJpdwf? rsufpdcGJpdwf
q&m0ef&,f .. t½kd;txl;ukq&m0ef &,f .. om;zGm;rD;,yf&,f .. "m;ukdifwJh
q&m0efaygif;&if (11) a,muf &Sdw,f .. orm;awmf eJY uav;yg&*lqkd&if
(6) a,muf &Sdw,f .. tkyfcsKyfa&;bufu nTefcsKyfwkdY .. nTefrSL;wkdY ..
ygarmu©csKyfwkdY .. ausmif;tkyfwdkY .. aygif;&if (8) a,muf &Sdw,f ..
usefwJh (4) a,mufu arhaq; q&m0efBuD;&,f .. rIcif;q&m0efBuD;&,f ..
*sDyDq&m0efBuD;&,f .. a&m*gaA' q&m0efBuD;&,faygh .. tm;vHk; (29)
a,mufjynhfNyDaemf .. trsm;pkuawmh "m;ukdifwJh olawGcsnf;yJ ..
pdwfjrefwJholawG jzpfw,fvkdY awmifajymvkdY&rvm;yJ .. 'gayr,hf tJ'D
"m;ukdifolwkdif; pdwfrjrefMuygbl; .. tm;vHk; pdwf&SnfMuygw,f ..
aemuf xl;w,fvkdY ajymvkdY &wm &Sdao;w,f .. jyifyaq;cef; xkdifaeayr,fh
q&m0eftoif;&JU vkyfief;wkdif;rSm pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf ygcJhNyD;
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; tqufquf vkyfcJhwJh q&mBuD; wpfa,muf
&Sdao;w,f .. aemuf olvnf; Ouú| jzpfcJhw,f .. 'gaMumifh rif;vJ
pdwfravQmheJY .. Ouú| jzpfEdkifao;w,f ..
r[kwfwmawG rajymygeJYAsm .. e*kdurS acs;pdrf; yrf;csifaewm ..
awmfawmfMum txl; aowåmeJY tdyfNyD; txl;um; pD;ae&OD;r,f .. zGzG ..
tJ'D q&mBuD;u b,folwkef; ..
pMumaq;cef;ukd zGihfvSpfcJhwmaMumifh emrnfwl q&m0efawG
Mum;rSm a'gufwmboef; (pMum) vkdY ac:cJhw,f .. cGJpdwfyg&*l
ygarmu©OD;boef;vJ &Sdaeao;awmh olYemrnfaemufrSm (pMum)
qkdwm xyfjznfhvkdufrS vlcsif; uGJrSmaygh ..
aeygOD; .. pwnfaxmifuwnf;u ygcJhwJh a'gufwmOD;a&ToGifu
bmvkdY Ouú| rjzpfcJhbl;vm; ..
rjzpfcJhbl; uGm .. at; .. Ouú| qkdwm jzpfcsifwkdif; jzpfvkdY r&bl; ..
ESpfywfvnftpnf;ta0;rSm a&G;cs,fyGJukd pepfwus vkyfcJhwmyJ ..
wifajr§mufol &SdrS .. axmufcHwJhol &SdrS .. uefYuGufolvJ r&SdrS ..
aemufNyD; tNydKif ta&G;cHr,hfolvJ r&SdrS jzpfwm.. uG .. trsm;
oabmuszkdY vkdr,f .. aemufNyD; olukd,fwkdifuvJ toif;twGuf
wpfpHkwpf&m ay;qyfaeolawG rsm;w,f .. tvkdtavsmuf jzpfvmwm
r&Sdbl; .. at; .. ol bmaMumifh rjzpfcJhovJ qkdwmawmh usKyfvJ rodyg ..
ol rvkyfcsifcJhvkdY jzpfrSmaygh .. olvJ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; oufwrf;
awmfawmf MumcJhwm ..
Ouú| wpfOD;csif;ukd emrnf&,f tJ'Dtcsdefu olY wm0efawGukd
cGJajymjyEdkifrvm; ..
'gav;rsm; .. yxr Ouú|u AkdvfrSL;MuD; tJvfbwf baomf wJh ..
cGJpdwf q&m0efBuD;aygh .. (tvG,f ac:chJwmawmh ume,fbaomfaygh)
olu awmifil Zmwd .. 1892 ckESpfrSmarG;w,f .. uG,fvGefwm 1970 rSm ..
ppftwGif;rSm ppfwyf q&m0eftjzpf wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJhwm ..
ppfNyD;awmh &efukefaq;½HkMuD;&JU aq;½Hktkyf vkyfaewkef; touf
(57) ESpfrSm q&m0eftoif;&JU yxrqHk; Ouú|jzpfvmwm .. (1949
uae 1951 txd Ouú|jzpfw,f)
aemufwufwJh Ouú|u a'gufwmOD;boef;csdef .. olu ykodrfom; ..
1891 ckESpfrSm arG;w,f .. 1968 ckESpfrSm uG,fvGefw,f ..
NrdKUawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhw,f .. 1950 rSm
tNidrf;pm; ,lw,f .. 'gayr,fh olY vkyf&nfukdif&nfaMumifh
vufaxmufusef;rma&;rSL; oifwef;ausmif;ukd pzGihfwmeJY olYukd
ausmif;tkyftjzpf cefYvkdY tpkd;&tvkyf jyefvkyfjzpfw,f .. (10) ESpfawmif
vkyfjzpfcJhw,f .. olvJ 1952 uae 1953 txd Ouú| wm0efukd ,lcJhw,f .. ol
Ouú| jzpfawmh touf (61) ESpf &SdNyD ..
1954-55 rSm emrnfausmf cGJpdwfq&m0efBuD;jzpfwJh
a'gufwmOD;boef; u Ouú|tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhw,f .. olUacwfrSm
vQrf;vQrf;awmufaygh .. olu >yefwefqmom; .. 1895 rSmarG;w,f .. 1971
ckESpfrSm uG,fvGefw,f .. ol Ouú|jzpfawmh toufu (59) ESpf
&SdaeNyD .. olUtaMumif; ajym&&if .. rif; 'DwpfESpfavmuf tdyf&rSm
r[kwfbl; .. oabmaumif;ovkd vkyf&nfukdif&nfrSm vJ ajymp&mrvkdatmif
olYwpfacwf jzpfcJhwm .. aemufrS jznf;jznf; ajymjyawmhr,f .. tckawmh
usefwJh Ouú|awG rif;odatmif ajym&OD;r,fav ..
olUaemufrSm jzpfvmwJh Ouú|u ume,frif;pdefvkdY emrnfBuD;wJh
orm;awmf q&m0efBuD; a'gufwmrif;pdefyJ .. orm;awmfvkdYom
ajymwm .. olu cGJpdwf yg&*lbGJUukdvJ &cJhwm .. 'gayr,fh
orm;awmfvkdif;rSm vlodrsm;w,f .. aq;ynmygarmu© vkyfcJhw,f .. 1898
rS arG;NyD; touf (59) rSm Ouú|jzpfvmwmaygh .. 1957-58 (2) ESpf
qufwkduf wm0ef,lcJhw,f .. olu zsmyHkZmwd .. rif; odcsifrS odr,f ..
tJ'Dq&mBuD;u 1938 avmufrSm wkdif;&if;aq;ukd avhvmwJh
tzGJUacgif;aqmif vkyfcJhao;w,f .. tJ'Dtcsdefuwnf;u wkdif;&if;aq;u
taemufwkdif; aq;avmurSm rsufESmyGifhcJhwmuG ..
tckcsdeftxdawmh cGJpdwfq&m0efeJY orm;awmf
rQaeao;w,faemf ..
at; .. 1988 ckESpfatmufykdif;rSm cGJpdwfq&m0efawG ..
tkd*sDawGcsnf;yJ jzpfcJhwm t&ifwkef;uawmh rQygw,fuGm ..
OD;rif;pdefNyD;awmh jzpfvmwJh q&m0efBuD;usawmh wpfvdkif; As ..
bmxl;vkdYwkef; ..
olu arhaq;q&m0efBuD; a'gufwmOD;wif .. As .. 1901 ckrS
arG;w,fvkdY odxm;w,f .. aemuf xl;wm&Sdao;w,f .. olu 1959 ckESpf
(touf 58 ESpf) rSm wpfBudrf .. 1963 ckESpf (touf 62 ESpf) rSm
wpfBudrf Ouú|jzpfcJhwm uG .. tJ'Dvkd ESpfBudrf jyefjzpfwm
olwpfOD;xJyJ &Sdw,f .. 1963 ckESpf twGif;rSmyJ qHk;oGm;vkdY
olYukd,fpm; aemufwpfa,muf xyfNyD;wm0ef,l ay;cJh&w,f ..
aemufwpfcsufu &efukefaq;½HkBuD;rSm arhaq;Xmewpfck jzpfatmif
wnfaxmifay;cJhw,f ..
1960 a&mufawmh a'gufwmOD;armifuav; wufvmw,f ..
'Dq&mBuD;u jynfZmwd .. 1896 rSmarG;NyD; 1982 rS qHk;oGm;w,f ..
touf (64) ESpfrSm Ouú| jzpfcJhwm .. 'Dq&mBuD;u
jynfolUusef;rma&;vkdif;ukd 0goemxHkawmh e,ftESHUrSm
tJ'Dvkdif;ukd vkyfcJhw,f .. jynfolYusef;rma&;vkdif;uae
tNidrf;pm;,lNyD;wmawmifrS aq;ausmif;rSm qufwm0efay;vkdY
vkyfcJhwm . tJ'DtcsdefrSmyJ .. q&m0eftoif; Ouú| jzpfvmcJhw,f ..
 tJ'DtcsdefuvJ tckacwfvdkyJ tdwfpwif;&Sif;awG rsm;cJhwmyJaemf ..
[kwfrSmaygh .. OD;armifuav; NyD;awmh vkdif; uGJwJh
rsufpdq&m0ef a'gufwmOD;csefwdwf u 1961 ckESpfrSm
wm0ef,ljyefa&m .. olu rk'Hkom; 1893 ckESpfrSm arG;awmh Ouú|
jzpfwJh tcsdefrSm touf (68) ESpf jzpfaeNyD .. olY
orkdif;aMumif;rSm rSwfrSwf&& armfvNrdKif rsufpdaq;½Hkukd
wnfaxmif vSL'gef;cJhw,fvkdY qkdw,f ..
[kd;q&m .. [kd; .. pmrsufESmausmfaeNyD .. awmfawmfMum
t,f'Dwmrif;u jzwfvkduf&if [wfaumhBuD; jzpfaeOD;r,f .. aemufrS
qufajymawmh .. uRefawmfvJ tvkyfawG qufvkyfvkdufOD;r,faemf ..
at;yguGm 'Dwpfcg rif; EdkifoGm;NyD .. aemufwpfcgqkd
usKyfjzwfrS jywfr,f rSwfxm;aemf ..

ukd;um;csufrsm;ukdawmh tm;vHk;NyD;rSyJ rSwfwrf;xkd;yghr,f

(wDtrftdk)