B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC CN TH
KHOA SAU I HC
*
Nguyn Trng c
RN LUYN NNG LC
TM GI TR LN NHT - GI TR NH NHT
CA HM S y = f(x) TRONG TON 12
TIU LUN
CN TH - 2013
B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC CN TH
KHOA SAU I HC
Nguyn Trng c
RN LUYN NNG LC
TM GI TR LN NHT - GI TR NH NHT
CA HM S y=f(x) TRONG TON 12
TIU LUN
Ngnh: L LUN V PHNG PHP DY HC TON
M ngnh: 60 14 01 11
Ngi hng dn: GVC. TS. NGUYN VN QUANG
Cn Th - 2013
LI CAM OAN
Ti xin cam oan y l cng trnh nghin cu ca bn thn, c xut pht t
yu cu trong cng vic hnh thnh hng nghin cu. Cc bi ton c trnh by
trong tiu lun ny l qu trnh tham kho ti liu ca cc tc gi c th v qu trnh
lao ng ca bn thn. Kt qu cui cng mi bi ton l trung thc.
Cn Th, ngy 29 thng 12 nm 2013
Hc vin
Nguyn Trng c
LI CM N
Trc khi trnh by ni dung chnh ca kha lun, em xin by t lng cm n n
GVC. TS Nguyn Vn Quang. Thy tn tnh hng dn em hon thnh tt tiu
lun ny.
Cn Th, ngy 29 thng 12 nm 2013
Hc vin
Nguyn Trng c
2
Mc lc
0.1 L do chn ti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
0.2 Mc ch nghin cu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
0.3 Nhim v nghin cu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
0.4 Gi thuyt khoa hc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
0.5 i tng nghin cu v phm vi nghin cu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
0.6 Phng php nghin cu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1 Cc phng php tm GTLN - GTNN ca hm s trong chng trnh
Ton 12 8
1.1 Tm GTLN - GTNN bng phng php kho st trc tip . . . . . . . 8
1.2 Tm GTLN - GTNN ca hm s bng phng php gin tip . . . . . 8
1.3 Tm GTLN - GTNN ca hm s bng phng php min gi tr . . . 9
2 Mt s cc bi ton tm GTLN - GTNN ca hm s 10
2.1 V d 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2 V d 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3 V d 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3 Mt s cc dng bi tp nm mc nng cao va sc cho HS v
ch tm GTLN - GTNN ca hm s 17
3.1 V d 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2 V d 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.2.1 V d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3
3.2.2 V d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.2.3 V d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.2.4 V d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.2.5 V d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2.6 V d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.2.7 Mt s bi tp v nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4
NHNG T VIT TT
GTLN: Gi tr ln nht
GTNN: Gi tr nh nht
HS: hc sinh
5
LI M U
0.1 L do chn ti
Theo thang Bloom Sng to l cp t duy cao nht trong 6 cp gm nh, hiu,
p dng, phn tch, nh gi, sng to. Rn luyn, bi dng t duy sng to cho hc
sinh l mt nhim v quan trng ca nh trng ph thng, c bit trong dy hc
mn Ton. Dy hc phi pht huy s tch cc, t gic v s yu thch mi hc sinh.
C nh vy lao ng mi hiu qu, c th l lao ng tr c.
Theo G. Polya "Gip hc sinh l mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng nht m
ngi thy nht thit phi lm. Nhim v khng phi l d, n i hi phi c thi
gian v kinh nghim, s tn tm v nhng nguyn tc ng n. Ngi hc sinh vi
s n lc ca bn thn phi thu c cng nhiu cng tt nhng kinh nghim lm vic
c lp....Tt nht l gip hc sinh mt cch t nhin. Thy gio phi t a v mnh
l mt hc sinh trc mt vn , c gng xem hc sinh ngh g, t mt cu hi
hay hng dn cc bc suy lun m hc sinh c th t mnh suy ngh ra." Mn Ton
l mn hc cng c, gi vai tr ht sc quan trng trong chng trnh ton THPT v
trong i sng. Trong cc bi ton v tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht, y l
dng ton hay, t duy cao v i hi cc k nng v tnh ton. Song i vi hc sinh
vic gii nhng dng ton ny l kh v cn nhng bin php, cn nhng s hng
dn ca ngi thy c th hc tt dng ton ny.
T nhng l do trn, tiu lun c chn l: "Rn luyn nng lc tm gi tr ln nht
- gi tr nh nht ca hm s y = f(x) trong Ton 12".
0.2 Mc ch nghin cu
Mc ch nghin cu ti ny l lm r hn cc phng php, k nng tm gi tr
ln nht - gi tr nh nht ca hm s thng qua cc bi tp t d n kh cho hc
sinh.
0.3 Nhim v nghin cu
Nghin cu h thng cc phng php tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s trong chng
trnh Ton 12;
Nghin cu cc dng ton tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s trong Ton 12;
0.4 Gi thuyt khoa hc
Phng php quan trng cho vic nng cao k nng gii ton tm GTLN v GTNN
ca biu thc cho hc sinh trung bnh, kh , gii cui cp trung hc ph thng l vic
h thng ha tng i cc dng ton, cc k nng tm GTLN, GTNN ca biu thc
c s h tr t ngi thy.
6
0.5 i tng nghin cu v phm vi nghin cu
i tng nghin cu l qu trnh dy hc tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s trong chng
trnh Ton 12;
Phm vi nghin cu l cc bi ton tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s;
0.6 Phng php nghin cu
Phng php nghin cu l lun;
Phng php nghin cu trng hp;
B cc ca tiu lun bao gm 3 chng.
Chng 1 ca tiu lun trnh by tm tt cc phng php tm GTLN - GTNN
ca hm s trong chng trnh Ton 12.
Chng 2 ca tiu lun tp trung trnh by cc mt s cc bi ton tm GTLN
- GTNN ca hm s gn lin vi cc phng php nu ra trong Chng 1;
Chng 3 ca tiu lun trnh by thm mt s cc phng php gii v cc dng
bi tp nm mc nng cao va sc cho HS v ch GTLN - GTNN ca
hm s.
Do thi gian thc hin kha lun khng nhiu, kin thc cn hn ch nn khi lm tiu
lun khng trnh khi nhng hn ch v sai st. Chng ti mong nhn c s gp
v nhng kin phn bin ca qu thy c v bn c. Xin chn thnh cm n!
Cn Th, ngy 29 thng 12 nm 2013
Hc vin
Nguyn Trng c
7
Chng 1
Cc phng php tm GTLN -
GTNN ca hm s trong chng
trnh Ton 12
1.1 Tm GTLN - GTNN bng phng php kho
st trc tip
tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s y = f(x). Ta thc hin cc bc nh sau:
Tm min xc nh D ca hm s y = f(x);
Tnh o hm y

, gii phng trnh y

= 0;
Lp bng bin thin trn min D;
Da vo bng bin thin, kt lun GTLN, GTNN ca hm s
Lu : Nu min D = [a; b] th ta c th tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s y = f(x) trn
on [a; b] theo cc bc sau:
Tnh f

(x), gii phng trnh f

(x) = 0 vi x (a; b). Gi s c nghim x

1
; x
2
; ...
Tnh f(a), f(b), f(x
1
), f(x
2
), ...;
Kt lun: min
x[a;b]
y = min{f(a), f(b), f(x
1
), ...} v max
x[a;b]
y = max{f(a), f(b), f(x
1
), ...}
1.2 Tm GTLN - GTNN ca hm s bng phng
php gin tip
Ta thc hin theo cc bc sau:
Bin i hm s y = f(x) v dng y = F((x))
t t = (x) ta c: iu kin ca n t l D
t
v y = F(t);
Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s y = F(t) trn D
t
8
1.3 Tm GTLN - GTNN ca hm s bng phng
php min gi tr
Ta thc hin cc bc nh sau:
Xem y = f(x) l phng trnh n x v y l tham s;
Tm iu kin ca y y = f(x) c nghim;
Kt lun min y v max y
Trn y l nhng phng php c bn gii cc bi ton tm GTLN, GTNN ca
hm s y = f(x). Trong chng sau, chng ti cp n nhng bi tp gn lin vi
cc phng php nhng khng qu kh i vi HS. Thm vo chng ti khai thc
su phng php th hai, v dng bi tp lin quan n phng php ny rt phong
ph v a dng. Trong qu trnh chng ti trnh by tiu lun i ch c cp n
nhng bi tp mang hng thi i hc, v mc ch cui cng vn l to t th chun
b cho cc em tip cn nhng bi tp hay v c phn th v ny.
9
Chng 2
Mt s cc bi ton tm GTLN -
GTNN ca hm s
2.1 V d 1
Cho cc hm s y = f(x), hy:
1. Tm GTLN v GTNN ca f(x) =
9
4
x
2
2x + 1 trn na khong
_
1
2
; +
_
2. Tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s y = 16x
2
2x + 12 trn on
_
0;
1
4
_
3. Tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s y = x
3

3
2
x
2
+ 6x + 3 trn on [2; 2]
4. Tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s y = x
2
+
3
x
trn on [1; 3]
2.1.1
Nhn s qua chng ta thy y l dng bi tp thuc phng php 1. Cch gii ta
gii thiu trn, vic cn li ta c theo cc bc m lm. V d ny va sc vi hc
sinh trung bnh, kh, cc em c th lm c mt cch d dng. By gi ta tin hnh
gii. i vi cu 1, sau khi o hm ta c: f

(x) =
9
2
x2; cho f

(x) = 0 x =
4
9
(loi)
Lp bng bin thin:
x
f

(x)
f(x)
4
9
1
2
+
0 +
5
9
5
9
9
16
9
16
+ +
10
Vy min
x
1
2
f(x) = f
_
1
2
_
=
9
16
. Hm s khng c GTLN.
2.1.2
Chng ta lm tip bi tp 2. y cng l bi tp khng qu kh i vi hc sinh trung
bnh. Ta cng c: f

(x) = 32x 2, cho f

(x) = 0 x =
1
16
(nhn).
Ta xt bng bin thin sau:
x
f

(x)
f(x)
0
1
16
1
4
0 +
12 12
191
16
191
16
25
2
25
2
Vy min
x[0;
1
4
]
f(x) = f
_
1
16
_
=
191
16
l GTNN ca hm s.
V max
x[0;
1
4
]
f(x) = max
_
f(0); f
_
1
4
__
= max
_
12;
25
2
_
=
25
2
l GTLN ca hm s.
2.1.3
Chng ta tip tc bi tp 3. Ta c f

(x) = 3x
2
3x + 6.
Cho hm s f

(x) = 0 x = 1(n) hoc x = 2(n). Vi f(2) = 7 v f(2) = 1.

Xt bng bin thin sau:
x
f

(x)
f(x)
+ 2 1 2 +
0 + 0
+ +
7 7
13
2
13
2
11
+ +
T bng ta kt lun rng max
x[2;2]
f(x) = f(1) =
13
2
l GTLN ca hm s.
V min
x[2;2]
f(x) = min{f(2); f(2)} = min{7; 1} = 7 l GTNN ca hm s.
11
2.1.4
Bi tp th 4 l mt bi tp dng phn thc, i hi hc sinh ch iu kin ca
hm s v cng cn phi o hm cho ng.
Ta d dng c: f

(x) = 2x
3
x
2
=
2x
3
3
x
2
; cho f

(x) = 0 2x
3
3 = 0 x =
3
_
3
2
(n)
Mt khc ta c: f(1) = 4 v f(3) = 10. Xt bng bin thin:
x
f

(x)
f(x)
1
3
_
3
2
3
0 +
44
3
3
_
9
4
3
3
_
9
4
10 10
Vy ta c GTLN ca hm s l max
x[1;3]
f(x) = max{f(1); f(3)} = max{4; 10} = 10
V GTNN ca hm s l min
x[1;3]
f(x) = f
_
3
_
3
2
_
= 3
3
_
9
4
Chng ta nhn thy cc v d trn khng qu kh. Vy ta hy gii mt s cc bi tp
c mc yu cu cao hn mt cht. Cc bi tp sau y i hi chng ta suy ngh
nhiu hn. Trong cc bi tp tm GTLN, GTNN th dng bi tp c cha tr tuyt i
c phn lm hc sinh hi kh x, n c nh bi tp 1 ca mc v d 2. Hoc nh cc
bi tp c cha cn, i hi cc em phi bit tnh o hm ca hm s dng y =

x
vi x 0 hay nh hm s y =

u trong u = u(x). Hay nh dng hm s y = lnx

vi x > 0 hoc dng hm s y = ln(u) vi u = u(x), u l dng kh o hm i vi
HS, nhng cc em hon ton c th tnh o hm c tm GTLN, GTNN bng
cch ch nhng g hc trn lp. Vy chng ta hy xt ba v d in hnh di
y.
2.2 V d 2
Cho cc hm s y = f(x), hy:
1. Tm GTLN ca hm s y = |x
3
+ 3x
2
72x + 90| trn on [5; 5]
2. Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s y =
x + 1

x
2
+ 1
trn on [1; 2]
3. Tm GTLN ca hm s y =
lnx
2
x
trn on
_
1; e
3

12
2.2.1
Vi cu 1 ta t g(x) = x
3
+ 3x
2
72x + 90, tp xc nh D = [5; 5]
Ta c g

(x) = 3x
2
+6x72. Cho g

(x) = 0 3x
2
+6x72 = 0
_
x = 1 3

3(l)
x = 1 + 3

3(n)
M ta c g(5) = 70; g(5) = 400; g
_
1 + 3

3
_
= 164 144

3
Do :
max
x[5;5]
g(x) = max
_
g(5); g(1 + 3

3); g(5)
_
= g(5) = 400
Ta c x [5; 5] g(x)
_
164 144

3; 400
_
|g(x)| [0; 400]
Vy
max
x[5;5]
f(x) = max
x[5;5]
|g(x)| = 400
2.2.2
i vi cu 2, ta tin hnh o hm v c
y

=
1 x
(x
2
+ 1)

x
2
+ 1
Cho y

= 0 x = 1 [1; 2].
Xt bng bin thin sau:
x
f

(x)
f(x)
1 1 2
+ 0
00

2
3

5
3

5
Vy max
x[1;2]
y = y(1) =

2 l GTLN ca hm s.
V min
x[1;2]
y = min {y(1); y(2)} = min
_
0;
3

5
_
= 0 l GTNN ca hm s.
2.2.3
Lm tng t i vi bi tp 3. o hm hm s, ta c:
y

=
2.lnx.
1
x
.x (lnx)
2
x
2
=
lnx(2 lnx)
x
2
13
Cho y

= 0 x = 1(n) x = e
2
(n)
Ta c bng bin thin sau:
x
lnx
2 lnx
y

y
1 e
2
e
3
0 + +
+ 0
0 + 0
00
4
e
2
4
e
2
9
e
3
9
e
3
Nhn xt thy rng max
x[1;e
3
]
y = y
_
e
2
_
=
4
e
2
l GTLN ca hm s v
min
x[1;e
3
]
y = min
_
y(1); y(e
3
)
_
= min
_
0;
9
e
3
_
= 0
l GTNN ca hm s.
2.3 V d 3
Cho cc hm s y = f(x), hy:
1. Tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s y =
2x
2
+ 7x + 23
x
2
+ 2x + 10
x R
2. Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s y =
2 sinx + cos x + 1
sin x 2 cos x + 3
x R
3. Tm GTLN ca hm s y =
_
12x(x a)
x
2
+ 36
_
3
4
Dng bi tp ny ta dng phng php min gi tr ca hm s.
2.3.1
Trong cu 1 gi y
0
l mt gi tr ty ca hm s, th phng trnh sau (ca x)
y
0
=
2x
2
+ 7x + 23
x
2
+ 2x + 10
(1)
c nghim.
14
D thy (1) (y
0
2) x
2
+ (2y
0
7) x + 10y
0
23 = 0 (2)
Ta xt hai trng hp sau:
Nu y
0
= 2 th (2) 3x 3 = 0 x = 1 phng trnh (1) c nghim
Nu y
0
= 2 th (2) c nghim khi v ch khi 0 9y
2
0
16y
0
+15 0
3
2
y
0

5
2
Tm li (2) c nghim
3
2
y
0

5
2
.
V y
0
l gi tr ty ca f(x) cho nn min
xR
f(x) =
3
2
v max
xR
f(x) =
5
2
2.3.2
iu kin phng trnh sin x + cos x = c nghim khi v ch khi
2
+
2

2
Trong cu 2, ta c 3

5 sin x 2 cos x + 3 3 +

5 x R nn f(x) xc nh
trn ton R.
Gi y
0
l mt gi tr ty ca hm s f(x), ta c phng trnh sau (ca n x)
y
0
=
2 sin x + cos x + 1
sin x 2 cos x + 3
(1)
c nghim.
D thy (1) (2 y
0
) sin x + (1 + 2y
0
) cos x = 3y
0
1 (2)
V (2) c nghim nn ta c iu kin sau
(2 y
0
)
2
+ (1 + 2y
0
)
2
(3y
0
1)
2
2y
2
0
3y
0
2 0
1
2
y
0
2 (3)
T (3) suy ra min
xR
f(x) =
1
2
v max
xR
f(x) = 2
2.3.3
Xt cu 3, hm s xc nh khi v ch khi x(x a) 0
Ta xt hm s g(x) =
12x(x a)
x
2
+ 36
(1) th y =
4
_
(g(x))
3
, g(x) 0
Gi g
0
l mt gi tr ca hm g(x) th th
(1) g
0
=
12x(x a)
x
2
+ 36
c nghim hay phng trnh
(12 g
0
) x
2
12ax 36g
0
= 0 (2)
c nghim. Vi:
g
0
= 12 ax = 36 x =
36
a
(a = 0) suy ra phng trnh (1) c nghim.
Suy ra phng trnh ban u c nghim.
15
g
0
= 12: (2) c nghim khi v ch khi: 0
g
2
0
12g
0
a
2
0 6

a
2
+ 36 g
0
6 +

a
2
+ 36
V g(x) 0 cho nn 0 g
0
6 +

a
2
+ 36
Vy
max g(x) = 6 +

a
2
+ 36 max f(x) =
4
_
_
6 +

a
2
+ 36
_
3
16
Chng 3
Mt s cc dng bi tp nm mc
nng cao va sc cho HS v ch
tm GTLN - GTNN ca hm s
Chng ny chng ti ch trng vo tm hiu cc bi tp tm GTLN, GTNN ca cc
hm s nng cao nhng vn nm trong kin thc Ton 12. Bn cnh qua cc cch
gii, s cp n k nng gii mt bi ton nh th no. S dng chiu bin thin
ca hm s tm GTLN, GTNN l mt phng php c bn lun c s dng trong
qu trnh gii. Nhng p dng c chiu bin thin ca hm s vic cn lm l
phi bin i bi ton v dng hm s ch c mt n, lm c iu , cn lm
nhiu dng bi tp. By gi chng ta i tm hiu nhng v d c th th v sau.
3.1 V d 1.
Cho cc biu thc y = f(x), hy:
1. Tm GTLN, GTNN ca A = 3
2x
+ 3
y
vi x 0; y 0 v x + y = 1
2. Tm GTLN, GTNN ca B = 2
_
x
3
+ y
3
_
3xy vi x, y R tha iu kin
x
2
+ y
2
= 2
3. Tm GTLN, GTNN ca C =
_
4x
2
+ 3y
_ _
4y
2
+ 3x
_
+25xy vi iu kin x, y 0
v x + y = 1
4. Tm GTLN, GTNN ca D = 3
_
x
4
+ y
4
+ x
2
y
2
_
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
+ 1 vi x, y tha
mn iu kin (x + y)
3
+ 4xy 2
3.1.1
Xt cu 1. Hm A l hm hai bin, cn a v hm s mt bin (nn theo x). Ta c:
y = 1 x, t A = 3
2x
+ 3
1x
= 3
2x
+
3
3
x
x [0; 1]
Ta t t = 3
x
, khi t [1; 3]
17
Lc ny hm s A vit li s l A = f(t) = t
2
+
3
t
t [1; 3]
y l v d 1, cu 4 chng ta lm trong chng 2. Vic gii na chng ta khng
tin hnh y, ta s s dng li kt qu.
Vy max A = max
t[1;3]
f(t) = max
t[1;3]
{f(1); f(3)} = max {4; 10} = 10 t = 3
_
x = 1
y = 0
V min A = min
t[1;3]
f(t) = f
_
3
_
3
2
_
= 3
3
_
9
4
t =
3
_
3
2

_

_
x = log
3
3
_
3
2
y = 1 log
3
3
_
3
2
Cch khc. t
_

_
x =
1
2
+ t
y =
1
2
t
(t
_

1
2
;
1
2
_
) Khi :
A = f(t) = 3
2
_
1
2
+ t
_
+ 3
_
1
2
t
_
= 3.3
2t
+

3
3
t
Suy ra: f

(t) =
6.ln3.3
3t

3.ln3
3
t
Cho f

(t) = 0 6.3
3t

3 = 0 t =
1
3
log
3
_

3
6
_
(n)
M:
f
_

1
2
_
= 4; f
_
1
2
_
= 10; f
_
1
3
log
3
_

3
6
__
= 3
3
_
9
4
Lp bng bin thin ta nhn thy:
max A = max
t[
1
2
;
1
2
]
f(t) = max
t[
1
2
;
1
2
]
_
f(
1
2
); f(
1
2
)
_
= max {4; 10} = 10
t =
1
2

_
x = 1
y = 0
V
min A = min
t[
1
2
;
1
2
]
f(t) = f
_
1
3
log
3
_

3
6
__
= 3
3
_
9
4
t =
1
3
log
3
_

3
6
_

_

_
x =
1
2
+
1
3
log
3
_

3
6
_
y =
1
2

1
3
log
3
_

3
6
_
Cch gii ny vn cho ra cng mt p n.
18
3.1.2
Chng ta xt v d k tip, cu 2.
Nhn thy bi c d kin x
2
+ y
2
= 2 xy =
(x + y)
2
2
2
, vy ta cn bin i
biu thc B v dng c cha x + y v xy. Ta bin i biu thc nh sau:
B = 2 (x + y)
_
x
2
xy + y
2
_
3xy = 2 (x + y) (2 xy) 3xy (1)
V th sau khi thay xy vo (1), ng thi t t = x + y ta c:
B = 2t
_
2
t
2
2
2
_
3
t
2
2
2
= t
3

3
2
t
2
+ 6t + 3 (2)
p dng BT Bunhiacopxki cho hai cp s sau (1; 1) v (x; y) c:
(1 + 1)
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
(x + y)
2
x
2
+ y
2

(x + y)
2
2
Suy ra (x + y)
2
4 2 t 2. Ta c iu kin ca n t.
y l v d 1, cu 3 chng ta xt chng 2, kt qu c s dng li.
Vy ta c: max
t[2;2]
f(t) = f(1) =
13
2
Do
max B =
13
2

_
x
2
+ y
2
= 2
x + y = 1

_

_
x =
1 +

3
2
y =
1

3
2

_
x =
1

3
2
y =
1 +

3
2
V min
t[2;2]
f(t) = min {f(2); f(2)} = min {7; 1} = 7
Khi
min B = 7
_
x
2
+ y
2
= 2
x + y = 2

_
x = 1
y = 1
3.1.3
Trong cu 3 ca v d 1 ny, vic s dng d kin x + y = 1 i hi chng ta phi
bin i qua nhiu bc bi ton c th d nhn, chng ta bit biu thc cui sau
khi thay x +y = 1 vo s cn li bin xy, khi ta s t xy l n no , hm s
lc ny ch cha mt n, c nh vy ta mi s dng cng c o hm tm GTLN,
GTNN. Chng ta quan st cc bc bin i sau:
C =
_
4x
2
+ 3y
_ _
4y
2
+ 3x
_
+ 25xy
= 16x
2
y
2
+ 12
_
x
3
+ y
3
_
+ 34xy
= 16
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
+ 12 (x + y)
_
x
2
xy + y
2
_
+ 34xy
= 16x
2
y
2
+ 12
_
(x + y)
2
3xy

+ 34xy
= 16x
2
y
2
2xy + 12 (1) (do x + y = 1)
19
Ti y ta s t xy = t, theo gi thit x 0; y 0 cho nn ta p dng BT
Cauchy cho hai s x v y c:
0

xy
x + y
2
0 xy
(x + y)
2
4
=
1
4
Suy ra 0 t
1
4
Lc ny hm s vit li s l C = f(t) = 16t
2
2t + 12
Bi tp ny ta lm trong v d 1, cu 2 ca chng 2. Chng ta s dng li kt qu
y.
Ta c min
t[0;
1
4
]
f(t) = f
_
1
16
_
=
191
16
V max
t[0;
1
4
]
f(t) = max
_
f(0); f
_
1
4
__
= max
_
12;
25
2
_
=
25
2
Khi gi tr nh nht ca C t c ng vi
t =
1
16

_
x + y = 1
xy =
1
16

_
x =
2 +

3
4
; y =
2

3
4
x =
2

3
4
; y =
2 +

3
4
V gi tr ln nht ca C t c khi
t =
1
4

_
x + y = 1
xy =
1
4
x = y =
1
2
3.1.4
Thot nhn cu 4 ca v d 1 ny c v tng ng vi cu 3 ta va gii nhng y
l cu n cha phc tp c th buc ta phi vn dng nhiu kin thc c th
a bi ton v hm s mt n, ri t dng o hm lp bng bin thin suy ra
GTLN, GTNN.
Trc khi i vo gii ta nhc li mt s bt ng thc hin nhin ng.
1. (x + y)
2
4xy (1)
2. x
2
+ y
2

(x + y)
2
2
(2)
3. x
4
+ y
4

(x
2
+ y
2
)
4
2
(3)
p dng (1) vo (x + y)
3
+ 4xy 2 ta c:
(x + y)
3
+ 4xy 2
(x + y)
3
+ (x + y)
2
(x + y)
3
+ 4xy 2
(x + y)
3
+ (x + y)
2
2 0
[(x + y) 1]
_
(x + y)
2
+ (x + y) + 2

0 (4)
20
M (x + y)
2
+ (x + y) + 2 =
_
(x + y) +
1
2
_
2
+
7
4
> 0
Kt hp vi (4) ta suy ra rng x + y 1 x
2
+ y
2

1
2
(5)
Ta bin i D tip nh sau:
D = 3
_
x
4
+ y
4
+ x
2
y
2
_
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
+ 1
=
3
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
2
+
3
2
_
x
4
+ y
4
_
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
+ 1

9
4
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
2
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
+ 1 (do (3))
t f (t) =
9
4
t
2
2t + 1 vi iu kin t = x
2
+ y
2

1
2
Nhn thy D
9
4
t
2
2t +1, bi ton a n yu cu ta tm GTNN. Trng hp ny
ta lm trong cu 1, v d 1, chng 2. Vy:
min
t
1
2
f(t) = f
_
1
2
_
=
9
16
Suy ra: D
9
16
Hay
min D =
9
16
t =
1
2
x
2
+ y
2
=
1
2
x = y =
1
2
ng thi nhn xt rng D khng c GTLN.
3.2 V d 2.
Nhng v d sau y m chng ti a ra vi mc ch l rn luyn k nng bin i
cc biu thc, k nng vn dng BT Cauchy, BT Bunhiacopxki,... a biu thc
v dng nht bin, t dng cng c o hm xt chiu bin thin ca hm s
t ta tm c GTLN, GTNN ca hm s. trnh by d hiu v lm ti liu
phc v mc ch ging dy sau ny, chng ti s lm cn k tng bc ngi c
d hiu v d lm theo. Tuy cc bi tp ny c nhng phn thm bn ngoi chng
trnh Ton 12 nhng v ct li, tt c cc v d u c chng ti sng lc lm
sao vn gn cht vi chng trnh v kh nng tip thu ca HS lp 12.
3.2.1 V d
V d u tin m chng ti a n c ni dung nh sau:
Cho x R, y R, z R. Hy tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc:
P = 3
_
1
4
x
+
1
9
y1
+
1
16
z2
_
2
_
1
8
x
+
1
27
y1
+
1
64
z2
_
21
Quan st bi ton ta nhn thy c th nhm cc s hng l bi ca 2
x
, 3
x
, 4
x
li vi
nhau. Biu din li biu thc P ta c:
P =
_
3
4
x

2
8
x
_
+
_
3
9
y1

2
27
y1
_
+
_
3
16
z2

2
64
z2
_
Xt hm s f(t) = 3t
2
2t
3
(t > 0)
Ta c f

(t) = 6t (1 t) ; f

(t) = 0 t = 0(l) t = 1(n)

Xt bng bin thin sau:
t
f

(t)
f(t)
0 1 +
+ 0
+ +
00
11

Da vo bng bin thin, t > 0 ta c f(t) 0, t > 0
Khi :

3
4
x

2
8
x
1, x R

3
9
y1

2
27
y1
1, y R

3
16
z2

2
64
z2
1, z R
Cng theo v ta c P 3 x, y, z R. Vy max P = 3
_
_
_
x = 0
y = 1
z = 2
Rn luyn cho HS quan st bi ton lm ng yu cu khng qu kh. Quan st
phn tch bi ton, c th bin i bi ton gn hn nh ta mong mun. y
HS cn tm mi lin h gia cc hm m vi nhau, v d nh
1
4
x
,
1
8
x
, nu ta bit bin
i
1
8
x
=
_
1
2
x
_
3
th lc ny mi lin h d dng nhn thy c, chnh s tng t m
lm cho HS s bit nhm 2 cp hng t cn li. Nhng HS c th t n, a v
hm s f(t) = 3t
2
2t
3
, ch ny gio vin nn tr gip HS. Mt iu quan trng na
l HS thng qun iu kin ca n t v vic pht biu bi ton li cng HS bit
rng ta t n bi ton ban u d nhn hn v d lm hn. Bi ton pht biu li
rng: "Vi t > 0. Hy tm GTLN ca hm s f(t) = 3t
2
2t
3
"?
22
3.2.2 V d
Bi ton sau m chng ti a ra minh ha rng vic quan st, t n th bi ton
ban u s d lm hn.
Bi ton c ni dung:
Tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s : y = lg
2
x +
1
lg
2
x + 2
iu kin ca bi ton x > 0. Sau ta t n t = lgx, t R ta c hm s theo
n t l:
f(t) = t
2
+
1
t
2
+ 2
f

(t) = 2t
2t
(t
2
+ 2)
2
= 2t
_
(t
2
+ 2)
2
1
(t
2
+ 2)
2
_
Cho f

(t) = 0 t = 0. Lp bng bin thin

t
f

(t)
f(t)
0 +
0 +
+ +
1
2
1
2
+ +
Quan st thy hm s f(t) khng c max f(t). Hm c min f(t) =
1
2
ti t = 0
Vy GTNN ca hm min y =
1
2
t c ti t = 0 lgx = 0 x = 1
t n t = lgx, bi ton c v n gin, nhng nu c th t t = lg
2
x 0, liu bi
ton c d hn khng? Chng ta cng gii trng hp ny xem sao.
Ta c: y = lg
2
x +
1
lg
2
x + 2
() vi iu kin x > 0.
t t = lg
2
x 0 th () f(t) = t +
1
t+2
Suy ra: f

(t) = 1
1
(t + 2)
2
=
(t + 3) (t + 1)
(t + 2)
2
Cho f

(t) = 0 t = 3(l) t = 1(l), f(x) khng xc nh ti t = 2.

Lp bng bin thin sau
23
t
f

(t)
f(t)
3 2 1 0 +
0 0 +
4 4

+
00
1
2
1
2
+ +
R rng hm s khng tn ti GTLN vi t 0.
V hm s c min y = min f(t) =
1
2
ti t = 0 x = 1
Bi ton ty theo cch t m ta c phng hng gii thch hp, vic gip HS gii
mt bi tp cha , m cn gip HS thy bi ton cng c th gii theo nhiu hng
m vn m bo kt qu chnh xc.
3.2.3 V d
Bi ton tip theo chng ti ni n ch trng k nng bin i biu thc. Ni dung
bi ton:
Cho cc s thc dng x, y tha mn: x + y + 1 = 3xy. Tm GTLN ca biu thc:
Q =
3x
y (x + 1)
+
3y
x(y + 1)

1
x
2

1
y
2
Chng ta cn lm xut hin mi lin h gia x + y v xy. V sao li nh vy? V
bi cho x + y + 1 = 3xy, biu thc c th bin i thnh x + y = 3xy 1, m
0 2

xy x + y = 3xy 1 do x > 0, y > 0. Vy ta c th xem

xy nh l mt n
m ta cn bin i hon ton biu thc Q v dng ch cha n

xy. C nh vy ta
mi s dng cng c o hm c th lp bng bin thin, t suy ra GTLN ca
Q. l vy.
Chng ta thy Q l mt biu thc mang tnh cht i xng, c ngha l vai tr ca x v
y l nh nhau. bin i Q chng ta cn s dng x+y +1 = 3xy 3xy 1 = x+y,
nhng biu thc ch cha 3x hoc 3y, vy ta cn thm ln lt y, x vo hai hng t
24
u tin xem nh th no. Khi :
Q =
3x
y (x + 1)
+
3y
x(y + 1)

1
x
2

1
y
2
Q =
3xy
y
2
(x + 1)
+
3xy
x
2
(y + 1)

1
x
2

1
y
2
Q =
_
3xy
x
2
(y + 1)

1
x
2
_
+
_
3xy
y
2
(x + 1)

1
y
2
_
Q =
3xy (y + 1)
x
2
(y + 1)
+
3xy (x + 1)
y
2
(x + 1)
Q =
1
x(y + 1)
+
1
y (x + 1)
Q =
2xy + x + y
xy (xy + x + y + 1)
Q =
5xy 1
4 (xy)
2
Bi ton ti y coi nh n gin hn nhiu. Ta t n t =

xy 0. Cn tm n t.
Chng ta thy rng: x > 0, y > 0 nn
0 2

xy x + y = 3xy 1
3t
2
2t 1 0
t
1
3
t 1
Kt hp vi iu kin t 0 ta c: t 1. Ta pht biu bi ton li nh sau:
Vi t 1 hy tm GTLN ca biu thc: f(t) =
5t 1
4t
2
Lp bng bin thin, suy ra
max
t1
f(t) = 1 t = 1

xy = 1 x = y = 1
V x + y 2

xy, x > 0, y > 0, du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x = y, kt hp vi

xy = 1 ta gii h c x = y = 1.
Vy max P = 1 t = 1 x = y = 1
25
3.2.4 V d
Chng ta tip tc vi mt bi tp ch trng k nng p dng BT Cauchy. Ni dung
bi ton nh sau:
Cho 3 s thc x, y, z tha iu kin: log
2
x + log
8
y
3
+ log
32
z
5
= 0 (). Tm gi tr
nh nht ca biu thc
R =
_
1 + x
3
+ y
3
xy
+
_
1 + y
3
+ z
3
yz
+

1 + z
3
+ x
3
zx
T iu kin (*) ta c: x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 v xyz = 1
p dng BT Cauchy cho 3 s hng khng m 1, x
3
,y
3
ta c:
1 + x
3
+ y
3
3
3
_
x
3
y
3
= 3xy
_
1 + x
3
+ y
3
xy

xy
(1)
Du bng trong (1) xy ra khi v ch khi x
3
= y
3
= 1 x = y = 1
Tng t ta cng c:
1 + y
3
+ z
3
3
3
_
y
3
z
3
= 3yz
_
1 + y
3
+ z
3
yz

yz
(2)
1 + z
3
+ x
3
3
3

z
3
x
3
= 3zx

1 + z
3
+ x
3
zx

zx
(3)
Du bng trong (2) xy ra khi v ch khi y
3
= z
3
= 1 y = z = 1 v du bng trong
(3) xy ra khi v ch khi z
3
= x
3
= 1 z = x = 1
Cng (1), (2), (3) theo v ta c:
R =
_
1 + x
3
+ y
3
xy
+
_
1 + y
3
+ z
3
yz
+

1 + z
3
+ x
3
zx

3
_
1

xy
+
1

yz
+
1

zx
_
(4)
Du bng trong (4) xy ra khi v ch khi c du bng trong (1), (2) v (3) tc l khi
x = y = z = 1 do xyz = 1
p dng BT Cauchy ba s hng khng m
1

xy
,
1

yz
,
1

zx
c:
1

xy
+
1

yz
+
1

zx
3
3

1
_
x
2
y
2
z
2
= 3 (5)
Du bng trong (5) xy ra khi v ch khi
1

xy
=
1

yz
=
1

zx
xy = yz = zx x = y = z = 1
T (4) v (5) suy ra:
R 3

3
3

1
_
x
2
y
2
z
2
3

3 (6)
Du bng trong (6) xy ra khi v ch khi ng thi c du bng trong (4) v (5) tc
l x = y = z = 1.
Vy min R = 3

3
26
3.2.5 V d
hiu r hn chng ti a ra hai v d nh na rn k nng vn dng BT vo
vic tm GTLN, GTNN. V d c ni dung sau:
Cho a > 0, b > 0, c > 0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca cc biu thc sau:
A =

a
2
+ b
2
+ ab +

b
2
+ c
2
+ bc +

c
2
+ a
2
+ ac
B =

a
2
+ 2b
2
+ ab +

b
2
+ 2c
2
+ bc +

c
2
+ 2a
2
+ ac
Xt biu thc A.
Ta p dng BT Cauchy cho ba s dng a
2
, b
2
, ab c:
a
2
+ b
2
+ ab 3ab (1)

a
2
+ b
2
+ ab

3ab (2)
Du bng trong (1) xy ra a
2
= b
2
= ab
Lp lun hon ton tng t ta c:
b
2
+ c
2
+ bc 3bc (3)

b
2
+ c
2
+ bc

3bc (4)
c
2
+ a
2
+ ac 3ac (5)

c
2
+ a
2
+ ac

3ac (6)
Du bng trong (3) xy ra b
2
= c
2
= bc v du bng trong (5) xy ra c
2
= a
2
= ac
Cng theo v ca (2), (4) v (6) c:
A =

a
2
+ b
2
+ ab +

b
2
+ c
2
+ bc +

c
2
+ a
2
+ ac

3
_

ab +

bc +

ca
_
(7)
Du bng trong (7) xy ra khi v ch khi ng thi c du bng trong (1), (3), (5) tc
l a
2
= b
2
= ab = b
2
= c
2
= bc = c
2
= a
2
= ca a = b = c
Li theo BT Cauchy ta c:

ab +

bc +

ca 3
3

abc 3 (8)
Du bng trong (8) xy ra khi v ch khi

ab =

bc =

ca a = b = c = 1
T (7) v (8) suy ra:
A 3

3
3

abc 3

3
Vy min A = 3

3 a = b = c = 1
Cch khc. Ta c:
a
2
+b
2
+ab =
3
4
(a + b)
2
+
1
4
(a b)
2

3
4
(a + b)
2

a
2
+ b
2
+ ab

3
2
(a + b) (1)
Chng ta lp lun tng t c:
b
2
+ c
2
+ bc =
3
4
(b + c)
2
+
1
4
(b c)
2

3
4
(b + c)
2

b
2
+ c
2
+ bc

3
2
(b + c) (2)
c
2
+a
2
+ac =
3
4
(c + a)
2
+
1
4
(c a)
2

3
4
(c + a)
2

c
2
+ a
2
+ ac

3
2
(a + c) (3)
27
Cng (1), (2) v (3) theo v c:
A =

a
2
+ b
2
+ ab +

b
2
+ c
2
+ bc +

c
2
+ a
2
+ ac

3 (a + b + c) (4)
Theo BT Cauchy ta c: a + b + c 3
3

abc 3 (5)
Du bng trong (5) xy ra a = b = c = 1
Kt hp (4), (5) ta suy ra: min A = 3

3
i vi biu thc B ta cng vn dng BT Cauchy tng t. V kt qu nhn c
l:
B 3

3
6

2
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1
iu quan trng trong phn vn dng BT tm GTLN, GTNN l k nng. K nng
c c t s quan st, mt cht v rn luyn bi tp nhiu. C nhng bi tp
khi nhn vo ta c th lm trc tip c, nhng khng phi lc no tt c mi th
sn c ta vn dng lin. Th d nh v d sau y.
3.2.6 V d
Cho cc s thc khng m x, y, z tha mn:

1 + x
2
+
_
1 + 2y +

1 + 2z = 5 ()
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc: C = 2x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
?
Chng ti t t ra mt s cu hi sau:
Lm sao tm GTLN ca C? Tc l chng ta cn chng minh rng C ?
iu tip theo ta t cu hi l ti sao gi thit cho (*)?. Liu cc hng t ca
(*) c mi lin h g khng?
Liu c th a C v hm mt bin khng? Tc l hai bin y v z biu th qua
bin x?

Vi hai s thc a, b khng m, ta c: a + b 0 v ab 0. Khi :
a + b + ab a + b
1 + a + b + ab 1 + a + b

1 + a + b + ab

1 + a + b

_
(1 + a) (1 + b)

1 + a + b
2
_
(1 + a) (1 + b) 2

1 + a + b

1 + a +

1 + b
_
2

_
1 +

1 + a + b
_
2

1 + a +

1 + b 1 +

1 + a + b (1)
28
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = 0 hoc b = 0 Kt qu (1) lun ng vi hai
s khng m a, b bt k. p dng vo (*) ta c:
5 =

1 + x
2
+
_
1 + 2y +

1 + 2z
=
_

1 + x
2
+
_
1 + 2y
_
+

1 + 2z
1 +
_
1 + x
2
+ 2y +

1 + 2z
= 1 +
_
_
1 + x
2
+ 2y +

1 + 2z
_
1 + 1 +
_
1 + x
2
+ 2y + 2z
= 2 +
_
1 + x
2
+ 2y + 2z
Tc l 5 2 +
_
1 + x
2
+ 2y + 2z x
2
+ 2y + 2z 8
Suy ra: 0 y + z 4
x
2
2
(2) vi iu kin x
_
0; 2

Bn cnh ta thy rng:

y
3
+ z
3
(y + z)
3
(y 0, z 0)
Lc ny:
C = 2x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
2x
3
+ (y + z)
3
2x
3
+
_
4
x
2
2
_
3
(3)
Bi ton ti y xem nh n gin i mt cht. gii tip ta s t:
f(x) = 2x
3
+
_
4
x
2
2
_
3
x
_
0; 2

2
_
Ta c:
f

(x) = 6x
2
3x
_
4
x
2
2
_
2
=
3
4
x(x 2)
_
x
_
12 x
2
_
+ 2
_
16 x
2
_
Vi x
_
0; 2

2
_
ta c: f

(x) = 0 x = 0(n) x = 2(n)

Gi tr hm s ti cc nghim v hai u mt ln lt l:
f(0) = 64; f(2) = 24; f(2

2) = 32

2
Suy ra: f(x) 64, x
_
0; 2

2
_
(4)
T (3) v (4) ta c: C 64 du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
_
_
_
x = 0
y = 0
z = 4

_
_
_
x = 0
y = 4
z = 0
(5)
Vy ta i n kt lun max C = 64 vi iu kin (5).
29
3.2.7 Mt s bi tp v nh
Bi tp 1.
1. Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s f(x) = x

4 x
2
p n: min
x[2;2]
f(x) = 2 x =

2; max
x[2;2]
f(x) = 2 x =

2
2. Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s f(x) = x +

4 x
2
p n: min
x[2;2]
f(x) = 2 x = 2; max
x[2;2]
f(x) = 2

2 x =

2
3. Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s f(x) =

1 x
2
+ 2
3
_
(1 x
2
)
2
p n: min
x[1;1]
f(x) = 0 x = 1 x = 1; max
x[1;1]
f(x) = 3 x = 0
4. Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s f(x) = x + 1 +

3x
2
+ 6x + 9
p n: min
x[1;3]
f(x) = 0 x = 1; max
x[1;3]
f(x) = 6 x = 2
5. Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s f(x) = 5 cos x cos 5x x
_

4
;

4
_
p n: min
x[

4
;

4
]
f(x) = 4 x = 0; max
x[

4
;

4
]
f(x) = 3

3 x =

6
6. Gi x
1
; x
2
l nghim ca phng trnh 12x
2
6mx+m
2
4 +
12
m
2
= 0 (1). Tm
m biu thc A = x
3
1
+ x
3
2
t gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht?
p n:
min A = min
m[2

3;2][2;2

3]
f(m) =
3

3
4
m = 2

3
max A = max
m[2

3;2][2;2

3]
f(m) =
3

3
4
m = 2

3
7. Gi x
1
; x
2
l nghim ca phng trnh x
2
+ax+
1
a
2
= 0 (a = 0). Tm a biu
thc A = x
4
1
+ x
4
2
t gi tr nh nht?
p n: min A = min
|a|

2
f(a) =
1
2
a =
8

2
Hng dn: Tm GTLN, GTNN bng cch o hm trc tip.
Bi tp 2.
1. Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s y = x
6
+
_
1 x
2
_
3
x [1; 1]
Hng dn: t t = x
2
; x [1; 1] t [0; 1]
30
min
x[1;1]
y = min
t[0;1]
f(t) =
1
4
t =
1
2
x =
1

2
max
x[1;1]
y = max
t[0;1]
f(t) = 1 t = 0 x = 0
2. Tm GTLN ca hm s y =

3 + 2x x
2
+ (x 1)
2
3
Hng dn: x [1; 3] ; t =

3 + 2x x
2
=
_
4 (x 1)
2
2 t [0; 2]
max
x[1;3]
y = max
t[0;2]
f(t) =
5
4
t =
1
2
x = 1 +
15
2
3. Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s y =
2

1 x
4
+

1 + x
2
+

1 x
2
+ 3

1 + x
2
+

1 x
2
+ 1
Hng dn: iu kin x [1; 1]
t t =

1 + x
2
+

1 x
2
2

1 x
4
= t
2
2; t

= 0 x = 0
T bng bin thin suy ra t
_

2; 2
_
Xt hm s y = f(t) =
t
2
+ t + 1
t + 1
; t
_

2; 2
_
max
x[1;1]
y = max
t[

2;2]
f(t) =
7
3
t = 2 x = 0
min
x[1;1]
y = min
t[

2;2]
f(t) = 2

2 1 t =

2 x = 1
Bi tp 3.
1. Cho hai s thc x, y tha x + y = 2. Tm GTNN ca biu thc A = x
4
+ y
4
?
Hng dn: Thay y = x 2 vo biu thc A.
min A = min
xR
f(x) = 2 x = 1 y = 1
2. Cho hai s x, y tha mn: x
2
+ xy + y
2
= 1 (1). Tm GTLN, GTNN ca biu
thc A = x
2
xy + y
2
Hng dn: A = x
2
xy + y
2
=
x
2
xy + y
2
x
2
+ xy + y
2
Nu y = 0 x = 1 A = 1. Nu y = 0 A = f(t) =
t
2
t + 1
t
2
+ t + 1
_
t =
x
y
_
max A = max f(t) = 3 t = 1 y = x
min A = min f(t) =
1
3
t = 1 y = x
3. Cho hai s thc x, y v x
2
+ xy + y
2
= xy (x + y) (1). Tm GTLN ca biu
thc: A =
1
x
3
+
1
y
3
Hng dn: thi khi A nm 2006.
31
KT LUN
Trong tiu lun ny em trnh ny t tng, ni dung, cc trng hp p dng cho
cc bi ton tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s v cc bi tp nng cao nhng va sc
vi HS lp 12. Song song vi phng php l bi tp, bn cnh l cc li gii thch
chi tit cho bi gii. ng gp chnh ca tiu lun ny gm:
1 Tm hiu v trnh by 3 phng php tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s gm:
phng php kho st trc tip, phng php gin tip v phng php min
gi tr. Bn cnh c cp n phng php p dng cc BT c bn tm
GTLN, GTNN.
2 Lm r hn cho cc phng php bng cc bi tp c th;
3 Khc su kin thc, rn luyn k nng cho HS bng cc bi tp v nh c km
li hng dn.
Tuy nhin do thi gian thc hin tiu lun khng nhiu v cn rt rt nhiu phng
php m tiu lun mun cp n, hn na tiu lun vn cn nhiu sai st kh trnh
khi nh cch hnh vn, cch tm li vn , cch khi qut vn cho nhng bi tp
tng t...rt mong nhn c s ng gp qu bu ca Thy v bn c.
32
Ti liu tham kho
[1] G.POLYA, Gii mt bi ton nh th no., NXB Gio dc Vit Nam (2006)
[2] Nguyn Th Thanh Thy, Rn luyn k nng tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht
ca biu thc cho hc sinh kh, gii cui cp trung hc ph thng, Lun vn Thc
s ngnh: L lun v phng php dy hc (B mn Ton hc), Trng i hc
Gio dc, (2010)
[3] B Gio Dc v o To, thi tuyn sinh i hc khi D 2003, A 2006
[4] diendantoanhoc.net,Ti liu chuyn phng php v Bt ng thc,
http://diendantoanhoc.net/forum/index.php?/forum/86-ti-liu-chuyn--
phng-php-v-bt-ng-thc/, (ntc:01/01/2014)
33