You are on page 1of 193

 ) (

h lmn T  k j e  h   4 h ig  f fg


 j e  @ A q . T   pA ko
 d dy ,  e  t v s t h  .e
|   , @  ,
  ... i ,~  4}  h 
 . pA i ,      T
   i ,  . @ J   -t
 T  h - j .   i ,~  m 4 4
 P d A h  ~  A  .i  k
   .  H~ 4 h  ,  dg 
 t T  e  ~  80  ~
 ~ pA 8800.J
   T Q   A   pA g.
i  H k
 h  T  H~ k    
 h . P    t  h  l
@ .  4  k pA iH   k d J
 t h  t .H

 Q
        .
  ,   4  , 
A  A @ , 
L  J  4H  ,
  , .
 T   H A Q  P A

 A   4  
 J4  U A 
     A . 
 .H@  T ,
A   
  Q   c  H A   
 e Q Q d4  H  P.

 ) (

 .
 - & #  $# 
=<  : &  1&
# = .

 <  #



   .
  1 K  I
 $  =  = $    Q
 U  .U#



 $ 1     1 
 Q $     
 .
     ]
   Q

<    
 c  ##
  #&  f  .
   1& c   
 K#   g   .Q
 # <     #
 #  l I k   = .
= c#       m $
 n n  <
  U# 
 .  U  o  = l
 U#   = $ lI Q
#   . =    #
   U 
= 1  #

 = -  m = U
&  .o k  

 &  - k
<  g
 1  - k= Q 
  m l k kK#
   I.

 

 
&  ' "'" % "&%" !  
?  %?   9 ' 6  ' 3 
 &G &D
 L &  % .   H 9
&G%  % % . 
D  %
  &D %  ?
% % G R 
  V  ? H%  
V  R % .    9
H&
G .L
'%   ' 6 ' '% &D \
% & ?  %% % V% _  ?
% .
' &%  % V G c  H
G% H H G%% H % H H  %
H H% H ' %'%.
 H    R%  :R
% % % % % %?'% % % %%
% %%' %% %% % % %' %
% ) ( %  )  H(% 
) '( %' % %  % .RH j
 c L  L.R
 G c% .
G  L R'%% R
 \ H & % D H&
% . G L %  o  
% ? ' % r 9 G % %
 % .  LG R %& % V'
?%% . G L % & !

 ) (

 





 ) (


................................................
..............................................
$$ % ...................................
 $$/ 0 $ .....................
$ 5$ .........................................
$ ...........................................
$= $ $ ......................
$ A $ ..............................
$ $ ....................................
$ ...........................................
$ $ $ ..................................
7

 

  
 "#       
#  -   . $
7 . -  3
    ? <> <  ; "# .89
 - 
 N     >
 9 9   " <>  >  -
<" # Z .   9 "
 9  - "  .
     N ]  "
 <  "# .  -
  <9  #  < .
  "   -  # 
   3 #  "    9 
 -    "    
 .
# <"   89 e  d ] >
  N"    9   
    .
]  -  -  ] ]j9  ]
 #  #  9 <> < 9 < N N
# 89   < #
 ; - -   
 3.m

 ) (

  
.
  * ( &   


  .  (  7 3
C  I   D  3 C
 .  PQ  O   M  KI
I X  .  PST P DD
  :


 #  
 
 
.
  
' 






@ .
    8

 
@
  
' 


] . LM N[- :

 PT S  C
D3   C] 
  M  M .3

 

%"     
/ 0 .  + (  
; 5 "" . %   5  3 11
 B   = = / 
.
   B
;  B(  ... . B
 0   ( .
5  . B ( (  
 %  /  . B .
 ; Y   -=  %  -
 . / . B / 0 0
`  _ 1 5 +  / 5
/ ..      .` a
 0/  B  1 ` /
 =/ %   / 
8

 ) (

+ &  .   
   0 / .

$ .   
 

 $   ) (  
$ . A?     
 $ .
$  L
 JA    E
JA  (.
$   $   JA E
11

 

#   .
9  2 2 , . (
 ; .
, # #  B A 
 " " " "colonies ( B.
, K L K I 9 9
( M ( M.
, (;, , (# S Q P ,.
 9  " K" ",( " ",#  ".
, ; 
Z Y ,.
, ; K 9 ( I , Q
( 9  2
2 I  ,2 . 9# 9
9, P P, .  #
 K - Z2 ; 2
10

 

 

 
 .
$
 

#

#
 )
 0 ,
]< [- :

 "" " "Tiphiidae 


0$ 0  -$" %!
;" 0$ - 0 = 8; $ .8 5
I!  % 0 D C; ? $ 8
  ;$ .   ; 0; K 8
  0 !$ .
12

 

 

 
 .
$
 

#

#
 )
 0 ,
]< [- :

 "" " "Tiphiidae 


0$ 0  -$" %!
;" 0$ - 0 = 8; $ .8 5
I!  % 0 D C; ? $ 8
  ;$ .   ; 0; K 8
  0 !$ .
12

 ) (

  - 
/ .
 :/ 9 / . /
C /   . =<
I  
 .
 : RC . Q O  /
Z X 9 .V T
I  \ =< I[ / C.

! .    $ !


 
=. ] 7[ $
!
!
. D
] C.. 7.[ :A
 .

15

 

 .
 $    . 
 , 0 - ,   . 
?  . <   
 " D "C   $ <  
 .$  E E E
 
  "<" ""     CN C
  E  <  E
 .$ 0 V   <    0
Y  X $  N.,
C  X  :0C Z   "
"$     
  .    :
  N -  E  
   E 0 <` .
 V    N    
 e     "" :




 
  $ * '   # $ 
* .
.# 


 3
# .
 D

< '
$  =
G
P
] #* M[- :

  X< $ C  Z  
 .  N  - 
14

 ) (

% "     
' % Formica Yessensis )'&
5) .%    , 
' , % .   
   ,, ,, %
   % Super Colony.  
 %D% G D D .
    & %D
 '    % .   N
'% D   % Q  
% [ & . 
) &'D D  % %% . 

  - *&  #    .


  D& @ A      89.

17

 

 

#      .
 3 1 *     
 .    8  8 5 *
 *  . @*  @ A 38   -8
- J   F F D 
M .
   F    
   R  8*  . Q  
 88 8 Caryle P. Haskins 8 Carnegie
Institute :
 8 ^   ]
 R  ... d  # 8
 8 R

      D 
    d
 .M    8
].
16

 ) (

 .    .
1 *   &.
> *  .8 * 8 1
@C 8 @  .
> *  .1 * 1
@ C L .1  J
 . C S  1 
 @ SC . 8 1 @ 
 J .
Y  1 8 1 . X1
 [   1  Z  .J
  

&  $  -   .
  5 7   - 0  +
.

19

 

   (  #  .

     

 .
 8   /  / 12 -

/ 8@ . 2  / 



   F   /
 .  H 8@ .  G
   L2
 Q  S /   Q /N
.


 
 
  Z 2   .V 
 /2 Z  .H
@ 8 / Z    2  .
 / H  .H   
8 ] H  /  .H /
18

 ) (

 # . !      
<   9   3 
= .
!#G   !  9C  A ! !
9CG 9   C  !H H

     ] ... [ :
   SR 9C  O N!  .
 Z!  S   W U .
 9 C ! !   3^ 
`  b    .3` U C U
j W o W eG Bilim ve Teknik   9:d
    p 9 .
C oC   .S ! 9
     !
 ! C   b  d . ! p
 ! 9 .

  
 3  p !
  9 9C    3 .!  9
 S.
 A C  9 U 9 G
 C  .  C U Sz p . 
21

 

   .
 1  1 -   . #
    #  4
. ? .-
 ?    D  A
.
1  : 1  D 

.  1  
A V  D U      .
-  D D W  11 
 1?A    
^ ? ] D \  . [
 U    D _ #?1
# D1^ A D 
 d A 1 
  .
    
  .  
  1

    
"   
.

20

 ) (

 "      
  0/ 0   .
  A 7>  ;   78  
/  C 0.

 
 / >  >  8
  M 7  L .   
    T   L .
 8; ; :
 0 C   T >   W
 L    .  T 
 C ^ a  `  ^
> . >   .
/ a T  / ^  "C
    T   ...
     "/ C>  ;8  c
   . "   8
  c  08 >  . > 
  A c  c  ...   0
^   / ant rob   j
// 0 a   .T "/ ^ 
 C  / 0

8  c 0  .

23

 

    .
(  $ 1( #()* + # $
( .( 3 $()* $ ( 3
( $  I     ( .A
 1  ( (* M .
(  $# M I   (  
 $  +  X  # V I
( X Z ( +(  $ 
.
(    [#* $#  # X M # Z
 $#( (# #( +
( $# Z* $# M  *M3M .
]    ((#
 ( .  $ + $  Z 1
(  ( $# $  (( $# $ $
 .
 : 3  $# $ (# 3M *
3*  Z # ] eM ( # *
 ( 3M *  # *  
# * 1 (# . ( * 
* ( . X  ( ( .  V
 Z     
$# $
M#( ( 1    ]  ].
22

 ) (

& $" !   
& &"   3   , )
.
& >  =   $  99
 .   9 
I 9 & .9 = 3
&   & .  9L 9 9 J
 >  P & .
&  R  3  3 ) .R9
 R=  U , =
=& .  Y 9)= 9 U
=  Y .   3 3 Z
3= &
R9  & 3 3
= . 3  3 R .U
3  3& && &
& & ` _ & = & ...  3
 3  R  & 3   39
& &= & & U "& .& U h
 3 )  3 U = ) 9 R
` .
&  :  U =
`  & = ) & .  &9 R  3
9  9 && U
.
&9 h,  3 h  " ,
tna erif

25

 

 
"      
1 0  ,. Lasius emarginatus , " ('
. 8 .: " ".  
B.  .: 8  ( :
" I H. 
.

*)   $ #
 * . /+ $
 4.12

24

 ) (

& % # . 
% %  1 4 1 %% % *
%.
D  %@? % %% %) . %
# F .(....
% F# ?F  %% MK * % % J %
%@?  S* % ? % . D % P
% %  % @    W .
%  % % Z M @ . % Z M
 # % % W %% % %.

   
% % . D
b@  W D . @ *% %% M
% % @  %  %% b% % . %&
%:
d %%@ b %? & % M %F
# feeders M #% b % M% b@?
% % K d@? % b % % F
.M
% # % 1& .%
% F % J % % % Z 
%F * D  . # %&
27

 

 
(     .  
( 8    ( / .
 ? =  ( ;  
 . ?  /  D./C
( O ;   . D  (
(  ( R D(  (? 
 .   / ? 
 ( W V . / 
( ?  .
  OC  /  
?  W  \ . ?  /
? ?   _ 8
    . (;
 (  8 
  .  (;   ( 
    
?  .
 ; ( 8 ; V . 
  .  8C   /
/  / . f R C( C  8C 
C     .
 V h   g  ( 8
26

 ) (

.!  6 :4  1  -  . , -  !    
>    @ > < .
 .  > :<   P  1  . G  I G
G .
 .   _ :^   1<  > .\   1X .
  > I g ^      \d 6
l   d .   6 ^ >  .
 . r I d :  u !  r   p o
 .{z    > y! .,
. I. :  > <  r
 1~ p }  !
 .
. ^ : ^   G
>    . 
 G   d \,o.
 . g :   g ,
 \@  G.
 . r\   d
 g ! .
.  :g \ 
  > . \  
 ,\    
.
. 6G! : >   6G\
 1 y  , .
. 6G :1    
 6G Iy  > 1 
Iy > .,
 . y\ :! \ 
_ 4 4  \G
  .
.  , :,  ,
  4 > \ , 
. >  .
<   g .
 IG .  :  I  ,  \ _ G  I
G  .
.  :  ! > <   . _   
  .
.  :  !  . \      .

29

 

.    
,45 ,  ,  ( (
 , 4.
5  , . ( 
( G 5 , 5 
5 4 ( G  , H4
 G G5 L

  0 ' + '&          .


    0  + .

28

 ) (

#      . 
  .' )  ' # #
C E C >  9
.
  #   '
C ' ' N M
 . ')  EN
 E > N :

! .    $ !


 
>. ] 7[ :$
!

31

 

 "  . 




4 .  
 

4.
4

9
>   ; 78
9:

 /  +,  $' & $  
 /, .5 = ;    5 2 0
 /  L , I  G G ,, . /
 & O 2 =  ' L  Q  2, O
V  $ U & 2  G , . T $
 5 G= T $ 2Z Y, 2 +X , .
;  G 2 Q  X ^  ,, .  Q
^ b  , .
, & O& /=    f L & GZ,2 L &,
Z & L.g

30

 ) (

 "   
6  . 1 . +
@ " <  6 +
" < . 1
 " , 6
6 @ . K6 . M K6 K
 1 6 UM . K S K6
" + K .K
 6[ @ @
  MS6 @ . @
 U@ M : M S
 6 ....
 M" UM K6 [ 
@ U 1 S d M
S . .M  K 
1 K6 @
6 K6  M K6  ) 1
<  M   < (.

!   
" l M 1[
.u .S pheromone K
)*( .  1 " u K6 Uw
33

 

 
 

      
 0 % 4 2 0 , ( . ('& %
 :

# ,-  *  #    

 3   9 ] 301

[ :

4   > 4>    4 2
 H  F( .H  F ,
, :National Geographic
 '4 4 R & (&  O'H
 (   H 4 4 (4
 H ( .Z Y X  (
 ( ( ' (4_ 4 . HR
& 4  (  H
32

 ) (

 .    .
 .    .
 .! * &  !.
 . .
 ; 7 < 7; 7  7  
G      < 7
  I  G ; 7 ;<  7
 . ;     :  L
 G      L 
; 7  G R    
  V .   7 & 
    
 R   .

 
; 7 ^R &  ; R G I :7&R
* .  G &R ; < R &
 . <     & 
 &  .semiochemicals &R ; 7 7
&  &R :7& & .allomone
 7 R <  &  L ;<
  .  7 ; R  R
  ;<   GI ;7
35

 

 ! .      
+ ! 6  4  / ,+ ,  + . 
  ,   6 ?  
    . G !
 M  +  6 .
 M ?    / + ?.
+       ? M
.  ! !    +  6 M
 )? (  U  .  4  /
   [  .[  [4 Z
!      .
  /     :
)*(  :%  "" ) (pher " " ) (hormone
 "> %" . % ;7 9 %7 3 1 /  -
9 C ;G G  C.
 T Q  Q1 %  .%  ;GK
 \  .7 1 1 - % Z W C  -U
 % ;G .e   1 W 7]
G  % 9  " ."disparlure 1
 1 C  > / %  %
 ;7   W9 u C s  .
  7G % x C Q Q  W9 % 3  %7
Q   ~9 UG 7G .3 }  | { 9
C  { 1 ;G    .3 }
 %  1 ~9 -;  % G U1
   > C /  % %  %7 W9
  9 ;7 1 1 .

34

 ) (

$ !  . 

2

*/ *2 !/2 . / 0 * (
2/ ( 2 . !/=2 !/ -
F * - = A@

2 A FA2 .J !/
= *

= = Q =
A J
2 )( 2 J 2.
*A Y* T2 2 - U T
2 . F
! 2=
2 A
Q 0
2 _ Q0
!/ 0 2
!F=

 
Y
U b J =
*2 . Q J T
U

2 . F ! J
k / k = 2 U
A k 2 .k*
= / $
:U
  :Dufours Glands
Q J
A  2/ 2

37

 

! ' ! .    


  .9 7   !  
 F   E  .  <  
!< 7  <  . 
  Q 7 '  P .
  9  9 R R
  .      
 F!<   7<
  R .  !  7  
\  7  Z  Y 
.7
! !         
  ^!  9  .
 9 a    9!    9

  
 $  #$ 
   +.

36

 ) (

%    
7  6  4 2 1  %/  - +
 A .7  %-  %-
 7  %- - . A 7
62 M K  + %- 
 %- %2  +P- -
*   .2  
  /     +  %-
  . %2 -  -.
 % A 6  6  K 62 %
`  .
  g P % f  e 
    6 62M h
  %  M K 62
  - g %2 4  .
    :Metapleural Glands
 %- 7/  A 2  6  7
   7  . g
 2 72 g  Atta  -
 phenylacetic  ,` 
 .7  2 7 6   
 . 2 / 6 7 6 M7/
39

 

.
  :The Venom Sack
' %    . 
 *    * - ++ ., *
=     9' .:   *
 B@ + :9.
+   B    D
  + .M  B +
 U * :+ .  ' - *  

38

  
$% #
%.
1 +
1  42
 1 ;% 8
 21 =>%
 2A1 > ? 1
F 2( :B
  (( N B  (
 B   ( ( B (
=?  ( ( 4 B ?%1
? =  (  (( B
 B  (proventriculus
  (Malpighian sacks
1  (  (] (B
> ( % .

 ) (

    .    
   ,-    &
< . <  8  7 78 .
<  F  & @8 B @
  L K  7  .

 : 
7      P 
 Y \ . [     Y  W
   Y .B   P @ 
 & @@  e  B b W
 .
  78 - e  < .
 @ 8  <   @  -
  e L .  - -
  - \ \   78 .
  @    B  h
     
 -  @\   citronellal& @\  e.
 78    b7  \
  7  .  B    
 - < - \.

41

 

     .
 -  ,- *
 8 *  . 3
   -  @?  -  ,- ,

'   .  G F  ,-  ,D
+ , 
   F ,
] 21[ :01
?  ?  N 
 ,   8
 8  @  N .
 - ,    G    G
 8?  . - G  U -
 F -  F  8 -  G
  .  3  - G .
  8   ,  ,-
 8  8  -   
F -  8 .   ,-
-      
?-   U  . 3  F G ,-
F@ 8  - U   
 c  ,- . 3  ,-   U  
- - .  8*    

@ G?  c .8  , e ,
40

 ) (


   .  


 .5
-0 -0

 - 

 5 5 .
-0

9

A 

B . A

-0

-0
-
0

I

G

R P
0
O
B .0 5 N


T

B -0 0



W A0.5

 

N G





0 B P G 
.G


G

P G

 .
G
G :



G P  
 . 

eP
 9  5 B
P  5P . 



 P A
5 5
 f
g
  5 .5

g A 
P
 .


G
 5 P

G P
 . -0


mP
N
0
O A
- .P


G


 P G
P.





43

 

  
  
 .
& 6   -)   &"
.
& 
 -A ? > ;& "
H   "  &"& .
A I 6&A . " > K" IJ
" R ; A I.K
& -A"  I "
  IJ "  
 IJ &A I  A  " 
 IJ .

  
\  -A  I
A & ;  . ^"   -AA &A R
"  K " )  ( -A -
& AR f&  I
 h & -;  
A; " -A &"  R ) ?Ai
"  I k "  & J"  .(I
&  A ? ; " 6 & .\
^ f A A l &  .  &
42

 ) (

) "  
.

   
A? ) 5 1
" I  5 E A ) 5C1
.
) A " M 1) 5 1  L
IT  ) ) M M N
1 .   U M
M) 5 1 ) . )5
1 T ) " I .
) 5\ I  " I1  U )
.(Hypoponera ])E ) M
 ) ) b) 51 ` )
1 C1 ) . 5 T I M )5
1 .
) 1 A 5 N g
" ") M M T
) .IE b ) 51 1 )
) . b 1 5 N M 1
"  ) . N 5
)  " 1.A
45

 

"       .
   "  /  " '
" B ?  .   :  
' :  ' "   I  ?
   "  '   : 
.
? P    "  N
   :  .
 V '      
'   Z / X  W V
  . V  X '   " N
"  B" .    ]
  /    .
   Z X    N
    a  
 ?  f  -  .
  : "    f 
 .
 :  ?   a 
B .   X   h   
 /   Z  ./   
   / N a   h
 .     a
44

 ) (

 #     . 
 #2 0    (' 
 #2   . #2  4
' @ D2 - - # @ (? #20 2= <(#
 .
(   #2 0
 P   40 ( K ( . #
 V0 D2 T  # ( 40R.
(  ( R V  V  < #
( #2  P 2 2 D2
  (( .

  
 01 , 
* 


,


; 9  
], B@[ :

,, G
'  R    
( .#  K  P :  0 4
  ( substratum D2 stridulati 2=
   0.
(    g P0   0
 P  k .   carpenter 0
47

 

(  & 
:& & 5 3 ( && 1 + .,
 3 & && F 5 & A &=
 5 Q ( & F A, +O
&+ . & F & & &
+ + + O & O Q.
`+ &  &&&+ Q Q ] &
+ ,O ] &+ . &  3 a
&] &  & & 5& +O +
&+ . ` & & + & 3 (`& 
& & e ( F.
+ & 3O ]  , 3 +
&O  &  f  . & &
&& : & +& O  &
i F . & O & &F
+ + : & &O   f +( : O
5& &O+ . 5&: &   & & e 5 &
&O  & & & O & && e F & 
& & .
+ & mO & e & ` & ,
& e ] &+ .O& O 3O ( 
:& 3& 3 &  + &  & & &
& & A 3 & nO( + ] & Q
46

 ) (

!  
.
 8 4 00 1 *
 . !4< !4 8  -
!C! - 8  4 !0
C !0 8 4 H 4 .
 O0 M !4 !0  4
!4 !0 M  1  .1
 4 RC .
4 8  . O
4 10 1 RC .
R4 10 O Y.
 <  H 4 \ .
 0 :
. Y  leaf cutter ants d O
C j O  .iO 10 8 1
iO m . 4 k M Y
R O .
. O \ 4 8 .q
4 iO 4 q
 !4 O<  !4 C 4 O
 w 4 w O .
.  4 \ 4 y 
49

 

 .

ants     
.
$  0 0  *) $ $ "
 $ .
   8
B$$ . A  0 "? >
L?  $ H"   $ .  "
$"$ B? * "   0$  $
 H " $ ?   >L R
$?$ .  0 "  0 HL
- .0
$ L  0 0 ?  $ . B
 ? ?  \
*"? $ .   A? _ $ A
48

 ) (

 
    

&
 


 

   
   ] 8[ :

51

 

        .
  4    1   +
  ?    :  71
 .C  1 7  C E 7 C
7  1  .  M    4 .

 ...
   +  + N
 1 :7 .   + 7 N  1
 +     .1
 +    CC 7  1  T
 + +  + +C 7 X.W
   E  X  + 7 
 1  .+    1
) C    C(  +
7 a   C
  .
   +  M 1
  X  +  7   E d
 X g  1 WC  
     1.
   +a 7   7 +  M 
WC7 .
50

 ) (

 
      .
   6 3 1
 > = .   1
 E      . 
 H   .    
   .
 6 63 =   H 
    63 .  N
 3 >      
   =     T
=  W N   N 63 .  W
N = N   W .  
 N =^   . 
 E  :   >    
 =    1  
    N   1^  b
 =^    = d
  E  >     N 
  N  H 3 E
=   =  6 E 6 3 E
^ = =    6   
3     
53

 

 

& !   
 7 ! ! .
C< ! <  ! .7&
J C ! 7! .

 
&  ! P Q! O M L
J Q V  U ! P Q< ! .
! P Q Q ! < W
 ! . Q J< V Q
 ! . _ !& Q J 
!< ! . <  U<
! P Q.
! ! P Q< Q
!  V &W . V
52

 ) (

55

 

    k  J


k I    o  .\ >
 .

2 .  * '     .


.   >   <  9 : 
  I J H'.
. 2 V  U     M
Z.
. \     Z*  M
 U .     U .
.*  *      :
  .U

54

 ) (

      
4 7 8 4 . 0 1    
BA 0 1  0   .   8 
0    0.
0  I   . 
N 1 A   L  0 JA
0 .     4 N JA 8 
0 N  0V 1  J A A0 .
0 J  J A 0.
0 \   NAA Z  
.

  
.

57

 ) (

0 30 1&  '& %!  


00 <0 0 98.

59

 

&& % "      
& 78 5 &  "1     &
A @  1 5>  
 8  E  % &
"1  E&   E
 > 
     Q O
@     1.
& A 1 & % 
 E .  & >   Y & .Y
 Q 1 E   & _ .]8
&  a  %  8  &8
 &" & .78  >@ > %8
  d  E8& 8  &  &8 c
@ & & .7  & E &>
   Y& c>&   E@
 . O )(& . @   " E
%8_ 8  @  " .
Q  %8 & " %
" & .   .E8

  
1 d && % 1 "1    %8
56

 

    

 






.
31 1 /
,

,

 .
=>
31
C
31



 1

 .


31 / ,H.
 >
/ K

N
L
.3
>=
Q

C
1 >

H
, -*  $ !
N H
.V

 $ .0

V CH 1 

Z1 .
Y


Z1 CH
>
Z1 .
3






N

H  .Q
^
H

H

 31

V C 31 L 1

Q 

.


1Y
N


L Q
/

Z

L.
58

 ) (

 &% .     
% . 
97

F E @A %<
& J F.
% S   S  A.
 X X 7
Z 
  A% .  7% J  FA%
F&  % . @  F
&  % &  .

 
& % .  
e & % . 
j  - S - h e
&% . k & F
  % . F
S % . &
F  & J
o .
% F &% % .  9%  F
 s t .r q &% j S
   < .
%  & &% S  A
S % S X .
61

 

 
   $     
 60 0 .   $ 
  >   >  
 .   . E 
      K.J
 T E >  P O
    .  U T
>     .   TU
     T  T  ZO
  Z  )(
 ) ( .
   T O  
!   
, +( $
  . 1
;" : ".

60

 ) (

63

 

 
  weaver ants   .
  /   ' &
 : 9 6 .
'9  C ;  . = ;
 9   ;  .
O     9
 . C  =
=  '  S9 .' 
 S9  ;  = 
 W  . O = 
 = 9 =6
 
 =  .
 
= = 
 
= 9   
= 
 .C] = :
= S =
 = 
 .  _
62

 ) (

'& !    

 3 4 . 0 .
!   @ 
 & . F C
   .  3  
!  C P  @
 3  .  C  0
 .    '
 .
_  C 
\   3    .3
  c  ` @ 
@    . @  3
     c 3   
      @ 
! g  ' . ! 
 .
3 @  3 0  0:
 3     ! @
 & !  .   .C
 3 3 P !  3
.   c 0  
 0 .

65

 

64

 ) (

 ! .



"     . 
 ,harvester ants +)  
 " 0 
 7 .
 + : > >    :

  " H  G .     )
>   .Q O    GM
  7) H  : : .: H
67

 

  
  ... 
& $  #$
 ,& + $
5 6
  .
 E D 
HI& G
 #$ 
  GD R +Q
R.

66

 ) (

!   #$ , '% #$!  


' 
.6

# .          
0  .
  9   # .
#
 D C#  >
  F
 # . M K   H
 F #  F M># .  
  D 9  0 # - 
>  H K -  T  
   F


 Z  T  H C aphids H
69

 



!" !  
+ !" !.
! !" ! 4 0
! .A A < !" 9
! . 4 "
4!" ! ! . 
 + 4 0 !" +
68

 ) (

   .  
+ ) ( .
 + 4 )    
; .  + + 7
(  E E  .
  J 
).
  O + (  + ) (
+  + +
 + .SJ+ T+ J 7  E
   7 E 
    +
+  + T
 + 7
  .7
O +  
4(  . 
  _  + S.
    Etienne Rabaud
 :Institute of Biology of the Paris University
7 ) ( + x
  7 4 ;  E +
 7 4 S+   ;  ;  E
 + + S J . J + 4
71

 

 .      .
7    &  *& &
* & )(   . 9
&   I  ,honey ants  *&
  coccidae* .   *& *
* 7O . N *  * . *
   .  & O
* U    R *.
 9   9    9

Y 9     7O . 9
 U
*   &!
 & &  . O
&    N `  
&  b  .  b &  
 b O  9  
& &  .  b j&
& & *  honeypots 9 
     l &  .j
O 9 j& & .blueberrie
7 | &  b  b
  9 & . j   j
&  |  7O .  
70

 ) (

 @ I=  C  F  C @ A =.
L 

      
8 4 0 '+ . ' % "
+ 8 :  D ' 8 A +
' M 0   + ' J H
' ' ' + H    H
.

 4   + + % '
 ' A 4 . J '
+  0 A 
' A   . ] 4
:

'  
 ! 

 
; 
 
] 3[ :
 
 9  

73

 

72

 ) (

 8 6  .  1 / . -  !
 ? >= ; .


!  (  


1! 

8 !4 2
1

!4 C  8 > 2 .

8
 8 ! 4 C





8 .

!    
L 2
 4 . L !

 P

T S

L .
!4
 P

4 W4! V  .

 P
4 

\ 4:
75

 


 wood ants     
 5   )(   .# !
 )(  A>    5 ! )
  # 5  5(  D    
 .  5  N  A  JI
 A  )  (    
)( .
  5 I   I  TA .
 )     A  D
  )  D   .
!  D [   . Z Y!
    [  5    5 (
> .   D ! A  D
 . 5    IA D  .
 D D !  ( >.
[    ( I  
T  J .  5  g 
  l   :   )
 )(  J    5 . 
 Z !  .
  I  .5     
    5 5  ) 
74

 ) (

 !  .    
 .!      #
 . 6  34  0
 !      34 3
>4.0
 34 0    
    . 6  34 
34  6 . 3   >4 KJ 3
 #     .  6
!   # >
34  V! .  34
 .  V 34   # .
  [! J   !   
 .


 4 legionary ants 4   .
 ^ K `   ^ 
.
  ^ J  d  .V
k ^  4   
.
 34  0    k .
77

 

  '  .$      
'?  @ ? ' ' '   8  4  2.
  J H G 2.
JT? U T@ S ? Q J' JQ NO ?  L 
 Q 8 .$

.# $    .
.  & * &
 4.
= ># . 9 :   
   $= Formica Fusca
76

 ) (

  
%  .  
  0% -/ . 
/ ^ ^ 5
 . ?  
 0  .
   
  .?
 M
   0
   .  
 W U   
 . - %  XU
\ /  M
\   0
b %.
  % %
    
%    . 0
   
 0%  / , ,
  0%
pupal stage

 . ?
79

  
   .
 :  9 
?  9
  E  .
 G  
 . K 
  E P
 : U  .
 9   
   UW X
 
E
  \
: `
, UW , .9
   c c .b
   g f
 G .h

 

  !   .

  
 .,  )  ,* )( ( &
@ . < ( * 5
  .     .
 K@ 5 
@ 

 .
  !@   
5 !
  .& 5  ! @  .T
 Z  5  ( ^
 ^ ( ) ^(  Z
 .
 & #   .

78

 ) (

 
   ,velvet ants   
 / .   - ' 
 9   -/ 9   6-
/ . @   6 =6   
=/ . G F  =6  D
6 6 . G I   - 
 / M .
=@G  Q  ' P- N/
  9 -= =    -
  -  = @ G 9 
  G` : G F  ]
9`  =6  - @G/=  D
` D  -  6/] N
@   D  -
/ G`  d =  d`
6    `  9 
@ =6  =6 =/ / -
 ` F 9 / ` .
/  =6 d`   i
.
81

 

    

 )
 . 
 )
 <)
.
  DE DE ) 
 D )
)E D
 . K  )
 .   M DE.
 DE    O .
   V    T
  . 
 . )
 
E Y )
 V < V  )
.
   
E .Y    
) V  )
< ) ] D 
^ .
   
) T


  :  <`    . 
  ) c  K 
.
<   DE  DE Th f g 
 < m`    
k  T.
  T ^ DE   ) E
q  .D

80

 ) (

       
* * ,*  ' .  
  8 =8  89 .
    * 9D 98
K   .  9 I 
8 .  P* *
 9  V.D
8 8    I    
 9  *  ,
 98  .  W
 98 K D  98 . ,
     P  
. 98   9  
.   K W   
   I = P
  = .
*    f   =
D f   *D . *  g
 *   
*     K 8 
  .

83

 


 
"# .
 
 )(
 2 /
.

82

 ) (

 
      
2 3    .+ % 
 3    +   .
D      A
 .K A   D D D H
   3  
    P  3 +D 
  +  R Q .
 Q   3   +
A .K D   R   U 
 U Q D  .   U
.
 D   ^ +
 ^ . + +A D D  ^ 
      ^ .
 AQ    D + Q d
D D  g U  D
  D  D  .

85

 

 


fire ants


 
 .

1 12 -  .
 =  2 12
 .- 
D    =
1 .  12

,.

   
N -  .
12  S 2  .
 2 12 =  V
  .
 2 
2   .   ]
12
^  V  = 
2
 2  N  
  ^ 2 b allergic
shock

N 2 j . - h

N 2 ^ N D]2  ^  ^
] 2 2 = 2 D .

84

 ) (

      
6 3 4 - .  ,-  $
 6= 9   - .  6 9
 6   -  -
6 -6 -6 - .   6 6 -
  J- NL  9 J I  .
9 S .    6 - - .  U  N 
 6  - 6 $  -  - . 6 Y
  Y6   .

 
      I
  - . S 6 
  .$ -6 Namib
 Ocymyrmex  6 - 
 6  $ 
 6 NL   J - .  6N
- I    9  - . I
9  $  6  q- 6  o
87

 

 
       
 5  12 . ./  
/ ./ /  2 , .9
     5 2  .
  M Q P  M K
.    / /  Q 
2  ./    ./ .5 Y /
 /  Q . / : / Q
 Y 5 / / / / ./ 5 Y /
2_  .2 . / M . / ./^ /
  c . ./ ./ ^
/  .  . / . . . 
   52  / e 2 P .
 /   M 5 M .  52
 .    P .

   
"  
/ .2 / P 2 q  5

Solenopsis

/ Davgeri /   .2 .   ./ c
86

 ) (

&  #!     


2    # ! !& .  #!
  >  ,   ; ! !
E  .    &@ ;  
   ! G!  2 
 O  & M  & @  !
& M;  O & 2! E .
& &T # 
 &@
  .O & @  &>&
  &@  .

89

 

" . ! !     
" .     +
  !  "" .  
A  , "   " A ?"" .
 ?   "   A
 , "" . A K   I
" . !    S  
!     !" W   
A  .
"   !    !
" ! _ ^" .  ? A Z
"c A .
"  _ !  A   
A d A Z    .
?A       Z .K 
    ,     _
 " .     , 
! ^ "  " . 
   A    " . " h
"^    ," " . ^ 
I  ^   A" ?
.
88

 ) (

#$     
% 0     % .
 % # 9 % 7  6 5  $ 
%  # .
% E5  7 $  % % 
%  7 . %9 99J K I
 7 #    6
.S
E5% U #% 0 % % S
X$% %  0 J V
0  6 X$  0
 % X% E# #  95 K #
S # %# # 0% %
 5     0 %  % E
% ^# 
  9 % 9 9 . 7
  %%   J
%  $ .`9
%  E 5 0   a% E5 . 
   K  0
  9 %  % .  a9  5
% 6 % a9  # 6
 S  X$%  0 9 d% ^
91

 

$ "    
 * ( .
"; $ " /09  5  ./0
"    B" B9 C A 99 .$ " 5=
" 9 N ( (   0  BF
9 9 .C " 5= " N(  C (
" .
VN  C T (  Q F N

 ; A " B  C X T (F"
"  9 .  " B 9 F
 99 .C  B
.b9
9 V VN ( "" :  B C9 F
 B"9    C 
90

 ) (

    .


*    $!  . 
!   86   . 
  @  . =  8$  =
   A.
  A  A I  A $.
  8 *6 8$ A 
 O6 . $$ 8!  N!   .
 @  N   .A
 R 8$  A  QN
  T  8 T A 
 $  . * A 
 Z  $ I  .   8$
 I  Q]  8$ A  A
 .   @ @ 8 Q A
   Q A   . 8$  N
  . $   QA
]   .

   
  ,scarabaeid beetle $ $] 8$ A

93

 

.
' "' %" #      .@ ?-=   : 
-  .

  
G " ' "'  "=   '"-
L - . 
 
     # # " - :- .  ?-'   
 - ,acred beetles- %- Q.

 " V T- .  
  "
-- .    : 
^ - - .
@   '- - "'

    % ? T %

 # .
 #   :

" h - - .h
? #  %
- . @  ?- @ i  : "V
  - - .  " - - 
 - :  k- . ?" #  h ?-?#
92

 ) (

       
 3 / /0 1  .

 
3   6; 9  86
;  3 Q    0 ?

     TU  S0
  .  /  ;  X 
 / 9  ;   3
?  .
  ^   T
 d 8  .T  aS
 S0  d  ;
9  d  ; S0 
 .  ;  ^ T /
 S0  8d S T  
.
 / / / / / /  
^ X 6   .
 /   - 
? - d0p 3 /
Q  d  . /   9
  9    . 8
95

 

  
 . 4 3
4 = ;< .
4 D C 
44 D 4 H  . C 4
 N M  ;  . I
 3
< 4  M . <Q ;
 H C N
.H
   I N 
Q  4 I  .
I 4 D I 4
 .
 N 4 H  4 M ^
 d4 < I c C b H
g I 4 N D ; Q
 b I 
i N D Q< .
I C    N
4  N <  c  .
 4 N 4< Q i C .N
 Q 4 C N   .N
94

 ) (

+ !  . 

! + .

! ! ! 2 ! !
!
 ! + !
+ H .
F! C! D !! C


! F + . !!   J
! CP   !+ . 


! + .
!
! +
S T P !.
+ ! X
! !! ! !! S !
! J[ ![+
!+ [ _ + !
 .+ S !
! P ! ! S [ !
!+ !+ S S + !! C
+!+ .

 
! , 2 !! !! P[ c !
!+ . !
! - ! ! J[ -[

! ! ! P!+  !
+ F[ !! ! )!
!(!+ ! C ! ! !
!.
+ !!
! ! [+[ ! ! J!.

! C! )! ,caterpillars (D+_ ! [
 !+ w v ! H
97

 

    .
 %  
  6 2  
 A 66

 .
D6

 
 2 
 I .  A G
 I  26 .
6 Strongygaster globula
6 G  MD A .K
I  M AI
Q 2   gaster 
6 .  X 
^ ]  6 .
6  X A  
D  A6 AQ 2I
6] 6 ] .
6 ]  A   X
6 Q6Q   AQ 6 I
   X I.
6  A  
96

 ) (

 .     
/0 )   % $ .
  %  > 9  $ 3
    .3  
/ .    E % 
I/ H .
 EO/ M     J
)  .3  Q 0 
   3 3 H )
X  .
 I   % 3 :
I/ Q     M  -
 0 I/  - ) 
  3  % I/ 
  f 9 0  I  MI/ I
 j 3  . h >
I/    . I/ I  Q
  0  I M 0  
   .9
 /  I/    I
 9 I/  I    
> 90% E >/ .

99

 

     
 + ' 
  0   -.
.

  ).  ( 
G   ?> .
G    
G +  J .

98

 ) (

   
  
   .
 
  .
  
=< 
  .
   
   =<
 .

  %"! .     
 + - ! 7 !  -+ %
  B! . +  7;
 K+ .F I7  F 7 E CD
! I D 7! .  I7 N I!D
7 Y C ! % ! .C -
! I C  ! "   +
+ - !  C.-
101

 

   
    OG Dinarda  
 .     $
4   $ . 5  4 3
 < = < = <
$ .   labium
 K K =$ .   I
 = $  S  P4 Q  P4
$ =$ .     S
$  P4 . = $ V W<V
 $ . =  P4   
 4 _$ 3 S K K.

 
4 < ) (Atemeles )
 (Formica o 4 3 W 4 j h 
) $ .(Myrmica P4  K 3 Q W
 $ . $  S< : 4j
   4 3$ 3  
=$ .  |   K   53
 KV= 4 .
$   W h |W .
4 j  K < 4 j 
100

 ) (

'     
  1
 A B @   8 9: 
 : - I  . 
  : I   1 
  8 ) .    
9  1 VW   I
( .  1   Y 

   
  
3 12  +
5.

103

 

 "       
      
  .   ,Wasmann@ =  9
  F  H  F   F
   M . J"  9
 P M  @  P . 
X P FU    .S
 9X  9 P   
U   U.S
P  S   F 9 " P
 .   S 9_ P @  
 X  .  F 9 9S `X
@c"   9   H F
   .     
  H " H  H d
 P FX J=   " .  c
  @  J 9 " .
  @   S  F 9  
X  i M P .    i
"  9  S .F
 c cP    J  S 
 .  SP 9  " P l 
" P    
102

 ) (

 $     

 . 
  +  +
       8
 8  $.

  
 G   E D  8
 8 
E   +H
  8
 .  E  
 R 
O O  L 
 8.
    8 O T  $O . D
[
T   T D 
  O ]   .


    
O  8 O .R
  ` $O .  
O  8
H  O  ET
 . [   8 8 b
   e.
  E  O  L   .
 f    8   D 8e
 D
 e  ]  8 ] E T

105

 









. * (&



.  9 
* 

 ( *
A

9.
*


:

9L
A
* P



*



& * 

.
*
* R L
A


T . 9



 


 .
R *

 X
 . &


 * *

A [ * *


[

L
T
 * .


* 

A ` [

*

9L .a
P
 a 


a
.
*
a




 . * & *


a P
  X

.
 P

X



d

*
*
[



.

A  * d .a
X

9L


 9 . *

104

 ) (

    
$" #    :

&.
 @?
 <# ) 9 4"5
(
*
 M

K
 .5*


4
& 
4"
 *
"&
5
 .

4 T
"
 [5  .&

. "


 &
 .


"& "

# "

5 < K

5
 .

 
" 4 

 .

< * 

 


&
" K 
M
.
 " &
4 
?

 .*
 4*
&
5
?



"  4 4  .  &5
# 

?   4

.
 

 4  &  .


" 4 4 9
&
*
 



  .

 4 # "   "

m
"


 & .
107

 

  .
2 0 ,)   
;  .  8 0   3
, F  8  <
K   0 3 H.

106

 ) (

.
     
.    
@ ?   .
 B  :F  D B 
B  N M   K
  O
K   QN
V WN  U  K 
V N  V  X
 W  .?  O\  U X
.

  
X
 W  O
O X B 
O  W  h 
    
 N   O 
 .  F h
 D  X
 
 N

109

 

(    
 ( 3 23 1  . / -(( (, 
    - ;( .  9
 23  (  I -   1 E
  /  9 23 .,
( R   3 
( .  E  R    S 
 / 1   ( ( 2, 9.2

 
 X   2 ( . 9,
  X \   ( 2,
 ( .   9    I
.
(   -
 I( ;3 3./
(  -  j
(  (  (31 / I 1 / 23 /
.
 I3 /  ( ;3  23 ./
.
( o 23  3 1 2,  (
 3 / 1   .
(   R
.1 -  3 (  
 (( ( .3  3 /  9  2
 ( ( . .  3
2
108

 ) (

 .!   
23 . /  *
*9 8  
* 8 .
 * ?   .
   
 . /8 I /3 / H
N II / /8
 Q / 3 / /8 P
  Q I N.
/23 ! 
3  Q 
9 `I9 _I
 .P

H 3 d  3 N
  .h g /8   3 9 9
 I  .  9

P 3 oI2 *   .
/8 / H o o / 
r * * p I8 N
 P P
9 o  .

 ` 3 3
 h Q

o . Q * / o o
/ 3 8 I  h28 /8 I
111

 

 " ".
 
&$ % 
"
" /, .
4 5 1
 8
"" 
,  ""
 4 C
 4, .
 E ""
, G
& %I, 1
/, .
" 8/ 
" O

  4R
.

110

 ) (

113

 

#        
 6 1 .   
    # 6 < . 
  I   6  6 < E 
  .L    I
6 1 6.
  R  Q < #   

 *   ( $ " "   
  : 9  .    1 
  A .   A :
H.

112

 ) (

!      . 
3 + Thomas Belt   *+ -  $$
 .  ?  ! 6
 ? .
?  $ 
    
 U  +  . ?+*
!+ W ! 3
 $ .- $  X  U
  $   
.  X*  $  !  U $
  ! .
+ *+!   * + -
 j  . g U! f  *+  
6 $    
  .  + 
 U ! + +*  .
! + 6 $ +  $ +  !
! .  W? g *
:   p 6  .6 *+
+   u!6 -p X
115

 

       .
 :    / 
/   : AB .@  =  ;
/   /
 /  Q  O
@ W . W/ / B V  .
 W  Y Q
B Q . =  B   . O/
 : W 
A.

 ] [ :
! !
WAB W/ W  B W  
 . ` W=   :

 5 
  2

 
  B
 
] [ :
 
 A  

  
     / a
  .h / / f  O  
 W h     .
  / h / / /  
 / . = / :  : :
 :  .

114

&   "      


.

 
 : 9  9  3
domatia  93 . ? >  9 3
3 I J H 93 . >  9  3D
   3 N .M 9
 3    9
3 3 J 3 . ? ?  food bodie
 3 I?   9 3  V H.
3  3 9  H 
3 .   3  " 9
3 .   M >  
&    D.
3  H >  9 3 ?
3    9.
3  9  3 9  "  
3> 3 > 3 .p n  >  
 .  9   9 9
     H 9 nI . 

            .

 ) (

     
2 0  /0  .
: A@  /> :< :
.2

    
: I : A )0  (Philidris ) 0
major

(Dischidia L /  

.
 @ S: 0 .O0  @
: 2 .I I /  /
  .

 . ,  #
 6 .  /0
 " "9.

119

 

118

 ) (

  

  ) /
 -  (


.ant leaf 9 
.
   
? / ; :
  - 
.  ;
H
/ -      -
R S  - H  ? 


.    
 U :
 .

  
: / Y  
.   Y
 
Hydnophytum 9H [R .Myrmecodia
 H 

 
S j
. 

j ? [  ;/ 
-
.enticularwarts z :H 

 
 U .

/ U - z S  .Y 9
 tracers/  ;/  }  .
  

pseudobulbs




  H
/ 
 H 
121

 

120

 ) (

'       
' 7 5  - 2 .   * -
 .D   8 
  '   . D
 .     .2 '  '
 Q . D 
tissue 2 . .

pith

  .  Q   2
.   5  .
  [ Q   

 Q [    
]  .2 Q . 
 _    5 Q    8 .8 .

 
b b 8   5` .
 _ . 5 Q  . b
[ 7 Q  . 7  8 f Q
r ' o7 ) n (D   5
' .

123

 

( - + ( "" .    "" .

 .Drosophila 
.
, &
.

   
,

piper plant

A , .
) 7
(A .  7

Q ) O .(Pheidole Bicornis
122

 ) (

*        
* <;  0 ** .7 * 0* . +
 *  F   A A BC *
 N  AO N.

  
[ Z  WX  * <   heat invaderO )

* .(Ambates melanobs _ <   


 * C A* .  N7
  u XC p  q . p
 <   < A p A w
C  N * .y_  7   W
    y* 7  pO .
*     * .
* < 7    0   p[
  * p  * .
*      . *
* u  W* . *  
 . *  * W u
** .  X  * p XC .
* p * ; * y  *
125

 

 
)( %  #  
  4   1 , .
 %  >1 <  # % 
   #  >1>
 . )   >   (
1  # K >1 ( #
.
 )  M ) (   %#
  (  R  %  )  ##
  ,spores X  V >U U .#
  4 >  # #
 1 K  4.

  
 R `  . _   .
  % >   #.b
 h1  )K    U >
   1 . %U # jU R#
> n b   U) m .# , VU
124

 ) (

 


%    . 
4  +   +( '
A =  6% 
= .+
    .+
 =   % 4 
' +%  L %  .
 ' Q % N
'T U% 4 %.
  4 4 %  V
 = =  .
% 4 6%  .
Q( \% V 4.
127

 

 #  .     
- 5  -     %
   .7
   A    < ;  . 
 F       .  #
     F:



 

 
, 
) &
 
&  .
   
 ; 

>
& . ?  ?  .
 


]? N[- :

126

 ) (

129

 

 
# $%       
 '/ .  4 1 ./ - + ' 
#B .  $#   4 % 9 +#
D . ' #  9 $ # D.
  9   '.
   % '  
' #% Q  ' ./
%  U V' ' . %  '
# B  Y  $'  $'
 . 9     1
 '.
^ '  + ^ /   
#  ' # $#   .
$# . # . Q% 9 .
 U  /% 9 Q %
# . B% .Q /  $ .
#% Q    $   $../
  B% $  .
  4  -  % 9 #
'  ' 4D  .1 ' 4D 
9 .' #  V D  4 .$
 ' D . 9 %
128

 ) (

' ! " !



1
/ *.

 
= ! < ;
1 *
4 ! 1

< "?1 !

<" .
1


- G -
!

! J
.

L ! J
T . ! J'
?!


*<
.1

Z*1
? ! J W !
J

!
< ' ' J!1

'
]
?1 .

\
'

! J

1
G 1 .
J! G?1
J

]1
!
/
_1 ."1
Z 1< ! ]1

*
1 .

Z* ./ ! J ' 1! T

e1) 1

! J " !
j
<
J
?1

G
(.
1 ! J J
e / T? ]
? J

? *
1 /

/ W
' 1

T1 . _
1 ! J J'
k


l<

'1 *

<.
131

 

 .
 # '  # $ !  
! :    4 3 $ /
 $ .   :  4 $
 ! $#   . 

 .   : $#  ! 
   P .$ $# O  #
 U     !  :S  .:
 X $   : U
.

 
 ! ' ]  '.
!  #  $  O # 
 :    .   
X .
 :  h  ! . S  /
)!! s (S. Invoila  4  .4
 wx  X   X
 4   y  .   ! X
   :  .: # z ! ]
 w ! : h X .
 '  '  . X
130

 ) (

        .
 63 4  /  + '  :
 - B     + + ; 89
' M   )  (       +  P  +
     +' .; ' M

_   '  ] 
.

  
/  +  / ' + 
 +  4  .P
] /  +  P  /
 . ' 8 ]  'h eg e
 4 ' 3 . 9 +   ]  
'  - 69 P  +_  +h 8   '   . ' 9 + 
 .P  8 ' e  . 9
 P P ;   p 
 + +  / / + '  ' /
 t P .M

133

 

 , -) '  !     .

132

 ) (

 
 "#  )   (Formica Subintegra
 0 ) (Formica Subserica
# >  ;  0 . 73 45
>    0 " 3 .
O53 P## 5 N> " "3 0
; 3 N "0V  . "0
; 0 N"  0 "0 7 0 ;X
0 ;  ] 3 30 . 3
" >   d # 7 4
f 3 d ;  7  0 f
0 3 ; .
0   ; 3 N"  # X0j
5 ; 0 l 0" ]
 w7 0 .  0" ;5 ;0
7   > ; "   x0
.
0 z0 0" l 3 l.
0 f w0> 3 0 50 d > d
0 0#0  03 3 f X0 x 7.
0 ;  "# .  # z  }
;  0   0  0 .
;  0 0> ;  7  
135

 

 
  
0 ' , .#* ) ' #!
0, :0 ) ,, ) 4!
) E #0 A' Camponotus
saundersi A #.
, 0E #0 ) 4 : 4 
A , ) 4 4 .
ZE 4 4 4 A V 4 *
] , . ) # E
,) , 4 c A
0 , # g0 A V .,
, j 
) , A0, . ) A#
4 : k j # E
0  , , , , , . ZE
) 4 ) 4 4 A - ,!
A ! 4, # 4 - 4 )4
A , ) 4 j!, j , . :
# ) : ) 4 E ! ,
,, c.*0
, ZE ) 4* A0 k 4) k
' ) 4 j #
, E .
134

 ) (

 " ! .      .
4  ,
  . = ! 7
H, 7 ! , D 
H , .
  H, ! , K
, , =  .7   H
, ! K , D   HP
H, .
 H  H P   U  T
 7 7=  T X

,  7 D  . P
7 K   .
T  K P X .P , H
 P .
  H K , - X , H T
 P 7 7 =  H
  H 
H , , K - 4,  4,
P H . X P ` 
 P 4, .

137

 

& ! "#   .   
 # 1   1 -  .
 !  ."    
  A    -= <
 ! G - .
  N  #  1 J
 . = 
) (Polyergus  .

= !  !" " " &


#  1  .Y   W N
 !  [   .   A#
   1 =  " =
 " .  = 
  1 !"  1 =
".
     - "

    
  
'  %
 . *
""  .
* 7 5
 .

136

 ) (

 
     ) (asiceros
   .  %"      
=8  8 .7  % %"    1%
.
 H 8     "8
    1%  .N  L
 =    % 1

"8  .W
 =
 _ 8  " 
`  .8  d1 _ ` 8
` 8  W   .    
_ 8  8  j 8 ".
   1=     
 .    n1 %"  .
    8  . _
  `  1
"  .   8 8   8
 .
" 8 v =    "
 "8 % L
 . "8" _ ` )   L
139

 

138

 ) (

  
'& " 
.  
 " " "
   34.

141

 

    
 (
  7  0  /0
 .
   / .  
     0  
.

140

 ) (

   
#  !   .   
  4  !   . 
) C4    (  : - 4 
G I .  4 G  D
: 4  .   R L4 !  L
I . L L  : U .
!Z      W  . V
   ] W \  D
R I  4 
Z  4 . : 4  ! Z` 
 ! ! c .
   L !  R ! : 4
G :Z .  I !  !
 ]  \ 
  .  g#  4 !
: 4 !  4 U R  i
 W . ! l k G W  C4
 U # Z  U .G : o  n
 R   .

 !
     
143

 




"  . 
  /  .%
8  /" % .
 " % : %
.
 .@A %
I H  ": . E
 A "
 .
 8: %" 8 P .
H Q 8    ./

142

 ) (

   
  
 & %
 .

% !      
   !   % )
 .  =   ) 9 5
       = 
% .
 5  M  K ) 
 . =  =  
=    M  =
=  M   U! .  U =
145

 

    .   
7 4 3 ) - ( .
 F7  @  >   7
  L K  I 3 4 4
 O .
  4 37 I P R .  P
@    3  P 
 .    O@  
  .

  
 
 I 3   I
\ @ K   > .   
 I  4  >  @ ] @
 @ . _ ^ @
  I  @
 I I   @ 
I @  @  7
.  I   \ 7P
e .    k P Ke
l  I\  I @ Il
@ .   >   K R
144

 ) (

)( &    .  
 
 1 :  :   1  +
     A@ ) .


 &  )    
 1A @A  S+ . )A )@  + P
  &S)  W  )  + .
  W   ) )@
^ +     ] @.
    W  1  )  )
  1   .  W W
 1 ] )@  A )  
     ].
 1 ^  1      S+ .
] + P W  W  1 
]  P 1)   )A )@  -
  .1      &  ]
+@  & )@  .   P] &
 +   + 1 ^ 
 ] @  . S  ^ 
 gA ).
 ^   ^  W   
147

 

     .
.  / ,  * ) " "
 < :,  : 22   2 
 2  / "  C /  /
. : 2"  C "  < ) F
 2 2  F  C J
 /P
:, . 2  C   2 / , 
  J R  
    2    2

  
)
 .
9 72 3
@? 2  < 2
.

146

 ) (

 # .        :

$ ! 
 

*   




 .

 
] E[- :


2  /   . 
 . ;  / 5


 /   2
.G
  2  K .G  H2 ; 
R2 Q 2 M NO   . 2
  / H  5 TO H
 2 / O 5 ;   ./
  / /  ^ .]\ [ R 5 /
 a O    Q] `
 . M [ ;  /  5 O
   5 R   5 
 .T  2 H 2  .O [
 / .  j M /
O 2 ] /O  T .  /
p ] O 5 N;.
 / 2 /   R; 
149

 

. /   *    
? =  : .  .

= J  C    .C E :  C  .

148

 ) (

      
 ' .
 6  2   , )
   .:   ,
 D 2 B 
,  , :.
 )  2  , , B K
,   K)  K  :
 : . ,'   B  ,  2
 ', .:
  2   R , 
  ) :  S
 .   
 B 2 :R
]  \  2 
R  B . R B B^ R
 2 ' ) B
R . ^ ', K :
K     ', .

151

 

 #$   .  
<  #   34  1   
# .
#<A  1  F   #A ?
 O $ F O $ <A .P N O

 ?   3   4 O 
 . #$ N^  1  1 $.



 aN NO  #$ N 
 N   .NO P $ $$ O b
1 e   O   F #
  #$ O N  ?O 
A  F $ O b . #$  N
 j   .
 NO    k
  m  . #  
$  o
?  #$ N   F k
NO #  m  .  NO m
 $  b :
 t     #$ N rN
 $ -
$ 3  . $ #$ v -
150

 ) (

" )  (  . 
3 , 3   / ,*
 3 .   , ,  / 
H  I F H F :/ .

  
 / T  F R  F 
 VH .,* T H  3* VH .,
3F \ F[  H  .Z  X *
  H ,  \   F
\ T .
VH [  F   / H X3 IF
,
 X \  X X   .
 \     ,[ F
\  ,   3.
   , F Z3   /
  .   I 
 H  .* F   ,
   , \
 F3 H
 F 3 Z 3  F
\ 3  ,
153

 

 

 
.
   -   

 6   78 6 
34 .  -
   6 6  6
6 CD @A  @  .


( *(  $!
   I   C  C

 C  7 .
 6   N  
 A4 . D4 6 D -
 D8
 QD
 D  D8
  C -
152

 ) (

$      
 4 - 0 - - ) (:




! 
   +     $
 1
 . 


 8

 1
 H

+ A
  B
J
S
 ] P[- :
=   0  ( .0
 = .E (  ) ) A
   4= 4 -   4
 Q P .

  S
- T P  P=
 - ( - . ) T = 
155

 

   .
(3 - ( 
@  ? : . 7 3
F  : : D  .
K ?  H7 I3.
  I7 K L 3 7 .
Q I7 
 :  . S I7
D  :3  . I7 D  
  .- K
 I7 F ?:Z 3  H
3  -
: . : ?: D I7 -: 3 
? 7 b @ a S I7
7 3 -:  . 7
?  c  : 3
 e 7 ?   . 7
? 7 e  S . I7?
 D : 3 I7 L
 .: h e 7
D K H3 b  D )  3: IZ
7 D( I7(  L
D ?:.
154

 ) (

 !      .
 :   7  0  
! 0 7  .   7  !
   .  A   !?
! K  .   7E 7 !  !E
   7  . 7 KK
 . P K K  
  7  P K K 
  7 !  7 7 K K  .
 W !?  !V :  K !?
   .  !?   !?
V :    .
!?  ]  \E ^
.

  
 7   A  A !) E a E(.
 !  :f
7 f   E E V
 j  i  ?! PE    !\
! ! !? !  .W  W E Wk 
?  ?k   E .
  A  ! .
157

 

 1   ( '      .


>       45 6 (.

  "   .   
"  .
 89 7" 5 "
 : "  . 89 7"   7   :
89 7<  " :  :<
9 I . 8 B
B  K K ".
156

 ) (

' !  

9 '

5* *
 !! )
*+

? < !
)* .
?

+
5
K +*
 *


N * .
! L
 *

* ! ! ' <+ !
!
!<

.
*

!
L? W *

! !

)

! 5 
)
! + * 
*

!  . '?


K


<
* L *

!
* .  ? ! *
!

b ! * . ?
K *  Ka

L
.b

! L

<
d
5 '?
)
*.K

 
5 !

e !
* )

)
*

)
*
* .
!

e )

(Dacetine

5
)
* . 

) )

 *! p
*

b* .

)
*a !
) * .  K

'

W '
5 * . 5

+
) 
* 
* . *
159

 

#     
 3 3 + /  +) %
+ .#    9 
+ F  .A 9 
 + 3  A
  + . N M+ ) 9 
 .

    
    N  U .
) 9   + 9 3# 
 + .   ) F) Z
 ) ) F 
  b  #Richard Feynma F
 ) ) %  + 9 +Z
 b )+ . M 3# N 9 3   
 F  o . U  
   .s+ +  F) F 
s+ )    
.
+  ~ )  Alfred Bruckstein
 F) F  ) F  
9 o + .  9  o :
+ #   b 9  9 ) Z )
+  .
158

 ) (

& $ "  .     


& $  *&   *&
" *  .   
&  .
 *&  * $ E *
K$ L .
"&   Q   $  K
trapper ants  . V  
]   )*K[  (Odontomachus bawi Z W
* L    .  * L
,.
 l ]   K ,  . 
 ]    .  
&  . ]  y & .
*  ] & * Z
  .  &K &  
   ].
  *& &  E Z* $&
 L .
    *&   
$ *   
&.

161

 ) (

' !  

9 '

5* *
 !! )
*+

? < !
)* .
?

+
5
K +*
 *


N * .
! L
 *

* ! ! ' <+ !
!
!<

.
*

!
L? W *

! !

)

! 5 
)
! + * 
*

!  . '?


K


<
* L *

!
* .  ? ! *
!

b ! * . ?
K *  Ka

L
.b

! L

<
d
5 '?
)
*.K

 
5 !

e !
* )

)
*

)
*
* .
!

e )

(Dacetine

5
)
* . 

) )

 *! p
*

b* .

)
*a !
) * .  K

'

W '
5 * . 5

+
) 
* 
* . *
159

 ) (

)& %       .
  . %  
 :   =  : .6
 % D   
  I:


,   
' 
'    
;
= 4
][- :3 4
) N &  ) L   K
L  D . %O
 ZL  :  L% W= %
  % =
.
  L [L=.
 %  W L D .

163

 

     
 7 4 & . * ( &
  4  ?* > . < *
  CD <   .
 ? ? *? 7 I C ? 7* < .FD
 C    P   
 ? ? &  .FD
&  C & &  & 
> C * .
  ? ? 7  & 
 Z *  >* ?* .
  I \ ?* \   P
&  * _ . ^ <  > C 
>   P  Z    I
 D  ` I D . ^ ? 
162

 ) (

&          
&    
 &   .

&   .

      = 
 J I  G .    
  P  =    .

  
  T       
&     .   
 W  "  "P\   .  W
   P _  . G 
&   b  & 
  c.
    \
  "_" .= I  J G W
 "   "      
.
 j &     &
      T& l  T.
     G o n:
-  T \    & =
 _.
- \  J G = "& " 
165

 

  

        
: 7  1 '  .#
  @:   1  
 1  : @ :   @ :@   B
:  .I   :   @:
@   .
 # O N   7  B
 R    O  ' 
 # : @: # TS
.
  Y  1  @
 :  . : ]  :

d
  O @ 1 S  

    Y . 
 d e  S  S 
164

 ) (

! .     
, /! . '  %
/ , , , 2
 B! .
, !  B E 
   B E, I
 M .L
 U  ', " I "O
E W   L , 
.
 ' ' , L
\  ', .[ '  '
' : /
"  W 
 ".
/, ',  ' E . 
W ' E / L
 L , L L ' % hi
B,.

   
[, E O L ' U'
' ,' . / ' W  !
167

 

 
 .
-  
1 /0 * .
   6 53
:

$ $%

  
 : 

  C  /
 / K J /  G , .
K K C J   K N
VYK C  3
V  /
    Y .  C  K
 6
   C " / K".
 _ K 1  0
K     . 6
  C J1 / J1 1/
K  C    .0

 
  i K1 h Y  .J  C 
 J 6  G C / /V /
 .  0   /  CKK 
 C 1  0 K K
166

 ) (

( #   
2  (( ( .
= (;( : 9   .6
 (;( B (@ ( (
= ; ( ;  ;
( B ( # 2 !
= ( X#

DNA

( #( (( S ;( # (B

(( \( B .  (( B S
DNA X#  (
( B .
;  d :S( X# DNA  =
S (;( B )(; (B ( B 
; = ( 2( B S ( X# ; .DNA
 ( (;  #(( (
(;.( (  ( S B X =
  
#   
 4 : DNA /  
 <    8  5
 ?  DNA 
      
  . 8  /
  M   K 
  K P .

169

 

' #$      .
 7 '8   $ * :
"  $ 8 = 7
  ".
' $8 $ $ .L' 8 I
 W L  S   . S
S  7 \  [ 8 L7 Y
 [8$ *    . # I
7 [  ) (  
$.
 8 L '  I
 L L S   Y f S  I '
  *$ .

$ L  *  '8 Y f '
.
h $   '  .
*   7  I
"[" : S
"  S 7'  '8 '$7   8
' $ :  8 L ["

  
  $8 f  \" l  8 "L '8
   f   .
 L   8  f8  .
168

 ) (

#      
   .1  #
     9 : 
   9 9 .1
 9 9 .9  H  
   9N L  #
.
 # O 1 1N 9NQ .   O
  9   T :#
"     V Q
[".


9 V" O " 9NQ #9  
 #  #  c b  .  ^NL
d 9NQ    VN   #
[  # 9  O  [ e  T1
  .  ^NN  N 
 [ #  N  N
N [ e   .#
9 9NQ QN9 O
  # 
  c [  ."#
[     N  #  
171

 

 .       
  1 +) $
 : $
" G$  G G @  F @
M @ K   .G
Q Q $     G .  M
    G G M @ +@
"
 UQ G   G  M  T 
"" . 1    
 Q Q  .

  
     G  
 "@ "    M.
    a " M K".
 1 M " : )  K"...
"# $ 
+  /  +# .
9 7 5 2 2
@  ? +# "# :
D ? .D " 7# D
? I D  7#
7#  +#
 $ +# DN  DN
+#  .

170

 ) (

       ..


 (  !) ( DNA   !
 :  . 7  3) 1
:
"!  3  : .F  3  
)  3 !   !
 (    .  
!   U   S 
) (".

 : ! Y  :  
  .   3 ! . 
] !)    3  3    
   ) .  3    ^
)( . !) )  " 3"
"(  " !) .
 ! 3
 .(  : g 3
.

 :
" " 
 ! :  3 ! :(3
  .
 )  )! ! 3
173

 
)(  # # 

  ( *+
 3
 
   () 
 =
) E + 3 
 .I    
   
+  O 
  
  +
 + Q
 .

$ $"!    .  


 ".

  
 $  8  3" 1 " !" $
"" !"   1$ .
" ! ""  $  
 M  " 8 K  $
 DNA 8  .
  ST R   3 " " !.
 V !  1  ! " K
  $  !  V 1T
 1 8 R$  "8 .  1$ 
 V[ . 3 8 3 8 R
172

 ) (


      


)  %.#

  4   4 )  )
 E  @ 4
=

 =<


) @  .  < )
  E 
=
4 =
 4 M O
.  M <
@ =
:
"

)   )  .  44
 O )  E 
 V .4 
  ) 
O) Y )
 .Y V )   .

)  4)  ) 

E " 4  "O =

.

 
 O@
Y
  _ =  O
 .4 
 4 4 4  O  M=.

Y M    E  -
) " Y"  4
= M .4

 M    M Y  ):

-i
- .
- i
-
175

 

#      .
3  .
 A# 3 @ <;  8 8 
E B . B 8
 E  E # 
S   .  O;
 < #    .
 <  E   <3
B # " B"
3 S   3 3 S
   . A  3  
b .< 8 B " ":
" A#  8 8 
  E 8  " .

  
 < E8 # 8
<  8 3 b
#    .  e b
 < :  E
 E g  8; .
  b< ; 8 m Derek Ager
:B
 b  
174

 ) (

.
 ,   %   "  "
<     
  .,
  F C  %  % % .
  K

Stephen Jay Gould

C

  ,C  O   :K
W % WO % V T  R )
  K (   % 
 O  %   K]  K] ,
<.

]  %    K K  C f
O %  C K k  k    R
   O   .
  %  % ,  ,
O   F   , R
 v R ,
, x R .C
 % k } "  "k{  k
 k  .  %%
 " k"  K k  R R - 
  k    , k .
 " k "  " VC "
  C  ) (  "
 ."K  :
177

 

#     "  
" "
, 5" .    . ,   
 .  :     #
D  ##  # , @ ?
@  
  F@  ,  E ?
    K .
   # "" ""
 #   #  
. E
# ? ? @  F@
, .     K #
 F@  .    , #
" @ :
"  #   ?   
  ]# @ ?".
   #  @ #  :

#
, . 
@ ? 
@ `
@ 
   F@
# 


#

E


176

 ) (

 .     
) 5 ) ) 0 )  .( 
)    ;  )
)  JK; ) B B B

  O O  N N

R  R  K
 )  ;0  T K R .
 K  .

K )  K O K 0 K  K K
 K O K K\ K 0  K \ K
K\ K K 5 K K_ K K K
 K K K b  K  ` K O 
 e .B K 
; O K 0 ) .
K O K

 K
 K O k  B 
 n  R . N )
K . 
 R R . 5 
 B; `n K 0;.

179

 

"  
4 . '/ *+ - '
* * 4 ' : < ' :
' * * .

' ' :  N M
R P
+.

 
 * P < /+ <+ / <
* *  <+ P <+' *+
M 4. M
' <+ M * *
< ' * M * *+ 4'
*+ N * * . < :
< * ' * * *f* e /
< * . ' P :
<+ * * . " /
* * * 4 ' * < " / '*"
:<  + < <+* :
'< * M ' * * *f<
* * * * * e
/ + / * .  P *<
+ *'* : / P/ / *h
178

 ) (

* )  .  %     
%  01.
)  0 A  0 :  0
   ) E A  D  . 
K   D %  )%
* ) .  % P   .  
  ) )  )) .R   )*
   P) . U  %   ).
)  %W % %   )   
 )*E  ) . 1E %  A %E
  E  %) 0 0
)* 0   P 1) %!  0
)  % 0 :_  % P!
    P 
 % E 
  % )   P)
) A .%1 %1 0
   %) %1 K E  %1 K
 i  0 ) E  %1 K)
 PE 0 E 0E) E ) .  
 %    .
)     .%1  % k
 0 k * 0 )
   l  %  K) .%  %
  0 ) .  %) 0
181

 

   
  % !   
 /0 30  /0  +).
+ A B  %  0   6:

 A  + 
  /0  Q A A P A
 /0 X + . Q P
 P   /    + .
 Q :
0+
 A _  X  0 
 X A + . ! 
  X +  0 A . 
 Q  + .
 0 + X /0  !0

+   P   . + A _ !
 + A +   _   ++
  + X /0 ! i A  /
 .
 +  / +  j

  /  + .X  i+ k 
A 6  + X  + P+ j
+ n  ++ .P + A +
 ) A _ !  k  + 3
180

 ) (

     
 * *  .  *
=   =     9
 9  E  :  9
K    *     .I
     
 K .   R 
  .    
 = X*  KV K 
[  .  Y X*
   .* 
 . ^ K  

9   * 
*      c=  K .

 
  K     e
 j[   e
* . k   9 .9
   
 . K   *
    * 
. 
 j * .  
  K*  I   9
183

 

 - & !    .
&? ; !  -   7 4 2
   .7
    M JK  
 !  ! .  J
!    J  
 ! K X .  !
`_  ]  ! & M ! ]
 J!  - ? .    
; !   !
 d c    
    .  !
 
  f  J  K! ]
. ? &   !   .
! .   M
?!    & & .  4-
   JK! 2
 ?.
   K.

 
  
?  -  ! 4
182

 ) (

& $  .    

).
4)  0

  
   
4 4 4  4  9  9
 L 4 4 ) F 4 ) 
 0 0 N  ) $ M N
.
    )   4$
     W  V 
) (Einstein Hubble   ) (Frank Sinatra)
 ) (Charlton Heston d 0  4) 
M)  d )  )0
 0 9   . 4 
 d 4 V4 $ v )   . 

 ) "  )
  "4 
   & . )  M 4 9 {
~  } )  
) 4 4 ~ 4  9       .V
4~
 $ $9  
4 $9 $9    
$9   } &.
   4)   {  .
185

 

     !  !
      +) &
 F  < . ? <  7
I &   GI G
 .
7    & T& I ) (Richard Lewontin
&  & I   & G&) " GI
  Z   G"  :Z
"  I   )  ( .[ G
  GI 7 Z ? 
  I 7 Z
GI .   I 7
Z   ".

 ?  m m  & I
 F I .  I7 s  I p
 .+I    7 +I +   .+
  7  x  &  v&m
&  m& )&   Z  I
 +I + mI I  +I G7  z
7 .      [ .
 7&     G7 " I Z  
" .
7   7  m  7 GI
T& ?   . m 
184

 ) (

('      
 9' '  3 '   '
@  .  9  
' ' E (' @.
  ( N ('  K  LK . 
  Q :


  

 -      
" 
][:1
 . V N' Q '( S
@ Z  Y E . (' ' ( W Q
 ( Q Z   K 'Y "
'"W(
( ( Q :


  



  A
> <
 

  
 

][- :1

  K   e '( dKE  Z 3
( . 
 @ ( E E g

'  E Z ( K h   
 'K S h 
  Qm  Z "
".
 9~ ) (Malcolm Muggeridge W
 K   Q'  ( dK
187

 

    
; 8 56  . - + :


!!  !  
/
 
)  '

1

) ) 2
) ! 
)


][- :2

 = :

) )  DE
 ) !
1

 ! ! )
 ! )



] [ :O

= I6
  =   =
 =6 J; + 8 :

  /
 ' 
)
) ][- :
! W   
;  +  6
   -6 V 
 I 6 + =
[
 = = I] 6 + 
  V 6 ; =  = V
 + 6  I 6  ` -
c  `  c 
 f6` +  I + I
I k = h .
186

 ) (

# 

#
  #
] [ :

189

 

    :
" 4 1 -   -  ) '
 1 8 .
8' G E "
.

8 Q -
 -4 - 1  8 T T -
  4 48 4 X  8 . - 4
^ 4] 8 E 1 -8 8
 ] - 8' ` .

188

( ) 

Bert H.lldobler-Edward O.Wilson, Journey to


The Ants, Harvard University Press, Cambridge,
, p.
Ibid, p.
Ibid, p.
Venomous Animals of the World, by Roger
Caras, p.
Bert H.lldobler-Edward O.Wilson, The Ants,
Harvard University Press, , p.
Ibid, p. -
National Geographic, June , p. -
Bert H.lldobler-Edward O.Wilson, Journey to
The Ants, Harvard University Press, Cambridge,
, p.
Bert H.lldobler-Edward O.Wilson, The Ants,
Harvard University Press, , p.
Bert H.lldobler-Edward O.Wilson, Journey to
The Ants, Harvard University Press, Cambridge,
, p. .
The Insects, by Peter Farb and the Editors of
Time-Life Books, p. .
The Origin of Species, Charles Darwin,
London: Senate Press, , p. .
Bert H.lldobler-Edward O.Wilson, The Ants,
Harvard University Press, , p.
Ibid, p. -.
Discover, January , p. .
Bert H.lldobler-Edward O.Wilson, The Ants,
Harvard University Press, , p.
Science, Volume., Oct .
Bert H.lldobler-Edward O.Wilson, The Ants,
Harvard University Press, , p.
. Sidney Fox, Klaus Dose, Molecular Evolution and The
Origin of Life, New York: Marcel Dekker, . p.
. Alexander I. Oparin, Origin of Life, () New York,
Dover Publications, (Reprint), p.
. New Evidence on Evolution of Early Atmosphere and
Life, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol ,
November , p. -.
. Stanley Miller, Molecular Evolution of Life: Current Status
of the Prebiotic Synthesis of Small Molecules, , p.
. Jeffrey Bada, Earth, February , v.
. Leslie E. Orgel, The Origin of Life on Earth, Scientific
American, vol , October , p.
. Charles Darwin, : A Facsimile of the First Edition, Harvard
University Press, , p.
. Charles Darwin,, p. .
. B. G. Ranganathan, Origins?, Pennsylvania: The Banner
Of Truth Trust, .
. Charles Darwin,, p.
. Derek A. Ager, The Nature of the Fossil Record,
Proceedings of the British Geological Association, vol ,
, p.
. Douglas J. Futuyma, Science on Trial, New York:
Pantheon Books, . p.
. Solly Zuckerman, Beyond The Ivory Tower, New York:
Toplinger Publications, , ss. -; Charles E. Oxnard,
The Place of Australopithecines in Human Evolution:
Grounds for Doubt, Nature, vol , p.

. J. Rennie, Darwins Current Bulldog: Ernst Mayr,


Scientific American, December
. Alan Walker, Science, vol. , , p. ; A. J. Kelso,
Physical Antropology, st ed., New York: J. B. Lipincott Co.,
, s. ; M. D. Leakey, Olduvai Gorge, vol. , Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, , p.
. Time, November
. S. J. Gould, Natural History, vol. , , p.
. Solly Zuckerman, Beyond The Ivory Tower, p.
. Richard Lewontin, Billions and billions of demons, The
New York Review of Books, January, , p. .
. Malcolm Muggeridge, The End of Christendom, Grand
Rapids: Eerdmans, , p.

191

 


Burton, C.P.B.C Publishing Ltd., p. .
National Geographic, June , p. .
National Geographic, June , p. .
Encyclopaedia of Animals, Maurice-Robert
Burton, C.P.B.C Publishing Ltd., p. .
Encyclopaedia of Animals, Maurice-Robert
Burton, C.P.B.C Publishing Ltd., p. .
Encyclopaedia of Animals, Maurice-Robert
Burton, C.P.B.C Publishing Ltd.
New Scientist, November , , p. .
Bert H.lldobler-Edward O.Wilson, Journey to
The Ants, Harvard University Press, Cambridge,
, p. .
Science, Vol., March .
Bert H.lldobler-Edward O.Wilson, The Ants,
Harvard University Press, , p. .
Ibid, p. .
Ibid.
Ibid, p. -.
Ibid, p. .
Ecology, Michael Scott, Oxford University
Press, New York, , p. .
Bert H.lldobler-Edward O.Wilson, The Ants,
Harvard University Press, , p. -.
Ibid, p. .
Ibid.
Ibid, p. .
Ibid, p. .
Ibid
Ibid, p. .
Ibid, p. .
Natural History, /, Gregory Paulson and
Roger D.Akre.
Bert H.lldobler-Edward O.Wilson, The Ants,
Harvard University Press, , p. -.
Ibid, p. .
Ibid, p. .
Ibid, p. .
National Geographic Documentary
Bert H.lldobler-Edward O.Wilson, The Ants,
Harvard University Press, , p.
Ibid, p. -
Geo Magazine, October , p.
Bert H.lldobler-Edward O.Wilson, The Ants,
Harvard University Press, , p.
Natural History, /, p. -
Natural History, /, p.
Bert H.lldobler-Edward O.Wilson, The Ants,
Harvard University Press, , p.
Ibid p.

National Geographic, vol., no. , p. .


Bert H.lldobler-Edward O.Wilson, The Ants,
Harvard University Press, , p. .
Bilim ve Teknik Dergisi (Journal of Science and
Technics), say: , s. .
Bert H.lldobler-Edward O.Wilson, The Ants,
Harvard University Press, , p. -.
Focus Dergisi (Focus Magazine), October
.
Focus Dergisi (Focus Magazine), October
.
National Geographic, vol., no., p. .
Bert H.lldobler-Edward O.Wilson, The Ants,
Harvard University Press, , p. .
Ibid, p. .
Ibid, p. .
Ibid, p. .
Ibid, p. .
Ibid, p. .
Ibid, p. .
Ibid, p. .
Ibid, p. .
Ibid, p. .
Ibid, p. .
National Geographic, July , p. .
Bert H.lldobler-Edward O.Wilson, The Ants,
Harvard University Press, , p. -.
The Insects, Peter Farb and the Editors of
Time-Life Books, p. .
National Geographic, July , p. .
National Geographic, July , p. .
National Geographic, July , p. .
National Geographic, July , p. .
National Geographic, July , p. .
Harun Yahya, For Men of Understanding, TaHa Publishers, , p. -
Bert H.lldobler-Edward O.Wilson, The Ants,
Harvard University Press, , p. .
The Insects, Peter Farb and the Editors of
Time-Life Books, p. .
National Geographic, June , p. .
Bilim ve Teknik Dergisi (Journal of Science
and Technics), June , no: , p..
National Geographic, June , p. .
Bert H.lldobler-Edward O.Wilson, The Ants,
Harvard University Press, , p. -,
.
The Insects, Peter Farb and the Editors of
Time-Life Books, p. .
Encyclopaedia of Animals, Maurice-Robert

190

You might also like