CNG K THUT CHUYN MCH

Cu 1+2. Trnh by cu trc mt t bo ATM trong mng B-ISDN bit lp tng thch s dng l AAL
. Gii thch ngha ca cc trng.
ATM( suynchronous tranfer mode: ch truyn khng ng b) l h thng chuyn mch gi tin tin da
trn vic ghp khng ng b phn chia theo thi gian.
Cc t bo ATM gm 53 byte trong c 5 byte tiu v 48 byte d liu

AAL3/4 UNI( User-network

interface)

AAL5 NNI( Network-network

interface)

ngha cc trng:
GFC (General Flow Control) l trng iu khin lung chung. Trng ny ch dng cho giao din UNI
trong cu hnh im - im, c di gm 4 bit, trong 2 bit dng cho iu khin v 2 bit dng lm tham s.
c cu ny c tiu chun ha.
VPI (Virtual Path Identyfier) v VCI (Virtual Channel Identyfier) l hai trng nh tuyn cho cc t bo
trong qu trnh chuyn mch:
Vi UNI th c 8 bit VPI v 16 bit VCI.
Vi NNI th c 12 bit VPI v 16 bit VCI.
Hai trng ny ghi nhn dng lung o v knh o. c tnh c bn ca ATM l chuyn mch xy ra trn c
s gi tr trng nh tuyn:
Nu chuyn mch xy ra trn VPI th gi l kt ni ng o.
Nu chuyn mch xy ra trn VPI v VCI th gi l kt ni knh o.
PT (Payload Type) l trng ti thng tin xc nh xem t bo ny mang thng tin khch hng hay thng
tin iu khin. N cng xc nh qu ti ca t bo thng tin khch hng. Trng ny c c hai giao din v
c di 3 bit.

 CLP (Cell Loss Priority) l trng u tin b t bo dng ch ra kh nng cho php hoc khng cho php
b cc t bo khi c hin tng qu ti xy ra.
Nu cc t bo c CLP = 0 th c mc u tin cao.
Nu cc t bo c CLP = 1 th c mc u tin thp
Trng ny ch nhn hai gi tr 0 hoc1 nn c di 1 bit v tn ti c hai giao din.
HEC (Heacler Error Check) l trng kim tra li phn tiu c di 8 bit. Dng
pht hin li ghp bit v sa li cho ng cc li ghp bit n . Cng vic ny c thc hin lp vt l.
Cu 3. Trnh by tin trnh cuc gi v s hot ng ca cc khi chc nng tng ng trong tng i s
i vi 2 thu bao hai tng i khc nhau.
S tin trnh mt cuc gi c thc hin qua 19 bc sau:

Hot ng ca cc khi chc nng:

iu khin trung t m
ao gm b x l trung t m v cc b nh ca n.
-

l cuc gi : Qut trng thi thu bao, trung k; nhn xung quay s v gii m xung quay s; tm ng

ri; truyn bo hiu kt ni gii to cuc gi; tnh cc....

- Cnh bo: T th, pht hin li phn cng; cnh bo h hng;...
- Qun l : Thng k lu lng; theo d i cp nht s liu; theo d i ng b...
rng chu n mch :
Thit lp tuyn ni gia hai hay nhiu thu bao ca t ng i hay gia cc t ng i vi nhau.
Chc nng truyn d n: Truyn d n tn hiu ting ni v cc tn hiu bo hiu gia cc thu bao v gia
cc t ng i vi yu cu chnh xc v tin cy cao.

Giao tip thu

ao

Gm mch in ng d y v b tp trung.

ch in ng d y thc hin cc chc nng

chc nng

ORSCHT ( attery feed, Over-voltage

protection, Ringing, Supervision, Coding, Hybrid trasformer, Testing).

hi tp trung thu bao lm nhim v tp trung ti thnh mt nhm thu bao trc khi vo trng chuyn

mch.
Giao tip trung k
m nhn cc chc nng G

P CHO. N khng lm chc nng tp trung ti nh giao tip thu bao nhng

v n c mch in tp trung trao i khe thi gian, c n b ng ti, trn bo hiu v tn hiu m u th.
o hi u
Cung cp nhng thng tin cn thit cho t ng i nhn bit v tnh trng thu bao, trung k, thit b...
Trong t ng i phi c chc nng nhn, x l , pht thng tin bo hiu n ni thch hp.
iu hnh khai thc v o ng
s d ng t ng i mt cch c hiu qu, c kh nng pht trin cc dch v mi, phi hp s d ng cc
phng thc d dng trong t ng i.
Gim st kim tra cc phn cng v ngoi vi, a ra nhng thng bo cn thit cho cn b iu hnh.

h nng khai thc mng, thay i nghip v ,qun l s liu cc...

Cu 4: V m hnh giao thc bo hi u s 7 cho bo hi u thoi li n i? Cc chc nng ca tng phn

lp?

OMAP

Lp 7

TCAP
ISUP

TUP

Lp 4,5,6

SCCP
3
MTP
2
1

MC 3

Lp 3

MC 2
MC 1

Lp 2
Lp 1

Kin trc giao thc bo hiu s 7 v m hnh OSI

 H thng bo hiu s 7 gm 4 phn lp. Chc nng ca tng phn lp:

Ba lp thp nht to thnh phn chuyn giao bn tin MTP (Message Transfer Part)
Mc 1(MTP-1) lp lin kt d liu bo hiu:
Tng ng vi lp vt l ( lp 1) trong m hnh OSI. Lp MTP-1 chu trch nhim chuyn i
d liu vo trong dng bt truyn i trn mng. lp ny chu trch nhim v c tnh in, c
tnh vt l v chc nng ca ng bo hiu.
Mc 2(MTP-2) lp lin kt bo hiu:
MTP-2 cung cp cc chc nng pht hin, sa li, khi pht hin litrn ng truyn th thc
hin vic truyn li v phn pht tun t cc gi tin trn mng.
Mc 3(MTP-3) lp mng:
Chc nng x l bn tin gn cc chc nng: nh tuyn, phn loi, iu khin lu lng v phn
phi bn tin. Chc nng qun tr mng gm cc chc nng qun tr knh, qun tr lu lng, v nh tuyn.
Lp 4 Phn ca ngi dng bao gm 2 phn
-

Phn ngi dng

Phn s d ng dch v tch hp ISUP (Integrated Service User Part).
Phn ngi dng in thoi TUP (Telephone User Part) qun l , iu khin thit lp cc cuc gi
trong t ng i in thoi b ng cch trao i cc tn hiu bo hiu ti t ng i in thoi khc.

Phn ng d ng
Phn iu khin kt ni bo hiu SCCP ( Signalling Connection Control Part)
Phn ng d ng kh nng giao dch TCAP (Transaction Capabilities Application Part).
Phn vn hnh, qun l v bo dng OMAP.

Cu 5: V s chc nng giao tip ca tng i s vi thu

tng ng ca giao tip.

7 chc nng trong khi giao tip

ao tng t v trnh by 7 chc nng

Cu 6. Trnh by cu trc X25 lp lin kt d li u( cu trc khung, cc loi khung v thao tc lin kt).
C hai kiu giao thc X.25 lp lin kt d liu:
LAP(Link access procedure) th thc xm nhp tuyn.
LAPB (Link access procedure balanced) th thc xm nhp tuyn c cn b ng.
LAPB hon thin hn LAP mt t v l kiu m hu ht mi ngi s d ng.
Cu trc khung LAPB

Flag 01111110 l c dng nhn bit im bt u v kt thc bn tin.

ddress: cha a ch cc gi tin
=0000 0011 => DCE pht lnh
=0000 0001 => DTE pht lnh
Information: Vng ghi thng tin truyn i
FCS (Frame Check Sequence): Vng ghi m kim sot li (checksum) cho ni dung khung tin
Control: dng xc nh cc loi khung tin khc nhau.
Cc kiu khung LAPB c 3 loi nh sau:
-

Khung thng tin I-frame cha d liu cn truyn, iu khin dng v iu khin li c gi km
trong cc khung thng tin (Piggybacking).

Khung gim st (S-frame, Supervisor Frame) dng cho

RQ khi Piggybacking khng c dng.

C chc nng iu khin lung cho khung I v khc ph c li khi khung hng.
-

hung khng s (Unnumbered frame, U-frame) b sung cc chc nng iu khin lin kt: bo
ni tch h thng

Thao tc lin kt c thc hi n qua 2 giao on

Giai on lp tuyn: hi mt D E mi c khi ng, l cung on lp tuyn. D E s pht DISC theo
chu k. Nu khng c tr li trong khong T1 th DISC c pht ln na nhng c thit lp bit P DISC (P).
Nu mt D E thu mt DISC hoc DISC(P) v mun khi ng tuyn, n tr li b ng
mt U hoc U (F) , D E thu U hoc U (F) ny s ch mt khong thi gian l T3. Nu mt S
hoc S

E thu c trong khong thi gian ny th p ng U

c pht i v tuyn s liu

chuyn sang cung on chuyn tin.

Nu mt S

(P) hoc S

sang cung on chuyn tin. Lu

mt S

hoc S

E(P) thu c th mt U (F) c pht i v tuyn chuyn

r ng nu s chm tr hn xy ra th iu ny c ngha l

E b mt v s thit lp bit u ch th r ng khung c pht i.

Giai on chu n tin

Cc khung tin I c chuyn t D E pht > D E thu.
C u 7. S tng i k thut s SPC. N u u nhc im ca tng i n .

Khi giao tip c chc nng giao

tip gia cc ng dy thu bao
vi mch giao tip thu bao v cc
ng dy trung k vi mch giao
tip trung k.
Cc u im ca t ng i s:

chnh xc cao vi tc x
l nhanh
Tzan chuyn mch thp nn tzan
t/lp nhanh
D dng m rng, nng cp h
thng

Cu 8+10. o hi u l g ph n loi o hi u cho it qu trnh hnh thnh o hi u off-hook tr n lung

PCM30/32, PCM24.
t mng vi n thng c nhim v ch yu l thit lp, gii ta v duy tr knh gia thu bao vi node
chuyn mch hay gia cc node chuyn mch vi nhau. thc hin c iu ny, cn phi c mt h thng

thng tin h tr c trao i gia h thng chuyn mch vi cc thit b u cui v gia cc h thng chuyn
mch vi nhau, h thng thng tin ny gi l h thng bo hiu.

Qu trnh hnh thnh tn hiu off hook.

Bo hiu thu bao l bo hiu gia t ng i v thu bao. hi thu bao nhc my ln, t ng i nhn thy
trng thi mch vng kn nn cung cp cho thu bao m mi quay s. Thu bao quay s th t ng i s nhn s
B gn c gi. Lc ny thu bao s tm kim trn bng k hoch nh s ca t ng i xem ng vi u s
th s c nh tuyn i u.
Lc ny mi l lc bt u qa trnh bo hiu lin i. T ng i s gi bn tin khi to n t ng i
gi s

n t ng i .....T ng i

thu bao

kim tra xem thu B c ri khng. Nu ri, t ng i

s rung chung

ng thi pht tn hiu hi m chung. Thu bao A s nghe thy hi m chung ca t ng i

ra. Khi t ng i

v
pht

thy thu bao B nhc my (mch vng thu bao thay i) lin ni thng mch t thu bao

gia 2 thu bao.

Lung PC

24 a khung gm 12 khung, bit th 8 ca cc khe thi gian thuc khung th 6-12 dnh cho

bo hiu.
Lung PC

30 32 a khung gm 16 khung, 4 bit ca TS16 t khung th 1-15 dnh cho bo hiu.

Cu 9. Li trong qu trnh truyn gi v pp khc phc.

Li
Sai th t gi

Nguyn nhn

Cch khc ph c

Do cc gi c truyn trn cc

nh th t gi: Mi gi s c phn tiu

tuyn c tr truyn khc nhau

cha s th t gi. Ti nt ch, sau khi thu

nn thi gian n ch khc nhau.

c tt c cc gi s sp xp chng theo
mt trt t ging nh bn pht.

Mt gi( lm cuc ni

Node 2 khi nhn thnh cng gi

Node 2 s gi bo nhn cho node 1 khi

khng th thit lp trong

tin s gi ACK v node 1. Khi

chuyn tip n node 3.

ch lp cu hoc

chuyn tip gi ti node 3 th xy

Trch nhim cui cng ca gi tin thuc v

khng m bo an

ra s c, do gi tin khng n

node u tin pht i.

ton d liu theo yu cu c ch.

Node cui cng yu cu node u tin gi

trong mng chuyn

li gi b mt.

mch gi).
Nh n i gi tin( nhiu

Node 1 gi gi tin cho node 2,

C1: Nhn dng xem gi va nhn c hay

gi tin ging nhau d n

node 2 gi ACK cho node 1

cha? Nu c th xa bt 1.

n qu ti, nh hng

nhng b s c nn sau khong

C2: xy dng c cu bo nhn cho bo

n chnh xc ca d

thi gian time out node 1 s gi

nhn.

liu).

li gi tin trn ng truyn

khc. Kt qu c 2 bn tin ging
ht nhau ch.

C u 11 ngu n l u nhc im ca chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch gi? Theo bn trong tng lai
cm k nh c cn c s dng? Nu thay cm knh bng cm gi th yu t quan trng nht l g?
CM knh

L loi chuyn mch ph c v s trao i thng tin b ng cch cp knh d n trc tip gia cc i tng s
d ng.

X l cuc gi tin hnh qua 3 giai on:

Thit lp ng d n da vo nhu cu trao i thng tin.
Duy tr knh d n trong sut thi gian trao i thng tin.
Gii phng knh d n khi i tung s d ng ht nhu cu trao i.

u im:
Cc user lm ch knh d n t ng sut qu trnh trao i.

 Thc hin trao i thng tin gia cc user trn tr c thi gian thc.
Yu cu chnh xc thng tin khng cao.
Ph hp vi dch v thoi.

Nhc im:
Hiu sut thp.
Ni dung trao i khng mang thng tin a ch.

hi lu lng tng n ngung no th cuc gi mi c th b kho, mng t chi mi yu cu

kt ni mi n khi c th.

CM gi:

Bn tin c chia thnh cc gi vi chiu di xc dnh, mi gi c phn header mang thng tin a ch v
th t gi.

Mi gi di qua cc node c tin hnh theo phng php store and forward nhu chuyn mch tin.

Ti du thu tin hnh sp xp cc gi tr li.

Trong cc gi lun c trng kim tra m bo gi truyn khng li qua tng chng

u im:
Hiu sut cao.
Thch hp truyn s liu.
Vic kim tra li tng chng l m bo gi truyn khng li

ng thng thp

Ph hp vi mng truyn d n cht lng thp.

Nhc im
Trao i thng tin khng theo thi gian thc
i tng s d ng khng lm ch knh d n.
Thi gian tr ln.
Tc thp.

Trong tng lai cm knh v n c dng i vi cc dch v yu cu thi gian thc v n nh cao. Nhng
cm knh trong tng lai s c ng d ng vo cm gi to nn cm knh o VC n mang 2 u im ca 2 loi
cm trn. Nu thay th cm knh b ng cm gi th thi gian thc l yu t quan trng nht.

Cu 12: m hi u v thng o c cm trong tng i s nh th no?

Cu 13: Trnh by kin trc mt mng chuyn mch gi PSN?

Nt mng thc hi n c cc chc nng sau

Cc b tp trung c chc nng

H thng qun l mng (NMS)

iu khin ton b mng l b phn trung tm ca cm gi.

Gim st s khai thc ca cc thnh phn mng

Qun l cu hnh mng.

Thit b PAD:

PAD l thit b ng tch gi.

Cc P D dng ni cc u ni NPT vo mng cm gi.

PAD c 1 s giao tip k t bt ng b 1 pha cn pha kia l giao tip gi.

C u 14 Cc pp nh tuyn trong chuyn mch gi?

C 4 phng php:
PP nh

Nguyn l

u im

Nhc im

tuyn
Lan trn gi

Gi tin c gi t node ngun

+ m bo thng tin ti

+ tn km lu lng.

n tt c cc node k n. Khi

c ch trn con ng

+ Gia tng tr hon im

nhn gi, cc node ny kim tra

tt nht hin hnh.

ni im.

xem gi c nhn mt ln

+ Mi gi phi cha a

no trc hay cha. Nu ri

ch thng tin hon chnh

th loi gi . Nu cha th

v cc thng tin nhn

nhn gi v gi n tt c cc

dng

node k n. Tip t c qu trnh

+ Tng thi gian tr hon

trn cho n khi gi ti c ch.

do c ch pht hin v
loi b tt c cc gi tin
ti mi node.

nh tuyn

Gi tin c gi t node ngun

+ m bo thng tin ti

+ Do c im ca nh

ng u nhin

n mt node k tip c la

c ch.

tuyn ng u nhin nn thi

chn ng u nhin. S l a chn

+ Gim bt s rc ri ca

gian tr hon ca cc gi

ng u nhin ca cc tuyn phi

s nhn rng cc thnh

c th l u hn tzan tr

bao gm c tuyn m gi c

phn lu thng.

hon ngn nht trn mt

ng truyn no trong

nhn.

mng
nh tuyn

Ti mi node s c mt bng

+ Hot ng c xc

+ Cu trc cng knh

trc tip theo

nh tuyn, ch ng chn

nh r rng, mi gi tin

+ kh thay i cu hnh

danh m c

bt k ch no trong mng t

s i t ngun n ch

mng.

node hin hnh.

trn cng mt tuyn

+ h p ng thch hp

Bng c xy dng trong b

nh sn trong bn v ch

vi cc hu qu khi node

nh chuyn mch c th theo bt thay i khi bng nh

hay ng dy gp s c.

k tiu chun no nh: ng i

tuyn th y i.

ngn nht, ng c thi gian tr

hon ngn nht, ng c dung
lng cao
nh tuyn

Ti mi node s c mt bng

+ Hot ng c xc

+ Vic x l phc tp, cc

theo danh m c

nh tuyn trong b nh ch

nh r rng, mi gi tin

chuyn mch phi c th

tch nghi

ra tuyn ti u n ch. Cc li

s i t ngun n ch

pht hin ra cc k ca

vo trong bng c th thay i

trn con ng tt nht

mng, m bo nng lc

trong thi gin thc thi thy

hin hnh

x l cp nht v a

thuc vo k hot ng trong

ra hng gii quyt ti u.

mng.
Cu 15: Trnh by cu trc v nguyn l hot ng ca trng chuyn mch s T-S-T cho 3 lung
PCMIN 30 32(

hiu t PC IN 1 n PCMIN 3) v 3 lung PCMOUT 30/32 (K hiu t PCM OUT 1 n

PCMOUT3). Ly v d trng chuyn mch t PCMIN 1 TS15 sang PCMOUT 2 TS21 qua khe thi gian trung
gian l TS18.

Cu 16: Trnh by cu trc v nguyn l hot ng ca trng chuyn mch s T-S-T cho 3 lung
PC IN 24(

hiu t PC IN 1 n PC IN 3) v 3 lung PC OUT 24 (

hiu t PC

OUT 1 n

PC OUT3). Ly v d trng chuyn mch t PC IN 1 TS15 sang PC OUT 2 TS21 qua khe thi gian trung
gian l TS9.
Cu 17: Trnh by cu trc v nguyn l hot ng ca trng chuyn mch s S-T-Scho 3 lung
PC IN 30 32(

hiu t PC IN 1 n PC IN 3) v 3 lung PC OUT 30 32 (

hiu t PC

PCMOUT3). Ly v d trng chuyn mch t PC IN 3 TS5 sang PC OUT 1 TS12 qua PC

l PCMTG 1.

OUT 1 n

gian trung gian

Cu 18: Trnh by cu trc v nguyn l hot ng ca trng chuyn mch s S-T-S cho 3 lung
PCMIN 30 32(

hiu t PC

IN

1 n PC

IN

PCMOUT3). Ly v d trng chuyn mch t PC

PCMTG 1.

3) v 3 lung PC
IN2

OUT

30 32 (

hiu t PC

OUT

1 n

TS19 sang PCMOUT 3 TS22 qua PCM gian trung gian l

Ln
chy
1
2
3
4
5
6

Cu 20.

Node 2
D2

Path

Node 3
D3

Path

Node 4
D4

Path

Node 5
D5

Path

Node 6
D6

Path

Ln
chy
1
2
3
4
5
6

Node 2
D2

Path

Node 3
D3

Path

Node 4
D4

Path

Node 5
D5

Path

Node 6
D6

Path