-:

.
- .

)(Ultimate limit design method


/
2000

 L.S.D.M
Limit states design method

) (sap2000 & safe

.
-:

-1

- .
-

12
24 .

-
) (t ) (b
.
-
.

- ) (frame action
.
- ) (to reduce buckling length

 -2


-:


) ( = 3
= 0.1

= 2.2

) (t= ) 0.7 =(0.1-2.2-3
16
54 .
) (b
.
-:
) (t

t=L/10
t=Lbigger/12
t=Lc/5
L bigger/12 Lc/5 L

) (t 40

10 2
L/16 >t

L/18 >t

L/21 >t

L/5 >t

-3

-1 ) (main beam ) (secondary beam

.
-2 ) 6 * 6(
.

-3 )
(
.

-4 ) (
.

 -5 ) (loop of loading



.

-6
) (dropped beam
). (embedded beam
-7

 -4

-:
-1

-2
-3

-4
-5
-6

) (dead load

)
(
) 4 3
= 96=24*4 ( )
(

Chillers ) (
. .
) (live load
.
) (lateral load

.
) (earth quake load
) (wind load

-:
-

+ ) ( + .
+ + .
+ .
+ .
.

) (load distribution

) (B . M .D ) (S. F . D
check
.
W (BEAM) = 0.W (BEAM) +WALLS+SLABS


-: ) (live loads

/2

/2

100

200

50

300

60 - 20

300

---------

----------

/2

/2

250

250

200

250

1000 -500

400

400

400

400

400

-----------

-----------

400

/2

/2

300

200

400

400

500

400

1000

400

400

-------

-------

400

-------

-------

400

-------

-------

/2

/2

500

400

1000

500

/2

/2

1000

300

400

500

400

500

-------

-------

400

-------

-------

500

/2
200 / + 2


600/2

/2

200 /+ 2





1000/2

/2

/2

1500

500

-------

-------

300


2.4

-------

-------

400

 -:
) (
-1
-2
-

2500/3
2200/3
2000-1000/3
900 600 /3
2500 / 3
2500 - 2300/3
1900 1600/3
1700 700/3
600 300/3

2800/3
2800/3
2700/3
2700 /3

-3
1800-1600 /3
1600 -1400 /3
/3
2000
1800-1400/3
/3
1850
/3
1400
800 -700 /3 -4
1900 -1400
1150
900 -600950
-

/3
/3
/3
/3

 -5
-

2100
1800
1800-750
1800 -1400
1700
1500 -1100

/3
/3
/3
/3
/3
/3

-6
/3
680
/3
690
/3
570
/3
400
/3
100 -900
900 -600 /3 /3
400 250 /3
850-750
/3
650 -450
-7
-8
-

7850
7850
7250
3000
2700

/3
/3
/3
/3
/3

/3
800
/3
1800
1400 1000 /3
1400 1100 /3
/3
2400
/3
2200
/3
1400
/3
1600
180 160 /3
110 -100 /3
/3
60
/3
2500

 /3
/3
/3
/3
/3

2600
1200
1300
1700
2000
-5


) (one way slab ) (tow way slab
) (empirical

) ( finite elements
) ( B.M ) (S . F ) (empirical
) (FINITE ELEMENT

) (empirical
.
-1 )(one way slab

Loads on beams supporting one- way slabs L/LS>2

(tow way slab) -2

Loads on beams supporting tow- way slabs L/LS<2

-3

Direct slab load on beam B1

) (Working stress method ) (Limit states method
) (limit states

 -1




stage (1) ...






) (

.

.
= 10
.
.

 stage (2) ..



....


....
... ..

...
.. ..

..
..

) (

= 15
-

)Service loading (elastic
... ... ...
...
.. .. ..
.. ...
... ..
..
) ( ... )
.. ( ...
...

)Post yield loading (plastic

...
) ( ... ...
...
...
... deflection ...
Stage 3 ...
)(Ultimate load





...
...
...
... ...






Balanced failure

Under reinforced failure

Over reinforced failure

 - 7

Moment---- deflection curve


)
(
) (

-:

1- Short deflection

2- Long term deflection

 ) (safe

) (deflection




) (S.T.D
) (L.T.D
) (SAFE



) ( TOW WAY SOLID SLAB ) (X
) (Y

1
) (define ) (load patterns

 ) ( ideal
) (dead ) (live ) (dead
self-weight multiplier = 1
) ( live load
......... - self-weight multiplier = 0

 )(2
-

) (dead ) ( own weight

) ( type
) ( dead ) ( self-weight multiplier = 1

) ( LIVE ) ( self-weight multiplier =0

) ( add load pattern
) ( WALL )
( super dead load ) (self-weight multiplier =0

) (FLOORING COVER
) (super dead load ) self-weight
(multiplier =0

)(3
) (define ) (load cases
) (deflection ) (working
) ( B. M ) (ultimate
) (working for S.T.D ) (working for L.T.D )
(ultimate

 ) (LOAD CASES

) (working S.T.D
) (DEAD
) (modify show case

) (define ) (load cases

) (walls

 ) (define ) (load cases

) (FLOORING COVER

 ) (define ) (load cases

) (LIVE


) (WORKING FOR S.T.D
) (combination
) (define ) ( load combination

) (add new combo

 ) load
(combination name

 4
) (working for L . T.D


) (define ) (load cases

) (add copy of case )

(dead .

 ) (OWN WEIGHT FOR S.T.D

) (OWN WEIGHT FOR L.T.D

) (CREEP ) (SHIRINKAGE

 ) ( 2

2
) (define ) (load cases ) walls for
(s.t.d

) (WALLS FOR S.T.D

 2 ) (L T D

) (define ) (load cases ) FLOORING

(COVER FOR s.t.d

 ) ( FLOORING COVER S.T.D

) (define ) (load cases ) LIVE FOR

(S.T.D

 ) ( LIVE FOR S.T.D

) (LOAD COMBINATION
) (WORKING FOR L.T.D
) (DEFINE ) (LOAD COMPAINATION

 ) (add new combo

2 )
(working for L.T.D

 _- 8 -:





.

-:
)1- Concrete cube compressive strength ( fcu

150*150*1502
28 %5


6-2
0.83
Fc= 0.83 fcu

2- Cracking tensile stress Fctr


Fctr=0.6 fcu^0.5
N/mm2
Where fcu also in
N/mm2
3-

)Modules of elasticity of concrete(Ec
/

Ec=4400 fcu^0.5
N/mm2
Where fcu also in
N/mm2


0.20
)Shear modules ( G


G= 0.42 Ec

4-

 -:

)Yield stress ( Fy

1-

240/2 280 /2
360 / 2 400 /2
ultimate stress
)2- tensile stress (Fu

350 / 2 450 / 2

520/ 2 600 / 2



0.30
Modules of elasticity of steel( young modules) Es
Es = stress/ strain

N/mm2

Es=2*10^5

2-

 -: (safe12.0.0

-:

safe 12.0.0
.
-1 safe N .mm

-2 file new model



) (grid only

) (design code ) (BS 8110-1997

 ) (Design preference ) (BS 8110-1997

project information

 grid only

-3 Design design preference

BS 8110-1997

 c30 define material Define -4

modify show material


) (concrete ) (fcu EC
EC=4400 FCU^0.50 ) ( Shear modulus
. G=0.42 EC
) (EC


KN-m
.

 -: safe12.0.0
fy
fult
Mild steel
24/35 -1
High tensile steel
36/52 -2
High grade steel
40/60 -3
Cold twisted steel
45/52 -4
define material

CSA-G30 Modify show material

 )(material property data

) ( high strength steel 36/52

fy fult ) high grade
(steel40/60 fy =400000 KN-m fu =600000 KN-m

 -_9 ) (working ) (limit states method

.


" "



.


-1 )Working Stress Method (

. 250 /2
95 / ) 2 2.6
% 38 ! ( . 3600 /2
2000 / ) 2 1.8 % 55
! ( .
.



.
-2 )Limit States Method ( :

% 40
% 60
1.5 1.15
. 250
/ 2 166 / 2 % 66
) . % 62 ( .

 3600 / 2 3130 / 2 % 87
) . % 44 (



.
250 / 2
150 / 2
166 / 2

-10
: ) (



Over reinforced section (brittle failure) where C > Cb

:

Balanced section (brittle failure) where C= Cb

: ,

) ( )(limit states
Under reinforced section (ductile failure) where C < Cb

 -11 L . S . D . M

Load types

Dead Loads
Live Loads
Wind Loads
Earth-Quack Loads
)Lateral Loads ( Pressure , Earth-Pressure .

) Dynamic Loads ( Machines ,
Other Loads
-:

F.O.S FOR LOADS

-1
U= MAX LOAD = 1.4 D.L + 1.6 L.L
)U=MAX LOAD=1.5(D.L+L.L

IF L.L < 0.75 D.L

IF L.L> 0.75 D.L

-2
) (

)U = MAX LOAD= 1.4 D.L + 1.6 (E + L.L

= E )( LATERAL LOADS

U= MAX LOAD = 1.4 D.L+ 1.6 L.L +1.4E

-3

EQ+WIND

)U= MAX LOAD= 0.8(1.4D.L+ 1.6 L.L+ 1.6W

)U= MAX LOAD= 0.8(1.4D.L+ 1.6 L.L+ 1.6EQ
)(1.4 D.L + 1.6 L.L .

 -4
) (CASE OF LOADING

U = 0.90 D.L
U= 0.9 D.L + 1.6 E

U=0.9 D.L+ 1.3 WIND .

U= 0.90 D.L + 1.3 EQ
-:

= 1





... .




.
= 1.5
250/ 2 166/ 2
. 1.5
= 1.15
3600/ 2
3130/ 2
. 1.15



1.5

1.15

case of flexure only ( M ONLY)

2- Case of axial and eccentric load ( M,N)


safe 12.0.0
safe 12.0.0
= 1.5
= 1.15
design design preference

1.5 1.15

 -12 )(limit states method


TC CS C =
) (0.67 FCU ) (GAMMA CONCRETE=1.5
.
= / = *
) 0.67 fcu
) = (1.5 fcu


0.003 0.002
Strain in concrete
in Flexure that makes apart of section under tension force = 0.003
= 0.002

in Compression force acts on the c.g of the section

,

0.003 3

 ,
,

) (L.S.D.M
)Under reinforced section (ductile failure
C < Cb C balanced
Cb = 6000/(6000+(fy/1.15))*d

IF C1>= 4.85

TAKE J= 0.826

 CHECK
CHECK

) ( UNDER REINFORCED SECTION