CMYK

14 MM

,JdG e f dCG FN GM Lj
fEG IM UN gCG J gh
dG gS dh ,d OhM Gk c h
AGdG Qe g JdGh .fEG e J
dEG f dG AGdGh f dG dG
dG bdG Qe dc gh ,JM Y d
XG Qeh ,fY SCJ dG GdCG Qe gh ,ef
Ge if S dG Gg h .dG d Q dG G
JdG FN gCG dH FdG g N dG dG
dG a j dG GQhCd FdG dGh FdG dG gh
.FdG
dD G Y
IfG j hQg g Qe SG j dG dD G dh
SG S Qe eL dG SQO ,1956 Y
dG dD G f 1980 Y eh ,fSG eL dGh
j hQgh .Gh dGh SdG YVe dG e
jf jR J dG YG e c d dD c he
H KdG JQG Y Jh YGe Hh ,QdG
f d G h f Gh j fG G c H LJ b h . j e d G d G h j hQG d G
fhfGh ShdGh jddGh HdGh fdGh dJdGh fSGh djGh
j hQg ch .GdG J Wh jdGh jOQhGh jdGh SdGh fcdGh
gQYG Y dG H ,G Zh e G SdG c SJh G WJ
N e SdG QGe a g MGh g M QJ c f ,JLh bGYGh
.dM e aG (AT c Y QOdGh HC Gh RC G) dG OLh jG J

QdG EG
g jdG g CG g egh iNCG c h dG Gg AdGh QdG jf H egG S EG
EG V EG OCG ; dG OLh dHh G J dG jhQGda . jd jOG dG GfCG d SSCG
Xh d ; GN O fCH jdG g QXEG ddh .Y 140 e dG Ybh EG hCG SdG e jdG
c IAGb d FGb e dG Q . e IQhV SdG d G eG g UJh . jd e fEG
. c H ke jhQGdG Y ke kb f CG SG e fCG jCGQ da ,c e a MGh
fEG YV G dDG SG bh . dG g j e gh , Y jdG j iNCG f gh
b dG jBH G YVG ch . H dGh dG jBG J EG SdG IYH dG BGdG jBG e c
LG SCG eCG . AGdG Y EG dUh eSG eY CG hCG d Ua CG j H gOS
LGh KDG OdG Gg Hh . dH dG g a e AGdG k a gOd G dGh dGh
hKCj jdG QfEG j jdG Mh (( jf M IH GC j c )) FdG dG dG g Y j fEa
.gQfEG j h dG g gOS dG FG e kjCG
Ve J CG J fEa gO JAGb AGdG CG c a iNCG dDG ch dG Gg
S e IOSG hjj jdG AGdG e dG g IAGb Ea ddh Qb e cC jM
. VH G QdGh QaCd dOJ M e d Ie
Ic eN S a dG Lh AHG dCG dG dG g IAGbh jhJ SG Ea dP EG aVEH
hjj KDG dSCG cCG Ea ddh . jd jb dDG c c KGh bG dOCG C . VdG Gd
. dG g IAGb Y jNBG SdG M g jdG Y dG
kHc hj e c CG dPh , c c N iNCG dDG c Y jJ aVE e SCG gh
QOe jCG g CG iSh .Y J Gh S dG SCG H Ic kc g CG iS dG g e
. SdGh fEG YVG e j CG Z
e MjG eh dD T QaCG e iNCG dDG H faOJ e dG g GaOJ d
dSCG eh Sd j c bdGh OCG a YGj dG dSCG eh a e QOe Y
.SCdGh dG EGh SCG EG YJ dG FdG

: AGG IG
FdG dG

dD G M
FGHG J fCG CG H ,1956 Y IfCG j hQg QG SG j dG JdG dh
SdG c QGUEH GC H fdG h ,SG eL S Qe eL GOBG SQO ,IfCG fdGh
LdjjEG e ITG Jbd VJh jhQGdG MJ dG JHH Qe Jc j hQg . jdGh
.IeG jedG
dG HQM jnsdG sd Ibe icP ''j''h ''hQg'' SG e ,QG hCG dG SG j
.G Gg dG g j dG G JQ ec dG Y dG G j H ,OEGh
.dG N g Sh Y dG U kG f CGh ,jhdG dG NBG g dG BGdG CG EG dG G j
Y J dG YGG c HEGh cdGh jOEG SCG f ag JdG Vh dGh BGdG AV h
aGgCG Y YEG H c H e dG G Ggjh ,INCG G c d d ,jd jOG cG
.g
dH EG Y Jh ,SdG EG fBGdG dSdG f gh MGh g M dDG c L QhJ
.NBG dGh dEG OLdGh fEG YVH dGh
EG GfEG eh ,jeCG EG dG e AGdG e SGh jd Ic H j hQg c J
fCGh jfEGh fdG EG c H LJ bh ;fSEGh jRGdGh SdGh GdHh fhfCG
.fhfCGh ShdGh fdCGh HdGh jOQCGh dJdGh
dG SCa ,eDG EG jJh ,dH EG EG eDG Z IYO JFa dG g KCG d
CG Y G e .QdG Y dGh jdG KCdG fe kFf j dG g H J dG Gh
MCG H dh .jOG dG GfCG e f C ke j CG L H gG jh dG g GC j Qb
.SSCG e dG J J dG g C ,H WY e e dP a ,Y adG AGd j
.j hQg c EG Oj dGh dG MoO b dG OLh GH J dG LdjjEG L EG
g dG g f AGQh e JdG gh ;MVhh BGdG M e Ie FG g CG T
fCG Y IhY ,IdG hCG dG dh ,dG EG Ud dG jdG Y j jdG dhCG eN
.g c f AGQh e Oe g Lj
Hbh YCG J dG ,dG g IAGb Y jNBG j jdG Ea ,FG g AV Yh
.H QJ eN ej ,d jOdG jW EG gTJh
Va EG fEG OJh QdG gP jdG e kYf J dG dG bJ j ,iNCG L e
fCG VGdG a dG g eCG ,Gh bd e ,SdG b e dG MGREG KDJ h ,LdjjEG
dG edG dG e cCG Jd HOCG IdG Y cJ fc d QdG Y dG KCG Gg d J
dG jJh dG g g j hQg d MdG dG CG ij CG dH j eh ,dEG j
.ffEG

f EG d Gg ej eSEG dG j dG YGdGh dG dG CG EG IQTEG e H

EG e EG IOdH EG j d Ggh ,IadG LdjjEG f LdGh G dG jO Y OHG
.kGQSO d d dG dN d VY dG fBGdG FGdGh dG EG LdGh ,G gG J Y dGh
f b ...EGh FGOCG e H LGh g ,QedGh OdG jhg f H J dGh jOG dG dM EG dHh
.SG bdG
dG g S dG Hh ,FdG QhdG Gg JY Y NCG b j hQg Y EG :b GPEG df
.dG BGdG H Yh dG IOdGh dGh dG dN e jdG dG T S dG SdG
,dG Y jhQGdG JL dG QGdG ,fSGh jOdG ,jG SG dG :JdG YCG J
,SdG G dG ,gQEG aj SEG ,TdG :jhQGd jedG LdjjEG ,TeCG Y YdG
:dG S ,3-2-1 YVG ,BGdG n b ,ScddG OGM AGQh ,gQEG OGM AGQh
QfG ,dCG hC ,IFdG CG , ,QdG jPcCG ,QdG YN ,dG EG j dG ,2-1 FM fehdG
dG RYEG ,gdG dG ,Sj dG ,Se dG ,jQdG Y bO HLEG ,kGDS jY QdG jf
Ph dG H ,dG dG ,dG jW BGdG ,dG Gg IM M ,e c dG ,GdCG
Ie ,QdG Mh OG ,gJ ,dG N ,ka CGH b jedG ,GG Y dG e FGQ
,dG IG ,JdG G Ie ,dG IG ,YG RG Ie ,G IG ,IQdG
e S ,G QdG ,Id G UCG ,dG IG ,dG f IG ,VdG IG
. DNA QGSCG ,JhdG IG ,FdG cdG AGG IG ,dG oj dH ,GG
e ,dG bG ,GG Y MQ ,dG MQ ,dG N Ge :WCd JdG c h
,dG ,QdG FbUCG Y ,G dG IM kYS 24 ,fEG L GG ,2-1 G dG
.SOdG :IG G IH ,JEH N j dG
bNCG n pdG ,BGdG SSCG gG :fBGb YVe hJ dG iNCG JdG YCG Jh
fMhdG dG ,G :eDd G ihCG ,gG g ,3-2-1 Ed jS a ,BGdG
dSdG J ,dG ASCG ,aG QGSCG ,BGdG aG T ,dG S IdG ,BGdG Y ,BGdG
:oG fEG hY ,SdG ce ,QdG H ,BGdG e HLEG ,BGdG SSCG gG ,BGdG dOGh
,kGHCG J ,dG j ,BGdG YdG gCG ,BGdG IdG ,dG J ,gG jO ,KdG ,dG
M ,BGdG e eY Qe ,BGdG dG gCG ,gG fEG T ,G BGdG MCG
,mGB Y dG ,dG SHc ,dG N ,eDG MQ ,SQ J ,J CG b ,eG EG ,gGdG dG
SEG d VJ dG GAGaG ,Sj SQe ,3-2-1 dG dL e Y ,BGdG IG G
j dG ,BGdG QGSCG H ,BGdG dG j c ,f J GP ,dG c JG gCG ,jQdG Y
.BGdG EG j jdG dhCG ,BGdG dGh dG ,e c

: AGG IG
FdG dG
: LJ
QfCG e

:LGe
dG e

j hQg

10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LGC e j dG NC G dG

22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

GQhC G GfGC h bQdG dG

88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

?bQ`dG `NGO `j GP e

130 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
136 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
144 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
164 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
188 . . . .

NdG

jG GdGC

FdG dG

FdG dG dGB

QdG : AGG IdG

FGdG QdG e J dG dG :FdG dG

198 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

? dG jj e : JdG

203 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

QqdG jN

J gh ,JdG e f dCG FN GM Lj
gS dh ,d OhM Gk c h fEG IM UN gCG
dG dG AGdG Qe g JdGh .fEG e J dG
dc gh ,JM Y d dEG f dG AGdGh f
,fY SCJ dG GdCG Qe gh ,ef dG bdG Qe
.dG d Q dG G XG Qeh
q dG FdG dG fCG e ,JdG qEG
,bJ H chCGh bdG J dG JdBHh AGZ EG AdG
FHh ,dG RGJ gJh dG J Y Jh
Fc d dGh FGdGh dH fEG WJ dG dG
YGHEG ieh J dG Y ie fEG Y eCG J Ie
EGh .OH fS MQ ie dc Jh ,d OhM jdG
dG JdG e a f BG IY iS SGQO J BG M
JG HCG d fh .q dG jZ IG fCG g
.gdGh IG Y J IOe FN f c CG
Y WGh dG ae jj Gk L G e j Sh
e JdG e EG jb e j CG ,dEG dGh JU
c a ,GH NGdG Y Y j CGh ,RYEG
CG f CG SH j Ggh .IdG bQdG M ,e
J CG AdG Y IQe f c dG gG FG
.eCdGh dG NCG e GPEG fEG c eCG

j hQg

dG gh dG dH ,YCG eCG dG Vh dG GG Ghj CG eDd h

dG j dG fEa .Gh dG IH GOLG EG dG j ddh .fjEG
EG aVEG ,IgR IgdG dG fGdG L j Gh dG IH dM e EG
JQbh SGdG dG Y j dHh ,FGQh Th IgdG d ij dG GHEG
Y J iNCG Fc N h fEG N LJ jBG g CH dG H bh .dG
:J db c OLh
( 4 :KG) | n o pb jo m r n pd
l jn GB mHs GOn r pe to jn en hn r op rNn pahn }
gCG dH FdG g N dG dG Ge if S dG Gg h
dG a j dG GQhCd FdG dGh FdG dG gh JdG FN
.FdG
UdGh LCG ASCG MCG H hS dG Gd JAGb Yh
dh ,ee Zh U UdGh ASCG g CG GJ CG gh hCG h .dG
dhCG M dH fEG CG j CG e H MT b ATCG g c
N b dG CG EG fG g g G da .VG Gg Y fOCG jd d jdG
Ige d J dHh ,bO Gh Y H FGdG UdG e a e H dG
:ddG dG BGdG jB G PdG
nYn dG GnC Go nr n pd s o n r Hn o er nC G o s n n jn s o nrpep VQr nC G n pehn mGhn n n S n r n S n nNn p dG dG }
( 12 :dG ) | k rYp Am r n T u opH n Mn GnC r bn n dG sGnC hn l j pbn Am r n T u co
n nNn hn roG pa
l j p n T o nd r ojn r ndhn Gk ndhn r p s jn r ndhn p V Qr nC G hn pGhn n s dG
o reo o nd p dG }
( 2 bdG ) | Gk k j pr nJ oQn s n an Am r n T sco

13

IG bW j dG G
MGdG dG fdG EG dG SJ dG bdG QGe j
eG hdGh ,kjJ c jdG LM e V BG IY
dG bdG g jd dG HCG Y FW de J
.kf dG e JCJ
JdG CG JGh ge M X HCG g h
Gg Y jh .dG e JCJ dG bdG jd kFg kef
jH dG Gg d J JdGh .''FdG dG'' dG
dG GQgHdG J jG gh .jJ LJ dG dG
.Fc bW EG dG bdG jH ,SSCG AMCG AGZ g
J dG SSCG AGdG QOe e J GQgHdGh
Y jh .ITe Z hCG ITe AGS AMCG d FGdG LG
a ,bdG g Y d a JdG Y dH AcG
C ,fGG jZCG jW Y fEG EG UJ bdG
ZCa G S Yh .JdG g Y iJ jCG fGG
jL J AGG YCGh .JdG Y iJ
,FdG dG jW Y dG bdG GSH JGQgHc
JGQgHdG jG NGO dG bdG jJ j Ggh
EG NCJ YCG cCJ dG ZCa ddh .dG IOLG
,YCG g NGO IOLG bdH IOhG jG eLCG
.GG L T EG JGQgHdG jG J H ah

e eOdG bdG jJ LGC e Ic GQSH eG hdG J

gh a JdG eGC .V B e dd SD Jh ,dG
.GQhdG j GQSH a SdG j dG dG Gg

j hQg

fEG EG dHh GG fCG EG jG g Y dG bdG f j dHh

EG eh JdG EG dG e Uh dG bdG g NCa GG Gg Y ij dG

dG bdG g J AMCG L Ea if ch .fEG L EG K eh ,GG
.H Uh dG jdG Y dG H FdG dG jW Y dG AV e J
g d J ,jCG edG JM ef dG OGG e H a jZCG dh
dGh hdGh Obda G S Yh .FdG dG jW Y J dG bdG
dG jW Y a dG bdG jJ CGh S bd QOe g dG RdGh
EG ff GPEG Mh .Obc ef dG G Y jCG j f AdGh ,FdG
FdG dG QGSCG a .JM FdG dG gCG ie f a OGG g
QG Gg a GPEGh .AdG EG dH Gk L e dG g edG dBG QXEGh
e IOSGh QdG MCG Y dG OQGe SGh AGdG fEG IOjR k a
Gk L IdG BG Jh IjG jhOCG jJh Jje YCG dG bdG
.Fa YH dG bdH J dG
ac d FdG dG Y ee e jjCG e CG EG IQTEG Q dh
dP ZQh .H Gk OTSGh FdG d Gk J dG bdG J dG dG fE H
b EGh .Yh h d Y dG bQdG EG dH jd S Y FdG dG Ea
j eCG d AT dG je e FdG dG Y H GQhCG e fjdG
M IQG LddGh dGh dG jd dG fEG j M ,YEG
J fOCG H JdG fL e J jhdG dG gh .dG Gg H dG BG
AGh HdG cCG K e dG j
q ke Cch .BG EG a N j hCG e
h hGh fcCJ dG fda .IG a LJ e c dG bdG GSH
CG Z e LCG e QGSH j fddG dG dGh dG Vj dG f
N J da .OH dG dG P dG d f dP c .dP e AH GhJ

17

FdG dG : AGG IG

je eh .G FdG H fEd IFdG AGSEG e T JdG

fEG Y dGh a Y dG edG dG Gg H GQhCG J dG
BGdG jBG iMEG j J dG qGE .dEG UdG Y jG LddG Yh
:Y e IMGh IT j CG Y j fEG CG dG

LfEG dG RcG jo
FdG d f
e fhJ dG JdG L Lj

UeG j
dG AV
GQhCG

dG GhG GE jM QgR
fGE j e JFe Y
AGh HdG cGC K e dG
bJ H dG bdG GSH

e AG JCj
chCG j
cCG K SG j
G dG EG G dG e HdG .QhG

j hQg

mn r Hn
n G Pn n pFGn Mn ppH n r n rfnC an Ak en Ap n s dG n pe r ond n n rfGnC hn n V Qr nC Ghn pG hn n s dG n nNn r es GnC }
( 60 :dG ) | n odpr jn l r bn r go r Hn pdG n en l ndGE p GnC gn n n n T G o pr oJ rGnC r ond ncn en
VQCG IG J
q dG dG ch .Y ah H c dG dG N a
,FdG Lh dG a .H e H Fe a ,dG G Gg f AL
f e HGe eEG IMGdG IQdG NGO QhJ dG fhdEG EG AdG GG e
.NBG c hCG d e hCG NBG c hCG
AGdG J dG jNh .FdG dG Gg eg fe d FdG dG EG
eh H AGh OG NCHh dGh AGdGh AGh HdG GSH fEd
Hh ,dG AV e gNCJ dG bdH OGG g J jG gh .bO GjJ IQe
g e Me c h .jZCG jJ e IQU G OGG g dP
dG Ggh .bdG Fa Jh Yhh Y g CG Mj g gfNG dG MGG
IFd N U bh ,IG Qe g IQG FH JdG OLG YEd G
.fEG
j VQCG AGG JdG e jdG dG bW fa S a jCGQ c
,fEG H eh ,AMCG L J d QhV g dG SSCG AGdG Qe
e f f JCj AMCG Lh fEG RQ Ea NBG Hh .JM UGe
:J db BGdG VG Gd TCG bh .VQCG EG GhdG e
nn V pa hr GnC i k go nn nd r co js GE p hGC sfGE p hn o dG r bo p VQr nC Ghn pG hn n s dG n pe r obo Ro r jn r en r bo }
( 24 :CS ) | m peo
G oJgn rbo pdG nne lndGE nA p V Qr nC Ghn Ap n s dG npe robo Ro r nj rnehn oo p oj soK nrnG GoC n rnj rseGnC }
( 64 :dG ) |
n pbOp n U r o r co rGE p r onf gn r Ho
e Jh ,UN g Y fEG IFd N AGZ eh bW f c EG
GQhCGh .dGh AGh AGdG e J bCGh Gk aJ QOG cCG Jh ,f AJ

19

FdG dG : AGG IG

J dG fe f bdG h ,G d dG bdG dG bdG Md g

Qe fdh FGQh H a JdGh jhdG dG g EG aVEG .AGdG
dG b GQhCd edG dG FdG dG EG dG jh .Fa Lh GHE
j GHh ,FdG dG dch ,Y H gDhGLCG N dG GQhCG UJ
dh ,Gh J ah jCG N b dG H J dG dG L CG Me k
.a FdG dG Y

?G `j `c
GHEG iNCG Ie MJ S fEa Gk L IQG gH IMGh bQh H GPEG
J h .bQh c NGO a f ee fEG f SCG dh .Yh dG N
edG IG ef T G bQdG NGO UN Xh J dG fdG
eeCG gJ H bQdG OHCG f eYh .VhCG IQH dG Gg f d dPh
fCG dG dGh QGSH J dG HfCG
QH jZ e J dG UG d
BG Y J IjY Gk QGQRCGh V
dH MOe kdBG keh dG
.CGO j jdG
cCG eEH bQdG EG ff GPEGh
dG edG G if CG
SedGh IO bGe Vh
RdG d kfh ,HWdG UJ dG
Gh .QGG GTEd dBGh
e GWCG L j dG HfCG

20

j hQg

hGC AGLC G e jdG U j

dG SC dG ebGE Y e
e IQU oJ K .HC G
.AdG e e c GE AG Uh
HfGC N JdG Lj dch
OGG aQ e q V fh
dUhh YC G GE AGh FGdG
dG Gg GE .dG AGLGC L GE
dG e N H J
JdG L C T dP fC T
JdG GE c .VQC G IOLG
qe LP FN H
.d e dG N GHGE GC QXE

LfEG j dG G jRJh LfEG GMdH G IOG UJ e dG

dhj dG AGdG Ae aH j HfCG G Ggh .dG fCG EG LfEG GMdG
EG GQhCG fCG dG AGdG SQEH j iNCG Mf eh Mf e YCG EG dG
a JdG FGdG GdG g Lh .c IdG jd NGdG WG
.GQhCG dch Yhah IdG dG XH f bdG J H
J Y J dG UdGh fEG gj dG a ,kGL QN J Gg
H e H gDhfEG j dG JSDeh ( dEG ... QGh ` IYCG ) G
.IMGh aO LG Jg j QN J La JdG eCG .NBG dG Y
.M a dG Gg UJ dG AT EG if Sh

21

ah Y ge a if GQhCG AGLCG e f AL q CG EG
bQh jCG Y gGf dG TCG eCf eY a .IOh Z
g d J Y g QG e JdG GQhCG e
.e
AV d je bQdG J CG j G S Yh
UN Vh J CG j bQdG dh ,ie YCH dG
HdG bQH hCG H IdG bQh a ,dG g Y d
Gha .bQdG b AGS jQhdG eRdG dG Y Ia j
.HdG bQh f hjJ eY j GPe
g dG g a j eh ,Jh bQdG J dH
. fGG e G AfG AYEH HdG Qh f
AfG e e Qb Y GQhCG J CG j Ggh
e IOSG e GQhCG NBG S gh .Fb J M
FH FdG dG OLhh Fb abh gh dG AV
IdG gh .SdG IdG hCG ''jQe'' j dGh
J iNCG GT jCG gh .dH Jh bQdG
e IdG gh ,bQdG S Y Jh SdG IdG e
f e q dG dG XH J fG GdG
(1).bQdG
Y IOLG GQhCG e IMGh c M c ,kM
j dG AfG Gg Y OGYCH VQCG g Lh
.Fb AdG e J M e H GT fh kbO kHM

FdG dG : AGG IG

GC j dG JdG dch .fGG e Kh W j GC j Fb HdG bQh J GC LGC eh

G h dG hGC dG g e GC j M bC H dG bdG e IOSd Fb J
.UG dG Gg gf ah GQhC G SGQH f eY

bCH dG AV e JOSG CG f AJ e QJ CG bQdG Y j dHh

RdG G FYEH GQhCa dP Y kah .e Vh HfG N e j M
r dG dG jJ QJ CG jCG h f AJ e J CG d Fb bd
.aOG jW Y dG Gg c jJ dG dHh ,dG XH S dG
U dG g J da .jd kS kfBG MW dG GDdG GL j Gg Yh
.jCG GQhCG GWCG AfG LhCGh dG dG
.fe eYO H J dG GdG Y The Tb b J bQdG EG
Yd dG bdG J CG bQdG Y j a H dG Gg GSh
SH FQ eYO g C bQdG EG dH S Ggh . M fOCH fCG
. FdG eYdG g e bfG aGWCG J iNCG Ya eYOh bQdG
jRJ RGdG GMEG Y jd e FdG IdG a LJ dG G EG

24

j hQg

,JG f e fHG c J adG Y FdG IdG IQb qGC dP (2) bQdG K

eY :dG G N e IQdG jJ h .cCG dG OGOj HG h
adG Y IQdG CG Mj fEa aCG H eCG EG YGQP K H kK kHc cMCG
a bQdG Y bGdG dG eCG ,OGORG b dG K Cch hj dHh bJh J
d T H Ggh ,(3) ke bQdG FdG IdG C jhe jO Rj
.aOG dh
g , Gha .aOe C j CG RGJ C fCG cQOC GL eCJ d
e L j CG gh ?aOe Gk Qj h k j Gk AH YLH ,dG J CG
h dG jg VGh g ch ,da ? GJG c M hO SCG GPEG kFb

bGh jh Qb cC H dG bdG e IOSG e GQhC G q jo dG GE

aVE Hh .GQhC G cJ LJ dG Midrib `H IG FdG IdG :g Fbh
.dG XH J GQhC G S Y IG iNC G GdG E a dP GE

25

FdG dG : AGG IG

dG ce jo
e ge bH QG
bdG J GC LGC
Gg Ljh ,Xh AGOGC h
f SG G
Gda ,jGC JdG
Vh bQdG IOLG
OLG dG Rj kVh
.hdH bQdG Y
RGJ eC `J j dHh
MGC h .RGdG e bQdG
C H Yj GC j
.aOe fJ QG
VH fQG g Jh
C H dG aS Y
IOLG fGRdG
.aOe fJ b AMC G

Y N e RGe f jJ IOe CG SH d d HG eCG BG

jZ H G Zh e G GOLG L N dG g J dG qGE .aOG S
LQO Y gc Y VQCGh gU Y bQdG N dG JQH J da .bdG
hX gX Y dG e dG e GQG VQCa ,bdGh dG e Ic
.jJ f h a Qb a gH hCG ATCG H eCG J AGSh .IL
N Lj a ,IQU cCG AT c N J dG CG dG BGdG jBG cJh
: J db c f hCG N CG dG
r gn n n n rdGp Lp Qr an mho n nJ r pep n Mr s dG p rNn pa i n nJ en kb n Wp mG hn n n S n r n S n nNn p dG }

26

j hQg

| l pMn n go hn k p S Nn o n n rdG
n r ndGE p
r p n r jn p r nJs cn n nn rdG Lp Qr Gp s oK Qm o ao r pe i n nJ
( 4 , 3 G IQS )
.bQd jdG dG J IjY Y Ge g dP c EG aVEGh
d'' :GQhCd jdG dBG H dG fjh eL e L J jh
CG VhG e d QYG H a IPNCG g fG MdGh LfEG fc
Ich Ie iNCG Hh cJ g dHh .( 4 ) ''dG e GQhCG L J
.a fG AdG dh ,GQhCG J e Gk QhO J
.jCG iNCG FN H ,e T c d GQhCa dd fh
g iMEG g GQhCG JJ J dG VjdG Ha G S Yh
NBG dG Y X H j d e g Y J GQhCGh .FG
:VG Gg L jh
H dG AV e T UG J G GQhCG''
.dG AKCG MGdG J G C bdG ZCG OGeG Y Ac

UN VjQ M g
.dG Y GQhC G JJ
GQhC G E a dP Y kah
dG AGLC G f J
.bQdG IQdG e
UG dG Gg Hh
Y bQdG X bh e
.iNC G

27

FdG dG : AGG IG

IQdG T Y jd kbQ SSCG j eY dG H j GQhCGh

.(5) ''a dd T Y aUG dM hCG bQdG
JM Ieh a LJ dG dG hX M j GQhCG Jh
Ga YGdG TT f EG d G S Yh .jCG d VJ MGh
AG J dG GQhCG IOY LJ GTCG g dh ,IOM kcGTCG dG
e GQhCG dG MdG IOLG GTCa ,e M dG Gdh .dG
MdG dG GQhCd MG Gg IQhV g dh .cCJ CG dG fGG
.(6) dEG UdG J fGG C jdG
. g C idG eJ dG IOG GTCG g e d JdG e c
gh ,dG W AGN J dG QTCG LJ e Gk c GTCG GhP GQhCG qEG
EG aVEGh .jq dG JjH G QKBG V f J gh ,jd UN J d GQhCG
d S T H N a dP
dG AG j eY NGdG FdG J
.HdG j
G JdG a NBG fL eh
Y SSCG j GQhCH Ie hdG e
J JdG gh .dG IQU
.iNCG Jf LCG H eYc eLCG
f bGQhCG LJ CG j G JdGh

IOLG YGdG HTT d IOG GTC G

UdG e fGG e dG AGLC G
IKD G jbdG e dG dH gh dGE
.fGG g e

28

j hQg

f fe J f iG Y J CG e kH bQdG dh .Ie H dG
e OdG AdG CG dM bQdG J dG dG C dG d jhGR fCG
Ieh .dG AV e JCj L f gLh GQhCG LJ dG g e h .YCG
GQhCG S Ea he g ch .jdG g AKCG MJ GQhCG d iNCG
.dG bdG e je Y G J d dPh ,IOdG kSGh j JdG
,cG GT e J c J hCG ghQJ CG UdG hCG IjdG jdG dh
e H N jdG bQdG FN C ATCG g e CG j fCG H
fCG CG c ,dG fdG dG XH j RdG C jdG KCJ J CG
.Ic fhe GP dG dG
Y YJ FG gh ,dG W G J GQhCG Ea dP Y kah
.(7) jdG G e CG J dG GH bQdG C GdG jdG KCJ e dG jM
NGdG EG AfG GQhCG CG a jdG e GQhCG dG fdG UG eCGh
.jdG IT OGORG c
e j dG hG IQU Y jd Gk Oe kejO Ak H bQdG J GHh
Ib jd NBG dG e H NGj CG GQhCd dP e cCGh .jdG NGO
EG J eY Z OGeG Y LN dG GQhCG CG CG .jdG GKCJ V AdG Gg
OLG dG Ia .(8) e bQh J CG e IQU J jdG L
e T Y U dG jCG FG JdG H jdG JdG Y J JdG
.M fOCG EG FG GQdG KCJ J
dG e dG Jf dh ,jdG KCJ gKCJ j GQJ AG LJh
J dG QG dG H dPh jdG GQdGh GeCG ehe Y J
dh ,dG IOLG Jd e e S N LCG d d JdG gh .H
IT M fRGJ V Jh Gk L jb QdH J dG JdG g QhL
j M EG LQG KCdG Uh GPEGh .qdG bGQhCGh fG eLCH jdG GQdG
29

FdG dG : AGG IG

jd ehG J G GQhCG g hJ eYh ,edG bGQhCG khCG dG Y bJ

.(9) WCG Ua d j Ggh jdG GQd hCG
JdG Jh ,NBG EG f e J f d jdG FG CG ,dGh
iNCG FXH J NBG fL eh ,fL e FdG dH AGdGh chCG fEH
dG GH AGdGh AG J dG GQhCG a . dG G FN H
dG dG Jh ,cdG dG N e adG NBG dGh ,d UG
J dG IdG fGG OUH dG hCG KdGh H dGh iNCG OGe M
e d CG ia Yf c q GC JdG H GPEG ddh .Ie j GG
N jOLG gG Z GHEGh dG Mf dHh .bQN IjY FN
c N dG a ,GHEGh dG Gg MU g J dG qEa T Hh .JdG
:J j ,Fa H GOGh e AMCG ,GOLG

o p r of Gk p Nn o r pe n Lr n Nr nC an Am r n T u co
n n nf ppH n Lr n Nr nC an Ak en Ap n srdG n pe n n rfGnC p rdG n go hn }
n set dG hn n orjs dG hn m nYr GnC rpe l snLhn l npfGOn lG n rpb n p rWn rpep r sdG npehn kpcGn noe vnM orpe
| n o peDr jo m r n pd m jn B r opdPn pa sGE p pp r jn hn n n rKGnC G Pn GE p pp n nK GE Gh o o rfG mpH n n eo n r nZhn k pn r eo
( 99:fCG )

AGdG IQGH KC J dG GQhC G

.dH a dG AMCG e MCG j kNe f AGdG c f eY
dG
q hdG g ZQ dh ,kGL b AGdG J dG AMCG OY qEa Gh
GP Jf fQfCG J G G Gg EG f eYh .dH J Ge HJ
e H J e H Gk L U hX J CG J JdG gh . FN
C J AGdG Ja ,NG hdG Gd N N GG gh .e J

30

.a J dG G e J hD J N JdG GQhGC GE
dG XH J dG fC G fhe E a G S Yh
J NGdG f AGdG bQdG ch jdG JdG
jdG JdG Qha .(YC G dG ).GdG jdG KC J e
QdG dG ) kGL e dG e QdH J dG
GC a ( dG dG ) dG e G JdG eGC .(
e kH bQdG dh .Ie IQH dG f bGQhGC LJ
,d jhGR fGC f fe J f iG Y J GC
.YGC e OdG AdG dM bQdG J dG dG C

FdG dG : AGG IG

.Gh IQGG Y d Sh EG
.S G : fdGh , dG FG dG GSG g :hCG
jdG jJ H G G Gg e QJ JdG g bQdG EG
RL f bdG h AGh AGdG GNh FdG dG RL gh ,UG Jh
jdH IN a jdG XH J dG GQhCG H eCG .(10) dG jH adG
,G fGG eJ SCG jdGh .e jb LJ dGh Qd IG H
.kGc Y Of eCG a JdG id jdG eCG ,(11) IH gGf dG GG e gh
dM e IOLG QdG J j f CG j dG FG eCJ GPEa
j CG j AT c bh ,jjCG H dG OG aGW ie f CG f
CG dG Y j dP Y AHh .dG hXh Gk L AGdG Y dG Gg
j f bdG h ,fGG H e d aO fh e T H j
. d P aCG g QdG CH Qj CG Y dd fh JG IQGG ehe
Gk c kfH EGh .dEG dG j a QdH f T GPEG fCG j CG jCG Yh
jJ j CG Y dHh .dH jdG XH dG d QhG G M
.QGdG Gg M qc hdG
GQGb NCG J Y h Yh h Y d d dG JdG CG Gk L jHh
.gJ dc h gCG dH
?a LJ dG d fCG dGh dG EG JdG Uj dG e ,kGPEG
CH jCG Yj ,aOd f fJ AMCG L CH Yj jdG jQdG
Y IQOdG GAYOG gh ,aOe UG g eG Qd IG JdG
j CG iJ j j aOe j OM CG .kfBG QcG jQdG e aS cCG
dEG j e TCG gh AG GN AfEGh Y CG e dN eJ J IQe j dG
g g FH JdG g N dG CG jd jHh ? AGdG IQGM dG
.G IdG hP dG dG

32

j hQg

GQhC G AG GN
b AGdG Jf AGdGh AG OGe jd Se U dG jdG GQhCG qEG
.p G f e Qe T Y hCG hdG
q f e fGSCG T Y J
.f e d aL We J dG JdG g Ea AG jJ UN Hh
da ,GQhCG hCG dG bQh SGh GQL GP jN o a AG eCGh
.AG Ga Y e J GQhCG g J dG dG
Y JdG g J CG a AGdG Jf d iNCG FdG UG eCG
.S Me d AG jd MU TCG cCG IdG C hc T
MGh QdH G Jeeh jhdG dTCGh dG AGdG Jf ha
.G FGLCG AG j f ch . (12)dG AG Ga e j Ak H J
q dH
kd j dG SjdG fh bGQhCG AG jH J dG Ja G S Yh
.dG bS fa QdG eCG ,VQCG IG QhL AG j
GQG T Y g dG bGQhCG a Qq dG YCG e iNCG JdG eCG
LJ dG JdG GQhCa ,ke dP Y Yh . dG IQOf QeCG d Me
.IjdG QeCG e jbd c J IG WG
Y dO Ggh ,a LJ dG hd Se IQU cCG Y j f c qEG
MSh hc T Y h fGSCG T Y d GQdGh .FdG dG N
.MS a IjY cT GAf dch W H G gh ,e
NGO jJ j dG AG jOe M ANSGh TfG UN d JdG a
. G MS
Jh fGG e AH AG bS h IQGG f J dG HEG
IQGG Pf e M Y dG ec J dG dG dG Jh ,fG
TCG e J dHh ,e gH JdG g GdCG CG EG aVEH Gg ,IFGdG
33

e T J bGQhGC AGdG Jf GE
T Y J GC GQhC G gh .AGdGh AG jJ
e ( dGh QdG YGC IOLG IQdG ) fSGC
G f e Qe T YhGC .hQdG f
gG Cereus f eGC .( dG SGC Carpobrotus
.VQC G LJ dG QhL AG j a SC G

e GC AGdG Jf e jdG J
GE .QdG J dG dTGC H FGYGC
P jdG IQdG LJ dG jG GQdG
J dG GQdG GfGC La QdG eGC .dd
hX dG J M gOLGC AG jJ
.AGdG

FdG dG : AGG IG

jh .Y OLG HC G ZdG GE cGTGC e QdG AGLGC e AL c gh Jh J g

b e H N H ,aOeJ b j GC QdG GC Y J dG dOC G e kdO Gg
.Qe dN

AV j HCG ZH e e dGh .Y J dG
.dG
e dh ,SdG ZCG id he f QdG EG
c d FN CG dG Gg jRYEG QeCG
GgC N AGLCG Y j a ,dL
gh Jh J a ,iNCG IjY
TjQCG EG cGTCG e QdG AGLCG e AL c
.J dG AdG
d QdG CG Y J e dOCG g ch

36

j hQg

g SLCG Hh .G IdG P e Y H N H ,aOe Lj CG H

GWCG Jh GdG L ec aJ ,( IadG bQh f kUN ) JdG
LJ dh ,aT bQh GWCGh .LQG GdG S EG LGNEH a bQh
.FdG dH J dG gh AGN jN GWCG g e NGdG MdG
J GWCG e NGdG AdG J bQ N T UG dG jG gh
dG da .(13) FdG dG d eJh ''IadG'' Y j dG bQdG
Gg f AG Ga e Gk c jh GdG H dG IQGM e j
e c j bh H j CG hO AGdG IQGM j UG dG
J dG JdG FN CG Z .b eC dh jhGdG IQGG g AMCG
.dP Y J AGdG
,dG ehe Y Ic IQb d b IjdG FN Y ka AGdG Jf qEG
j dG GRS jQHdG fh jeCG dG RQCG Ia G S Yh
J gh ,G IjT hdG M dG AKCG HWdG e dG NCH NCG AdG
.a H dG Y IQOdG JdG e
bGQhCG C dG Y IQOb ZOCG QTCG e dG gh
hCG IHEG T Y eEG GQhCG gh ,IU GQhCG d e e da ,IjY FN
.(14) dG IQG e U S Vj gOHCG Hh .bH T Y
GWCG e a MGh W ee a dG Ib JdG H eCGh
UN dH AG Ga hO j dG Ggh .YCG dG IOY Jh ,bGQhCG
SCGh YCG ,dG c ee gh .IH jdGa J dG hdG
h .dG OLh Y UNh HWdG NCJ eG g N eh .GQhCG d
.Fb J CG e J g Y Lo dG ffG GQhCG UNh ,JdG H
f EG dHh .AG Ga j dHh ,bCG LQH d dG AGLCG VJ dHh
FdG dH j a QdG e GQhCG d d dG JdG e g dG IOaddG

37

2
4

jeC G dG dG IT GE
Capparis fh (1`2) AGdG Jf e gh
dG NC H NGC AdG j dG (3`4) spinosa
IjT hdG M dG AKGC HWdG e
. kjW kGeGC dG j Gd G
Peucephyllum

bQh T d - dG SGC - a Manzanita

Paloverde eGC .AG e bGC c j GC e
.H FdG dH a - dG bGC aFH JdG g L N dG g dG GE h
.AGdG Se cC G

j hQg

.AG J e jG j hGU e Ic GQhCG eG C bH

dh ,IjY FN AGdG e J dG JdG qEa VGh g ch
.AGdG IQGM LGe e ja J JdG g e f
HGdG g PJG J ,YGfCG NG Y JdG CG T K dh
. aGh dGh YdG e jQhdG GhOCG d d JdG g C gO
e FHh ,a Lj dG d dM fCG f c N dG g dG EG
.d

dG AGdG Jf e jW
FN e d dGh G ehe J dG Jd eCG BG M HV
a dP fcP bh ,jhGdG dG Ve NBG SCG g dh .Ie
J jdG g J dG JdGh .dGh dG j SCG Ggh ,S
hX dG e Jh Gk MGh keY IOY J JdG gh .GaCG JH
Jh .kGQa G H gQhH H a QdG dM dG GSH SdG G
e j CG dG j Ggh ,kGL b eCG QgRCG Jh .Fa YH YGH
. a IOhe HSCG fEG Me EG IQdG Me
Le bH GaCG QhH c fCG GPEG ddh ,e Z AGdG a
.Vj CG dG Gd c jS H dP H QhdG Je K ,QeCd jSh
jO QeCG J H EG QhdG fEG e dBG d JdG g e dh
CG h "QG "Polimorfizm SG Y j UN d JdG gh .Ic
e QhdG IOe g Ea dP EG aVEHh .edG dG QhH fEG bh
,dG EG IQdG hN Me J hCG IG IQdG EG AG j ea .fEG
gh .fEG QhdG J d KCdG Y fG IOG g J CG j dh
G j EG CG fK Ie AG Cj GPEGh .ddG IG AG e IQdG AdH dG

39

FdG dG : AGG IG

W iNC G hdGh G
E a ddh .jd fRGe Z AGdG
j M FN d JdG
Yh .gKJ UGeh gQhL fGE
G dG IQH E a G S
G Jh aJ GC H GE JfGE
.Ge IY

:Ja Hd QhdG ddh ,YGH IQd J a

.dG EG QhdG h kS J : `dhCG
.fG IOG g GhR H EG fEG j h ,d fG IOG ja : fdG eCG
Yh .dG EG J G dG e f QhH e iNCG GaCG QhHh
EG chCG fG e h LQG IQdG S j Gh HG e S
h aJ CG H EG IQdG fEG j eRdG UdG JJh .dH G
. Gk QGe QeCG Y
.JdG g jJ e CG Y h Qb kHMh kJh kJ g EG
YGdGh QhdG g HGdG L Jh ,MGe H ke j j AT ch
.G hdG c
Gg h ,haCG f jd dG Gg LhCG dG IQdG g a ,kM
g a Lh dG hdG e j d Lh cCG Y dG Gg U dG dG
dGh bdG Fa dG Gg CG CG ? f IQdG CG JdG jN g g .JdG
a .e Z fCch hJ SCG g CG T .aOe M f CG jj

40

j hQg

Q dG e jdG dG Y dO g dG hd FG UCG dG JdG

,dG bGQhCG bJ Jf gh AGdG Jf e iNCG Y gh .dG
.G IdG bGQhCG bJ AG Y j eY JdG gh
dc jh ,dG e dM Nj dG Ga ,JdG d e JchCG fh
gh .G IjG GQhCG e S GC j G j eYh .G S M
jZCGh AG e J fC J dh .ZOCG GT H jCG LJ UG
.SG LQdH AG Uh j M H UG fCG jJ dG
Gk eCG Jh kaCG VQCG Jh ,ehjQ J keLCG J fCG gh
Gg e LCG d jjBGh cdG fe eGNh SdG e JdGh .kjW
IKDe f eeCG hJ BG M gfcP dG AGdG Jf eCf ea .(15)dG
.AGdG dG e d cGJh H OhR JdG a ,jd
dSCH QhH fEG NBG dGh ,Jh h AG J AGdG Ja
dSCG e dGh dG GfCG e Ic GfCG eCG a VGh g ch . jhc
.SdG hdG TCG ch YGfCG H eG a Oj H M IQGG e jbdG
e Fa J e a dPh gG Z YGHEGh dG Y Y dO JdG a
.kGe SdG Gj

FG dG IOLG jdG JdG GQhGC

dG G h G Gh dG WGTh GdG J dG JdG EG
dh .AGdG LGJ dG hdG J U kahX jCG LGJ G e a jj
g c a J dG hd Se FH N WG g J dG JdG
AG e j dG JdG g dGh bQdG a .AMCG L e G
.hdG g J CG JdG d J g Y U

41

e L
Xh ODj

bJ FG Qe j eY ( YC G ) Ocotillo f
eGC .G j M S dM jGC jh .kGQa IdG bGQhGC
fGC jJ dG jZC Gh AH a GdG H
YC G ) Qhc j L rizom `dG (rizoms) . UG
C G ) susen e e JdGh .(
Manisa eGN h ( S
.hG g e d (dG )

j hQg

Jf e G J S GQhCG d G G J dG JdG ka
e QJ h .Ic jO AG jJ Y IQdG JdG g dHh .AGdG
IH AG Vf Va dGh dG e iNCG JdG eCG .FGdG AG
QdG j e gh dG S G NO EG ODj Ggh .a LJ dG WG
.dH
G GNEH J dG OdG fC FGdG AG e QJ JdG g qCG H
.(16) ''addG'' SG hdG g J dG JdG g Y jh .YGH e FGdG
e dG Ggh .fH dG A ''QhSc''`dG e G G Jfh
a GQhCG AH e q dG eCG .AG a LJ dG bGQhCG H JM UGj dG
.GQhCG AGdH UG fdG OLh a AG
QhL ch ,GQhCG g e dG JdG e jCG dG hReCG afh
GDS dG EG Oj dG g h .AH W FG HdG hCG AG M LJ dG dG
AG gQhL J dG JdGh .AGdG Y G Y dG Gg IQb c Y
G S Yh .gZ e a LJ dG hd MU cCG FG jCG
j f G J dG JdG chCG Y G e q da
AGdG bCGh ,AG NGO UJ dG JdG g AGLCG Lj dG Ggh ,''fQCG''
. SdG UN fCG g IOLG
QN Lj dG dG AL e chCG a jOdEGh af e AG Jf eCG
AGdG bCG J dh .(17)bGQhCGh YL e CG AG NGO IOLG AGLCG EG AG
QG e bCG g EG chCG dG dGh AG Jf QhL IOLG
CG G j f C dP eh .WEG Y IG JdG d eCG
S Y dG Gg e hMh .f AJ e FGg bCG J kf H j
.e eCG edG Qhe e aOG

43

GC e FN d JdG L
ka .a LJ dG G dH J
h dG YGC Samphire e JdG
d kGc VJ (YC G ) seablite
JdG g QJ GC dG eGC .d QdG G cGJ J dG gh .AG
dG bGQhC H M a Glassword e G G Jf eGC .UG G OZ a
( SC G a) elodea h ( fG dG ) af e AG Jf eGC .AG S Y
J GC AG NGO dG AGLC G GE AG QN j dG dG AL Y chC G oa
C G GE bGQhGC h gL Y AG
. AG e IQG b

n r jn
n p ndG pdG nYn nh o n r jn n jp dG t Xn en hn }
s p ndhn p S s dG nYn p r an h o nd n dG sGE p pen n p dG
r GnC
( 60 :fj) | nh o or jn n r go n nc

 OLe gh aerenkima Y j f g chC G Y G e G Jf q dG GE

dG Gg AGdG Y dG AGLC Gh . (YGC dG SdG) ,AG UJ dG dG AGLGC
.JG UN d

M Qfd bh d d AG hCG G j dG da M c Yh
C dG QhL EG chCG d Gk jhQ Gk jhQ dG je e Y dG j
Gg Lj dG dG CG j Ggh .dG Gg hH J CG dG IM
N hCG f CG hH Gk OLe j CG j jJh chCG H jh dG
jGdG e Lh a f f EG j Ggh .dG a N dG hCG dG e
.aOd f GHCG j CG h ,dG e kdN

jdG f : bQdG iNC G IG

JdG g QhLh .a gQhL dh AG fS eh J JdG H
.dG e QeCG HQCG EG MCG H J AGdH J dG
46

j hQg

N J dG dh .S jH aG g EG chCG Uh G eh
d jdG f Qf CG h .dG e G eCG dG jCG JdG d
Fe e S Wf H Ic YCG Y AG fSh gQhL LJ dG JdG
.e FKK ae YJQGh HW
.AdG jJ JG HCG g e M SG Y j dG cG gCG eh
jdG ceCG h .HCG g e jdG e Gk L dY J Jh
ch ,HW c EG dG AGdG UJ ch jdG JGe Vh Weh gbh
hG J jh .iNCG FG e dP EG eh HGdG e G AGdG UeG
Y hG dEG QG Wa .dG Me Gj AdGh QcG SSCG Y
jdG Gb Vh j K FGdG GdG Qe j j M IZT J AdG AfEG
.HGdG UG jdG fh jcG jdG ILCG cJ j Gk NCGh .WG g
NGO J dG jdG f CG Mf b Y JdG jJ f eYh
.IQG dG Wf fEG ej dG jdG f e H aCG JdG
MdG e Ie QYG Gc jd f ebEGh .IG GG e gh
Gg CG Y j Y CG a Lj f c NGO j eY SdGh jQG
.Y Fa IQb j U dG
CG j jCG g jdG f h dHh .jdG g f g GQhCG qEG
dG j M G AGdG ad NBG dGh dG AGdG cG H J
AGdG aJ dG cG e J dG GQhCGh . (dG) AdG edG jdG e
dG AGdG dG cG e TdG HdG GQhCG J M QG EG G
f EG LM g dP Y ka ,j Mh cG OLh dh .dG NGO
Gk NCG UJ j CG H dG AGdG C bO J M bCG dG FGdG GdG
AGdG Gg EG dG WG EG c H dG AGdG NoJ dG GQhCG e

47

Y dG QhL OLh GC ZQh .AG Ie J JdG H hL e

G g E a e T chC d dG SG j QeC H Q q oj Y
Gg Qf GC h .JdG g dG N dG jdG f H kGHGC
jdG e M LGC e .dG Wf jH JdG OLG dG
.ddG LddH LfGE dG FHdG G GSG j dG Wf
dG NGO dch .GQhC G a JdG IOLG jdG f e eGC
UH Jh GQhC G e dG AGdG J dG I qG FGdG GdG Vh
M AGdG UJ e T SC J dG dG Ggh .G ceC G GE
.dG e dG N q N dOGC e dO d QeGC IH Qj Y Y IOLG dG GE
.UNE H dG GE LdGh eG g j GC fE d j dGh

j hQg

.dG
NGO Iqe IQH jJ Gb Vhh G jCG dG Gg c bh
YCG EG AGdG Ud Se T Y U b GdG g J CG c .dG
.dG WG
NGO OLG jdG f dch c GQhCG Y b Y d BGh
.dEG IQdG j SQ dG FdG dG gd dG
G GQhCG e eCG ,jdG J eY AGdG UeG g HdG GQhCG Xh qEG
ch .jd e g dGh UeG d dG fh .QG EG AGdG OW a
dG e ja jdG eCG .GQhCG IQGM LQO J GQhCG g NGO AG j
jdG eCG b KCJ GP J dG gh .GQhCG IQGM LQO VfG OGOj dHh
WG eCG .dG NGO IMh c f H j jdG Gg dh .jdG
b Mh .LQG GQhCG S e IQGM cCG a GQhCG e IOLG
AH j LQO hCG LQO e cCG Sh Sh H IQGG NG j ea MdG
:dG dG Y j dG g AHh .chCG UeG Y
dG dG LJ Gk L IU ee CG if eEH bQdG NGO EG f eY
gh AJQH e fCG e FdG dH J dG HdG GQhCG fCG a J
.hCG fCG IOLG
MGh hj ehe MGh ) ehe 0^7 EG eG g Ia Uh GPEGh
GRdG CGJ LQO hCG LQO 1 e cCG EG IQGG JQGh (MGdG G e G
UeG j dHh .aGdG G EG IOQdG G e jG bQdG IOLG
NG OGORG ch .RSeJ J MG gh .dG NGO EG chCG
b hReBG fR bCG `G ka .dG NGO EG RdG jL OGOj IQGG
Y j dG AjdG IYb EG j RSe`dGh . YdG RZ d KH UQ
49

FdG dG : AGG IG

dH J jOdG hdG b IOLG GRdGh .''SOc'' QfG

MGh ) MGh ehe e UCG g dG eG dh .G P LG Y e
.jG Gg bJ ( G e G
dG f OQdG dG e J QGG RGdG dM eCJ h dG GRdG qEG
jDhQ kfMCG e kaO dG NGO AGdG aj RSedG .IQGM cCG NdG
.IU fdH T Y QhG e RdG hN
gh .IdG GQhCG e GRdG GNEH J g dGh UeG IQhOh
ee i oJ S GQhC G bJ j eY
GPGE h .( fG ) .a LJ jd IU
cGC GE bQdG NGO IOLG IQGG JQG
GC Jh eG J LQO hGC LQO e
bQdG IOQdG G e fG GRdG
UeG j dHh .a aGdG G GE
OGORG ch .dG NGO GE chC G
NGO GE RdG fG OGOj IQGG NG
bC G G E a G S Yh .dG
b ( QdG SGC ) hReC G fR
.YdG RZ d KH UQ

eG `

50

j hQg

H GRdG eEG Y QJ fC NGdG EG AGdG J J IdG GQhCG

.QG EG GRdG J Ggh .RdG e cCG ee JG
ch ,Ic jM gCG GP dG dG FG L Ea Mf ch
e e d jdG fh .bO M ah b e J FG g e UN
.dG MdG e jCG e g H a M AG g dG QhG AHEG Mf
.MCG e c c chCG H J dG G b cGJ dG Sda
jG e JdG EG dH Ie jhc OGe SdG g J ddh
.jG chQgh
dG chCH gcDJ CH Ie Z IQU EG OGG g G Jfh
M IOLG HdG J Gg chCG J Hh .gQhL e dEG j
.kf HdG b j Ggh .Id Se QhG
UGe kS jh ,kGTe Gk KCJ c dG f KDj Gk e kef a Gg eCG
M J H e H He dG e dN Fg kf g CG Mf c .IG
eCG gh ,G J dG Y j AGLCG g e AL ch .G UJ OCG
: J b .b dh eCJ e c cQj
ppH n Lr n Nr nC an Ak en Ap n s dG n pe n n rfGnC hn ko o S n pa r ond
n nnShn Gk r en n VQr nC G r ond n n Ln p rdG }
|n t dG pdhC p mjn B
n pdPn pa sGE p r oen n rfGnC G r Yn Qr G hn Goco s n T m n nf r pe kLG hn Rr GnC
( 54 - 53 W IQS )

OdH KC J dG GQhC G
QTCG e fG HdG gh .HdH e dG IdG f e
H d J CG j JdG a .OQH W hX J IOY jHdG
.OQdG dG Gg e J CG J d iNCG JdG Y G FG

51

FdG dG : AGG IG

AdG Se VQCG e AG NCJ CG J IdG Qha G S Yh

dG J CG H hdG g J dG QTCa .H Ie VQCGh
.AdG
bJ dG GQhCG e a .dG Gg e dG g IdG GQhCGh
e j GQhCG Y dG dG dGh .eh N J jHdG IdG e
CG EG aVEH ,AG V H dHP hCG GQhCG bJ Ggh ,dH AG Ga
.dG hJh Jh HEG T Y jHdG IdG GQhCG e
dG Oa .gAe J dd dG J IO Ie GQhCG J CG kfBG fcP
L e jN e jCG GQhCG g fJ a .G FO d j dG g
e Yh h d Y Fc g bQdG J
q dG dG jNh .af dG AMCG
CG Z .d Yh dG jG fCG jCG QdG J dG dG dGh .jG L
.U K QG e ITH gO Cc SM T W Y bQdG
bQdG S H Gk QGb J CG bQdG J dG jG je Y j Gg Yh
H bGQhCG SCG J CG jG Y j dP Hh .dG dG H LQG
:SCG g f bY fEG c CS dG g h .jc Hh jH dG
?dG dG g J d GQhCG J dG YGhdG jG Y c dG H bGQhCG H jG g eb IQe hCG Y hCG Yh CH ?f hCG IOjR jCG hO jH
?OdG e dG g CG GQhCG aY jCG e fJ
q dG jGh GQhCG qCG :gh SCG g Y IMGh HLEG g CG T h
ja .J dG IQH jG g G eGd eRdG eH OhRh N b
kL gRGaEH Jh G dG GP dG IOG fEH J eG g M
.G eCG
JdG g .Yf e g Y T H bQdG S J b j GHh

52

hX LGe e q FN jHdG QTC G GE

h G LGe J HGE T Y GQhGC G S Y a .AdG
e j GQhC G Y Lj dG q G dG GC Y ka .bJ
q oj GC h .GQhC G bJ Gg E a dHh dH AG Ga
GE .aOH dG f f IMGh aO FG g c OLh
dG FH JdG c N dG g T c G dG
.JdG dGE

FdG dG : AGG IG

GQhCG H bW e jJ bGQhCG J dG QTCG Y Y bGQhCG J dG

AGdG aJ Y FdG dH dG JdG g Jh .HdG SGe c IjL
.Kd IdG dG QT bW QOe Jh ac LQH AGdG
J dG jHdG QTCG TCG gh dEG fG j iNCG f gh
.FdG bH UG UdG e UJ d jCG gh .dG Wh
FfEG SdG JYGe j dG dG gCG e dG Rh EG
dM dG da .HCd dG bCG AfEG Y UG Lh Y jQGh
.G WS H d c d jCG VJ jOdG hdG jdG Kh f
YdG G J Y G j CG j dG K ba G S Yh
dM M IYGe e eG dG YJh UN dG CJ ddh ,QGh
QGdGh jdG e dG a AdG e dG dG hO ka .dG
G Gg IYGe e Jh Wh T Y kjJ dG L SCG CG jhdGh
.SdG
fEG gJG dG HGdG qCG i f a jHdG QTCG TCG H GPEGh
dG AfGh .QTCG J ke JG b SdG HH dG K AGREG
j dHh .Y bj dG dG fG e WhG IdG T j
gh ,QfG Y iC IdG ZCG J dHh ,Ic H IdG Y dG
.gHJ j f
e h OQdG dG ZCG Y dG dM dG IQdG g a
EG dG dM KCJ bh j dHh .G dP M e jhGH ZCG ICf
:LJ IQdG g g .M OCG
? Id ` 1
? IdG J dG dG j CG ` 2
? IdG e iJ dG Hd CG ` 3

54

fq j dG AfE G .kN J b jJ g AdG OdG LGe J dG dG WhG QTC G

dG e Ic c IdG Y Ggh .dH Y j dG dG fGE e q WhG IdG T
Gg GSG jh .AdG SGe IH dG a j dG WG kUNh ,ZC G QfG e j dHh
.dG d IYGe QGh jQGh YdG HC G dG

FdG dG : AGG IG

?d QT AY aO CG ` 4
Y e N dG gh dG Gg IdG gh dG g J dG qCG T
Gg .dG Gg RYEG jZ NBG eCG gh .jCG dG jNh GdG Nh
dG e QGe AH j H ,bG dG q c fH j QcG dG
Y j dG dG gh ,NBG g d jCG Ggh .IdG ZC Y IQN jCG j
HWdG hNQGe H AG Ga h OdG e IdG j b H IdG
.GQhCG e
.H UN Jf e d CG BG M EG gfOQhCG dG eCG e j Ggh
CG Jh , dG FH IFGdG IQGG hCG FGdG OdG e JdG gh
eG dSCG e SCG c CG c .G EG HWdG e hdG c J
f c SCGh ,Fa d P G FN M U dG JdG e
.NBG f CG SCG j
eCG .GTCH f Y aGj QdG H jdG J j G f ka
QTCG EG dH eCG g c AdG a J a jHdG QTCG GQhCG
Y Lj fCG f CG j dh .SCG g e jG aVEG G eh ,iNCG
e kjJ JdG g fh JdG e f dCG FN e cCG VQCG
.IgG JdG
g e IMGh ch .JdG g e FG IY iS SGQO BG M J h
J d Ye dSCGh ge Jh H UN U H dG JdG
Z YGHEGh dG Y Y J G JjHh dG GH JdGh ,M AdG e
.JdG g N gG
:dG BGdG jBG e jBG J dG j
r pe n pa sHn hn r opH n p nJ rGnC n p SGhn Qn p V Qr nC G pa n rdGnC hn n nfhr n nJ mn Yn p r npH pGhn n s dG n nNn }
( 10: d IQS ) |m p cn m hr Rn u co r pe n pa n r n rfnC an Ak en Ap n s dG n pe n rdn rfGnC hn mHs G On u co
56

j hQg

`G GQhC G
fEG YEG J IjY FH OhR b Gh G JdG GfCG EG
j dGh JbW H GSH ddG fj dG GQhCG f kUNh ,JMh
.''dG'' SG Y
f OGeG J GQhCG gh .qdG Y EG dH SM GQhCG ddh
e OJ eYh .d eYO j CG AT Y d J Cc GQdG e eCG
,kb HdG j gh .dM dH GC J kU G c GPEa dH AdG Gg
Y c G hCG d J ''j''h ''j'' h ''j'' e IjY c a
Fc JdGh fGa G dh .G Yh fGG Yh AMCG
Gg Jh QGdG PJGh dGh dG Y IQb jCG d dh YdG GfCG e f q GC
ae hCG Y hCG Yh CHh ,LCG dG j c PEG .IOGQEG N e QGdG
? dM dd dU Z hCG kU G Gg c GPEG j
iJ fCG LQd IU g dG jGh .dG GH J dG g dG jNh
GhOCG g e K ,dH d LH J jCG e ae hCG e hCG j jd dh dH
.dG GH d J dG jG hCG
dG IQH N q M c qCG j SCG g e GDS c
.J dG d SQ e ah jh jQhdG FH
,jb bh gG dG H dG b S
q a d
UdG g ZOCG IOY LJ dG dG J e jda
CGh FdG dH J CG J dHh ,dG AV EG
e YCG fG EG J g OGORG ch .IAH J
jj Ggh ,AdG e jG J GHh dM dG JdG
cCG H gQgRCG NEG e h fL e JbW e

57

Gd UN ILCGh ,dG dSCG JdG dh .(18)NBG fL e eAe

J CG eYdG gh ,eYO M f d g ;d dG W SCGh ,dG
LJ jY fch jhc OGe Y J dG dBGh .N IOe hCG NBG kJf
jh .IQGGh dGh VQCG HPGh AdH Qd G e dG Gg NGO
;Gg dG OQh .jCG f dBG H UN cH dP c Y dG OH dG
KCH QhH j j eY jFGO SGbCG T YdG h .dG IOY j
.dG g
HG dG cH jh eYdG ej e hCG jFGO cM Sj Yda
,NGdG f FGfG EG ODj YdG H MG dG dG qC H MG dG d
.eYdG M adH YdG j Ggh
dG fG e SCGh WCG IQU HG G j YdG CG EG aV?H Gg
M EG YS IY H j dG dG Gg SCG eh ,dG e khCG H j
YCG EG dG c dh .jd fY HSCG dG jh .IOG dH Me
,f MG Y dP H bS iJ a ke e IT M j CG hO ITe
.QeCG IY EG dW j CG b Jh
Y QfG dh eYc gj IOe Y fRh Mh Od MdG jdGh
jCG e kM .eYc ej dG IOG M dG e dG j CG g dH dG
f jdH J JdG gh dG je e dP e cCGh ?dP dG j
.e AT M f J Lh jCGh ,dG AfCG L
.d jRYEG Ie g Ie c eCG SCG Gd dG SG CG T a
YH J fCG Qf jS IQH L M f dH ddG eCf eYh
jG e d kYVe UCG g FH ddGh .H J e JfCch Fa
j dG cdG dG CG g fEG gO j dGh .eRCG b e WSCGh
fCch ,jh ij fCch YGQP dM e j OGe e dM e j h ij h HdG
.e d SG GSH Y Y
58

J dG JdG GQhGC J
L Y J fC ch dH
HJ eYh d eYO j GC
GC H H J GC kfe
j d e QeGC gh .dH
MdG dG eGC .a dG
JdG e YGdG adG g
dG dG eC H J JdG GC a
.FdG IdG MU g

H dG j dG CG hj jdG
NGO CG GgJ QdG J dG dG g
.ddG Y jM GdCa ,QTh Y GP kb dG Gg
j fCch dM d QT dG dG H CG Gh
YEd e eCG g Y j h L M j CGh jDhQ
.gdGh
jdG MdG CG LQO EG jb JdG g Y qdG SM
CG GcG jdG SdG e gh Bryonia dioica GSQO
cCG dG Gg S Y LJ dGh SG IdG FdG
.(19) fEG efCG e SM
kJf j dG e g a dG j dG GDda PEGh
. jQdG dG H j e M h PCG h d Y
L fh dG U dG g J dG EG :jU GGh
.d M H dG Gg Nh JdBGh JcM

dG cGB GQhC G
TCG d dG GQhCG a ,aGW FG cCG GQhCG g d cBG GQhCG
da .AG J hCG d kY Jh IG OJ CG J jHEGh dGh dG e
AGLCG j K jh gOjh GG e AMCG j f g Gd cBG
.H U e IG
dEG QgRCG a G S Yh ,MGG g H j dG e c
J dG GG Je ba AG HfRh IcQhCG f eq CG ? QdGh GG
Hh .a NEd eJ H fGG g cCJ JdG g dh .Ib I
j CG j Gd kcBG dG j a ,Gd cBG Jf d fEG dG

60

j hQg

e ZCGh .dG AKCG bGQhCG J Gd cBG JdGh .AMCG g H

dG dSCG H j dG Ga ,Dischidia rafflesiana q j f Gg c
dG Ga .ke Gd kcBG kJf j fCG ZQ Gd cBG JdG eJ
f J dG dG cCj jHEG J dG bGQhCH d dG XH j dG
eCG .AGc dG jH e Y j dG LhdG jh jj H ,G G
.NBG fL e dH J dG fGG OJh fL e Gk gL kH a dG
GSd kU JjM Dischidia j dG AG j dP Y kah
fh .(20) jd NGdG dG LJ dG aVEG QhG jW Y UeH
GP bRdG bGQhCH NCj GG cBG JdG egh ( jdG b Pinguciula
.N RGaEG NGO Y dG GG qdG dG
g e q RJhH h Rdh RSSCG e RGaEG Gg NGO IOLG fEGh
ZH OJ LdG dG GQhCG dG GShQdGh .(21)J N e IG
.AGG dG e f Y j dG dGh jdG
IQTEG H IG J bQdG Sh OLG dG ZdG J dG Ia
EG dG AGfG e Y AGfH IG H bQdG Jh .jdG ZdG EG e
jS Gd cBG JdG cM dh e J JdG Lh .NGdG
cBG Jda .Y dBG fCG ZQ dP JdG c .KCG IjTh
:dG Gd dBG J Gd
jG J M ,AG V H Jh ,''Sa''`dG f LJ dBG : hCG dBG
H j dG dG Gg LQG jG EG AG H NGdG QGG IOLG
. bQd LG fG e Ggh .bQdG a OLG ZdG
dG OQh f ej dG AYCG eCG. G H Ijq D e gh : fdG dBG
e cCG IQH b AYCG W LJ dG jG C jdG G a
J jW Y dG EG JCJ dG Ia .AYCG g e NBG dG dG jG
61

Je bj IcQhC G e dG Gg
I HNG Y YJ dG GG
ej H kGHGC cC j dh .Ib
.a NE d

bGQhGC h .Gd kcGB kJf d dh dGE dG j ( YC G Dischidia raftlesiana ( fh

jH e Y j dG LhdG jh dG j d dG XH J jHE G T Y dG
dG GG NC Jh dG de Ld GQhGC d ( jdG b pinguicula ( fh .AGc dG
.H GG g e q RGaE G Gg NGO LJ dG fE G GE c .N RGaGE NGO Y

j hQg

LdG IOH J IgdY IOLG GdG GWCG e RJ OGe J dG FGdG

Y jdG GdG a IG J j dG g Hh .dG Gg dG
GdG e LQG dG LJ jdG GdG gh .b T Y IG
.IOe fEG GSH IG g NGO IG g jh . SdG dG IdG
b .IM OU UN Ie H GQhCG J CG j GPe : f H g
jdG e f jH j dPh ?GG OU LH GQhCG GP AT c
JdG e gZ e Gd cBG JdG CH Yq j jQdG qEG .jOdG Z
dG g aOe jCG dh .aOe QJ W GMCG f UG g cG
GG J fEGh Fa YS J kbGQhCG a dG Y CGJ CG
hdG M J FN Gd cBG f c qEa dP e cCGh.
.a Lj dG
a .kGge Gk OU j CG b e MG CG j GShQ`dG a ddh
UG G QNH dG Hh ,dG J dG HHdGh GG Oj CG khCG
H KCJ dG GdCGh FGhdG Yh a dG f Y j CG j AMCG H
Oj CG Y dch .g g Y IQdG feEGh ,jdG JjJ Yh
dh .GG g a J dG G cG H a j CG j dG G
hdG jJ J IQhV gh HU cCG MG jCG LGj Gg c H
.Y j dG FdG M LddGh
dG OdG EGh ,fd e J dG jhdG dG EG j dG CG j Ggh
Ie j CG dG Y j dP EG bVEHh .bdG f FGQ S
Y j dd SdG YCH dG Hh .a j eY HdG e j CG j
IG g j AZh AH gb A bh kLd kSh Ld kZR j CG jCG
j CG Y j ,NBG fL eh .iNCG H IMGh IG H J Jeh
ch .dG Gd eRdG fEG GSG Qj K IG g H j dG jdG
63

( fG a) Drosera
cB G JdG egh
Oj Gd
eGC LdG ZR GSH
a) Sundew `dG f
Oa ( SC G
Y jj dG GG
gRj dG HGG FGdH
dG LdG IOH h
.FYGC LJ

j hQg

dG cBG Jda .Gh dG f QN QcG jQdG CG j bY fEG

.Yh hCG Y h Y hCG iNCG JdG L CT fCT
M ,VG G AdG b e M G dG Gg e jJ
Z Y j dG dG IQH N FdG dG Ga q L g ch .H a GLG d
M Fc YCG g dG fEG Mh .gG Z IQdGh dG MU gh ,HS e
EG j dGh Gj e Sj Sda .HS e H kT j CG j VQCG
b G g CG c .P CG j CG hO j jdG J dG dh .OLe g a
:J db dG BGdG OQh
( 117: IdG ) | oon an r co o nd o o jn n sfE p an Gk er GnC nbn G Pn GE p hn p V Qr nC G hn pG hn n s dG o j pHn }

65

FdG dG : AGG IG

cC f dG GQhC G
e dG j c Id RdG chCG aJ a d GQhCG Xh EG
cCf dG QG .GQhCG e J f hCG Hf hCG cCf dG ATCG a ,SdG
.edG jZCG e Gc b J
q YG Wh FGH Hf dG dGh bGQhCG
,(CG) eah (S) ea e edH a fEG jd Lh GhGG qEG
jOdGh jGh QdGh ddG e OH Z dch ,ddG eMh
b fCG FN eh ,dd HdG Zh d HdG dCH Zh SJdGh
AWCG Uj dG Gdh .AGd Gk Qe fc EG aVEH ,jQGG GdGh gdG
.U FGa e a GhGG SH
VGeCG Y J OGe Y dG LJ dG JdG e dG EG
e kYf hY gh .fEd gS dG dG f e gh ;WdG EG GdG e
CG j Gh .fEG L SSCG Uc J dG eCG VMCG
.jZCG jW Y OGG g NCG j CG j ddh ,jdG g e fK j
JdG gh .e jO eCG VMCG d LG J QG GfCG L

66

j hQg

LM Jh ,IL U cG Y YJ fEG kN IG JjH

.QGVCG hCG fL KCJ CG J CG hO dG LdG Y eGSG Y dc
e HYEG d Iq eo bGeh gg fh fFGe jJh j c cCf dG GQhCa
e QG GfCG aGh dG GQhCa G S Yh .iGh dG M
J NGdG GQhCG fa .jW I jM Y aG e dG q fdG
.LQG GQhCG fG d M WCG Ie
Iah H B12, C , B1, B2 eah ddG JdG e GfCG g LJh
e fEG eR OGe Y GhGG CG e ZdHh ,dP Y kah .
.(22) Gk L e jQGG JGS CG EG eCGh JhdGh RddGh GQgHQdG
Iah H jG Y dGh cCf dG GQhCd NBG e jCG g fdGh
dG Jfh .(23)RdGh jhdGh A,B1,B2,C,K ,edG EG aVEH
J bQN J fgPCG EG Oj QN CG hCG fdGh TGh Gh LdGh
S f G g Lh .AGdG Y XMh g dSh bGQhCG TCG EG dH
gAe f iNCG GQhCG gh .jdG bGeh Gh jG FH fEd
.JcCe EG dG AVE efh
.dG LCG e dG N dG jhOCG XH J IdG GQhCG g eh
gh ,GdG a Lj e c J dG G g MCG G S Y fhda
e Gk ch .IH ef Qh gh YdG dch , C ea UHh edH Z
eRCG e FHdG VGeCGh jG VGeCG V J IG JdG g fc
jR dch ,a e YdG CG EG kdM ioJ dG HCG UJ bh .dG
YdGh .AGhdG YU Y H j YdG jRh .KGd b e g YdG
cdGh jQdG ddG e VGeCG Y j FGdG FN EG aVEH
jdG TfEG h d c j PEG WCG Gg e h jQdG HdGh

67

FdG dG : AGG IG

IT eCG AGhdG QhH J dG JdG OYh .(24) gdG QhO h VGeCG e GJ

e f dCG EG J Gk L Ic dGh YdG Yh NdGh jdGh (fdG) QdG
bdG h .gFGah JdG g FN YSeh c dCG bh ,dG
WdG h JehdG e VGeCG LG gFGah JdG g M HCG VG
.dG SfG dch IdGh G ceh
g H e g ZdGh GbGh dG e GQhCGh Hf dG dG fh
dG dG Y j G S Yh .LdG FHh bG adG JdG
c j dG dG Ggh .''dG j dG dG'' CG Salvia salvatrix JdG
. (25)JdGh dGh jQdG dh dG d Fe FN
Al GZ a ,dG d dG f e f fCG Y dO XCG g adG JdG FNh
.d dG ej H ,fEd dG OGG jJ QhH Jh ,cDj CG
CG dG Gg S e dG j j PEG dH Jh ,IaH J fCG dGh
bh .JdG g Y G LCG e c L EG fEG j h .H Y Gj
:J db dG BGdG dG g EG J dG f
pG hn n s dG n nNn * l pHn n on r nJ n pH o dGhn l peDr eo r or pehn l pa cn r or p an r oo nNn p dG n go }
p VQr nC G hn pG hn n s dG pa en o nr jn * o pn rdG pdGE p ph r co Qn n o U n nMr nC an r co Qn s nU hn u n rd pH n V Qr nC Ghn
( 4 : 2 HdG ) | Qp ho t dG pGn pH l p Yn o dGhn n o p r oJ en hn nh t p oJ en o nr jn hn

f dG GQhC G
dG IOLG HGdG FGQ Qe e ? G FGhdG JCJ jCG e :dG Ac
Ie FGdG qEG ? dG e GfCG BGh Gh cGdGh FGG dG QgRCGh
.dG ah MGdG AYEGh G SMCG IQKEG e fEG f e KCJ GP
.fEd Ic c N Ie jhc ce FGhdGh

68

dG e VQC G Y IOLG JdG J

SdH J dG Md IdG

dG OGGh .kGL SM jO LG UY e J FGQ c

jdG g Jh ,''IQdG jdG '' SG Y j Jd FGdG J
jdG fEH J HdG JdGh .YdG jRh OQdG jR e ,dG SH
C jdGh JGdG e jG a G JdG eCG G JdG e cCG
J dG dG jdG e J G IQGH dh J CG H G jdG
.dH
.HCG e H Geb e ZQ JdG jdG FXh a e BG M MdG j h
J Gch .GG jdG g J JdG CG g ddG OYG dh
Meh HdGh dG GhOCGh jdG G e GfCG JdG H jR
eYh ,dG e AGG AGLCG jdG Jh .iGh dGYU h dG
f eYh .IgdG YGH EG kUNh iNCG jG EG J dG f j
dG HCG h .SG jJh G ef eCG IM f FGhdG g jJ c
AdG Vhh dGh dG f M j FGhd JdG fEG CG K jLCG
fHh .e hc cJ Fe e j e fEG Gd JdG Jh .IQGGh
UN cJ jCG H SGQO J dG JdG CG j IQG cdG g
Jh .jhdG eG EG Hj h dG NGO DhGLEG j Y gh .H
OGG gh .dG Ib e jb Hd OZ EGh dG d EG YG jhdG OGG
FGhQ Jh ke H J dBH HdG OdG dG fEG e e jO

70

j hQg

.ke hdG LdG j e dH G UdG J HdG OdG CG CG .kGL

U h ajdGh OQdG FGhQ o
q J jhdG cdG Hh HdG OdG gh
jdG AdG Sa g ejCG eCG .MdH Z gQgRCG J IT gh G
fEG dhj IQG eG G HdGh dG jeh jdG FGhdG j
.kGL Ic Ie gh .HdG OdG g J e H G FGhdG g
OZ H kL j CG hj LddGh dGh YdGh dG GP fEG EG
ZQh .IM d j h IOG dH iJ fG LQd IdG GQdG e J Hd
,dG dG IOGh G H J fCG EG fEG fCG dG FGhdG jGe
.q L J e cCG d fCG j fQG Yh
fC HdG GdH QdG S Y GdH H a AGdH FGhdG g
QgR GQhCG e dG dG dG Gd kN J dG RGaEG jN gh .RGaEG
g dG J eGG f h .( IY IgR d f )dGh fdGh OQdG
Gk L bO kZR J RGaEG jNh .FGLCG L jG
RJ ZdG g GWCG dG jGh . FGhdG d SMh
e je g dG IQdG FGdG
EG VCG GPEa . QdGh jdG
NGdG RGaEG jN dG Gg
j JGbh RGaEG Lh
G dG eeCG
NOCG b dG YEd
bh . dG U Qh
dM e EG FGQ H dG

FGhdG fGE jW GS e FGhdG e hj

fGE j gQgRGC h IdG JdG GQhGC fGC Z .G
jdG g e MGhh .G Fa gh ,jG FGhdG
RGaE G fC H JG GdG g fE G Gg e dG
.QdG OLG SdG FG

j hQg

eY fJ dG G FGdGh .kFa Id SdG H Pj f

Lj dG FdG dG Gg H dEG J jM NJ
FGQ QgdG f GQhCG dG dG Gg OLh dh .GQhCG
CH JdG NCG dG a Gk PEG .a QgdG SCG Y dh dM e EG
g L qEG ? IQdG g Y U eh ?dM e EG FGhQ J
.MdG hDhdG dG U e GG
J dG g AKCG h .FGdG fE Gk L bO HM g
IY e j fSEG SdG ka .jd G jdG GP jG
eGN
fE cJ IY J jCG IOQdG qGC c ,FGQ jd cGJ
jh cJ IY J dG JdG e AdG jjdGh .FGdG
FGG c FGhdG Gk QgR J dG G U dch .cJ S adG
j dG jhdG cdG gh . jhc cJ S J R T
EG jDhQ e dG oJ SCG OLG hG FSCG IAGb M Y
Lh jCG JdG gh . jhc Uh FGQ f c jh ,H
dG f e JOQh qGC CG .dG Mh a N j hCG e f FGhdG J dG
d JdG fEa .f FGdG d NBG aW iNCGh VQCG bCG gGMEG
.IdG GG e g FGdG f GQdG H L e cdG
e dPh dG e e a f FGdG fEH J OhQdG Ea G S Yh
FGdG j CG OhQdG fJ dG cdG J fOCGh .GQdG f L N
J dh .ke j hCG k FGdG j CG e GQdG OY Na
gh ,aG gh dG Ggh QdG Gg JdG YCG dG e .WEG Y dG
b JdG g J CG a ?AdG Se id iS LJ FN
?dG AfCG c aOe dG g Y M

73

f 2 1 FGhQ IOLG hc ce 5 8 `d Md g
1, 4-dimethoxy benzene
2-phenyl nitroethane
3, 5-dimethoxy toluene
4-keto beta ionone
4-terpineol
5-dimethyl 2-ethyl pyrazine
a-caryophyllene
a-elemene
a-farnesene
a-terpineol
anisic aldehyde
anisyl acetate
b-damascenone
b-lonone
b-pinene
benzaldehyde (C7H6O)
benzyl acetate
benzyl alcohol (C7H8O)
benzyl methyl ether
C15 hydrocarbons

Caryophyllene
cis 3-hexenyl acetate
cis 3-hexenyl butyrate
cis jasmone
cis/trans ocimene
Citronellol
Cyclocitral
delta dodecalactone
dihydro beta ionol
Dihydro beta ionone
Ethyl jasmonate
Eugenol
Geraniol
Geranyl acetone
Heptadecadiene
Hexyl acetate
Indole
Jasmin lactone
Lilac alcohols
Lilac aldehydes

Limonene
Linalool
Linalool oxides
methyl 5-hepten-2-one
methyl anthranilate
methyl benzoate (C8H8O2)
methyl salicylate
n-Hexanol
n-Pentadecane
Nerol-geraniol
Nerolidol
Para dimethoxy benzene
Phenyl ethyl acetate
Phenyl ethyl alcohol
T terpinene
Trans beta ocimene
x-pinene
X terpineol

J GC MC G H Mh dG N dG dGh HG Y Y dO JdG dG FGhdG J dch

. jhc d G QgRC G GSG g dP dGh .jGC f dG G QgRC G LJ dG FGdG
Gg Y Y Gj e dP j SdG M .OGe jGC LG Y J FGQ jGC ae JdG J h
MdG HG OG FGQ GC aj dG Gg hGC j jdG SdG e G S Yh .VG
.dP J fC c dG je e d Se cC G FGdG U QNH FGdG J JdG d . hG VG

J dG FGdG fc GPEG H QJ GQOEd cGe hCG d fCG Jd LJ

e AfEG H J feEG h Y d LJ dP e cCGh .IKDeh L
J dG dG jN G e dCG MGh e U e FGdG j Fc
J QT CG GQP H qGC CG .FGdG J dGh jhdG cdG g
.gcRCGh FGhdG LCG d jCG d QT e iNCG GQP GSH
dc Jh ,jQhdG jOGh iNCG GQdG FN J dG GQdG g
d eRdG dG hX J GQdG g fCG c ,Y S dG FGdG W
jJ J GQdG g Mh .FGdG H a KDJ CG J Fc CGh FGdG

74

U ,h fSC G Sjh (dG) e QgRC G

dG h .FGhQ H oJ fRh G
dG RGaE G jN LJ QgRC G g GQhGC e YC G
.QgRC d FGdG AYE UN Xh J

a KDJ CG dG jhdG FdG

Se cJ H J ddh ,FGdH
eCG Gg dCG ... G FdG Gg T S
?QNh ge
G eG g JdG e
dG GH FdG GQdG gh .FGd
,jhdG cdG H J eY Gk HCG J
J dG QdG ee e jG OLh ZQ
.dG AfCG IOLG JdG NGO f jdH
IgdG e f FGdG Y G ddh
g fEG J h .dG e e CG f
Hh e U M d Yh GQP fL e FGhdG
J jCG h dG d SCG dG jhdG BG J h ,Ie
.aOH dG MdG e FGdG dG G
Gg .J dG IQH Nh U b FGdG g J dG dGh FGdG qEG
FGhdG g J dG FdG e BG a ,FGhdG e GfCG BG EG aVEH
RG e h J dG cGdG FGhQh .FGhdG H SMEd Fe kf h
dGh eGGh (1)jOdGh IOQdG e QgdG FGhQ e gZh dGh JdGh
.IG g f g IKDG
QhGh dGh IgdGh QdG e dG AGLCG c IOLG FGhdG g CG c
NEG e IOe FXh d CG c ,fEG Ge KDJ cdG bh hj`dGh
gh .IQGG IOjR f AG Ga hO dGh dG Y ad GG KCdGh
dG e FGhdG g e gh ge Z GHEGh H N dG FGhd NBG fL

76

j hQg

Y fEG IQb e DhJh ZJ jCG N G FGhdGh .fEG L

.dG

I`cGdGh FG`dG
.QGSH j eCG Ggh ,fhG fEG jcP FGhdG CG G j
FGdG jLh .kT fEG j eY fCG NJ FGdH G jGh
.kGL G IQGG M RZ EG dH AGdG J ddh ,Gd Hb Jd

GHh .WE G Y C N j JdG IOLG FGhdG ee

.dG AfGC L JGP QgRC G e f FGdG NC f dG
dG JdG GE .e c f FGdG d cGdG dch
N GHGE Y J dG dOC G e FGhdG ee e HJ
.dG

EG J dG FGdG ja .fCG EG FGhdG g J CG jd G jdGh

e je N e j dG Ggh .WQ f e HJ fCd G dG
jL jG g e IMGh ch .FGhdH SMEG dG dG jG
d NBG dGh .SG ILCG aGWCG J dG HdG GOGeG H FGdG
J IG g FGdG AL j eYh .G NGH e GOGeG
ce EG eRdG dSdG UH G NGO fGQhO f UG IQG GQTEG
fdG Y j bh J dG g ch .d dG MdG OLG dG
f) aGh H q e fCG j dG G b EG GQTEG gJ K .H
g fc GPEG Y T dG FGdG Le j IQTEG d fh .(26)(d
.jc CG L FGdG
ee Oa adCe FGH HG GPEGh ,YEH QdG J G FGhdG
CG dG FGQ f eY G S Yh .FGdG g e Q G IcGdG
dP eh .dG WCG cf HGdG FGQ f eYh OfdG dH Y j
IgdG J FGQ a T dG jH fEG qcoJ CG e IgR FGQ CG jCG
Y d JdG CG g fEG q c j dG Gh .GS IY b iNCG je
feEG jd d fCG c .jhdG cdG a J dG FdH h AdG
78

j hQg

AfE SG QGdG PJG J h ,FGdG e hc cJ fEG H J

h FGdG g QJ dG AYCG jCG h ,cdG Gd G GhOCG
j c J dch .jc CG L FGdG fc GPEG e H QJ dG YCG
.fEG Y FGdG GQOEG RL
bG c N dG dG U e g JdG g e IMGh c CG T
dG AYCGh FGhdG L N dG dGh .Fa GHEGh Y MU gh ,FGQ ZJ
.FGhdG H KCj H fEG N dG g FGhdG g QJ

`gdG `dGh GQhC G

.Ic GQhCH Ie ZCG CG if dM dG QTCGh JdG EG f eY
G
dG dG
dG dG
Sfhea Y
T eW f

fCG j

G e N ch .fC G Lj dG QG dG SGH FGhdG fE G j

f FGhdG Qfh .FGdG jL eE H qc b FGdG QJ dG N je
.IMGdG fdG e H bGC Ie J Y

79

FdG dG : AGG IG

Hh aGL UG b GQhCGh ZCG CH f CG H e dEG f eYh

TCG Mh ,dM GQhCG UG eh ZCG hN e CG Z .e Z
.jRYEG jHh UG HdG HGdH gj b IT c KG QgRCG
CG j Ggh .a N j hCG e H kaM HG HGdH g J GQhCGh
S dG ZCG OY j e bh .aOe j QgdG e h GQhCG e AT
dGh ,Z c jS dG GQhCG OYh ZCG hN eh ,IdG J
GQhCG UGh dG
q YGb g dP Y kah .GQhCG Y S dG
JdG jJ AdG j Jd UG Gg Mh .f H UG
GEG hCG dG LJ dG ke QG IT J CG a Gg RYEG eCG .Jh
g aOG J CG Gk HCG h .f dG a f YGdGh jH Y
.UG VjdG HHh G e M MCG Y f c N dG
HH dG dGh G Gg c dN Ea dG BGdG OQh ch
j ,d M jdG IQdG MUh dG MU J dG g a C N dG bdG
:J
nnNn hn pro rdG pa lj p n T ond ronj rndhn Gk ndhn r p snj rndhn p VQr nC G hn pG hn n s dG oroe ond p dG }
( 2 :bdG ) | Gk j pr nJ o Qn s n an Am r n T s co
.hM AH hCG FGO H a dG f M UG Gg TCG J
Gg Ff gCG e Gg jh .iNCG Y bQh J T Y GQhCG Vh jh
OGYCH j b JdG dG M GQhCG UG fh .UG UG
.GQhCd dG dH dG Y J dG dG g M e
CG j dG G OY EG fTCG GPEG .jd e M EG j UG Gg
,dG M GQhdH f G Y iNCG bQh Of M bQh e Gk AGHG H f
G g H Hf dG GQhCG OYh ,(G OY)N H dEG f e gh
dG g .JdG Y GQhCG J f N/P a (GQhCG OY)P H
80

j hQg

G f Y iNGC bQh Of GC GE bQdG e kGAGHG J dG G OY

OY j G AKGC He dG GQhC G OYh dG M GQhdH
dd OY Y f cG dG e dG fGC H GPGE h Fibonacci.
dG GQhC G OYh gG c dG G Oa .GQhC G OY d
.MG KdG Fibonacci OY d J G g AKGC He j

QTCG h 3/1 G Jf h 2/1 g ( YCG ) YGG Jf

.(27) 13/5 dG SLCG h 8/3 RG SLCG h 5/2 ( ke dG ) cdG
Yd gj dG dG Jh dG H Y f dG e IT c c EG
J ch dG g RG IT J jCG e G S Yh .ic Ie
e Gk AGHG RG IT M L K dJ eY G Gg Mh ?J CG
.G g H GQhCG K jCG hSh .f G Y iNCG bQh HS bQh
UG f OLhh .J d dG g jeCG EG jaCG HL e gP jCG
bH N H ,aOe J AMCG CG Y j e dO dG Gg Y GQhCG
1

4
4

3
5

2
2

1
7

4
6

7
4

8
2

3
2
1

YGC dG bQdG GE Ud fG SdG YGC ij dG dG

YdG G L K NC J GC j ITe hC G bQdG
G Y GQhdG GPGE eGC .jdG GQhGC N QYh
h 3 h 2 OGYC d fG GPGE .KG dL GE GE f a YdG
.MG Fibonacci OGYGC g Y G dG 5
G L N GQhO a SC G LJ dG dG eGC
YdG G Y L Kh ,GQhGC K QH YdG
OGYGC e 8 h 5 h 3 Y f IG g h .dG M
OLG d FdG g C H dG h .MG Fibonacci
G dG dd bQh c SGC Q Y 3 / 5 GQhO g YGC
.dG d bQh `c SGC Q Y 5 / 8 GQhOh Y`dG

FdG dG : AGG IG

g e T dGh .bdG jZ Jh Jh Hh jd Ie Hh ge
dG MU dG g UGh IQdG H Nh KGQdG AMCG jJ dG
hCG GQhCG GhRCG g IdG TCG Mf dG PdG cCG eh .FfdG
Jgh ,bQh J IQdG fG a .IdG L W e J dG ZCG
dG bQdG eCG ,LQO 180 LQO jhGH He J bQdG
e jhGR H dG MdG Ga bQdG Jg H J
HQCG J Ggh .HCG jRdG d hCG hd dG
f eY ,MGh Z M UG b GQhCG g
jGhH UG GQhCG CG if YCG e GQhCG g EG
LJ dG GQhCG CG if dHh (28) LQO J
.SCG IOLG GQhCG J YCG
SdG cCG dh Y fOJ T Ggh
CG Z .dG GH QhdG QJ GP hj
g e dGh ,Jh J f dP
bQh Y bQh J CH d GQhCG H J e
.dG Ad VdG e kL h iNCG
.GJ cCG g dG ddG dG Gc LGS
dG HdG cG g Udh
HdG H dh .bQ N GSG
K bQh S EG kN GHJ CG Y
G Gdh dGh ZCG EG G Ghe
LGj dG QdG g c M Ie
SGbCG J CG IQhV EG GfGh
hJ SCG GHh ,dP eCG e e

82

j hQg

B J dG JNC G bQdG eGC .LQO 18 jhGH He qUG b IQdG fG H LJ dG bQdG

.dG jRdG d`H d hC G hdG `e . 9 jhGR H dG `MdG `a C a dhC G bQdG H

QGe IQhG bQdG IdG M QhJ ajdG IT hCG OSCG IT GQhCG CG

. 1/2 H bQh d G Hj Ggh ,kjJ ( LQO 180 ) jdG f
,d 1/3 bQh d G Qhjh ,a LQO 120 Ga GdG IT GQhCG qEG
H J c GPEGh . 5/13 OSCG QdGh d 2/5 CG LQO 144 LQH dG ITh
Ohe c EG H aOG S Y d dG g CG c ha VjdG
g e IMGh ch .( j a gX g c ) .GOhGh OGYCG e dM e L OYh
.dGh HG f G jOdG YG
(21+13)34 . (13+8)21 , (8+5)13 , (5+3)8 ,(3+2)5 , (2+1)3 ,(1+1)2^1^1
.(29)... (233+144)377 ,(144+89)233 , (89+55)144 , (55+34)89 , (34+21)55

IYdG g cG dG Sfa VjdG dG SH cj UG JdG Gg

dGh SdG Jh ,G dG J IYdG g .Sfa H
G G g IH dG LJ dG dG gh .SSCG Sc jQG SdGh
.JdG bdG dGh d
GQhCG hCG fdG hCG dG LJ 3/8 c e cCG J dG QdG qEG
hCG dG OY e dG QhdG hCG adG c dd G J dG dG GP
83

YGC IOLG QgRC Gh .JdG OLG FGdG dGh bdG G a e e Fibonacci S GE

dG QgRC Gh QTC G GQhC a Fibonacci S M UG dG GQhC G jOLG Gh dG Y J
Hh QN e H UG b G a ,kaGL UG b fC c gh hC iJ fGC ZQ dM gGf
e N jH b GPGE .idG IT LJ dG GQhC G UG YGC ioj .bO VjQ

dG bQdG e kGQYG dG M iNGC Ie G IQGOE H b K ,idG IT e IMGh bQh a LJ dG G

dG g AKGC GQhGC N f bQdG N OJ dGh YGC IOLG bQdG GE JC f M e G j fGC H
b j AKC G Gg G GC h ,e dG fGC H dG bQdG e G f Y J a SOdG bQdG GC ia
.JFGO GQhGC N OLh Y d 2 / 5 oj IdG d GQhC G JJ PGE .Je dG M dGC

j hQg

SJ cG M dG hCG dG e JdG g GQhCG QhJ eYh .dG GQhCG f

gj a dGdG g e dL c SCGQ Y J dG GQhCG OY eCGh ,kdd kT
: Me Qc KK j GbCG ce : G S Yh .Sfa IYb M
bQdG H S dG IMGdG dG IOLG GQhCG OY CG CG 34/89 , 21/55 , 13/34
HJ Sfa Sh .(30)e he dP OJ dG GQhdG jhGRh cG M
d J OGYCG g GSH Y G dG QdGh .kGL e IQH dG
.''gdG dG''
a ij c dG H J dG QdG IQU Sfa OGYCG f eY CG
dG'' Y j e Gk ch G dG J OGYCG g J dG dG a ,j
.jCG '' gdG
. ,89/55 ,55/34 ,34/21 ,21/13 ,13/8 ,8/5 ,5/3 ,3/2 ,2/1 ,1/1

e OGYCG J T Y jdG H M dG G UY qEa hJ c

dG dGdG Oc gGJ G Gg UY fh .NBG dG H j Sfa
:dG dG Y JdG g idGh
jQ`dG (21/34) ,SffCG ca ( 8/13 ) , jHdG fGdG ( 8/13 ,5/8)
dG'' H j dG Gh .dG OY (55/89 ,34/55 ,21/34) ,GbCG e Sh
dG Qbh QhdGh QTCdh dG IOLG QgRCd kdL kc j ''gdG
. dG IdG G Fdh
G d e jhGR M J JdG GQhCG Ea he g ch
jhGdG G S Yh .bQdG Y kSCGQ J dG dG TCG e IOSG e bCG
g 2/5 LQH bQdG dG f M jRdG a j dG dG GQhCG H
dP Y Ie d GQhCG LGJ dG bdG GGh ).31 ..( 2 x 360 /5 = 144 )
.bO VjQ H ah a J d jCG GQhCG a ,a
Jh FdG IdG g e J dG GdGh bQdG dG IdGh
o

85

e dG QhdG GP JdG GQhGC

LdG GQhC G P dG OY hGC fdG
SJ adG c GE hM G dG
M QdG hGC dG e fGQhO Y kdd
QdG Id HdG TGM dch .cG
k QhJ dG ddG T Y qUG b
IMGh IMGh g AMGE GPGE h . kTh
g Y G dG OGYC G GC j
GE IG Fibonacci S OGYGC
e G dG N dOGC LJh .gdG dG
.dGh G Gg dG

j hQg

kjJh kT dG J fG GdG jJ dG fCGh ,bQdG S Y

.e
jJh .kGL je kTCG d CG ZQ SG jG g Y GQhCG ah
.UN jH q U fCG Y dOCG XCG e g G VjdG dG M JdG
T jCG J D N A `dG h dG GQP gGf dG fRGdGh SG ja
EG aVEH kdL kM dG J dG g dG gh .LQG dG
dG g LG Yh ,dG e M bCH dG IOSG e JG GgCG
.IOd bQN Xe J OdG IOhG jG LH J dG GdCH
YCGh .fjh Gk L fdG aj dL IYb ''gdG dG'' gh
QgRCGh Jda .G dG IYdG H eGdH LfEG j dG dG
q dEG GHEG Y e g fdG cj dG IYdG H U dG GQhCGh
:J j ,QH AT c N fCG dG BGdG J dG H bh .dG
( 19 :G ) | m hRo r en Am r n T u co r pe n pa n r n rfGnC hn n p SGhn Qn n pa n r n rdGnC hn gn nfOr n en n V Qr nC Ghn }
pp er GnC o pd Hn n dG sGE p o o rMn n o an pdG nYn r cs n n jn r en hn
o p n r jn n r Mn r pe o br Ro r jn hn }: J b
( 3 :dG ) | Gk Q r bn Am r n T u opd o dG n n Ln r bn
o n r Yp Am r n T t co hn Oo G On r nJ en hn o Mn Qr nC G o p nJ en hn nrfGoC t co o p r nJ en o nr jn o dG }:jCG jh
(8:YdG) |QGn r p pH
Am r n T u co nYn n cn n dG sGE p gn h Ot Qo hr GnC n r pe n nMr nC pH G t n an ms p n pH r o u Mo G Pn GE p hn }:J bh
( 86 :AdG ) |k p Mn

87

J GP VG bCG gQU jCGQ c GQhCG qEG

S bQh jCG qc dh .Fa GHEGh H N bh ,e
NGO dG SGh OdG G M EG KG hCG e
fhdG bQh NO d ka .eeCG Gf IM bd
bh QdG jZ g dG HfCG T LGd IdG
jY e cCG J dG AdG cGeh e c fG
H dG bW dG bdG h fJh jhc IOe
cGeh ,dG Gg c AGQh g dG dG Gh bJ
eCG fh f c HJ dG AGdG Y GTEG
Y dG dG jhdG SDGh ,gG JGh
.SDG g IFa BG M EG MCG j h IjY bCG
GQhCG g j jdG dG jEG
jdG e g dG C e eG Y Gh
Y h H j GaCG d d LhQdGh HQdGh
bh h ,df e j gh H cQj e h ,H hj
H ,gh hCG e j dG eCG .SCG Y HLEd gY jCG
Lh a edG dG ADgh dG Gg CG ,T fOCG
Yh d KCG g EG dG ej dG Gh GhOCG
dG dGh jcG YCG f JdG Lj h .Fa
dG AGLCG e AL c C j ddh ,dG Gg Y j
AGLCG bH e kfhJ j AL a Gg ZQh NBG Y ke

FdG dG : AGG IG

B G M J L LQd Ie c GQhC G J dG dG
.LddG MGC GSH SC J dG dG

jJ S h dG HJ jG CG c ke H j h ,fEG GQOEG j
.G fCGh jG
QGSCG e GS GR a G HCG g jJ Y j dG dG eCGh
Y f fCG j Ga fCGh dG FN Y f eY G h .(32)
jG gh .dG AH J
q dG g jG dch .fCGh dG jN FN
GQhCG j
q da ,G jG jJ SG bdG CGJ d fG
,kFb dG j dG G AdG j
q NBG dGh MGh bJ kL JGTh
UN J d f ch .jhdG dH J dG fCG j
q NBG dGh
a jG OLG jdG Gg f J dG IjG AYCG eCG ,IO Xhh H
iNCG fc EG f jG Ieh .dG d e jL d AGLCG
90

j hQg

.FdGh YGdG dG dOCG gCG e AMCG c dG G FXdG M

e M bCG j CG e T Y J bQdG J dG fCGh
dG cCG ODj CGh LQG GKDG GfCG L hj CG jh dG AV
CG H J jH bQdG OhR bh , dP EG aVEH . MG GG bCH HG
IG GjdG Y J CGh a LGQOEG dG G jG je Y a
.HdG Qh bQ fCG ZQ ,NGH IOLG Gh
.fCG g H Y kHb cCG If f H g

eSjGdG
cG jdG
jQfcjG if dG dG N
L J g e ke
a IOLG AYC G
AGG ISdG f GC hO FXH
RHjdG c kGL J fGE .a
IGdG
bdG J GC
jdG
c L
AGdG J GC h dG
dG
jNh .H a SGJh
eRHhfCG
e AL d dG dG
e FXh FGLGC
jRddG G QGL
e g Jh
G AZ IQhG G QGL
dG Y GC Y dOC G
.d e
91

FdG dG : AGG IG

bQ``dG ``bGC
C G
dG Jg :( bQd LQG dG) dGh bdG eQH
kjJ LQG QdG S j dG dG Ggh .dG dG fJ
q d
e e AG J W j UG jG fCG dG dG jda .kGL k
J eYh .dG AV Jh FGdG AG dG g Ga Ggh .bQdG
dG FGdGh AGdG j CG dG dG Gg H ,dG j dG ee
.jd aT (eQHCG CG) dG gh .fddG j AYh NGH
jG e W e jh ,kGL e FXh d jCG dG Gg :ah`dG
.FdG dG XH eJ
ahG jN qeCG .jdG jG e J :IYGC TGC Y dG jG
(ahQdG ) GQdG AGjEH J jG gh ,jFGdG jG e a SEG
.IOe FXd UN jJ jCG a ,dP Zh FdG dH J dG
dG) jdG ahGh SCG jG e c H :FGdG ZGdG
IOLG ZGdG gh . FGg K hCG ZGa LJ (GQhCd YdG NGdG
,G CG ''edG'' Y j dG AGdG K EG bCGh cCG SCG ah`dG
cCG K SCG ah`dG J VdG Ga .kaGL d VdG Gg dh
dEG SCG ahG jN LM C jdG ah`dH fQe cCG H HQdG
.jdG ah`dG jN LM e cCG
d Jf IY jCG gh .GQhCd dG G IU K g :G
a ,kG dG AGLCG cCG e J eG gh .bGQhCG e dG dG ee
jCG e S dG QdGh G e bQdG NJ dG GRdG Y GTEH J
dGh bQdG H JG XH j H fCch bQdG NGO OLG dG bGj
dG bGG jHh iNCG FXH eG g Ea dP EG aVEH .LQG
92

j hQg

OdG dG
c) IjY AGLGC e J bQh c
FXh e AL dh (IQdG iJ
.d JM

SEG dG
bGe N

AGG ISdG
bGh Z
G HfCG
AdG HfCG
bQh e e
dG IdG IdG
dG

eG (V AG V) dG
SdG

hCG cCG LQH AGdG NCJ CG IT jJ eYh .J Ie bfGh MfG e

cM J e V dGh GQhCG OLG eG g J fEa bCG
LJh IOG dH iJ IjY j Ga gh .kVh kYJG fEG fCG
.dG dG kUNh QdG S
IQGGh HWdG IOjR e hX kFJ J CG e kH eG g e e c
a kb Me eG Jh .SQM N Y J f hCG AdGh
SQG jG HWdG eY dh .kGQMh Gk L kaL a AGdG j dG eRCG
. ke eG a Gh OQdG AGdG eCG .La IOjR eG GC J J
93

FdG dG : AGG IG

Jh SHhQdG HWdG f OGOJ Ggh

SHhQ`dG eCG G AGdG EG IFGdG HWdG
jW Y dEG jdG AGdGh AGdG Y a
cCG K UeH eG e NGdG dG AV
FS) N GM eG J CG h .HQdG
bQdG ec eCG (bQdG S e MGdG G ee
S Yh .jG EG eG OY j CG a
Od IMGh bQh ee e 13 AMEG G
j jH dG GHCG g e MGh ch .dG
CG h .( 33) e IQH J jN SGH jh
a IMGh N e fG FdG g gJ dG gdG ie MCG IQH f
IY YCG g ej dG CG M IOe ceCG GTEG H j
.QGdG QGUE ILCGh GHd dBG
Y EG bQdG IQOe j jCG FdG dG AKCG LfEG dG chCG
AG Ga jCG j RdG OdG Gg AKCGh .MG eG e hG jW
FG J Y de bQdG S e FG Gk MGh J dG eGh .Ic jO
.OG AG e
eh .IQG AGdG jCG YdG AG e d 400 kjJ J dG IT ka
e EG AG QGe j eYh .bZEGh eG a jCG KDJ dG eGdG g
bGG jGh .G AG J eG J Qd dGh SG LQdG hO
EG AG Nj SJdG fjCG NGO NCJ eY bfGh G fG Y J dG
G SJdG j eYh .eG J Ggh G fG EG dP ODjh G
AG V M JQGOEGh JJ j dG Ggh .eG Jh G e AG j

94

j hQg

bGe N
a.

b.

fG dM eG

e jj Ggh .AG K SQG G NGO khGC SJdG Nj Stoma eG MGC oj eY

K khGC G SJdG QOj Stoma G jo eYh ` .G fG j h dG
Stoma. `dG fGE GE OD jh dG j Ggh .AG

ZCG fc GPEGh .(34) HCG M Y j eg fL e bQdG OLG

gh .dH Jh QdH J G GfCG a dH Jh QdH J dG e
a .SffCGh QdG e aGh IQG SdG IOY J Jf g GfCG

.( dG ) SffG fh ( YGC ) dG f
95

FdG dG : AGG IG

ShCG dG
bQd

IJG jG

cc Z
dG IdG
dG
jOdG
dG
SEG

FGg j
Gh Z
jdG
eG
AdG
IJG jG dG IdG
gOLGC dG gge ZQ GQhC G GE
e Ie Y GC e dG jdG
.FdG dG

QdH eCG .YHdG HdG M EG dh dH NGO HdG cCG K NCJ JdG

QdG Y Jh HQdG cG fK G Y a e G J eY
JdG g Y Jh .G VMCG YJ dG g Y Jh .FdG dG
eeCG d bQdG AGLCG H e gMh G H d Mh . (35) LLR Jf jCG
ce g H a dG SGH j kSQM d eG gh .gd Ie ge
LQG G Y J dG IN gh Mh QGdG j CG j eCG
.dG e c J dG jQdG hG fh bdG f NGdGh
.jQe g bQdG dG FdG IdG SG : jdG YG
Y e J bQdG S Jh e J dG iNCG GdGh IdG gh
dG Ggh .bQdG NGO Gk L eg FXh d N f gh ,c YJh ,jT
G FXdG M kTCG NCJ eLCG IOLG hdG XH j dG
,(36)HdG e fG eCG j dG a G S Yh .JdG NGO gj dG

96

G
dG
bQdG jN QG bGe N
SdG AGdG
VCG LQG
Ad V

G e G HfCG AG)
AdG (dG fCG
bGe N
jdG
eG
G GdG dG dG
ibCG :QH
Ad V

f j ( FGdG OGG ) AGdG jL

.a H Floems `dG GE G e
g OLh G AG e j Ggh
dG e AG NO GE OD jh
floem. GE eN H G
jGG JShQdG dG `
IQdG f GE OD j YGC OLG
Floem . `dG IOLG
jN GE f j AGdG FL
e j Ggh .f H QhG
Hh g OLh G AG c
dG NGO AG jL N
.G

.d eYdG gGC e (Ksilem) Gb

G jJ GE aVE H G dG Ga
jGC d kFb bdG e dG q dG
.HdG e fG eC Gh AG M FXh

dG dG) AdG
fCG e HfCG
dG dG
(FYdG G
bQdG jN :QG
OGG jL M j
e (HGG OGG) FGdG
SGH AdG EG gQOe
EG dH ODjh .dG dG
eh ,FG dG VfG
f e AG fG EG K
dG H AdG EG G
dG
UG IOjdG ODJ
EG YCG FG dG
AdG OLG dG M
YCG f
FGdG OGG jL M j
.dG dG SGH QhG EG
VfG EG dH ODjh
K eh QhG FG dG
G jN EG AG fG
dG dG H

FdG dG : AGG IG

N f EG j CH dG Yj MCG H h ,fGG XH j kfMCGh

bQh a .kaGL j bQdG h dG NGO dG GdG g jRJh .kGL N
e bdG e bQdG q dG GdG gh .e J d a IT ch
.IO Fja kU J Fbh
C G AG )
jZCH JCJ HfCG g :( IdG fGC HdG hP Hf
RcGh .QG EG bQdG e dG FdG fCG EG aVEH ,bQdG EG jY
Y iNCG dG AGLCG EG jh ,RhS EG j j FdG dG e j dG
.(37)f EG dH jJ j hCG ,HfCG g jW
dG hc`dG a dG G NBG cG eCG :''d G hU''
IQdG gh .Fe j NGdG e bQ AH H Je c Y IQY g
dG GRZ e Jh IOdG N M dG Gg NGO IOLG jG
J dG IQdG jdGh UCGh jdGh jdG VMCGh GG G
OGGh d Jh Rcd e ce gh ,cdGh G FGhdGh QdG

IGdG
f bO fCG dG
G eRHh
SjGdG
e

(G j) Ia
dhCG ehH c

c L

eRdG AZ
jG H dG GdG AGG ISdG G QGL

98

jM Vakuol `dG
H JJ IU
jJ b .dG
e OGG GY
GE IQdG jdG
jdG VMC G
g NGO MGh e
J dG jG
e M H UGC
dG IdG G
.IOG dH iJ

j hQg

.kFb AdG e dG q ch IG ) jG AeG GE

dG Gh G eG eCGh GQdGh edG FH ahG jdG T

e) dG OGGh dG f IH OLG dG eMh dG IQY Lj
.cGdGh Qgd GLQCGh UCGh dGh QRCG dG J dG ( adG
G NBG dG e dG j CG hO FXh bh hb J OGG g Lh
eYh .hdEG H H IOG dH ij G Ggh .G NGO dG
dG Ic e jb h G QGL Y dG SQ G j J G
.gQGL f ( RHS ) G IM aH kFb bdG e dG qh G
eYO j d G dG eh dG G QGL e dG dG JdGh
dP J CG J Ea .Fb J d NGdG FG dG Gg J fe
d eRdG HWdG LQO H Gg G hU j bdG f h .dG HP

99

ppJOn n p pd r pn rUGhn o r o Yr an n o n r Hn en hn p VQr nC G hn pGhn n s dG

t Qn )
v Mn
o n Nr GoC
n r nnd
t pe en Gn PGE p GnC onrfE p G o o jn hn v p nS o nd o nr nJ r gn
(k r n T ojn r ndhn o r bn r pe o n r nNn sfGnC o n rfE p G o co r jn nhn GnC
.67-65 jBG ,e IQS

j hQg

.(38) AdG M FfG G cMh YdG

H j CG hO jJ j ch G Gg IOLG OGG ch
G QdG e Gk OGe a Vhh SW fNCG d G S Yh ?NBG dH
Ea dG AGh FdG Gh G UCGh dH IG Gh dGh jdGh
Ea ,ke fdH OGG g fM dh .b bh N dG H OGG g
e OGG g GNEG dhM GPEG dP Hh .jS bh LGeG j IOLG OGG
GSd U OGG g dh .f jCG EG f a dEG f eY fddG
g j G hU gg dh .hc e Y EG C f CG a Gk O
J fJq bh QgdGh .a N j hCG e WEG Y j CG hO IG dG
LG Qb Y eRdG ceCG EG UJh FGdG fEG Y QdGh dG fEH
iNCG jc fJ J J H dG g J dG o cdGn jNh .eRdG
jG gh .j iNCG M Fch chCGh LhQdGh HdG e OGe e
ZQ j .jdG H J fCG ZQ G dG J e FN jCG d d
a S S dG Gh J dG G W J fCc J fCG
ILCG jCG G a ,f S dG Gh G g hb eh
SQM IdG CG f f iNCG IQHh .Y q Jh ATCG J H iJ
.LhNh OGG g NO Y deh dG OGH j dG hG eCG
U f bdG h ,YGhdG dG Gg e Yh H AL jCG ochn ch
N dG HQ dCG e kFJ j e c jN Jh .IOG dH ij fCG LQd
bQdG NGO FXh dJ iNCG IjY jJ gh .FdG JOGQEH JOGQEH
AGLCG e Ie cJ d jdG g e IMGh ch .dEG fTCG dG J Z
a d U dG bQ bQh LG dG dG gh .HS Y K dG
.ddG bCG iS c G FdG Gk L G FdG dG Y H
101

FdG dG : AGG IG

U UN dB kSM Gk AL H b f dhf dG bCG e b Ca QNHh

.e d
Xh H hCG d dU Z GMGh f WEG Y dG Gg Lj h
Z e kFGe jh JGP Xh d e MGh c f g H ,jODj
AGh AGdG J h IOe J dG IdG BG gh .e YL g d
e FGQ P jCG gh ,e hCG X CG f e f J CG Jh ,d Obc
Z dG d P a ,JG FN EG aVEH Th fdh FGH GHEG
.YEG j dG YGHEGh gG

FdG e
.jd bO HH dG LGQOEG Ie jJ g Ea VGh g ch
c kM .dG je e f IOH J dG IOLG IG dG ch
OLG G dG Gg J
q ch .g e IU Me dG g GQOEG eCG
?f AJ e d e dG dG dG Gg e j
q CG gh ?GQhCG
b jQdG gJ dG jdG iMEG g dG J jf M GQhCG EG
dh .(39)FGdG GdG GP Jd G ZCG qJh LH QJ
C C G Lh Y GQhCG fjJ e IMGdG bQdG M Lj dG G G dG
e Y N e AYOG Gg MO h .AYOG Gg aS KE c VQ
:e SCG g eh .d SSCG AYOG fCG cDj e gh ,SCG
? dGh dG IQhH ZC G g MGC GP `
? dGh dG Gg Qe GC `
jdG M e ke je GQhGC GE ZC G d aOe GC f `
?dGh
102

n nNn p sdG n r nd hn GnC )

Qm Op n pH n V Qr nC Ghn pGhn n s dG
n go hn nHn r o nrpe n or jn rGnC nYn
GPn GE p o o er GnC n sfGE p o p n dG
o snG
r co o nd n o jn rGnC r nT On GQn GnC
ppn pH p dG nn oan oon an
pr ndGE p hn Am r nT u co
o onen
( no Ln r oJ
jB G ,j IQS
.83-81

FdG dG : AGG IG

JdG e GfC G GB FGdG GdG GP JdG e C f c `

?YC Gh QgdGh QTC Gh
?dG Gg e GE MGC GPh `
?Y e FGdG GdG GP JdG g N c `
. dG EG Yh e HLEG SCG g e q GC Y j CG Ff CG j h
Ee UH kSh Gk jL Gk AYOEG GYOCG jdG e Ga jdG jQdG H
Gda kFGO j c kY Gk e FYE kJ SG AYOEG Gg Y GWCGh dG
GQhCG qCG CG Enation : jH
YGH e QJ b ( G H dG j jdG jQdG jf M )
.(40) dG He
:dG GDdG Y HLEH jCG AYOG Gg d
e e ceGC IMGh bQh jd YdG e fc fJ c `
?dG
IOe GfGC d GQhGC ?GQhGC GE YGdG d c dP Hh `
? a Y jJh
YGdG e LN dG ZC G fJ c ,kb AGQdG GE Ld `
?ZC G g H JJ dG JdG fJ ch
GQhC G GE YGdG j e dG g IG dB G J GC gh `
?aOG f iNGC SLGC bdG Qh IK hGC IgR GE h SLC G H
IG jGhdG Z JdG N Ve jEG J j jQdG qEG
g jdG Jg dJ e G h .He Ve c G g c G Ib EG ke
fJ b ZCGh YGdG CGh ,aOH QJ GMCG f Cf b JdG :CG
,SHhQdG NGO (ahQdG) QdG LhCa iNCG aOe KMh ,aOe

104

j hQg

h ,aOG MJ Ggh .bQdG IOLG dG fJ iNCG aO K

.Qb hCG Y CG a Lj dG Gk L UG edG jH GQhCG Cf NCG
fCG Yq j dG jdG g L QX IQhV gh Y VdG Y j M gh
aOG f fCG IY hCG MGh f QX C aOe bQdG MGh BG fJ
dG e H NGe bQdG IOLG dGh jdG L C ,e CG j d
d dd fh .bf FGLCG H fc GPEG j da ,H a HGeh NBG
iNCG AGLCG cG QfG J CG hO Va SJh JM JdG UGJ
fZCGh dG QhL g dG IG dG g L J CG j ddh ,bdG
.JM UGe dG j d MGh BG IOLe bGQhCGh
IYb CG ia .AJQGh AdG jf M VJ oJ dG AYCG qEG
.GG e Ie J dG IG FdG dG H dG J dM e ggJ dG JdG L GE

FdG dG : AGG IG

Af'' CG gh fCG g YR dG YdG Gg e Gk gX kVQJ VQJ g jQdG

.''jW eR Y dG e H Me JCJ IU aO AMCG J
q dG AGLCG
fJ b FGLCG c cG M j dG G dG CG VaG d Mh fC
bdG AGLCG cG J CG IOLG AGLCG d jGdG e IY AGLCG
e fJ fCG Vj dG AYCG hCG AGLCa ,jW eR Y dG aOG IY
dhO IYb M VJ dHh ,AGLCG L cG M JGP e IFa b
.FdG
aOH J b AMCG hCG G OLG G dG CH AYOa ddh
dG YGdG e jCG VQjh dGh Gh dG e j edG Y dG dG
H AMCG CG gh MdG jdG j dG g h .fCG jQdG Vh
j Ggh .J hCG f fOCG Hh ee MGh BG Cf IG fh JjJ
.ge Z Yh Ib MU gh N dG g Jh fS dG CG
g c ,dG g J e H J h a f f a To JdG qEG
CG hO Gg ej EG JdG g SGh VQCG Lh Y IOLG AMCG c G
SEG e Jd j e ch .a N j hCG e FN J CG Y CGj
cg Y dG G jdG EG AGG fGdCG eh ,dG f Gh GQhCG
M h e MCG f jJ h .d e AT gQK EG gQhL jJ eh
.jG dG GSH dh ( FdG dG Y ka ) H T

dG id SGG
LJ dG dG OQ dBG ,jd bO kf Mf H dG NGO EG f eY
h a d d dG JdG EG f eY fCG CG .dG g gCG e g JdG NGO
Y SGG H fEG e SM cCG g CG Y RL h Y

106

j hQg

AYC G gh .AdG f LJ SM AYGC JdG

e j H dG LJh YdG bH J SG
Acetabularia `dG f JdG g eh .LM J
fh T T Y gh dG gf dG
.JdG g e YC G gf dG

JhH d Jda f if cCG iJ dh e Y Jd dh .IQhdG

dG LGh gGf dG LG W QJ GHh .Ad SG cG e fJ b
.(41) SdG Y dG SG J Ad SM qCG CG .gGf CG f
AdGh d jQhdG hdG QJ jDhdH UG IQG g GSH JdG qEG
j edG dG IM fh .Ke Ieh Lh JOLh AdG ac e IG
j e T j c GPEGh .AdG M J dG '' NGdG YdG'' GTEG
jDhQ Y G g JhdG FY e KG g CG dG a kY MG g
JhdG a dG eq GC , GfCG N d dG hca g hCG .dG AdG
SG dBG f bdG J JhdG gh .G YH hcHdH IG
dG NGO LJ dG YdG V Y de a Gg Yh .AdG QJ CG J
.(42) c AdG Kj dG GdG M

107

FdG dG : AGG IG

TC H J GeH JdG g bGe Jd LddG YdG UH hD GLGE QNG

) dG kMU e IQH RcG fG UQ bh .YS jYh N I AGG
.( YC G ) bJ b dG C ch fG Gg j a IdG H eGC ,( SC G

d dCG d d jCG a ,a dG AH J CG J JdG qEG

e hdG SMh .dP J CG j dP e dh dEG dG jZCG hJ
q
dG Y jLCG dG HCGh .HdG e jZCGh OG NCJ dG dG Qh Gk L
eCG a J dG ceCG j J G MCG CG KCG b ''IdG'' G
LdGh dG cM CG J YGh cH QhG J G Gg Hh .IH GdG
EGh ).43ANRI ( SH GdG j dG G Gg jh .kaGL j AGdG f
eL LCG NBG H Y RGHCG j jL fEG cG G Gg fL
J dG A T P `dG hj
q CG j QG S Y Lj dG fEG Ggh .SJ
bd Qe g A T P`dG ALh .dG e GdH LhG jG G FdG
SG e dG a RGHCG fCG eCG .bh c dG OLe gh ,iG Ib
`d JdG eCG .(44) dP H UeG j JSa jZCG EG jh A T P `dG
acG Ic Ie a GSd U Lh G QN J dG A T P
e IH JdG aOf dG G cGQOEG e dG SM dch .kjM
108

.dG SM GSH Ojh Gd cGB f ( YC G LJ dG HQC G QdG Venus ( f

.( SC G JOLG JQdG ) .dG SM d dG JdG e Mimoza f dch

FdG dG : AGG IG

.hdG SM
dG IG Venus ( Dionaea muscipula ) e d cBG JdG qEG
M bdG bGQhCG ba Mimoza ( Mimosa pudica) f eCG .b bh Y
G eYdG M fS J dUdGh dG e G JdGh . NCG e
d JdG L Cch XCG Gk NDe jLCG dG HCGh .SG dG SM H
.(45) g dG SM
Gk c Gk QV J CG dG jdG V dG SM IOdG J JdG qEG
J Ggh ,fCG H dG OQ H J jd VJ dG Jda .GQhCd
SM CG c Gj CG dhj MdG Gj eh .IjdG jdG H QfG e
j eY dG qE a jdG g Mh ,Yq G fCG fEG EG ODJ dG
e CG G jhdG fGG H J dG SGdG dG e ddG fjCG
hCG dG j eY cM hCG g Gg ddG QJh .G FS EG Sdc`dG
fjCG QJ j dP Hh ,fK Y X YH J cG gh .jo
J j jd e Qe a G GQL jH G G ddG
.(46) dG G
f H j CG j d dEG j dG FG d f c eG qEG
f bGQhCG e IMGh bQh J dSG Qf C j jd Ie
h QT hCG Y hCG j hCG e d d Fc dG jNh .aOG
J h .IOG dH iJ fCG LQd jCG IU gh ,GQOEG
cCGh .jdG e dG H J f jJ dG FdG g
dG H dG NGG AGLCG e J
q b f fCG dP e
J h .dG d ehdG QMCG H g e kf NBG
jCG aOG J h JOGQEGh H dG Gg J
q CG jG
a T
110

j hQg

eg g jc eM GE
.JdG Y jh d
dG Lj dG dGh
H jc eM j
h QdG Lj dG
,jc eM j
VGh H dG Gd
.dG

OLh dOCG e g ch .dGh dG Gg e ee kJh kJ J CG

.dG jdG J dG
eL SCGQ Yh , cGe jLCG dG HCG QTCG
Le QJ CG J JdG CH Ia g qCG EG Nort earolina wake forest
IOjR gT wake forest LCG QNG G S Yh .IO JU Ggh
FG J hCG fK EG J H %20 jOdG YJ f QJ dG dG QH
.kjW keR dG L VJ eY kjJ
QhH j dGh jc eH G JdG edG CG hj MdGh
g h .(47) dG Y Y jCG eh ,IQdG EG dH YdGh dWEG SdG
qGC CG .Y RL hCG e d d JdG CG gh ,gf CG j f g MG
G eGhCGh FSdG e S bhj hCG Gj hCG kL j eY fEG
j GQOEGh IcGdG e iNCG UY NGHh .j dG dG RG h edG
GQOEGh edGh dG RG Gg e d d JdG CG M h ,QGdG PJG
e L f J fEG .YdG e Ic LQO Y aJ d dP ZQ dh .IcGdGh
H e d dG OGG J CG J hCG ,UCG VQCG CG Jh iJ fCc

111

FdG dG : AGG IG

Gg h jhdG adG f d ( QdG ) UGqdG

OGG ( YGC ) G ZR LJ dG e dG
dM h .H e e G jhdG
G j FS GE jhdG g J dG
.j dG

dG cG AGQh dG da .hJ CG feEH Cch HdG IOLG IjdG OGG

AT c H dG dEG AT CG Lj QG e dEG dG Y J YH J fCc hJ
.FdG JQH N dG Jh fS dG EG Lj

dG adG f
cdG e GhOCG Jh ,f Y ad G FSdG EG JdG CJ
GSH a SCG g a KDJ jdG AGYCG eCG .fG adG IdGh
ed JdG gRJ jc W GP hCG eS jhc SCG a ,UN dSCG
.UGqdG OLG FdG adG g dP Y e MCGh .bGG g e
bO dBH G TjQCG L edGh dSH IG jhdG qEG
jhdG J JdG g J eYh .dG NGO SM ceCG Vhh
dG e f BG IY e cCG c bh .(48) edG NGO SdG FdG H

112

j hQg

e jhdG J JdG e jdGh .Jd FY FKK jddG G

jhdG g jJ CG EG Gk f dEG MG GPEG EG dGh HJ h jddCG e
g e dSCGh JhSh eHhdGh .kY d IdG eMCG EG dH
YCG eGM e Gk L jb jJ HJ dh Gk L jb GKCJ d jhdG
BGh LhCG qJ dG jhOCG eh .fEd cG dG RG IOLG
U hCG Fc Se fEGh .(49) OGG g e LfEG j dGh VGeCG
kge hCG kge kKM d jhdG H H G jhdG OGG hCG jhOCG
AdG SQO b j fEG K,aGh YdGh dH GOhe N fEG C fEd
ee a dP EG aVEG ,YCG g dG j d GS I ddGh
j dG NCG FdG Gg j CG dh .dG BG e jdH I jhc
e QGbh IOGQEH NGO jhdG OGG g (H eY H f e Gk ch ) HdG e

dG Y j dG
ad jhdG H
GE VH jh f Y
dG g d kGKC J cGC e
j H ,f JdG
dG dG H Gg
GE .AMC G g dG N
JdG L dG g dG
j YC H J
e H dG fE G
.SG dG Y j

113

j GC jh .dG GhOC G GSHh HC H dG jW Y jhdG OGG fE H fE G j

aJ GC hOh J GC Y GC hO gJh f dH J JdG dh .dH UG dG Y
.G hdG d

cCGh .OY Z eCG da LQN NJ CG hO f

SJ dG jhdG g j f q c CG dP e
.a LG Yh bh fCG d eGSGh jJ e
IOGQEGh YdGh dG JdG dG Gg ifh
.LddGh aGh dGh LdG QGdG PJGh
OLh a j jW eRCG e dP JdGh
IdG g e ,kM .Ldd h Ad h fEd
HdG e j Y hCG d GQG g J dG
Y f ee q a .IG FG H Gk Ohe
fEG GR eh .JQbh dG OLh Y d J JdG
N dG AMCG H G ATCG H qJ j
.gG Z H dG
dG f
114

j hQg

`dH J dG IjG jhdG YG INCG fhBG MdG cG

f fh .iNCG dG bCG EG IYG IQTEG UJ Y de gh Jasmonats
e e J j eYh .q jdG OLG d He H j Gg IQTEG
Yh .(50) iNCG G bCG G aCG OhOQ dG jhdG fEG GC j
j Gk L dG JdH f Y aGj dG dG f Y bGdG da G S
g J bQh e bj GC J eY hCG fSG eH IG IG IOG j
jh .JdG fEG GC d QG f QdG Y Lj dG QcG eG e Gk je bQdG
j jhdG IOG g ac jGdh .bQdG ee f G JdG SQEG
e Ge jYh Fe fEG J GQhCG Hh .dG Y dG EG LG
Fe j dG JdG e cCG dG g .bQdG f e GL c JdG
GRGaEG hJ N e cCJ bj jCG J JdG Hh .(51) a hH IQS
dG J ke dGh dGh IQdG GQhCGh .bdG SG OdH a ,IG
Y eY JdG g H J dG dG IQTEGh .dG bdG L V QG e
IOH GQhCG ea .Fa aeh
J IG RGaEG J dG da IG
. hTerpen Y J IQW LeCG RGaEH bQdG
AGdH dG FGhdG gIndol
(Cotesia marginiventris) MdG dG
.bQdG Y J dG dG Oj dG

jhdG fE H j bdG b e IQdG f Loj eY

dG QdG Ggh .IYd MdG dG YJ dG
j dG GE H .dG f GE Lj dG Vj
.d dG Y kHSGC
115

FdG dG : AGG IG

`H IG IOG RGaEH J bQh eYhCG

GQhCGh .adG L J dG jamonate
dG RGaEG
IOG
fEG jCG CGJ IOG g T Y IQhG
bd
bJ
GQhCG
bJ dG iNCG jhdG
G
GM YJ hCG GG g
eY G S Yh .IOU
CGJ dG f GQhCG e bQh
OQdG ZdG J
Gd
RGaEG IQhG GQhCG
dG cG
dG IOdG GG
.GQhCG b Y iJ
dGE JGC IM g GC a dG j GC
dH kY j GC h J GC h
FGYCG e JdG g J Ggh
IKD e Z IG S dG jhdG
.(52) QG e dG H
.N Ge e Ie d
fCG Y Mf CG j SCG g
ch .bGQhCG cCJ bdG e IQdG GG H CG dG j c ,MG g
cG BG H e iNCG JdG GRGaEG hCG GG g GRGaEG CG j
eh .LG GG g J iNCG GM g CH j CG d jCG eh .jhdG
fEG S jOe CHh GG g L KDJ e FGhQ CH j CG jCG d jCG
g QGe EG J jdG SGH AGdH GeH N e fCHh FGhdG g
IYd gYO dG GG CG e cCj CG j c dP Y kah ?GG
? J d
J AMCG g CG dP e cCGh .a dG j e SCG g L
dG CG
q T .dG je e a N hCG e J H f adG f
Metil

116

j hQg

e H LQdG d Ie Y j CG H j ae h Y h Yh d d
f q CG j a .d eRdG jhdG fEGh Jh HH jh J Hh
dG CG heh .FGdG g e H Qj Y d dh cCJ dG IG j h bdG
b FG g ch .Gh dGh dG e YdH G FG
Q dG a dG Gg c MU eCG .Y cQ dG dG V d YCG
.H eh VQCGh GhdG

jdG GQhC G cM
e hJh Jh iJ fCc H OhR b JdG qEa HdG dG jCGQ c
J fCG Mf iNCG J IMGh SGG g c dHh .G fEG
IOLG dG g f G YGfCH adGh dGh cd dBG Jh .Ia
HdH Jj dG dGh .GQOEG f e d edG dOCG d J M dG
dG dBGh .WEG Y cM H fCG j Gg dh ,e CG EG j QhH
Jda .JLM M aCG OhOH dG e dG q dG NGO ke H J
d j CG hO ij fCc G e AGdGh AGh AddEG Ud jW cH J
gh ,f NGO e Jh f d a OQ ch .j d j CG hO jh Y
dG j c U dG dG g Y J UN fCGh fegh fCG
.dG LQO bCG
SMh .JcM e dG q dG eGdG gCG e g Ad JdG SM qEG
f LdG) Fototropizm `H hG IYG f hCG dG YGH IOLG AdG
q oG GQOEG g j M hCGh .FG Ad fEG Y SM e IOdG g (AdG
UeG g AdG Gg GQOE MdG jdGh .G f c G g c AdG j
.''UCG'' SG Y j dG jhdG OGG SGH AdG

117

FdG dG : AGG IG

jhc bW EG J dP H UeG cM AKCG Y G dG bdGh

dG YH NGO OLG Ad SG dG fh .iNCG dG d Jh
EG dh q G AdG J hCG MG QhJ dG dBG :KG Me e j
NOEG a GG dBG Y j dGh fdG MG eCG .jhch FHc GQTEG
.(53) AdG f dG Lj Ggh .IQhdG g dG d eRdG dG

JdG cM
Y a JcM L eCGh , hX Ye TCH JdG J
dG TCG dh .cS egh qdL eg h chCG eg e feg
: QNH JdG cM GfCG g gh .ec H H J OGG d G
VQCG HPLh AdG e dG V dG dG aCG OhOQ gh :LdG
.AGh dGh
E G
J cM gh .iNCG dG AYCG h QgdGh GQhCG j : Af
.dGh QdG Wh dG cM e j dG NfG dG f
C G OhOQ
dG f GJ gh : LaQG dG a
. QdG W LGe
(54). dG h QdG N AdG GMCG M dG GJ Fotoperiyodism
C CG HPL G SCG EG UCG dG QL W cM Geotropism
.VQ
dP Y jG S c .d a Oc JdG gJ cM Tigmotropism
e eOdG dG V jhch FHc aCG OhOH J JdG CG e dH
ddG Jf .J dG FYdG M AfEG EG JdG dP EG aVEH QG
.(55) dd P (passion flower) WdG IgR e
118

j hQg

e dG QhL OJ .AG Qe f dG QhL LJ cM Hidrotropism

AG Y d dG HdG AGLCG f Qe ce e IaH AG a Lj dG HdG
dG LM H gG HdG ShG dG AYCG c h .(56)
AYCG c Vj QGb CG PJG j AdG GR eh .e jW
HdG S QN dG dG AL Ea G S Yh . L f G dG
TCG c VQCG HPL KCH SCG EG a UCG dG QL eCG .AdG f Lj
dG NGO GOJ g Cch .VQCG HPL Y YCG EG a YGdG eCG .fBG dEG
MdGh OdG Gg KCH Y Y dG AL UCG CG M .(57) WG W c
CGj S fEa kSe Z SZ d G S Yh .AL c dEG j S dG
YdG Ea SCG EG He dG IQH AL Sf eY CG .(58)NBG dG e QdG
YCG EG j dG dG YH e GAL SZ dh .ce G YCG EG FGO J
dG g cdG IYa .QdG j a HdG NGO Oj M Y H
.JdG a N j hCG e bJ H d dG Oh JdG L Y J
IOLG GQdG H dh .QGdG PJ ce CG dG NGO Lj dh
dch .geGhCG J iNCG GQdG d gZ e YCG hCG YCG dG NGO
jCH j Ve eCG hCG dG e NCa cCG S EG gJ CG GQdG e C d
kfZCG NBG dGh Gk QgR Hh bQh J jG H CG ch .dG H j L
CG f dG SZ Y dd .b e SQ kef J dG L Ea da
S M j f c C ahG dGh dG LGf S VQCG e e
FN c e dc JdG cMh . hCG dG e jEG gM dG dG
d dBG g MCG dG CG eh .T eCH d q U dBH iNCG
f dG QhL H J hCG J CG J fC ,dG J
q dG YGhdG GQdG
dG dG gh .AdG f dG YH LJ J c AG a Lj dG ceCG

119

g jJ e MGh j b L Y Coleus d q UGC Vh

GE bGQhGC O q e b dG GC Lho YS jYh HQGC H dh .IQdG
fch JLMG ah JdG GE .IQdG q Ve g c YGC
.Lh Y dG N dOGC e dO eC G Gg Y e

h GQhC d Gje cS QhG J

GC VQC G HPG gH dP
.SC G f

SCG EG

bQdG be

YCG EG

QdG dG QdG dG QdG dG QdG

QdG bhCG
Ke Vh J GQhC a .QdG YS N f GQd G VhC G dG dG Vj
.hdG b e OJ d h dG W b

e UN fGC JdG
.AG Qe f ehO J gQhL

dG e QhG q GL UN H OhR f JdG

j GC h d kGL SM Mimoza f GE .AG e G
LJ dG IQdG GE .fK Y GE j b bh bGQhGC L
bGQhGC qj dGh Mimoza f YRGE b Qq o U dG YGC
. M bC H dG TGC SG eGC c

YS AKGC d dG GQhGC a dG GE IQdG eGC .QdG e AKGC f GQhGC QdG GE IQdG

.Ff hGC e g h dG

dG LGe a OH J dG JdG e
. IQdG gG Passiflore f g

j hQg

J Y c a EG kjM AdG j
e M bJ H f c L FXH
.dG je e dG N

jQfcjG
QGL
G

Ia
hRjdG

Ae

QbQdG cM
NfEG dG

dG dH QbQ`dG V j
IdG AZ
Vh .G GQL Y cGG AG j
AGG ISdG
H k kFb QdG e dG q Gg AG
dG QgdG AfG S g Ggh .UN Y KCJ
NfG dG
dG cM Hh .jM Jh J
.dG N
V Ga f e d SfG a Oq Q
jS HP Ia SG JdG g CG c .bQdG Lj dG Gg QbQ`dG (fG)
c EG dG j bQh a J dG dG h . j eY ICa dG a ,GL
.GQhCG L a dG
GAdG gh .MGh bh dBG Ig jhch FHc Y g
dH dG bQh J eYh Pulvinus `H Jh IG J gh jQdG eYdG
EG Pulvinus e SJdG fjCG a J dG G YdG GC j jdG hCG IQGGh
AG jL gCGJ NBG dG jS ce cM dG g Jh .NBG Pulvinus
ODJ cG gh Pulvinus. `dG e IOLG Parankima fGQdG jN IOLG
dG Jh .bQdG L AfG EG K eh a kS AG j dG fG V Ga EG
IG fG EG a ODj f jCG jo Gg dG q Jh .(59) mGK IY cCH
HJ Gk L e XH Gg AG V jh . (60)Gd cBG JdG H J dG
QTCG ceCG YCG EG aQ j dG AGh .fEG L dG dG J dG f

123

 kGL e NGdG FG dG
IgR G S a .JdG
b QdG Y LJ dG UC G
GE G V Nh Ae H coJ
GC H f IgdG dh .dG LQO
V OSG bO KK I jhQ
QdG Y fGh iNGC Ie NGdG
SGC LJ dG IQdG ij c
.dG

bQd fS Af
jdG
G jG
1

fS Af
bQd

G jG
hY hP f2

. bQdG SGC IOLG eYdG Af : Pulvinus `dG

.bQdG YRGE j GC b jG Vh : Pulvinus `dG e
C G bJ : Pulvinus `dG e
Turgor . NfG dG GH GQh

j hQg

G GdG A j ge RL jW Y dG g UN GH ddG
CG c ,T H Ie fC AGdG e q j fdH e bQdG Jh .dd
.e V EG J Jee
fCG jJ GSH U dGh fEG L dG RL EG
H J dG jdG SGH dG L b ,IjdG dCGh YCGh
ke c j -QahQdG j H QhG e AG dG dCa .AG V
SG HWdG H dG AGLCG c EG AG dG HfCG Nh ,BG M
d eJ dG hCG bQdG AG q J dG AGLCGh HdGh AGdG IOLG
.e J bCG o
q J -FdG
eYh .N f hCG e Gk QYG f SCGh jdH dG Gg j
Y f C ddh .IG j da dG Gd HJ Y CG aj
CG Y J eG g ch .jQdG Yj c MGe QJ b j CG WG
.ee Nh U b gjNh JjJh FGLCG L e JdG

dG NGO j dG JG
ZCG b e MJ bY g CG dG Y AY QfCG d jb bh e
CG Md QJ Id YCG AG j eY G S a ,f Id
UGJh OG AG J fCc YCG EG J ITe e SCG dG fG ZCG
Ua J b e fL kfZCG fc dG ZCG gh .IOe MGe J
ZCG H J ddh Id dG AG j
q d cCG j CG ZCG e d
fCc ce b kcM CG ,ZCG Sh f j QG dG Ggh .GWCG f
dG Gg CH iNCG ZCG J jCG e kM .G d QNG fCG j

125

FdG dG : AGG IG

Gd iNCG ZCG JG Sh Z QNG c ?IdG b j d QNG

cCJ dG MdG AdGh .dGh dG Y jh AdG H j Gj QNG
CG Gh .(61) ZCG H J fj dG cQG e kYf g CG g e AdG
dG jRJ M NBG eh .a ZCG H dh LCH G FdG H cQe g
HdG dG e dG e IT ZCG e Z CG b GPEa ,QTCG NGO
g H a kM kFc d da PEG .Yjh Qj a G HdG SZh
QhG GNEG j e CG e J dG jN Cch .f bdG UN ee
j fCch j IdG e AL UCG Mh .YGdG J CG j e CG eh
QX e jCG qe JdG Y jLCG dG HCG EG .IdH G UdG c
g J Jd kT J jN H SGd kef g CG gh .kGL e Ie
fEG jN CT dP fCT H a J jCG JdG jNh .AT CG iNCG
.YL cM J Ggh GGh

fedG
jN h .AMCG I e H dG dG jh Jj JhdG e f edG
jd N Ie jL Y IQY fedG gh . feg J jCG dG
GPEG G S a ,dG LGj dG dG hCG G hdG dG j c
AdG a j e ke ) S dM QhG dh M dM IjG YGdG fc
RdG HdG PJG jh .ibCGh cCG QhL EG j dG CG j Ga ( G a Jh
e jJ dG jNh .hdG L LG dG NGO Vh b Ga kef C ,kGQa
CG jG g eCjh QG jN EG j edG Ggh , chCG `H G edG fEG
j eG g L eCGh .(62) IjG QhG fEG j Ggh .jGJh J
:SCG H W

126

j hQg

jh HdG Gk QhL d CG chCG `dG eg J dG jG J jCG e

GPh ?QhG g dSG e q k jhc kUh Oe J jCG eh ?J CG
dG jN H OGQEG dG HdGh UGda ?edG Gg eGhC QhG jN J
. hj SfC J Ic Ie
g e IQGOEH j e je fCch dG NGO FXh fedG dJ
EGh e :e Fa IQ IG cG H J M IOG dH iJ dG AMCG
EG LM e jCGh , dG SGh NT b GQhCG e jCGh ? dG j jCG
edG EG .QgREG bh j eh ? ZCG J S ie CG EGh ? jdG
H e jCG gh ZCG dSG Y GTEH j dG g Gibberellin `H G
e H HCG e KDa Sitokinin `H G edG eCG .G G fedG
Gg CG jh .QhG KDj chCG `dG M dG YGH KDj a .chCG
dG Aa ,iNCG Ie dG j gh .(63) YGdG T Y jCG e hQdG
N b dG YGdG fEG Y e j a QT f jN fCGh ,QT H g
dG MGe c jJ dG fedG d IG FG gCG h .IOh Z H
Y ,MGh Qe e eCG J fCch Yhh H fedG g J g FdG
.ce f CH Je d fCG e ZdG

chC G Ie
Hh ,fEG H IT K S IY H T J HdG Y Ie IU IQH
bdG h dG e dG q dG e kM .V dO IT J dG GY
EG YCG b Gk QT h kYh f dhDe EG ?Lh SJ Qj f
dG We cCG H chCG Lj ddh .Yh H NBG Fc gh chCG eg
LH dG j chCa .ge GQOGh Yh Y J IQH jh edG

127

FdG dG : AGG IG

AdG
AdG
Ad SM Y

ODj
chCG
G EG
fG
c EG)
adG
(hdH

YCG e OdG AdG

G dSG
e f
cCG dG
ac

f
chCG
G G

chCG f JQG
G G
IMGh Mf e OdG AdG

Rj gG L e AdG dG j eY G S a ,dG ie Y j chGC eg

dSG e dG qh QdG Y LJ dG IQdG ij c jhe jO dG NGO chGC eg
AdG j dG dG chC G ca a IMGh Mf e AdG JC j eY eGC .jhe IQH
.dSG e kGje g jh dG Y LJ dG IQdG ij c

EG a QhG eCG , Fototropism VQCG HPL Vh AdG f YCG EG ZCG

FXdG M GdH ebh jG jRJh G Sa VQCG HPL H SCG
Gg de e L ,bQdG bJh ,WG e QhG Jh
q cdG h UG
H dG IjY fGL e G QhO j dG ( chCG eg ) edG
.dG jJ M e MdG gG Ve UCG
ce fCch j dG edG Gg Y bGj dG e cG MdG hj

128

j hQg

CG EG .dG Gg Qj S QGe CHh L CG EG jCG bGjh dG QGd

AGLCG OJ GP :gh NBG GDS gh .kM d Ghj e LGh b AdG ADg
dGh dG NGO j dG Gg EG G ? IOG g H eCJ e EG dG
M bQh e dG CG gh ,IMGh M Y dO EG g e e L EG Lj
:kFb G g EG dG BGdG QTCG bh .AMCG bH e d OfG b QhL
|p n UB G hn hu o ordpH r o odnXp hn kg r cn hn kY r Wn p V Qr nC Ghn pG hn n s dG pa r en o o r jn pd hn }
( 15: YdG )
nYn uHQn sGE p n pnp U npH l Np GB n go sGE p msHGOn rpe ne rouHQn hn uHQn pdG nYn orcs n nJ ufGE p }
( 56: Og ) |m p n r eo mG n pU

129

AGG QTCG GQhCa .kjW kKM gf jG JCj eY

GQhCG c bJ b bh Hh jCG IY N fGdCG J
Gk O J M e IdG q Jh .IdG ZCG ia
EG .M fOCG EG JG FXh L N b fC ,HdG
dG Y dO jCG g H fEG qcJ dG GQhCG bJ
e jdG a J
q gh dG BGdG OQh c G H
dG BGdG dH dG YCG b .IdG jRYEG GMCG
:J db
n VQr nC G p r jo hn u n rdG n pe
n u nG
o p r jo hn pu n rdG n pe s n rdG
o p r jo }
( 19: hdG ) | n oLn r oJ nd p cn hn n pJr ne n r nH
M . MG Jh IdG e bQdG CG bh
IY NJh H e jhdG cdG e dG YJ
.WSh IdG e bQdG a EG ODd dG EG ee
dh d Gk L Gk e kY bdG Y ODJ dH dG Yh
GQhCG Ea dHh .WEG Y IOe jCG GSEG hO jCG
eCG oJh H a jL e dGh H fqcJ jG
. iNCG Ie IOhG Z JQbh dG Y YCG

JdG J
JCj eY dh dG GQhCG d Gk c f fEG
IH fG
q XG C dPh ,dG Gg J ICa Mf jG

K AGU EG J AGG QTCG CG c .bJh GQhCG GdCG H LGJ GdCG

GQhCG L EG !? bJh fd GQhCG J GPa ,kM .jCG IY H K AGM
dG G dG OGG H J ,AGG hCG dG hCG AGG hCG AGdG AGS
Gg dhJ ch JdG UCG H e IT cCG UCGh .GQhCG g j
dG ke Gk QhO jh GQhCd NCG dG j dG QdG g jCG dG
AGdG GdCG EG QTCG d J CGj aGdG WG jG JCj eYh .FdG
JhdG KCG e a NCG e NCJh GQhCG J dG dGh AGGh dJdGh
e fSfCH IG dG CG dP EG jh .dJdGh AGdG dG g dG
GQhCG a fGdCG GQhCG J OGe KdG UCG gh .dG GH iNCG g
GQhCG LJ dG QdG IN Ea he g ch .af dG dG QgRCG
dG dJdGh AGdG JhQdG G GdCG Y ke qJ fCG LQd Gk L jb AGG
CG b e IG OGG OJ jG bGQhCG bJ dG JdGh .GQhCG Y J
MG g Jh .dG QdG GC j g OGOSG Y fh .bGQhCG J
J ea .QdG d b e fGdCG J jdG JdGh UCG dG KCJ
EG OdG NCG dG a jGdG SfCG U CGJ GQhCG QYCG
.(G dG) MCG
AGLCG Y jCG de gh dG EG MCG e fGdCG J fSfCG U qEG
Y c AV EG dG Vj eYh .dGh QRCGh MCH fG dG

132

gh .dG AGLCG e IOjdG EG fSfCG ie IQGG LQO VfG

e IOY dG j dG Ggh .jG JdG H MCG dG IOjR S
dG f Y MCG e c bj dG QJh .MCG EG K JdG EG UCG
f dG gh ,G jH Xe J Ggh .jG G hX EG aVEH
.(64) UCG g f jG Xe Y

GQhC G bJ
?GQhC G bJ e IFa g g
hCh .jL e J HdG JCj eYh ,Y c bJ GQhCG e jG EG
bJ C Z X Gg dh .ik S bJ jG g CG dG gh
hCG f Ca .iS N AT g dh ,dG f gCG e Ic LQO d GQhCG
J
q bG GQhCG dch .N Mh kag g CG if f M Fc CG
EG aVEH Gg .Hd AGdG aJ bG IdG GQhCGh .jdG dG Gg e Gk AL
e AGU W jH UeGh G A MG Y YJ bG GQhCG CG
.LQG eGdG e Id GQhCG J AMCG e dGh .HdG S Y HdG
LJ dG G FdG e d AGd Qe EG J bG GQhCa Gk NCGh
C CG S Y HdH Qj W e FKK GQhCG bJ e Y ch .HdG
j QdG dG jdG ddG QYCG a J dG G h .VQ

133

FdG dG : AGG IG

Y c QGG GH QdG a j GPEGh .dG QdG e W e FJ

G jG GSG EG QGSH jGG QdG QGe iOCh ,GL Nh Ff d
h .cCG QG dG Ad dG GQdG GSG EGh bCG QG dG Ad
FdG dH J dG Z dG AdG QGe J dG G jG fc NBG
.Wb fdG dHh fG b G IG fd G dd fh bCG H
dGh fG Y q g bG GQhCG dG GMCG WCG eh
JhdG e GSd HdG OGG jJ j bQdG bJ CG bh .a jd YGdG
g SG b d KG bQdG J Ggh .dG L GQgHQdGh
ch .IjG GQhCd eRdG OGG e ke Gk AL ah b J dHh ,iS OGG
j OG L dG L hCG ,LG Y QdG J Ea eCG g e j
GQhCG NdG GQTEG hCG eh .VQCG S Y IG UG H IQhV dEG
jEG RZ j e Ia Hh .NGdG GQhCG jN KEG RZ fEG jGH g
kS Jh fG g IOLG jG GC J Y EG j eYh .bQdG fGL c
GC Jh dH bQdG Y Hj dG AG IOLG jG OY jGjh .dG Jd
.RddG e fJ dG GQG q J RddG fEG k jGH EG .UN fEG fEG
Gg bQdG J h .H jG J dG dG W RH fEG J dP Hh
G h .NGdG f LQG dG fL e dG GC a QGSH jGG dG
g Jh .a e bQdG S CG dH bQdG b a J dG
.jW I bQdG J CG b dG
Parankima) `Y jh ) dG J dG UG dG jN GQL EG
.hdG dH q eg dM Jh fe IOe EG dG GC J dG g IOLGh
HfCG J jH Je bQdG Jh H Y H jG fG j Ggh
dG IdG M Fa YH GdG g h .a FdG OGG Qh J dG

134

H OLe YH
h bQdG S
dG

jS
bQdG
fEG W
jdG jG
bGdG dG
GC h .Zh bQdG S e c H IOLG G jd Ie GMGC f GQhC G bJ j
c f dG E a .jd jOY Y GQhC G bJ GC G Gg Y GC jd d jdG SdG j
hj SdG L b dG je e kGHGC bJ H G Gg QGSG GE aVE H Y GC e dN jN
dG e S bQh d qJ bGQhGC oJ eY QTC G GC Z .OY AT fC c GQhC G bJ
.iS FGZ Ga Yh ihdG ehe e IdG J dHh .jd IG jhdG

Y AH J IOG gh .QdG Y a d fEG jG H GC Jh SdG J

Jh .kGc kZGa gAGQh cQJ jG g h .jdG e qh RddG QGG
dG jN gh aM W J AKCG g dh .N fc e jQ CH GQhCG
bQh j eCG jhdGh FjdG GdG gh .G G H Jh
Ggh .Fa bH dd dG bh ,bG GQhCG L H a IMGh
.dd bdG eY bQdG fG j M N dG

135

j CG jh bQN jhc Y FdG dG EG

Z JQbh dG Y gj CG jj fEG c b Y
AdG j h ,d e J a .c Y JOhG
dG g jDhQ f h .Gg ej M RdCG Gj CG
J dBG g C WEG Y IOG dH
if CG f dh .jGh GQdGh fhdEG
dG e dG chCG FdG dG Ff
FdG dG EG .IG Y AdG d J dG jZCG h
jhc U Y Gk L SM Oe Y H f
Lh .Hf RdGh Od IU jeh dG U
eG e fjJ SCG dM dG AGG JdG
e QGSH Jh dG g a J dG jhdG
.dEG f dG bdGh jZCGh chCG dG je
Y a c LGj dG FdG dG f eYh
Y BG a PEG .G dOCG gCG e Gk MGh if b
dH ij U e dG dG g b
.IOG

VQC G Id FdG dG gGC

CG j FdG dG Y J c f CG b
Y G FdG I dG g gCG ie a EG f
dG dG g Ff eY jhY fh .VQCG S
.IOG dH ij U e Jh AMCG L EG

FdG dG : AGG IG

chC Gh FdG dG
RdG CG AGdG OLG HdG cCG K NCJ FdG dH JdG J eY
chCG EG .G dG chCH dJh fEG ej dG
.FdG d FdG G g( SSCG JM Qe gh f eY f dG )
fL e G dG Lj dG chCG e kjJ %30 fEG j eYh
IMh AMCGh JdG fL e qG AG e %70 `dG J dG IOLG JdG
g d Gh .FdG dH dG J dGh Gh QdG LJ dG G
j fEa Ie H dG dG JdG Y AdH fEG j eY fCG
dG G IMh Jfh dW e G OLe g e Y f YdH AdG
b FdG dH J dG G AMCG N jh .FdG chCG Qe
.j h j dG bdG Qe eG e e
%70 H chCG

%30 H chCG

chC G e %30 fGE j

e G dG OLG
eGC h ,dG IOLG JdG fL
JdG b e LfGE a iNC G %70`dG
.FdG dG H Gg chC G fGE jh .Gh QdG LJ dG G IMh AMC Gh
138

j hQg

jZC Gh FdG dG
jW Y JdG e hCG AGdG e ITe gNCf kLdH dEG f dG bdG EG
bd GQe J dG TCG EG c .ITe Z jH YCG cBG fGG
g cCG a dG dM Gk c GSG J dG J d dh dG
f EG dG bW j j ddh .jJ hCG G ITe eGSG hCG bdG
dG g jW Y JdG EG c .G H FdG dG j Gd .bdG e NBG
dG gh .H a eGSG f dG bdG e NBG T EG dG bW
cCG K j j M ,GQhCG IOLG '' FdG dG YJ '' cGG
GSH bdG dY iNCG GQgHQdG EGh Af EG AGdG Lj dG HdG
eYh .AGdG EG o a HdG GSG H j dG chCG eCG .dG bW
.GQgHQdG g jH b dG bdG j H a AGdG EG dG j
dG GQgHQdG e e LM q J JdG g Y iJ dG AMCG dch
dG bdG e jCG eCJ j fEG dEG j dG bda dHh dG LJ
.FdG dG jW Y jZCG g jJ
c Mh .jd Ie Y j FdG dG Ea H a if S ch
dG d KCG d IG dG g e f d dEG dG AGdG Y AMCG
.G Z JQbh
Ap n s dG n pe r obo Ro r jn pdG o r nZm pd Nn r pe r gn * r or nYn pdG
n n r pf Gho co Pr G o S s dG n jt GnC jn }
( 3: Wa ) | noan Dr oJ sfnC an n go sGE p n ndGE p n p V Qr nC G hn

bdGh FdG dG
jCG fCGh .H J KqdG GFdGh .dG bdH j JQS EG
SCG hCGJ eY fCG T h ,QdG g hCGJ eY dG bdG eJ
139

FdG dG : AGG IG

bdG AGdG
chCG
HQdG chCG K

Sa KK
SjOCG

dG bdH FdG dH J dG ,JdG LJ dG jG fG e j

.dGE Lj dG bdG Sdh fGd qeD j fE G Ga dG e JC J

KdG GFdG CGh ,jdH J JQS CG g d j S AT hCG Ea IQcG

g IAGd dEG L dG bdG CG hJ S dch .H kUN Gk Obh J
CG Z ,dG e dh INCG LdG gdhJ dG jZCG e fhNCJ HdG
bdG Obc eGSG j jdG dGh G CG H fdhJ dG jZCG
fGGh JdG EG ?c dCJ Sh .FdG dG e Y G dG
dG je b FdG dG jW Y dG bdG q J dG JdG d cBG
.dG dG dG je H HdG YCG af dG hdG fc b BG e
dG dG bdG Ea QNHh .f jdH fJ
q b jCG dG RdGh dGh
fEG e dG je H gJ b FdG dG H JdG jJ

140

j hQg

Y k T d dhf dG jZCG e Y f dG bdG dch . jH

jCG fGG jZCG e Y f dG bdGh .JdG fJ dG dG bdG
,eR c bdG Qe dG J .JdG e fGG J Y M b bW
a .FGO FdG dG g fEG GS U bdG g j dG dGh
.dG Gg Z H f dG bdG cG J

fG Gh FdG dG
a YG G e jdG J Gk L e IOe G j
dG dch HdG Qh G S Yh ,a Obd d a ,GAfEG
V GE G H d cB G fGGh JdG VJ
bdG QOe jJ GE OD a Gg eGC .HdG jT
.dG RdGh dGh hdG e ffE d kGL G

141

FdG dG : AGG IG

dG jW Y j dG RddG e J kjJ iNCG dG dCG Lh

.FdG dG jW Y JCJ dG bdG Y bj dc dG fEG Mh .FdG
fGGh JdG e jdG OGG e Y G dG fG G Qeh
. (65)FdG dG SGH YG dG bW g hdGh

dGh FdG dG
AGdG IQGM IOjR h AGdG OLG HdG cCG K jGJ kS AMCG J
f G dH S c HdG cCG K WCG e ja .QGSH
Ea dP Y kah .jG G FdGh fGGh fEG H j dG dG
cSG j dG ObdG e G dG EG j dG HdG cCG jOe
EG j GQdG Gh dG bGG hCG jcG adG GSG eh fG
XG HdG cCG K IOjR Ea DhGLEG H Mh .WCG GQe
ObdG eCG .jJ W Qe HQCGh KG INCG S jdGh KCG G dG
HdG cCG K jGJ eCGh .jGdG Gg SCG gCG e a HdG jJh G
.(66) INCG S jYh KCG WQe Sh fK a ObdG GfCG a J dG
S G Gg e h .dG RGdG N jGdG Gg Y j GPEGh
Sh e je EG G dG Lj dG chCG QGe j
QGH jh .G dG G HhP j dd fh VQCG IQGM jJ
.AG WG H J CG M iNCG WG H
dh .c N EG VQCG J dG AMCG IM VJ J dP f EG
jG G FdGh JdG gJ dG FdG dG Y C ,dc d G
.RGdG Y aG J dHh .QGSH chCG Jh HdG cCG K J
HQCGh KG g G dG G HdG cCG K QGe Ea fBG dEG TCG ch

142

GfCG J dG jGJ CG ZQ W Qe
AG Ggh .W Qe Sh fK a ObdG
e J j HdG cCG K e FGdG
FdG dG SGH G dG
e M EG HK jCG VQCG IQGMh .G
JdG C .Fa jQGM GJ h
jQGG fRGG H jCG J AGG
JG fRGG g jQGSG dGh
S Y G FdG IM LCG e jd
.FdG dG Y jW Y dPh VQCG
Y d iNCG dBG g LJ dch
dG Lj dG chCG QGe
c ie f dP d fh .G
gKCJ ieh e Ie FdG dG
.b Y JM
dG acG dG dG Gg EG
dG EG c .a f dR e f dG
dCG d BG M acG dG MGG
gG GH MGe L J dG
Z dG Y EG IQTEd kMe kHH j S
. OhG
j FdG dG Ea e g c
AMCG MCG H h JdG GSG

143

IQH G dG GE HdG cGC K oj

K f RGJ j GPGE h . H Ie
jW Y G dG OLG HdG cGC
dG J AMC G L E a,FdG dG
.G dG Gg

dG T e JCJ dG bdGh ,KGG Hh G IMh

YdG Gd fh .AGh HdG cCG K e dG fE
NGO jJ b J dG T LJ dG bdG Ea
.LfEG dG dG L
jhc bW EG eG Z dG bW eCG
-NCG dG g dG- a QdG a ,eGSG
.UCH oAdG UeG J dG OGG Jh .ke Gk QhO
: ddG dOG gQNG j YdG g Lh
6 H22O + 6CO22 .. photosynthesis > C66H112O66 + 6O22

d Y AHZ g jd jhdG dOG g LJ h

: IQdG g EG AdG
HdG cGC K e jL 6 + AG e jL 6 J
dG e MGh L GE photosynthesis FdG dG f
. (67) chGC jL 6 +
J dh ,jd H hJ edG FdG dG dOe EG
LfEG j dG OGGh YdG jGH NGdG OGG Y a
Yh dBG f a FdG FdG eCG .YdG Gg f
IQTEG jh .YEG J LQd Ie gh bQdG
cCG K GSH J jd IGh SG dG CG EG
Y f dG GQgHQdG jL jd AGh HdG
. ''dG'' edG JM

dG TCG

jOCG eCG Jf Sa hOe

Sa KK
SjOCG

IQGG
RcdG S

chCG K
HQdG
AG

O2

chCG

H2O

AdGYIGYdG

AdGYIGZYdG

cG UdG e FdG bdG LG fh .QdG FdG d kH kMT iJ

.RdGh chC G e fG G oJ AGh HdG cGC K e FdG dG

dG fhdEG QGe Y J Gk L Ie fh GQP Y dG g

G UCG e J MOe Y dG Gg NGO h .GQdG M QhJ
( Adenosin tripospat h Ferrodoksin e) SG UdGh OGh IOG eCGh
. iNCG FdG eGdGh IOe FXh J dG OGGh Catalysts IG OGGh
H L fE G JhdG e f KK EG JdG CG fa GPEG
. dG g ac J ie OCG H j ,a RhdG e dG e

FdG dG Y cQG AGLC G

.f FG IOY GG Nh dG N (Chloroplast) QdG M
CG :G ) NCG OLh g AMCG e YdG jg jN H IOLG hdG gCGh
a j dG Chloroplast QdG M OLh CG Plastid YJ IU eRHJhH
. dG N FdG dG
AV dG QdG J fC c dG b G AYCG g Jh
HG JjH Chloroplast SHhQdG EG c .e bW e dG
146

.d NCG dG J ,dG H NGJ dG fdd

Y IU UGbCG e J gh .SHhQdG FdG dG Y
gbh ( G e G MGh ehG ) ehe 10 ` 2 H e S SY T
g CG ZQh .kjJ HQCG N c Ljh .( G e dCG e KK ) e 0^003
. a LJ dG SdG e FH oa fCG EG GL d IU GMdG
( 68 )
0. 000006 CG angstrm 60: dG cQj LQd bQ ZCG g S j
T J qe jJ SHQdG NGO LJh .( kjJ e dCG Fe e MGh)
g dG GQdG J jdG gh tilakoid. jcJ Y jh GdG
Y IQY jcdG gh .bQ cCG ZCH h jhdG FdG dG GMh
fGc Y jh H a H UGJh SJ fG OdG T Y UGbCG
.fGdG g e 60 - 40 MGdG SHhQdG NGO LJh . e 0. 0003 H
LJ jCG gh .e d jdGh JhdG LH J jdG g Lh
h jR %38 h JhH %50 e j b jcdG AZ G S a .IO H
(69).U %12
ScCG Y IQY gh SHhQdG NGO OLG dG cdG g : jcdG `
NGH Jh GdG J ZCG Y IQY ScCG gh ,jcdG SG Y j
dGh AGG dG g dG QdG ScCG g NGO Ljh .QdG jL
.dG AV UeH j
.jcdG LG e jh(Grana) : fGc `
AV h SHhQdG NGO LJ dG AGG dG CG :QdG `
.d dG h AGdG h chCG aJ QdG OLh dh .dG
SHhQdG NGO fGdG HH j HfCG T Y AZ g Stroma lamelle: `
.SHhQdG NGO Lj JjL FS g Stroma: `.
147

GSdG FdG G iJ
JdG SCG jG C dG AGG

SCG jG

cdG
G

NGO U
edG
FdG
jcdG

AGG GSdG

(a)

eg FS
NGdG AdG
LQG AdG

dG
SSCG
d

FdG cGdG

(b)

H J dG Kloroplasts SHQdG FdG dG J ij

dG Kloroplasts`dG dG jN a Ljh ahdG dG jN
`dG .FdG dG a j dG AGdG fGdG J
j dG dG AV J (SHhQda) Kloroplasts
e HJ fdH JjJ Jh FdG dG a eGSG
a MJ AGLGC QdG a iJh ( dG YGC a ) H
.FdG dG
(c)

148

j hQg

AdGh FdG dG
.Id QhVh a Z hdG cH hCG FXH AGS G dG j
Lj Id RdG AdG dh .kGL je Le H AdG H dG Jh
. GWCG IjdG LG g e e GWCGh IU OhM V
fCG M kjZ kjJ G dG CG gh dG g e Ie iJh
hCG , Id jQhdG YTEG AV Qh j eY
gamah X TCG e Id IQdG TCG AGQd aj
(ddG bdG GP) LG Ib YTG
W eCG .Id IG YTEG Lh
eff 1 e UCG LG dG
400
eL TCG
G dG g Y dG G dG
dG
QRCG
450
U dG hRhCG W a ,Id jd
dG TCG
500
NC

G
Ad hRhCG W jh.O3 jhdG
100 nm
uv dG a TCG
550
GWCG hGJ dG Id RdG FG
UCG FG dG
AGG a
600
GfCG H e a 7500A ` 4500 H JLe
e <1
JdG
650
G LG GWCG GP iNCG TCG
MCG
700
Le ( 1025 ) EG dG gOY j dGh
MGh e e cCG
d UN U b Ie fCG Y dO gh
.(70)
jjOGdG TCG
jH j G dG CG dh
hCG ,LG e G Gg V UG AdG
QeCG BG
c H a Id RdG AdG Qh G dG j `
dG W eGC .AGQd j hGC AMC d IG iNC G YTE G
.hRhC G W a dG g Y dG J dG G

149

dG bdG GP) LG jW YTG

FdG dG : AGG IG

C C G Y IG fd Ld G GWCG e YTEG L jH a j c
gaJ LGdG hdG e BG e e a MGh Ggh WEG Y Z VQ
Y M dO f CG hO ec hdG g L hM EG c .IG Ad
. aOe IG hM dSG

je kfGdGC J Ad G LG GWGC
Le W G S Yh .IO HHPh Le W d gGf dG GdCG L EG
a GdCG jDhQ YSG S eCGh .dG dG Le W e WCG MCG dG
jCG dY N eh SG LG g GWCG GQOEG e T fY N e
Y j W IMH jJ j AdG Le Wh .gJh a e T
.G e QG MGh hJ IMdG gh Nanometer SG
Le W eCGh eff 770 g MCG dG Le W Ea G S Yh
Gk L IU jOY IMh gh .(71) 390 Jh FKK a dG dG dG
gh HHP jCG d AGVCG gh .gQJ fEG Y kM j fCG LQd
ae a MGdG OOdG eCG .IMGdG fdG gOOJ OH hCG hertz JdH SJ HHdG
.fdG/c 300^000 hJ AdG YSh .dGh dG f H IOLG LG
c .f IG cCG ae J CG fJdG a UCG LG W c GPEG eCG
jJ jCG d dG ej dG AdG CG BG M IQcG FG e j fCG
U V SM HZ e jH G dG j AdG Ggh .kGL UN
jCG Aa dP EG aVEHh .ahe YS cCG d dch cGQOEG f fCG LQd
j fC OGd fG GQdH eGUH jhdG YdG J dG UG
.JdG SG Y j M T Y hCG Le T Y AGS
e Qj ST ae b H LQdG g EG G jdG hP AdG j eY
N fCG LQd SM jJ d QSG dG Ggh .UN QSG f fL
150

j hQg

eh LG GOOdG e dG G Gg OLG AdG Y IdG e T

dG HHdGh dGh YdG NG GPEGh .AdG Gg Y dG dG J
,AdG jDhQ dG Y QSG ce j dG dG U Y S AdG
. (72)jGH b dG fh
a .kGc aOf dG UG G eCG e AdGh dG H OLG DhdG EG
dGh ,JdG LG Wh PCG e ,FGe N IjY eCG g G S
dG h ,d LG W j AdG EG .dG RGh jZCGh ,AdGh
CG T h .cQj CG j dG AdG Le W QNG M dG Y NCG
.dG Gd kN N c

e Y e eD oJ dG IG
eff 380
eff 760
dG QRCG NCG UCG JdG MCG
AdG QdG
j ,Sj
AdG
G QdG QdG
GC QdG
Y jh Uj
eL TCG

dG

UeG

SfG

CG

G bdG

JG bdG
dG a TCG
AGG TCG
ahjG TCG

QTe

.FdG a LQdG GfC G M dG bdG J J ` GC

J , QdGh GC QdG a LJ dG UeG dGB `
dGh QRC G GdC G j dG jg GC Y
.aG H dJdGh MC Gh
Y njo NC G dG C AGN d GQhC G nJh `
.Y j hGC QdG jW

jjOGdG TCG

WehdG dG

151

FdG dG : AGG IG

Le W e J UCG GdCGh .dG SG AdG dG OGG L Y j

.cdG IOG fL e dG AdG e iNCG IQHh ,SfG dG AdG
UCG e Yf ,FdG dH FdG jG L Lj dG QdG j
dG AdG EG c .AGG LG GY e FG FdG LG GWCG L
GWCG L OSCG dG h .kGNCG GQhCG d j CG j SfG
LG GWCG L kjJ a HCG dG eCG .H j dG FdG LG
.H J dG FdG
h NCG dG jJ Y Yj JdG QdG a G S Yh
GQP fJ dG jG jJ g dGh .a FdG dG j f bdG
H j dG FdG dG Yh .LhdGh ZGh LhQdGh HdG e
.bJ H IG QGS e QhO d dG Gg e U g dG QdG
eCG OYG ie MCG H j S QdG e MCG f eY
Ad UG dG cGdG

jcdG
M L

G G MCG

HfCG GdG
jcdG cJ IOYEG

SSCG dG

ah SC J b ke kef g GC ij SHhQdG J dG AGLC G oJ eY

IU Me G dG g Vh dG g Lh Y dG GE .bO HM
.IOG dH jhD Q
152

KK cJ
Sa
SjOCG

j hQg

AdG
jfJhc

aa

h GC QdG
GC QdG
JhdG
p680 hCG p700
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hdG GNEG
G
YdG ce EG dG FdG bdG()

.SHhQdG IOLG AdG L IMd P

QdG jL e jdG Y AdG L GMh e IMh c ` GC
Karotenoid. FLh QdGh GC
GE jG IMdG fL e UeG dG FdG bdG J `
.GC QdG fL e UeG j gh .YdG ce

G FG
e-

jL e 400 ` 250 e kjJh .SMh bO OHCG Y

Y GL jG dG H J Y J
q QdG
.FdG dG Y j cGJ T dG jW
FdG dG ) NGO IOLG QdG jL a
dh ,FdG UeG UN d Photo System )
dG IOLG QdG jL e a IMGh jL
G dG jhdG bdG bGdG J FdG
ce O bdG J dG jGh .AdG e Y
jL eCG .FdG dG Gg Sh k dG YJ
hCG jQSG UC`H a iNCG QdG
EG AdG H J g QdG jLh .FGdG

153

YdG ce

G
FG
U jL

FdG bdG
QRC G GdC G
JdGh MC Gh dGh
.aG H

dG AdG
d dG QgRC H LGf jM GE Nf eY
Yh .fE G KD J Tfh be GdGC
j AGM IOQh LGf eY G S
GC hO YGE dGE fh IOQdG d
d G h . IOQdG d UGC g e f
UC G Y Y j dG MC G IOQdG
Y LJ dG TC d dG NGO IOLG
LJ dG UC G GE c .LG g W
ASH AdG c J IOQdG GQhGC
if fh MC G dG dG LG W
.MGC c G LG g W

MCG

j hQg

(CG) QdH j dG YdG ce M FGdG c T jH YdG ce

250 Y gOY jj dG FGdG jG iMEG e bdG YdG ce j eYh
.bdG e YCG ie EG k YU e jL EG fhdEG MCG j jL
dG iNCG QdG jL EG j , (CG) QdG j dG hdEG CG CG
e QJ jSh e YJ H CGH b FdG dG j dHh .dM UG
NGO kjM Gk QhO J '' UCG '' SG Y j dG AYCG Ea dd .(73) hdEG
Y bdG J
q Gk L UG jdG GP jG gh .FdG dG Y
.dM e OLG NCG JdG

fYdG jQdG gjQSh UC G

GP GdCG g QJ dG fYh UCG K dG GdCGh FG AdG EG
AdGh dGh .jOhG Z GHEGh dH dG N b JLQO e G jG
Lj GPEG e e c jh ,dG Gg QN H dG H e eAGj
T N eSG dG g JdG dG N eGSG dG OGGh .NBG
jEH dc oc dG FdG dG Y dG OGG g dh .dG
fJ dG IOG g YSGh .edG EG fEG Y jDhdH G FSdG
a LJ dG G M G FXdGh FG eG ,GQdG e OY LH
JJh YdG / c 500 YH edG EG FSdG UJ dG da .IOd QN eC
dG edG EG SJh Jh dSQ e 1^5 J Y dCG 600 `H edH
G dc ,kGL e jJ jCG d dG UCG H J dG XdGh .(74)JGP
j UCH G dG H jQdG j eYh .fEG Y OLG
jGhdG Mh .f dG FGLCG c N IQhVh IG dG jJ Y Gk HCG
fCG ddh dG bdG GSG EG LH JdG T a Qd jdG
Y d JdG g CG ,g dG Y j CG j dh .ec H UCG

155

FdG dG : AGG IG

fG GE IQdG
G OMGC M Fc
Yjh .G c
C H QdG jf IYO
c G FdG Gg
e QJ dG UC G
fGGh JdG
L GC fE Gh
.G FdG

eYh .UCG g XH j H jCG J h b e UCG cc cH

.jQdG e g kMVh cCG IQH eeCG j jQdG Yj e MGU g jo
b Y Ad bd Qe Y j c dG G Mh G FdG Ea jCGQ a
.FGdG ObG bdG Qe dG CG ICa cG ,kYh kYh h IG
dG FGdG f a ,GSd Hb bdG g L jo c a dP Hh
dG jdG e M CG H jhc bW EG dG bdG j e j
SG dG LG GWCG e M CG Hh .Gg ej AY M M j
fCa ,fEG Y GC H hdEG cM e S dG jhdG OGh
dG jQdG jGhQ g gh .bO s n o G jhdG e UCG
e RCe NJ fEa dG f Y LQN jGhdG g c EG aVEHh .dG j
CG INCG IdG jLCG HCG b H X a T c a .Ic fGL
.e UCG e QJ JdG
GfCG e f c CG :gh HPdG jQdG GAYOEG M jCG NBG e Gdh
jGhdG gh .iNCG JdG GfCG Y ke Y FdG dG f QW
q b dG
f e e f Y aOe MGh f M j fC ,H G fO J

156

j hQg

dG ie eG LddG MCH M J dG FdG dG

hj jQdG Ea VH jjCG H IgX dSG g CG ZQh .VG ej
,fCG Z .kGQGe Qq J b G Gg CG Yj fCG LQd Gh d ae jH
d e AL g dG UCG fJ
q dG FGdG CG ddG bCG iS ch
.aOH J QN jJ Y J ,d HdG edG dG J h FdG

FdG dG IKD G eGdG

.kGL SMh e Qe FdG d Ea dc ddG bCG if S c
UdG dh .dG GH UN jJ d FdG dH J dG dG AGLCG Lh
CG T h .dG jJ Y Ie d FdG dG d gaJ j dG
a jCGQ ch .dG jJ fL EG dEG j dG UdG gCG e jCG g AdG
b UCG fh JdG dG FGdGh fdG EG OdG AdG Le W CG S
KDJ iNCG fRGe g dh .dG H e jja ZJh DhJ N
:gh FdG LG W fL EG FdG dG

:WS Ieh AdG IT ` 1

S Ea dP Y kah .WS Ieh AdG Id kJ j FdG dG EG
aNG a .FdG dG Y jCG e ITe Z hCG ITe IQH AdG
hCG dG (G AdG CG) N e Qhe H JBG AdGh TG AdG H e
e % 35 ITe JCj dG dG jh .iNCG OGG e eGUG H hCG dG
f OGS j Hh LEG AdG e % 60 ` 50 e a
q G AdG eCG ,LEG AdG
LddG MdG e IOL YCG j G AdG C ,JdG dEG dG AdG
jg e dEG e H JdG J dch .(FXd AYCG AGOCG Mf e CG)
N dG Jfh .dG Jf dGh ,dG Jf hCG :b EG Ad YdG

157

g ,FdG cdG Y dG TGC e ITe IOSG J dG jgdG JdG fL GE

JTh .aN AV OLH M FdG cdG Y AGLGE J dh dG J iNGC Jf
JdG g e (SdG GE ) QGOQdGh (YC G GE ) ajdG

j hQg

jdG QdG
dG QdG

dG QdG

QdG
jdG

N GL jS G jh .jG jGH IdG QdG YS N QgRGC H GbC G f j

Ib Ia

Y bGdG TG Z AdH M bCG EG FdG dH dG e T Y

Jf CG M ,qGh IOQdG SdG hCG HdG e dG MG e dG
dG AV SH IFa bCG Y G e T N b dG
T N a AGOdG IdGh YdGh RQCGh ajdGh GdG QTCG eCG .ITe
.NG c dG e

:ac hGC AdG QGe ` 2

jGJ dG e e SGe AGSG N e G hCG dG f G c
GJ hM J g IAVEG Ieh .FdG dG Ie dHh IAVEG Ga
QgORGh dG e GQdG GQe J FdG dG jGJ a .JdG Ic
.JdG jQdGh
EG QgRCG J FdG UG Hh .b bh jS j dG g h

159

FdG dG : AGG IG

Jf G S Yh .dG QdG Jfh ,jdG QdG Jf :b

jGH Gk b a QdG j dG jCG gOJ ;dG QdG Jf e g dG
dG j AdG IT jGJ e dh .gJ H a jdG jCG eCG ,jG
.(75) a d IQG OhG NGO Ya FdG
Kasimpat

:IQG`G ` 3
JdGh .JM UGeh FdG dG H J d IQGG EG JdG
J e LQO EG IQGG J eY QJh e IQGM gOJh YGH J dG
QTCG NJ LQO Y a IQGG J eY G S a ,JG fCG AfEH
jJ ch .LQO j G Ga YGQdG eCG .dG Me IOY HdG
IQGG JJ eY dh .VCG KK hCG V EG jhdG dG e jJ IQGG
EG jo eYh .(76)e bj M Yf H dG C j 45 ` 38 LQO EG
dG UG hdGh FdG dH J dG G FdGh FdG dG MGe
dG dG Gg EG .d e FO ioJ eY H dG H d dEG
,T c dN g dG dG N f d Gh SG jG H e j
.fEG eC f S dG gG Z dG MUh

:``dG ` 4
Lj eYh ,kGL Ic FdG dG h gaJ j dG hdG J
fCG EG .hdG g e GMGh dG jh ,FdG dG j e MGh T
a .QdGh dG H IOLG IQGG hH b Y J Jd dGh IG
dG eCG ,dG e IQG a QdG IQGG e je EG JdG H
dG jGj dHh bQdG Y dG jGj dG hHh .dG Gg jj a NBG
C ,dG jGjh FdG dG C j CG ,dG a IdG H eCG .FdG

160

j hQg

f a .FdG cdG Y jGH dHh JdG GQhGC dG Y jGH dG TGC OLh j

.MGdG Ia GE dG jh dG H dG Y C J e edG

.dG Ja dG Cj IQGG bJ a dG eCG .IQGG jGJ e OGOj dG

MGSG j dG C dP ,JdG e J a Gk MGh kej dG Z GPEG
S fCG dG BGdG dG NCG a .(77) fEd G g c jCG Jd jdGh
: J dH fEG e JdG Lh dGh dGh QdGh dG
m jn B
n pdPn pa sGE p pp er nC pH
l G n s neo o o t dGhn n n n dGhn n r s dGhn Qn n s dGhn n r sdG r ond n s nS hn }
| nn ho scsjn m r n pd k jn B
n pdPn pa sGE p o ofGn rdGnC k p n r eo p VQr nC G pa r ond GnC Qn Pn en hn n op r jn m n pd
13-12 :dG
dP a j NBG kb CGh dG N dG g dG CG EG iNCG jBG QTCGh
:Yh L dG j b
m r npH r opJrC jn pdG o r nZ l ndGE p r en en n p rdGp r jn GE Gk en r n S Qn n s dG or nYn o dG n n Ln rGE p r o jr GnC Qn GnC r bo }
r pe G on r n pdhn ppa G o orn pd Qn n s dGhn n r sdG r ond n n Ln ppn Mr Qn r pehn *nh o pr oJ nan GnC p pa n o or nJ
72- 73: dG | nh o or nJ rosn ndhn pp r an

161

FdG dG : AGG IG

:HQdG j-5
J fC dG H J jd Beh Hd f JdG J
G dG OLG HdG cCG K SH dG FdG cJ
OLG HdG cCG K e dG JdG J dG jW Yh .Gh
GPh JdG SG H IOLG fRGG EG c .FdG d QdG Y eJh
j HdG cCG d fGGh SdG fEG Hh ,HdG cCG d IMdG jG
cCG K QGe SG j QG Gg h .G fHdG fEH dOJ
HdG chCG K
AGdG OLG
CO

dG

GMG

chCG K
Z HdG
AG GG

FdG cdG Y
dG
fG

dG M
a
Fc
fdG
jdG

JdG a
Gh VQCG WH e G RdG
Obh T Y Gh G RZ Y
dG

G FdGh J dG G FdG dP eh .HQdG cGC K RJ VQC G Ic Fc g

E a AGdG HQdG chGC d dG RGaE G Gg He h .bhG QTC Gh GG dch
FG g Jd J dh .G FdG I RdG chC G RJh GRdG g JdG
Y e O Ggh .b bh chC G dh HQdG chGC K RH G C e GGh
.dG q dG G dG

162

j hQg

cCG K f e jJ VQCG Y fEG Ia .AGh AGdG OLG FGdG HdG

jhdG fdG IgX EG ODJ IOjdG gh .c QG AGdG OLG HdG
.'' LLdG ICaG '' KCJ Y j dG AGdG IQGM LQO jGJ EG ODJ
ODj f bdG iNCG IG jhdGh HdG cCG K GSG EG
g IG GKCdG g L V ibCG dGh .G QeCG g EG dc
AMCG fc VQCG Y fRGG g e OLh dh .FdG dH J dG AMCG
IOjRh chCG f e b bh H ee UCh gOLh UGJ CG J
c Qb HQ C ,G g e LGf G dh .dG HdG cCG K
.fhCG Y CG N Lj a Qbh bO HAT
:Yh L dG j
n nNn hn proG pa
l j p n T o nd r ojn r ndhn Gk ndhn r p s jn r ndhn p V Qr nC G hn pGhn n s dG
o reo o nd p dG }
2 :bdG | Gk j pr nJ oQn s n an Am
r n T sco

163

fEa ,MGh He e gQGe Me g CG VaG GPEG

d BGh .UUdG b W e Gk U kfe J TH
dh .e RL dCG FN IdG MG g NGO
aVEHh .kGL UN Xhh J ILCG J e RL d
Qh .UN J H RL dCG FG g S dP EG
N dh ,hCG IAGdG Y e jGhdG g CG fEG j
IG OLe QcG G Ggh .dG e Nh a dG
Lj IMGdG bQdG Sh He e c a .bGdG
dG QdG jL EG c .(78) Qj dCG FN
XH J jd e J dh Gk L IU Me LQOCG
.HdG dG QNH K c fEG I Gk L e
Xh dh ,UN RL J e W fCG Vd
g ch .AG FL J g H eJ S dG RG
IQPh LhQdG GQP e JQP LH j AG Ea e
eS J j S dG RGh .chCG e IMGh
.chCG GQP Y LhQdG jL H dG jCG
Y AG IOLG chCGh LhQdG GQP ah
AG jL H hCG Gk L c QfH j CG j H
LQO Fe Y j AG CG f eYh .LQdG e BG EG
fCG dh .MCG IQH dEG f dG bdG QGe a
IQGM EG h QfG EG LM e J RL H de

FdG dG : AGG IG

GM UUdG b SGC Q j
.He Ge Me
MGh He e jh
dGC 500 Y bQdG S e
Ggh .Qj hGC UN RL
ILC G d FdG OdG
dG dG G Gg V
U jH Y dO T H
e dG J dG
YGH

AV iS bd Qe CG GSH d j fCG jCG Vfh .LQdG BH

,J e W dG RG H j CG j U iNCG Xh g dh .dG
Gg Y M dG LhQdG e AGdG OLG HdG cCG K L gh
dG jQJ SG J S dG g j Gk RL YNG dh .RG
GQdGh LddG feGh OG c ZQ dG Y C .gP e MCH
.dEG QG dG H j RL GNG EG UdG Y QOb Z Gje bQG dG
ja .dG H JdG b c ah c hj Gje fCG dP e gOCGh
Y dEG QG dG g j CG j dG MdG RG g ''QdG'' `H IG
T c N b dG CG c MCG IQH ijo QdG J j eYh .VQCG
e IQP 55 LG e QdG jL fJ a .IOh Z IQHh bO H
e IMGh IQPh hRhCG e 4 h chCG e 5 h LhQdG e 72 h HdG
XH dG jG g J dh .(79) Gk L UN Jh JH ZG
J QdG J dG GQdG gh .d G fe IQP c J CG j
.fEG Y HSG j b bh h ke Gh fEc Jh Gk L Xh

166

j hQg

e je IY e Gk MGh IG g hJh
WEG Y j fEG EG .(80) fdG
j fCG M .Gg Ib Ie GQOEG
MGhh fK dCG MGh H OLG dH
j h Jb JG a ,fK dCG
IG eCG ,Yj hCG cQj CG fEG
e je IY e MGh g dG IdG
fEG IQb J fCG M Ia fdG
.dG

dG jOdG Z OGG
QdG J
e j AdG Ea e g c
NGO AH j gh Fotons fJdG
.QdG RL EG f jh AGG GQhCG
dG dG IQdG FbO j dG Gg EG
.JGQGe J Y a QdG LJ
J -S a K c- dG gh
d dG cGdG gGC e j dG QdG GE
je IY e IMGdG e Gk L Ib Ie
e j FdG cdG Y FQ QhO
IQdG FbO J AKCG J h ,fdG e
.YGC G dG ah JJ GQP
Y AG jL OLG LhQdG dG
CG c j dGj AdG CG LQd ,jd jS dG gh .chCG
oJ G LhQdGh .chCG Y LhQdG J dG IQdG FbO

167

FdG dG : AGG IG

hCG fEG Y j dGh cCG ddG T Y g dG JhdG jL fL e

gh .G LhQdG d UN H U T d fEG gh .G
CG M NGdG dSG dG HdG cCG K e LhQdG fEG
MGG e jCG MG gh .kGL jdG GQhdG SGH kjhc L jL c
Gg H e feG H fC . c H AdG j dG
G J jW Y dG AKCG KhM e Y a jh .ke dG
.(81)JdG
LdJ jdG j dG e N f g :fh g d
AG M .MGdG QdG jL NGO Y c Gj CG jdGh MGdG dG
fCch fEG CG if G S Yh .bQN Y J dG Gg e MGdG
IQP a H eCG .AG dG LhQdGh OdG AdG a c Jh J
chCG IQP e iNCG GQH J CG hO h G aa LhQdG
K e h LhQdG NCa , H J S dG e Gk L J dP Yh .dG
g gfNG dGh kdY Gk QT J dG adG g Hh .HdG cCG
L CG g ,dP e cCGh .fdG JM AMCG UGJ LQO bCG EG gHh
c ZQ fEG EG .fdG e je IY e AL Ib Ie J GMCG g
hCG QdG jL H J e H dG j CG j dG LddG
dG dG CG T a .G e NGO dG GQdG hCG fEG
.d f h T dN dG CG Y dOCG e d H j eh QdG

hC G MGG
N dG dGh dG IQb io a FdG dG MGe dG GPEG
gh jJ AT FdG dG d RdG bda .kMVh cCG IQH

168

j hQg

.(82) fdG e Qe e MGh ;jT QNH

cGeh bdG LG dG bdG jRJ j CG IG g Hh
.iNCG f Y j IdG IG g bdG f h .eRdG ceCG EG YdG
M h .kGb cCG Ie H dG j CG j bdG f e Ie Y CG gh
dG edG Ie CG c.IMGdG fdG e Qe FKdG e MGh gh IG g J
AL Qe FKK EG fK H Y f edG e Y IQY g Y f
.kGL H fEG Y SG OhM M J

IdG G
d jd IN Ff EG ODJ CG FdG dG AKCG dG dG EG
g e jL L j K jL oJ dG g AKCG fC .eRdG HGdG PJG j
cM gh ,kGL N SCG o a dH dG Y eCG .iNCG jL e jG
IN bGe EG ODJ CG dG GQdG FbO cMh ,dG GQdG FbO
eJ EG ODJ CG a dG c Y IdG b j EGh .be d
h .e HGJ FdG dG Y Me d No dh .dG jN
dG bda .jG jQdG G LJ dG jhdG YG H dG g f CG
EG aVEHh .FHGdG bdG fE J jhdG YG GQdG J f J
TCG e ) jd IN da e UY jCG J GQdG J f dG bdG
,KCG Y IG jQdG FbdG j CG e H J j YGh .(eL
YG NGO Vh a ddh ,Ie GQdG J f dG bdG j M
YGh FdG dG dBG ce f gh .IQdG FbdG KCJ bJ kf
jCG FdG dG dBG EG .fEG T h dG dG j fCG ZQ jhdG
j gh .ke jhdG Yc ,fEG AKCG CJ CG UY jJ eCG f d

169

FdG dG : AGG IG

YG gCG dH WT eCG j
UN fCG Y j M .jhdG
e LdG QGVCG ac dGREG e
JdG GQhCG dch .YG J
c eCd UN fCG Y
.jhdG YG IOLG

dBG CG EG UN H IQTEG
fL e FdG dG
LdJ e Gk L keJ cCG LdJ
YG e IOL cCG J Ea NBG fL eh ,fEG gCfCG dG jhdG YG
jhdG YG CG g a j fEG dG G da ,dP Y kah .jhdG
dG eCG ,HG QeCG e BG QJ Me SCJ V Be
dG G GfCG Lh .IOG dH iJ IU N NGO a FdG
aG M G S Yh .kHM d Y b FdG dG Y AKCG KhM
.kGL UN J M V b hdEG H J dG dG dG H IOLG

170

j hQg

.jDhQ j eJ gG cCG CG LQd IU dEG TCG dG aG g Jh

NJ BG fEG fCch J dG JhdGh UCG cJ Ea dP EG aVEH
EG Me CG Nj S cdG g e CGh ,FdG dG Y AKCG IQhdG
.a Y H f b fC a N CG e e IQhdG
c d J S VG Gg UH f S dG IjdG dG UdGh
Jj kc a AdG j dG bhCG a .aCG IQH OLG dG Gg
jo CG Ggh ( triplet ) KdG dG Y j jhc dM EG QdG
fj LQG QdG M jdG fhdEG QGe C ,dG NGO Ic Gk QGVCG
YdH KdG QdG Gg bh .jOe fj CG e kH MGh G G g
dG OMBG chCG jJ EG ODj chCG e QdG
U a QdG Gg hM dG eCG .JhdH j S
.GQdG e Gk L kjb SG b dG ( Carotene ) JhQdG
UCG GfCG e f g dG JhQdG e jdG dch
jW Y dPh OMCG chCG jJ dG H e gOH
Gk e j CG e QdG fCG ,KdG QdG M FJ
.(83) QdG EG f dG IFGdG bdG QGe H dPh
dG bdG dGh G MGG e G Y dG Hh
NCG dG dG Gg dG fM GPEG fEa ,FdG dG
.Vh H dG N dG d j a ,Y jG S dG
bdG dGREG e q dG JhQdG U AL OLh jh
L j eY IQV Z dM jh QdG IOLG IFGdG
: IG dG EG QdG
jG AdG
.a OLh LGdG G ` 1
JhQdG d
''H'' dhC G
171

FdG dG : AGG IG

.e eRdG dG h ` 2
,kGL Fa IOGQEH N b dG Gg CG Y j dG dG dG fch -3
Gh G dG Gg e f OjEG aOd h .Lh Y dG IOGQEH iCG
AY aOe CG j e g Lj c .HGJ e a e H dG e Gh
.Gc jH kef fc
q

QGSC H AG FdG dG Y
ce LGh b FdG dG H ISCG SCJ dG bdG fEG f EG
e dG d dPh YdG Ad Me c bdG GSG IQhV g gCG ,Ic
e OdG AdG e Ea dP Y kah .QGSH QJ dG YdG dG GMEG
j dG dG b YSG d dPh jRH hCG SfG IOYEH eEG j dG
e NBG T EG jH dPh AdG Gg jJ hCG LG M UeG dG AdG
,G g LGJ dG bdG J CG h dG GhOCG L CG c .bdG
e dG FdG dG H Gk HCG cG g LGJ a AGG GQhCG eCG
.a N j hCG

FdG dG MGe
e e fCH SHhQdG NGO j dG FdG dG AdG j
j a HdG dG dEG TCG c dh .jdG hdG YdG
g kMVh cCG dGh .GL Fa YH Ybh H YdG Gg MGe H j
:Me Y FdG dG hM
.( G IdG ) h ( G IdG ) gh
AV FdG dH J dG UCG ,G IdG `

172

j hQg

Jh .AG OLG LhQdG GSH jhc bW EG dh dG

.iNCG Ie AGdG EG FGdG chCG
dG jhdG bdG GSH a AdG EG dG G IdG eCG `
.dG e jdG OGG fE Y G

G IdG
h ATP e Y G j FdG dG MGe hCG J dG G IdG
hCG J dG FGdG Y EG c .Obc H a J S dG NADPH
CG S a jCGQ ch ,ic gCG d AdG UeH qGh FdG dG MGe
J -XdG d kN e SHhQdG e AGLCG g dG- FGdG g
ef Ljh .( FdG dG ) SG NCJh jdGh JhdGh QdG e UCG e
:g SHhQdG NGO FV
eff 680 Le W AH J j dG PhotosystemII FdG dG : khCG
. eh
eh eff 700 Le W AH J j d PhotosystemI FdG dG :kfK
.ba
`H FdG dG NGO dG e AdG Le J dG QdG jL S
ZQh .FdG dG NGO J AdG KCH GC J dG YdG EG c . 700P h 680P
Y CG CG .f dG dG bdH H ej 1^2 FdG edG CG
EG .dG H jh MGdG YdG M jJ g edG jg
chCGh LhQdG WEG e q 2 FdG dG fL e eG dG bdG
.AG jL H
P G Gg h .LhQdHNADP `dG GNG e qa 1 FdG dG eCG
173

AGG ISdG

bf hcJdG
II FdG dG
I FdG dG

KK cJ
aa
SjOCG

GC

()

jG G
JJ dGh Qd
JhdG jH
AdG
JhQdG jL
dGh
q
iNCG IYG

jG g J
bdG UeH
EG UJh FdG
Y YdG ce
jG e S

YdG ce
)

,jcdG ZGC jOLG dGh hC G FdG dG jRJ (GC ) :JB c J FdG dG fe J jW GE

Sa KK cJ dch hC G FdG da .Gk HGC WYG H j SjOC G Sa KK cJ dch
g fC aH WG g dG FdG dG Lj NGB fL eh .jYh bH IO We QN Kj SjOC G
dG b e G FdG bd TG fG hO j dG g bdG jdG Ggh .jYh bH d OM dG WG
Gh YdG ce Y IQY FV d Ie IQU AG Gg ijh .() hC G FdG dG GE dG FdG
e M V Jh JJ fL GE Ija FH J cGdG g Lh .IYG dG e Qd jG
. ATC G N Lh Y dG IQb Y dO QGh QdG dG Ggh .dG

j hQg

,1 FdG dG EG eh 2 FdG dG EG AG fhdEG M hCG j KdG MGG

S dh .kGL e dG d hCG MG Jh NADP. EG GNCGh dP Hh
j ea ,QG Gg dH MGdG JdG j eY dG GMCG
d YdG ce OLG QdGh ,jhc kYJ CGj dH QcG JdG
ie EG ajh jG g fhdEG e kfhdEG jh U EG j 2 FdG
.bd YCG
T h e QGe IQdG IGf M QhJ jd IU AGLCG fhdEG J
h QdG dG fhdEG aH FdG bdG Jh .kGL QGG b FHc
Njo dG YdG Ggh .JGQGe e LJh AdG J dG iNCG UCG
e J bW fhdEG J bdG Gg h IQhdG EG G FdG dG MGe
e dG bdG g gh .fdG e G Gk MGh hj bh RGgGh hdG
dG fCG) .H EG H ae LJ dG UCG jL e iNCG EG jL
.( 178 dG
eCG Le AHH kfe j MG g Gk MGh kfhdEG j dG QdG EG
S EG fG b fhdEG Jh .dS T a hdEd G AG
f fhdEG Jh .ddG jG e Jh ,hdEG f S Y j
cCG bdG e ie d fhdEd bf ch .e NBG EG f L e SCG
Y NBG EG L e fhdEG J eY dG Jh .b dG e kVfG
.AHc dG Gg J h .jQdH bW GS WEG ,dG ie
dG e j dG Aa .FHc d eCG f SCG H G Gg dh
G j dG bdG OGOJ AG ie OGOj ch kFHc Gk qdeo j AHdG
j M ,Y ie e AG j CG LCG e e GSG j fCG Z .Y

175

FdG dG : AGG IG

GC FdG cdG Y dG JdG GQhC G Hh FehdG AHdG dJ H fQe jLGC GPGE

jG dG FSdGh fE G e Ye VC H aGC h bQGC H jG Jda oJ INC G g

NOEH Jh AG jL H e f Vh Md fL e j
GPEG Mh .kGL H e Gg Ea dHh .dG bdG h IQhdG EG c dG
bdG EG dG MdG Y dG bdG j Ea dG Gg ebEG
H dG g ODJ JdG dh .hCG MG LGe j e FHdG
jcdG NGO AG J jh .FdG dH J eY FGQ Hh Fa
EG aH (Stroma ) dEG dG fhdEG Uo S dHh .dG j d tilakoids
jh ddG bdH e L

+
NADP

EG dGNG j gh AdG QGe

.(FdG dG Y AKCG PhotosystemI `d hdEG

176

j hQg

J j AG C G g KdG hdGh dG EG LM g CG Z
EG NJ dG dG bdG e Y G j dG d eRdG bda .dH
cM EG MG g AG fhdEG VJh .jdG W Y f dG IQhO
e Gk AL Jh hdEG f d MGh N e Jh FdG edG c e adG
.FdG dG jd J IOG bdG gh .aO Y c Y bdG
NADPH

jJh 1 FdG dG

YCG EG 7..P QdG hdEG aH a 1- FdG dH JdG j

ALh .hdEG M d NADPH fL e oj hdEG Ggh .bdG e ie
g h NADPH. EG ''ehS'' OLG NADP+ GN j bdG g e
e LhQdG e Gk MGh kfjCG NCjh fhdEG H dG e NADP+ j dG
.(179 dG h 178 dG IOQGdG TCG fCG ) .ehdG
1-

FdG dG) h 2- FdG dG

iNCG dG e Zh e EG dUhh QGe Y hdEG GfG EG

IMGh Ie dG g dh .FdG d eRdG bdG eDJ dP J dG
dG g h .FdG dG QGS Gk QGe c j CG j H Mh j
.Ic e J
hdEG Vh e Hh Gk ZT fe j QGe Y hCG hdEG j eY
hdEG dG K hdEG GH OdG JdG GUG j K G Gg jL
JdG j hdEG EG LM g CG ch ,G jW Y fe e fG dG
jh 700 a dG hdEG e jL hdEG Vj MG g h .Ie c
eY JdG EG .jcdG NGO EG ehdG Lj dG H ) + ) LhQdG jCG
177

FdG dG : AGG IG

hdEG e
S EG FdG hdEG
hdEG f
hdEG e

he hdEG QJ

AdG

AdG
SjOCG Sa FK

bdG ie

hCG FdG dG

dG FdG dG
AG

chCG

hdEG Ggh .bW ie e jj '' 2-FdG dG '' 60P hdEG e j

'' 700 EG UdH OG hdEG e NCjh hdEG d NBG f EG j
bdG J g dG S W Y hdEG j eYh ,'' 1-FdG dG
Ggh .jcdG NGO EG ehdG e LhQdG jCG JdG e gNCj dG
ObdGATP -`dG Y G jh ATP. fEG H a j S LhQdG
ADP.

EG QdG IQP aVEH -IG b Y Ad AMCG c eJ dG

fhdEG Ea dP Yh .(AMCG hc ce (Adenozin

difosfat)

UH 700 `d hdEG LM J hdEG H J dG bdG FGh

178

j hQg

H Y dG UGj Ggh 1-FdG dG EG 2-FdG dG fhdEG

g Vhh fhdEG EG LG LG fhdEd fGN J Ea dHh .e
h N b dG Gg UJ L CG Y NBG dO d e fCG G hCG fGG
.aU J

G cdG
jcdG
jcdG e NGdG A

JdG

+ Pi

FdG fCG
fJhH e
Le T

e NGdG AG
eG) jcdG
(e

(Je eG) edG FdG

cG dG FdG bdG GSG jP 700 GE P 680 e Le hdE G j eY

a jC G Gg GSG jh .jcdG NGO GE edG FdG e LG LhQdG jGC f
LhQdG jGC NO c YC G GE IQdG ijh .SjOC G Sa KK cJ H
G V GL U AL gG G Gg jL j dE G RYE Gh .jcdG LG
,e jG IOLG JdG e f GC j G Gg GE K ,IOG dH iJ dG JdG
dG je e hG e gh

179

GnPen pfhQo nCG pdG phOo r pe nYo r nJ n jp dG r co An ncn To r o jr nCGQn nCG r bo )

Hk n pc r go n r nJBG r nCG pGhn n dG
s pa l r Tp r o nd r nCGp VQr nCG n pe GonNn
(GQk ho oZ sEGp k r Hn r o o r Hn no pd sdG p jn rEGp r Hn o r pe mn u Hn nYn r o an
.40,Wa

j hQg

dG FdG dGh AG
EG JfhdEG YCG dG 680P C dP ,g j G G Gg CG H
EG LG d jCG NBG f SCJ a Gd MG g hdEG H j
dG ) AG H H a 680 `dG fhdEG Y G j Sh .fhdEG
EG c .fhdEGh chCGh LhQg fjCG T (QhG e GQhCG EG f
dG EG fjH bdG 680 `dG fhdEG oJ AG e eOdG fhdEG
f S NBG NADPH fE J LhQdG fjCG Hh .2-FdG
.G dG EG Gk Qe a chCG eCG ,fhdEG
IQGGh bdG GS WEG e q dG jd G dG S SCJ EG
Y dO ,T HCH MH b GPEG M a j dGh ,dG GH jQdH
UdG G e UCG a FdGh G dG Gg Hh .QL Yh Fa J
dP EG aVEHh ,IQdG IQGG jGJ e jG Yh SHhQdG Y G EG
ATP. h NADPH e FdG G dG d RdG bdG Y G b j
K ch .UN H dG Jh FdG dG J J iNCG Ie gh
700 h 680 :b EG J 1-FdG dG h 2-FdG dG FGg Ea b e
eff jH QGh FGdG g dG AdG Le W H OLG dGh
.c dG d UG G XH j
dch f hdG jdG d FGdG e YdG jg Ea G
XH Jh AdG dG kla `H J UN jL OLh dh .f dG
.H OLG NG J IG
M j Gk L IU Ia Y G e dG UG dG U dG eCG
(MGdG G e QG Gk MGh hj eff e MGdG ( eff jY c J
700

181

a.

H+

dG FdG dG

hCG FdG dG SSCG dG

H+

jOCG eCG Jf hOe Jf hOe

jOCG eCG
LhQdG
LG
P700

P680

eG cGdG
Ad
YdG ce H O
2

H+
H+

Le chCG IQP

H+
H+

H+
H+

HfCG GdG
j dG LG jOCG eCG Jf Sa hOe fCG
M Ac GNG YJ GME GYe eY

J P 700 GE dfG b fhdE G g dh ,fhdE G J GE OD j P680 GE j dG AdG GE

E Gh .IQdG G HfC G GdG f fJhdG d eRdG bdG H
P700 e aG fhd
dG jJ j MG g Nh .LhQdG jOGC eGC Jf d FdG dG Gg jf f LJ
hM c SC G GE G Vjh .AG IOLG fhdE G b e P 680 fhdE G UG
e H MGG g

dG a ,HSG dG j LQH IdG dGh OGYCG g Y q e f

.OhG Z dG hP
,jd Fa H G J fCG ZQ FdG d Me hCG G IdG J
MG g LfEG jh ObdG U d dG OGGh .a OGSd Me a
dG Gg j Ggh ,UCG dG a J dG G IdG J
.dG QG
182

j hQg

+H:Le LhQg jCG

c.

b.

FdG FdG dG

G
jG
eG
Ad

H+

dG FdG dG

P680

P680

H+

YdG ce
H2O

H+

H+

H+

+ 1/2 O2

AG jL

H+

H+

+ 1/2 O2

HfCG GdG

HfCG GdG

H+

H+
H+

.AG e f NGB hdGE jh , P 680 QN MWh hdE G J GE AdG OD j ()

NGO G cdG GE j dG PQ Yj bf GE j QG GE hG hdE Gh ( 2)
G
d.

e.

SSCG dG

FdG FdG dG
LG jOCG eCG Jf hOe
NADP+

H+
NADPH

P700

P700

eCG Jf Sa hOe
LG LhQdG jOCG
jOCG eCG Jf Sa hOe fCG
YJ GMEG GYe eY j dG
M Ac GNG
HfCG GdG

PC

HfCG GdG

j dG hdE G j K eh , PC Yj NGB bf Y M j G G cdG GE hdE G Uh H (

Sa hOe jH j P 700 b e hG hdE G GE ( E:FdG dG H P 700 b e MW
eGC Jf Sa hOe GE jOGC eGC L j dG hdG YdG j gh .jOGC eGC Jf
SSC G dG jOLG fJhdGh P 700e MhG fhdE G KC J H dPh LhQdG jOGC
183

FdG dG : AGG IG

G IdG
K jH G IdG J dG bdH IOhG ATP h NADPH FL J
IdG h .AdGh dG e FGZ OGe EG G IdG G HdG cCG
j d YdG jf jL e LfEG j dG H GC J gh ,jFGO YJ G
RcG fEG j Kelvin IQhO Y j dG YdG Gg h .IdG g QGSG
QdGh LhQdG fjCGh NADPH `H G fhdEG GSH glikoz
hCG dG J dG FdG SHhQdG We dG g Jh ATP. `H G
G IdG YJ jh . fEG fL e Y GTEG j Me ch IdG
Stroma jh eG jW Y bQdG NGO Nj dG HdG cCG K EG
eY RGG Z 6 -HdG L dG J g HdG cCG K FLh
fCG ) .CGH b G IdG J Ggh 5 RuBP `H G dG FH JJ
.QdG Y 6- HdG L jh .(hCG MG ,185 dG OLG dG
L c EG SdG J ATP fL eh - Fosfogliserat. G3P e jL jh
dG OLG dG fCG Fosforilasyon IdG H dG g Y jh
.(fdG MG , 185
s(BPG) bifos (AiL e KG) FL J
(Fosforilasyon) Id fh
q
- fosfat 3 gliseral - FL dP Y jh NADPH SGH J gh fogliserat .
.( 4 , 3 `MG ,185 dG OLG dG fCGG3P
EG gdH Kloroplast `dG j e dGh dG e f j G Ggh
.RcG fEG cQd Stoplazma) ) IG
.( eG MG ,185 dG OLG dG fCG )
.iNCG Ie Fosforilasyon Y e h Kelvin GQhO UGa e NBG dG eCG
.IQhdG jGH dG 5-RuBP L EG j Ggh
184

j hQg

(HdG) HQdG cCG KaVEG

2CO HdG chCG K

RdjGdG Sa FK

jLSdG eM
2 jL
P b jL
GQP S G 3 GL Sa KK
HQc

SdG aVEG
(IdG)
SjOCG Sa FK
2 jL

SjOCG Sa KK
RdjGdG Sa

3 ,1 GL Sa

SjOCG Sa KK

Sa hOe
jOCG eCG Jf

dc IQhO
2 jL

jG Sa KK
jG Sa KK
IQhdG IOYEG
jL e

2 jL

aVEG) dG
(LhQdG

jG Sa KK

(RcdG S fEG j) dG
GP RdjGdG Sa FK jH HdG GQP J eY (1).G NGO HdG chGC K dh Y dc IQhO GC J
FdG dG Gd fh ( 2) .b jL dh HdG e GQP
q Hh f cG e jL dJ HdG e GQP G
e JQcG jG GE SdG QL aVGE Jh ( 3) .GL Sa KK e Je jL GE jG g e c J
g jh .SdG GL jL IdG g f dJh (4) .''Ia'' `dH dG g YJh SjOC G Sa KK b
jG g e AL jh (5) .jG Sa KK GE d LhQdG jOGC eGC Jf Sa hOe KC H jG
IQhH GTG a NB G AG eGC (8-7) .RcdG S fGE Qd RHJdG GE e AGG ISdG QN GE IjG
dc IQhO hC G IG dGh HdG SG RdjGdG Sa FK GE eh iNGC Ie Id Ve dc
185

FdG dG : AGG IG

( 8` 7 MG ,185 dG OLG dG fCG )

IQhdG g QGJ e H MGdG RG L fE RdG G3P `dG L fEh
.Ge S
G g c ,FdG dG e MG g e FXh J fEG EG
kkarbok G fEG ,JG fEG g gCG e d a .MGe L
MG g kUN dG difostaz karboksilaz ) 1.5 sidismutoz ( ( ribuloz
EG ( G e e Fe e MGh ) e 0^00000001 M fCG ZQ FdG d
d IFa g g PEG .IcCG Y RH jh eGG H j fCG
IOh e H G NGO GQgHQdG jJ j GPEG fCG G e ?dG
Gg j dd .gQfG EG jdG ODjh d NGdG dG OGR dG
Ggh .FGdG e dG NGdG dH KCJ Ic jf jL TCG Y jdG
- 5 L eCG .YS jYh HQCG QGe Y fEG H J dG dG YCG e
YdG e Z S ebEG e q b j ,b e dEG TCG dGh G RuBP
SHhQdG c YdG Gg QGJ a jL e dG Ad eRdG IOG L J
j Qe Gk OLe NADPH h ATP h HdG cCG K GO e Ie H
c dG fL e YdG Gg AKCG BH LfEG dG RcG L
J dG- g YdG S .(84) jJ j hCG jJ IGOCch chCG
Gj CG LCG e hb e AdG LCG M ,d OL cJ EG - Z RjEH
hCG ,iNCG IQU CH VQCG LfEG dG GQgHda .jdG WN
e jd G dG Gg H JdG SGH jdG OGG fEG j fEa ,ShCG
.iNCG AMCd FGdG QOG gCG a k G OGG g eCGh .dG je
dG GH FdG dH J G IMh AMCGh jdG KGGh JdG EG
Fd a .BG M jdG fL e edH a EG Ujo dG G
LhCG FdG g CH AYOq E Gh ?bdG dG GH J fPCG h Y h h Y
186

j hQg

FdG g CH AYOEG e S AYOq GE f AJ e FdG dG f d

ee fCGh bdG Y d AGdGh AGh dG GSH Gk QGb JG
.JGQGb d KGQdG Yh jdGh VjdGh AjdGh AdG
j MGh Qj fEG GhOGQCGh FYh dG MH c LG a dG Y gfh
j fCG dP .dP dG Gj a a jdG OGG GSH FdG dH
dG e dh ?j c khCG Gj CG dG Gg ebEG b hCG Y
WN GY jd G dG Gg S d kac d dG jOLG LddGh
.jdG
dG QdG L j e fEG Ea e kej dG Gg c fCG VaG GPEGh
Y j T UUdG b SCGQ Me QH Me e IMh dCG FN c
aOGh Yh H dG GQdG CH GAYOq EG Ea ddh ,H JGQeh fEG
.HSG dG j eCG JfeEGh fEG Y j CG j e AdG

187

fdGh AMCG CH YJ QdG jf Ea e g ch

aOe CG ,f AJ e fJ AMCG dG edG IG
CG VH BG M jCGQ c fCG Z ,e W hX
jd Gk e kJ f bQh dG FdG dG f
CG ATCG g Y j ddh .AMCG LCG dch
.jdG g UCG Yj c f AJ e aOe J
CG dG Gg CG d J IcCG FG g EG
jf Y aGj jdG Cf CG Yh aU J b j
H dBG Gg H b dG e :SCG H AJQGh AdG
j gOHCG UJ Me SCJ dGh HS P
?j
CG g :gh j CG j NBG GDS g CG T
CG ?dG Gg e H eb dG g dG jN CG Qf
Gg e Qf CG dH ?Jh J JdG g
YGdG dG GH jG b VGaG C ,WEG Y AdG
f eY Gf dG edG da ,eh Z bdGh
g dG Gg g PEG ,M .G Y e d dG NGO
?dG j dG MdG FdG g dG fEG Y f
Gk J BG cCG AH b dG g fEG a !c dH
c ,G e dCG MGh M e VQCG Lh Y
.G AdG Gg NGO j e UQ M j fEG EG

FdG dG : AGG IG

dG e Gk QJ g CGh ,jQdH QJ AMCG L CH YJ QdG jf EG

!? CG U AYOq G Gg g ! dh .cG EG
OH FdG dG f IOLG AGLCG M f fCG Vf CH dPh
g FdG dG Y d eRdG AGLCG OY CG Vf ,G S Yh .e
KK hCG KG CH fh VGaG f K .(H dP e cCG g G ) Fe
Yj c f AJ e aOe fJ (dG Gg e dSG e) AGLCG g e
GPEG Mh .AGLCG H J d dG je f e H dG g a .jQdG
.iNCG AGLCG OLh d dPh ,T C J d fEa jJ dG AGLCG Lh
jJ j CG Y a jNBG e MGh Lj eY j dG dG Gg eCG
dG ) FdG dG hM Ea ddh .e Ad kaf j CG hO iNCG AGLCG
aOe edG AH J dG AGLCG aVEH (iNCG AMCG f e e f g
Gg e if CG Gd .Gh dG e kaGe AYOEG d jQdG Yj c
OLh j khCG .FdG dG Y J dG MGG H QNH cf CH AYOq E G
dG cG LCG e MGh bh dG jN eRdG dGh fEG L
.IMGh aO IQU UCG fEG QGeh Y c eR V jCG jh .FdG
IQGG QGe h dG eR J bCG CG ka ) J dG YdG gEG fOCG C
hCG YdG f J dG FdH q j S ,( YdG NJ dG G IOG hCG
Z dG j IQcG ATCG g e MGh CG OLh Y dM h .IFa Y j
g UGh c :gdG EG GDdG Gg QOj S G Gg h ke d dU
fCG J ahG FG Ea ,dP Y kah ?c dG j M JM WdG AGLCG
a ,jdG dP f j jdG SdGh dG bO OGORG G b c
oJh dG dP J dG LddG Ib Y dj e RL Lj dG G
dG GedG Hh jG GedG H fQG J eY VhCG H G g

190

| l jp Yn
w p n nd n dG sGE p pQp r bn s Mn n dG GhQo n bn en }
B G ,G IQS
.74 j

QdG dP Y e Nh .dB G J J eG dG QJ IQhdH j J dGB M J GE

dG FdG cdG a dd .VG bh Je Hh VG GedG M H SdG
M dO J fG bQGC M jj GC fE G jh IOG dH iJ cGJ NGO
.gedG Lh Y dG IQb Y

Y H eG jdG gCG e Gk c jJ G g EG .GS b J fc

fe FdG dG Y JdG CG c PEG .GQhCG dG c
fe M H dG j SdG CG M dG je e jG
.gZh SCG g N e d de GJ J jQdG j h !?IdG
g dEG AdG j dG G dG eCG . dN jM dDj dP ZQh
qJ dG hdGh dG Gh dH VG OaEG a G jG
GSH (G M) AMCG c FGh IgdG G S dhj c .dG
OH j (c)h ( GP ) e SCG Y j CG e ka .jd IG G
f Gg CG j NBG h VH G dG MUGh dG eG
AJQGh AdG jf AfCG dP QdG jf IYO Ea dP eh .QdGh AdG
CG h .JdG LJ dG jRYEG dG eCG gO ANEG j e Gk c
jQdG IJSCG e gh Ali Demirsoy SeO Y dH dP Y ke f
192

Gg eCG j FdG dG LJ dG jRYEG dG Y cCG CG a ,cJ

j CG e fCG hjh jd e M FdG dG EG '' :kFb G dG
c e eCG IMGh aO MGG L jJ C ,N NGO LJ dG AYCG
dG Y IOLG eG dBG g EG .(85) ''e H eCG iOGa jJ CG
dG MdG dG CG M ,VQCG Lh Y OLG dG jN L LJ FdG
L YdG EG f dH OGG NJ c .dG H j Ie jCG H Gf
YSh YdG JJ CG c .kFGO f G g LQG G Jh ,bhCG
.ASG H FdG dH FdG JdG L Y j Ggh .dc j
jEa iNCG Mf eh .dG e Z QGdG jh j fCH dG Uh dhh
e H J
q fCH ,(Qb H jh AGG JdG L Lj dG ) dG Gg
M HJ dG g h .G GfCG c Y J dh T H g ,aOG
CG ,QN YH J b jd Ie Y g dG FdG dG CG gh ,IcDe
gh .JdG a X dG dG e IOLe dBG gh .J dG IQH N b
b dG dG Ib Y dJ c IU Me Vh dGh Qb H eG dG
.H

193

jdG Y chC G FdG dG

N U G IMh AMCc FGH AMCG jdG CH jQdG AYOG EG
J dG dOCG gCG e IMGh FdG dH J dG jda ,iNCG JGAYOc
J eKL g fdG jHh .AYOG Gg dEG j dG SCG V ie
fCG H ,eKG NGO J He f gh .S GQe KK e FdG dH
.Y c EG UdG j
dG dG Jh .FdG dH d AG J jdG GfCG EG
.f dG GLJ dGh ,jdG Zh jdG jG IcCH a LJ
Gj jdG Ad d Ve Gje chCG H FdG dG Ea dch
FdG dG GfCG OLh EG c .LchCG FdG dG Y M e M
Y ASG eCG chCd LG EG .dG j jCG g G
fEG LCG e d f kf C fCG dG EG c .Gh dGh dG IOLG AMCd
.dY LdJ d dG g CG dP e cCGh .hdG L chCG
j SfC M Gk d j Gj e LddG g Y c Ve EG
iNCG M gf iNCG KGG FN f eYh .jdGh MGdG dG
.dG e H NGj dG fRGG GQ VQCG N dG CG gh ,fK Ie
SSCG J gh ,Y ASG dG fRGG g e fRGe jdG h
IMGh J jCG gh .G dG dG RdG f K e h dG dG
dG AMCd AGdG S M FGhCG e
Lh Y OLe M c EG .VQCG S Y
dG FH j GU hCG c Gc VQG
oj Ggh ,VQCG IOLG FXHh
.Obh Y dN OLh
fdG jH

ddG
dG AG EG dG e ,hdG c LJ M Fc ddGh TCG EG
,Gh dG M hCG VQCG LJ dG NdG G He EG AGdG eQ eh
EG G IMh e J TCG d c .FdG dG H dG J gh
L IG ddG g EG .e S EG j dG dG dG W
iNCG JdG e j dG G dG QHh IOG KdG TCH dG AfCG
jO G dG Lj dG chCG e aJ IG JjJ EG aVEG
.Ie H H J dG FdG dG SGH Ic
.jQdG IdG M G IOe AMCG e FGH cCG G IMh AMCG EG
.YR M G IMh AMCG Y QJ jG IOe AMCG CG Y dO Ggh
Ea dP Y Yh .iNCG jQdG jG e ,Y S d d CGdG Gg dh
dH J dG ddGh .jd e N jc iJ G IMh TCG H
Lj dG chCG e aJh Gk e kjN kjJ AMCG Y IQY g FdG
JjJ EG aVEH G IMh ddG dG TCG EG c .G dG
.dG IOLG SdG TdG HCG oJ IG jG
) kjJ ehe 0^5 M fC IOG dH jDhQ AMCG g EG
J fCG EG Gg dG M ZQh .(86) (G e e e MGh hj ehG
G FdG e FG J Jh jJ Ic OGYCH VQCG Lh Y
J dG iNCG e dG IOLG AGdG d SSCG Jh .G LJ dG
c kjJ W e KKh Fe fEH dPh ( Planktons ) FGdG e FdG dH
LCG e J Iqe dBG Y IQY AMCG g e M ch .(87) dG HdG e S
.d chCGh AGdG aJ
JdG AMCG g L X hdEG H Y G dG IQdG h

U e AMCG g L CG Y j SdG FGdG dTCGh jdG SJh

.Y dN
TCG e BG GY fCG EG ,G IMh AMCG g CG eh
cJ H G Jh a L g GP g TCG gh G
QhH Ggh .TCG g jd RdG e Ie dCG e e
q SS
ea dP Y ka ,(88) aOH OGG J dhj jdG ShCG YCG
AMCG fCH jQdG j dG AMCG g eJ dG cdG H j
c Hh FGH AMCG d fCG if G GQL jJ Hh FGH
IOe fCG fEG J dG jdG edH ddG IOa .Yj
g J eYh AMCG e dG fL e eGSG j Ie jhc
IOLG jdG edH `dG ce SS WCG J jG fGQL AMCG
j dG G IMh FdG d IG jdG CG c .dG
UCG EG aVEG AMCG g EG .dP Y jCG J FGdH jQdG
AGdG ( Xantofil U ) jCG FdG dH J dG IG jQdG
cCG g G IMh AMCG gh .gdG QU e UCG dG J dG
.(89) e d U Ie jJ dh SCG id (O) ed Qe
.aOG jW Y KhM h UN H N f e AGLCG Y IQY gh

FN gCG e GJ dG Gg UN H
Veh GQhCG dG bQG FG :gh JdG
g CG Y dd a eG g cP eCG .FdG dG
aOG f J CG dG dGh AMCG
JdG EG .VG Gg Y iNCG dG hq Oo Y kaN
jCG h e h Y h j d d Fc Y IQY
GSGh QGdG PJG e dG hCG YdG EG LJ dG dG
eG e ij c dh aG Y Gh IOGQEG
dGh JdG dG FG Ea BG M IQcG
dG dG EG .Y kYhh kY J H J dG
gJ -aGh YdGh dG MU- fEG j
j h H ,ddG LddG MU gh a dGh
H dG J dG AfCG L IOLG JdG Ea ,a
.fdG e QG MGdG c b bh
fEG Y j dG dG Gg j e EG ,PEG
dG dG j c j f c CG T ?dEG UdG
N j hCG e jOhG Z dGh dG MU a N
H J j a IQP c Mh dG N a ,a
BGdG G g jEG bh .J CG Y j c
: J dH dG
o er nC G o s n n jn s o nrpe n V Qr nC G n pehn mGhn n n S n r n S n nNn p dG o dG }

FdG dG : AGG IG

(12 :dG ) | krYp Am r n T x opH n Mn GnC r bn n dG sGnC hn l j pbn Am r n T u co nYn n dG sGnC G o nr n pd s o n r Hn

JdG L CG VH d J JdG Y Hf dG GG g L EG
fL e N b , dG dHh H J dG YCHh dG dH
f bdG h Oh Z Y GSG G Gg h .e dh FdG IQdG
jBG OQh ch ,dG dN g dG dG EG La dG g L eCG ,Y GHG
:dG BGdG jBG e
p r n dG pa p r nJ pdG pro dGhn Qp n s dGhn p r sdG pnpNr Ghn p V Qr nC G hn pGhn n s dGp rNn pa sGE p }
uco rpe n pa snHhn n pJr ne n r nH n V Qr nC G ppH nrMnC an Am ne rpe Ap n s dG npe odG nn rfGnC nehn n S sdG on rnj n pH
| n op r jn m r n pd m jn B p V Qr nC Ghn Ap n s dG n r Hn p s noG p n s dG hn p jn u dG pj p rnJhn mHs G On
(164 :IdG )

200

Qq ``dG `jN
,AMCG N Ia gd X jf g :jhQGdG hCG QqdG jf qEG
fc EG aVEG ,U jCH dG EG nrn Sn fc M RhJ dh
OGe e Cf IG CG jdG g YqJh .QfGh CG Y IH jf
N K eCG ihJ e YS AYqOG Gg qdh ,aOG H M
a Vhh dG N da .Lh Y dG b e AMCG Zh AMCG
QqdG jfh .Jh fS WdG dG T H g bdG jRGG
e Jh '' Fd dG N '' aQ IH J W FU J CG d
. Y kH '' aOG''
dOCG CG ac gOHCG e jdG g fGL f eY dHh
G FdG OLG QG da ,NBG H kGMGh gq J dG
IOLe a GQqdG dP Y eh .G Z FdG e kGJ cCG
HCG AGLEH jRGG g CG fh ,jd SM jRGe ah
NBG JJ ah G dG IOLe f GQqdG g qCG qGE ,Y G
,jGh fCGh JhdG cd SSCG OGe J a ,kGJ cCG
.ge LQO EG SM jeh dBG d Sh Jh
H jdG g YGe d kFQ kS c QG dG Gg qEG
. jdG dG jf

jhQGdG eg dG YG
EG Ie Y SdG dG G IO IQH jqdG g X
G qdh ,jZEG IQG EG gQhL dGh jdG cGdG
UCG '' c QhU g dG fO b We d Lh jdG g QH dG
FdG N Y Hc dDG VQjh .jhQGO dQJ dD '' GfCG
G OYG EG Yj dP e kHh ,Jh fS dG b e G G

FdG dG : AGG IG

hM f AMCG H NG X edG Qhh ,MGh L e ac G FdG Af Y

.dG GdG
aGYH qGE d ''ke kL'' fc Rhj h ,Y dO CG G j jhQGdG AYOG Gg qEG
aGYG de IQH hJ '' jdG Ye'' SH H Y iMG dG EG M ,kT g
dH d ,SG OhOdG d CG jdG J dG SCG e jdG OLH f jhQGO
.jdG H ja GK
jd Ib e dG QdG d SCG d SG OhOdG QH dG j CG j ch
kGMGh YGe s ah jhQGO eCG N jG dG dh ,Hc cP W dG Ggh .edG Qh
. NBG H
:gh Y jc jhQGdG AfG EG OCG FQ eGY KK cP h
.Ie hC IG QX c Y Y J OjEG ke J jdG qEG (1
.AMCG H d Sc '' Qd UN dBG'' OLh Ia Yj Y dO CG OLh Y (2
jf YJ e Y IMGh aO AMCG OLh d J GG j dG
q qEG (3
. QdG
:KdG eGdG g dH Sh

Gk HGC bG Z IG : IG UGC
dh .S Qe3^8 b IMh N e Cf cCH G FdGh IG qCG Qq dG jf Yq J
dG M e G G FdG GfCG e jG EG J CG IMGh M c
?dP J Ge jCG LJ GPa ,ka M b dG Gg c GPEG h ,cdGh
AYOG Y bdG j UdG g VG bh ,Y HLEG jdG J DhdG Gg qEG
X G g CG jdG YJ ?OLdG EG X c iJ .''CG G'' J Gh hCG
Z hCG LQN KCJ CG dg j CG hO dG hX X h gMh aOG f OLdG EG
H d KM M Z kGOGe qGC jdG YJ :NBG ,kWb kaQ G Ia aJ fEG CG ;W
. ahG dG YGdG ac e ke aj AYOG Ggh ,M N QX EG dH OCG aOG

204

j hQg

''IG e C J IG''
dG gG W qj dGh ,QcG Hc IG UCG Y kGHCG jhQGO dQJ j
GfBG dG ch .kGL H OGe e AMCG J Va RhJ dGh ,Y IFS fc dG
Os Ge qCG gOeh ,SdG hdG e JS VJ fc dG ''FdG ddG'' jf KCJ Gj e
.M OGe fCG h aOH b M Z
GG KJ e OYG Gg J EG SdG H J fc edG G H gh
H fc jdG GAYOq G g KEh .G eGU GdG KJh qdG a
M QdH GdG GC J kb QfG Yh , m H Tb b Y G e M Vh e QdG
. IdG J SdG OYG
jdG OYG Gg EG SqdG bS a ,dG OhdG KJ gh iNCG IgX g fch
eG HdG SGH L j OhdG CG gh ;H a NBG AT KEG dh ,d kdO JGh
IdG fc ''GfCG UCG'' Hc jhQGO dN dCG dG IdG h .dG Y j dGh Jbd
e a GS N H dG GQdG KCG dh ,M Z OGe e C J fCG jdG Y IFdG
jd fdG AMCG Y gGLCG dG HCG jW Y dPh ,a AL e U Y dG dCJ
CG J G Z OGG CH FdG AYOG UCG d'' :j c KHCG Ff QSH jh ,QSH
(90)
.''`jdG e IG J
dh ,QSH dEG UJ dG dG dOCG V jW I aj QdG jf Y aGG Xh
Gg e QX dSG dHh ,G cJ H j dG dG KCG edG Y QH dG
. f AJ e G cdG

jdG dG dG hG
IG UCG Ve hJ e hCG jQHhCG QdCG AMCG Y ShdG UNG c d
J G Z OGG CG KE jdG dG q KK IjY kKHCG iLCGh ,jdG dG
kFb IQG j CG G VGh jQdG dH AH KHCG dh ,aOG jW Y M OGe OjEG
(91)
.'' eH QdG jf J AGOS f tnoj G UCG qEG'' :
KHCG GhLCGh jQHhCG S dG f jdG GhSGh ,QdG IYO e AdG bH SCj h
M 1953 S e fS jeCG FdG b e LCG H TCGh .IG UCG EG Ud

205

FdG dG : AGG IG

GRdG g Vhh ,dG VG G dG e GRZ GP OGe OLh VaG

cJ NJ dG eCG VMG H Y j CG SGh ,bdH gLh MGh e
. JhdG
OGG C ;a K e YS dh ,eCG EG e IN GdG
q J HdG g soYh
K dG Ggh ,dG VG IOLe fc dG OGG M J HdG eG
(92)
.MdG GdG cCdH
J HdG AGLEG eSG dG OGG CH j CG f e VG jW U Ia Hh
(93)
.edG dS G dG LJ fc dG OGG M
dhJ G gh ,jdG dG GW jhQGdG gGLCG dG QdG c dH AHh
S f e V HS jO S dG G LdG AdG UNG GOH L
: j e G ALh , jhQGdG LdG GP ''VQCG'' U Y 1998
CGH c :gh ;HLEG d e LGf jGH c c dRe h jdG dG Of f ''
(94)
? IG

Id IG dG
IG UC dG VG Gg CG gG g QJ QdG jf L idG FdG dG
.Y bj H dG G Fd M ,jd e
h VG bh fEG U dG LddG e L e H YCG G FdG N EG
.dG IQG eG cCG M Z OGe H IMGh N fEG
aOG Y OSH MT fCG LQd ,kGL Ic M N jd eRdG hdG EG
dMG :G S Y) d SSCG M g dG Jhd paOJ jJ MG CG Z ,kbWEG
.bGdG VQCG Y ke J 1 / 10950 g eCG M e N d Se JhH jJ
e QJ ed Fg kH j G IGf G eG j dG DNA `dG sEG
e N JU OY ch , e J Y J e fQJ eG a,a
.U
EG fJ DNA dG jdG CG gh dG g jZ iNCG LGhORG kjCG gh
IOLG eG M j fCG g fEG dh ,UG ( fCG) JhdG H

206

j hQg

a ,LGhORG J d f bdG ke gOLh e H a ,H KdG WJQ a DNA

G H jh ,JGP e Lh b IG EG :J dG IdG RCe bdG EG ODj
(95)
.''LQhCG d '' hG jhQGdG
jJ j dG jZ fe dG RNA DNA h jhdG VGh JhdG EG
CG hO gMCG fEG a ,ke Vae aOe jJ MGh ,f Gh f bdG
IG QX dSG gh f G UdG EG kGe fEG j dch ,kGOLe NBG j
. Fc H
g ,d QN H IG H f CG a ke aOG jH IG QX c EG
.G QfEG SSCG Y jdG Jee c H dG QdG jf J G

QdG jd dG dB G
AYOG Ga '' QdG dBG '' M QhJ fc jhQGO jf f kS fc dG fdG dG
AYOG Mh .G jdG Hb Y FGMG dh kY U d dG fO e CG j
Gg qGE M ,AYOG Gd FSG gCG YCGh ''dG fG'' f M QdG qEa jhQGO
. '' dG fG jW Y GfCG UCG'' SCG dG dG SG e j b e gG
hdG eAeh Ib J dG G FdG AH GC e EG j dG fG e qEG
hdG SCG jCG Ea SG fGG b e jG e b Ouog d :G S a ,dG
dBG g dh .hdG jS AjbCG jjCG e kdCe dG j Ggh ,IG b Y AdG j
fG'' J dG
q Gd .ke N EG d Cc ,NBG EG T e jjCG QJ CG J
'' GfCG UCG '' Hc V H cPh dP j c f jhQGO M h ,Qd Sc ''dG
(96)
.''G VdH j dG fG Ea HjEG GJ J W'' :j

Qe KC J
Y jhQGO LCGh ? HjEG GdG g S fc c :f j dG GDdGh
TY fa AMCG Y Qe h ,Qe e Y LQ e S e QaCG EG kGOSG GDdG Gg
,MdG LCG EG KQJ e GJ J AMCG CG Yj c GH jhQGO b eh
aGQqdG qE a FYOG Mh ,IjL GfCG QX EG qOGC L H kL GdG g cGJ ch

207

FdG dG : AGG IG

jhQGO YCGh .jW MCG Y ddG QTCG GQhCG Y d Jh f dG e Cf

Y iJ fc dG HdG e Ob UCG G CG YOq G a ''GfCG UCG'' Hc He eCG
cG dG KGQdG fGb CG EG .(97) NBGh G H AG EG hdG EG Ie fch FG FdG
fH FdG IQSCG jf EG iqOGC jdG dG G Y Y GC W dG QdGh e
e KCJ hCG IFa GP Z dBG ''dG fG dBG '' X Ggh ,NBG EG L e G dG
.jG dG f Lh

KGQdG GdGh jG jhQGdG

dG KK kUN gLGh dG jdG G eCG gOL H jhQGq dG b
,'' jG jhQGdG''`H Y e hCG ''jG dG
q jf''`H gSCG IjL jf GbSh jdG
j edG Ggh ,dG fG fL EG QJ KCJ d NBG eY g jdG g Mh
GdG gh ,HG HjEG GdG J h kS J L hCG KGQh GW M
. d KGQdG SG C N f hCG YTEd VdG H qeEG
jdG g YsJh ,jG jhQGdG SG AMCG id QdG Y aGJ dGRe jdG gh
dG hCG PCGh dc cdG IGh AMCG id IOLG G cGdGh AYCG CG
,G cJ GJ hM hCG KGQh GW hM KCH EG J hCG J dEG ... Gh
AMCG Y QV eY J kFGO KGQdG GdG CG gh ;kM kY kqe LGj AYOG Gg dh
.jCG e j IFa GP J h
e FGY jL J CGh ,jd cdG Ie DNA`dG jL Ea kGL VGh dP Sh
jeCG KffGQ.. Y j dG G gh ,S KCG d j CG e H kW c
h ,QdGh FGdGh dH J KGQdG GdG qEG'' :j c G Y UNG
GdG qCG VJ dG edG FG g qEG .GMCG MCG KCJ GP Z Jh kGQOf EG
eq EG j CG d q H G G FGY J
q GC qCG kUN ,QdG GMEG kGQhO J CG
EG ODj CG cCG Ma ,gjJ EG ODj dG YS FGY J qGC ka ,KDe Z hCG kGQV
(88)
.'' IH qKDe Z j CG hCG H QdG EG
.G Fd G dG EG qOD J KGQh IW OLh dG EG j qfC ;ka M e Ggh
kS L dG GdG g qGC j Ggh ,UG GdG L QV KCG dG gGdGh

208

j hQg

ZCG be cJ H ,AMCG Y KCdG jJ Sh jG jhQGdG b e AMCG Qd

h (WdG V HUEG g fEG UG KGQdG Id e aCGh ) MCG
.QqdG Y d Y Ie dBG QdG KCdG GP KGQdG GdG J CG dc Gh
jhQGO aGYG M a gMd IKDe J CG gQhH a dG fG dBG qeCG
.dG AMCG id QdG Y qGE CG ,''QdG''`H Yj e Lj CG dHh ,f

SdG d KGC : GG S
,QdG jf Yq J dG gjQdG e CG hM Y Y dO aCG Gq G S t n o
FdG e e a ,NBG H e H Cf GfCG q G FdG qCG Yq J jdG a
,AMCG e G GfCG X SdG Hh ,edG Qh NBG f EG j CG G e G
j AYOG Gg G kGOSGh .dG e jG e SG YdG dG Gg qEa jdG Mh
. AMCG YdG dG M Ia GW ( dfG) Sh M OLh
jGdG fC ;SCGh MGhdG e ce U Fc OLh j :G S Y
U GP Fc OLh Vj hCG ,MGhR EG jQdH dh AG J Fe b fc
bG g dh ,QW EG d K MGhR fc jGdG fC ;MGhdGh QdG e ce
jh ,e J
q hCG bYEH He hCG N Qb GP J CG Ha Ia TY b VGaG
.'' dfGG TCG'' SG dfG FdG g Y QdG IYO
OGYCH Lh fCG H a ,jQdG G ka TY b '' dG TCG'' g CG VaG dh
jh ,G GG V kGKCG J CG H ch ,GQH H jH QJ Ic GfCGh Ic
b dG G FdG g J CG H a jf U GPEG'' :Hc G g Y jhQGO
V Ge cG g gOLh Y dO MCGh ...VQCG S Y e Ie TY
(99)
.''jG

jhQGO eGB N
CG Y j dh ,BG Mh Y SdG dG e e kGL Ic Jh jM jLCG
c e Y jG f Y G dG GG KCG bh ,'' dfG TCG '' d KCG
. IQU cCG Yh ICa OLdG EG X b YGfCG AMCG L CG e ;jhQGdG bj

209

FdG dG : AGG IG

Y jdG UNG jGh jjO gh q jhQGdG IZ MCG G H YG bh

ie Y fcCG AGS ,ec M Fc Y dM g G e qEG'' :kFb GG
KCG qGC Y QdG hO kehO LGh dG gh ,G Gd J Y UCG CG GfCG
OLh CG hO ICa ac AMCG QX d J GG EG CG .(100) ''kjQJ IQG bG d
G FdG g c Y J Ggh ,jhQGO dEG gP e Y kW Ggh ,kjf dfG TCd
gh ,kb j CG g e L d j CG hO ICa M Fc Qd MdG dG C ;b
:Ja SZhO e Qe AMCG Y b b G
Lh eq EG AMCa ,AMCG OLh d dG fO GFS GJ hCG ee QdGh G qEG''
hCG GfCG Y gQJ f X fCG CG ,dc J hCG IQU cCG Y dG Lh Y ICa
M Ib e Ha jdGh dG ec IQHh ICa X b fc EGh ,OLdG S OGLCG
(101)
.''G FdG g e OjEG dJ AT H Yh d
,jJh T MCG Yh VQCG Lh Y ICa X b G FdG CG J Ga
. jhQGO j c c QdG dh G g GfCG UCG EG :CG

fE G Q q J IQSGC
OdG Gg h ,fEG UCG TH g QdG jf V Td MhG YVG gCG e qEG
,dG VG TY OdH T M Fc e kGQe Cf G fEG CH jhQGdG YJ
IdG N dfG TCG H OLh jdG YJh ,S je 5-4 b CGH QdG Iah
: gh fEG QJ Y V FQ Y HQCG g G AYOG Gg Mh ,IQcG
Australopithecus SHdGShCG-1
Homo habilis Hg eg-2
Homo erectus SjQEG eg-3
Homo sapiens HS eg-4
dh ,G Ob hCG '' SHdGShCG '' SG G fEd YCG G Y QdG IYO j
q c gGLCG dG HCG KCG bh ,G OhdG GfCG e V`e f iS d bG g
AY TCG e gch eNGR dS OQdG jdGh OQchCG dQJ QahdG jeCG e
ke d bY h OhdG e Ve f iS d G FdG Gg qGC G Ob Y jdG
(102)
.fEH
210

j hQg

MGe ac h ,fEG hCG ''eg'' SG jhQGdG b e Y j G Ob J dG MGh

UG GG VH jhQGdG jh ,G Ob e kGQJ cCG G FdG UCG ''eg''
,G QdG hG Gg e OLh Y kGcCJh jf U Y dc VG GfCG H
dG g h .G GfCG g H QJ HGQ CG OLh BG EG j fC ;N :fh
IG dG qEG'' :kFb je fQBG gh jdG dG QdG jf IYO MCG H YG dG
(103)
.''IOe H G e HS eg EG
eg (SHdGShCG) G Ob e J U KEG jhGQdG hj S gh
dG acG dh ,j qd kGL j ebCG EG CG HS eg ` SjQEG eg ` Hg
ceCG GhLh b SjQEG eg h Hg eg h G Ob CG KCG GG AY gLh
M TY b SjQEG eg e GfCG OLh g dP e HCGh .(104)f edG IdG h
fEG) HSeg h dJQff HS eg e L EG kL Lhh kf jM Ga
(105)
.(G
dG jdG G g eCG h ,NBd kGL gMCG c U Y KCG acG gh
GG Y UNG dc L S gh JYO MCG j QdG jhQGO jf LGh
: j e OQaQg eL
UCG Id M GPe PEG ,f edG G TY b fEH T GfCG KK fc GPEG''
H H fQe AGLEG Y dP e gOCG h ,NBd kGL j H e MCG fCG VGdG ?fEG
(106)
.''H a jQJ bY jCG EG dN e UdG j Hh
jhdGh kJh keYEG Y cCdGh fEG QJ Y dN b NG EG :IQdG jHh
.Y dO CG EG j Y g fEG NBG fh Ob f G FdG e Ve d
UGe S 15 I G Ob Ge Y KHCG jdG eNGR dS OQdG iLCG bh
H e S jCG OLh Y EG UJ bh ,GG Y UNc dG ce d CG kY
. dG jhQGO fc e ZdG Y dG H YGh fEG Hh OdH dG FdG
QeC bGe Vh H j dG dG hdH UN hL dCH b iNCG L e dh
g jOe dOCG G J dGh dG hdG J eNGR hL Mh ,dG f Y LQN
ha JCJ ` hG aM CG ` kGNCGh YLG da AMCG Y jh AjdGh AdG Y
,SOdG SGh ,WGG OJ Y hG e AG Gg Vhh ,dG f Y LQG aG

211

FdG dG : AGG IG

INCG IOG g Y kJ eNGR jh .fEG QJ kGNCGh ,FdG dG hCG QdGh

:j c hG
,H Y QSG hCG FdG AMCG Y EG H dG hdG EG jqOG dG e dfG Y ''
AG EG dH kUN h FL AT c qGC ,GG SGH fEG jQJ SG Mh
(107)
.''MGh BG HQG hCG IOG VdG j CG j fEG M ,QdG jH eDG
UC G Z jhCdH SdG H b e YCG kfEG fEG Qd G dG qEG :PEG
. G GG H

jOe IY
bJ ieh ,dG gGdGh dOCG e bJ ieh ,QdH UG jdG VSG d
dBG ad QdG KCdG GfG c kjCG VSGh ,dG YGdG e IG UCH G ga
Y Id dfCG TCG OLh J G QKBG jCG OLh GfGh ,jdG g dEG YJ dG QdG
dG YGb e be J dG jdH dG Y dG IQhV EG Uf dG Gd ,jQdG
ce VQCG CG H YOG dGh jQdG Y iNCG jf fG c J CG Hh ,dGh
H gh ,dG GMCG LGh jdG g AH Y kY kGQGUEG g dh .dG
. AdGh dG Y g fCH jd f CG jh eJ iOj
G gh ,dG d Sc eGSGh jdG d G H J j dGh
N jhQGdG Jh YCG kJG OG dH e g H ,jOG SQG e Hf fCH gJ j
. dG OG ga jhd d a Pe
,G Y MdG TCG fd OQjQ j c ,HdG
q H G g J kfMCGh
:Oe Y LQ f jh QdG jf Y SdG aGG e g h ,OQaQg eL j dGh
jOe GJ Lf j dG g EG Ggh ,kS H sn eo ATCH eDfh ,jOH eDf f''
HCG d OhdG YO S g jOH G fEGh ,FOeh dG YGb dh jfdG gGd
a kbWEG U jOG dh ,Y LJ dG ac gGd jOe GJ OjE jQG
(108)
.''GMCG LGh EG J CG qdEG Gd f CG kGHCG
ka kHGJ HGe fc O jhQGdG H J dG dG ie J dG g EG

212

j hQg

Z OGG CH eDj dG Gdh ,IOG a AT CG jdG g UCG IZ jh ,jOG jdH

QdGh aGQdGh ASCGh Qdc G GfCG e jG EG CG ,G OGG OLh S g G
Y GC W dG NGdG d kLf EG d fEG Mh Gh QgdGh QTCGh GGh
.YGdGh YdGh G c IOG
Y aGj GdGRe q jhQGdG qCG EG ,dGh dG YGb e ke VQj OYG Gg CG bGdGh
.'' GMCG LGh EG J CG dEG Gd f CG kGHCG '' aGgC eN FGQBG
WdG G ij CG d H jOe Z f Lh e AMCG UCG b EG j fEG qc h
dN b e npNo :CG ;d M Yh ge Ib KCH n pLho b G FdG ac qEG ,dc
. a c :d bh dG e AT c N dG jdG dG dG g dG Ggh ,d

213

FdG dG : AGG IG

n n r sYn en sdGE p n nd n rYp nd

n nfn r o S G odbn }
| o p n rdG o p n rdG
n rfGnC
n sfGE p
.(32 :IdG)

214

j hQg

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