u thu v la chn nh thu theo Lut Xy dng Lut u thu c hiu lc t 1/4/2006, tip theo ngy 29/9/2006 Chnh

ph ban hnh Ngh nh 111/2006/N - CP hng dn thi hnh Lut u thu v la chn nh thu theo Lut Xy dng. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh trin khai cc vn bn trn mt s ngnh, a phng ny sinh nhng hin tng mang tnh cc b, p t ch quan... khng ph hp vi quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam cng nh tin trnh hi nhp vi quc t, phn nh qua mt s thc trng sau y: - Khi p dng Lut u thu i vi cc gi thu thuc d n u t XDCT (bao gm cc gi thu t vn, xy dng v mua sm thit b) mt s ngnh, a phng khng quan tm n cc c th v u thu cc gi thu thuc cc d n u t XDCT trong ni ln vic thc hin quy trnh qun l u t XDCT v vn hp ng, thanh ton cc gi thu trong hot ng xy dng c quy nh ti Lut Xy dng, cc Ngh nh ca Chnh ph v cc vn bn hng dn nghip v chuyn ngnh gy ra tnh trng tr tr trong gii ngn cc d n u t xy dng, c bit l cc d n thuc ngun vn ngn sch nh nc thuc mt s ngnh v a phng hin nay (bao gm c cc d n thuc ngun vn ODA). - Vic chng khp kn trong u thu c quy nh trong Lut u thu cn c quan tm xem xt v ch o c th hn v c l trnh thch hp nu khng y cng l vn bc xc ny sinh hin nay cc ngnh a phng v cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn quan trng lm chm tin trin khai cc d n u t XDCT cng nh m bo cht lng cng trnh. C th: + V chng khp kn trong mt t chc: Lut u thu quy nh nh thu tham gia u thu cc gi thu thuc d n phi c lp v t chc, khng cng ph thuc vo mt c quan qun l v c lp v ti chnh vi ch u t ca d n (iu 11 - khon 1 - mc d) quy nh ny l hon ton ph hp vi lut php Vit Nam cng nh cc iu c quc t m Vit Nam v ang thc hin. Tuy nhin cng ti khon 2 - iu ny ca Lut u thu li quy nh: Cc quy nh ti khon 1 iu ny phi c thc hin chm nht l 3 nm theo l trnh do Chnh ph quy nh k t khi Lut ny c hiu lc (k t 1/4/2006) quy nh ny cn lm r phi p dng ngay cho loi ch u t no? V ch u t no cha p dng ngay cn phi c l trnh (B, UBND cc cp, S, Doanh nghip...) hin vn ang tr nn rt bc xc trong thc t gy tr ngi trong vic trin khai u thu cc d n u t XDCT. + V chng khp kn gia cc khu trong quy trnh qun l u t v xy dng. Lut u thu quy nh: Nh thu t vn lp bo co nghin cu kh thi c tham gia u thu cung cp dch v t vn lp thit k k thut ca d n, nh thu t vn tham gia thit k k thut ca d n khng c tham gia u thu cc bc tip theo, tr trng hp i vi gi thu EPC (iu 11) quy nh ny l cha ph hp vi xu th ca th gii, ngc li h thng gn thit k v xy dng; Thit k, mua sm thit b v xy dng hoc lp d n - thit k - mua sm thit b v xy dng; Trong khi cc phng php qun l ny ta li rt mi m xa l m mi ch c nh hng v lut php (Lut Xy dng v cc vn bn hng dn), chnh v l vi quy nh trn quy trnh qun l d n u t ang c cht khc tng on ring r, manh mn ang l tr ngi cho vic y nhanh tin v qun l cht lng cc d n thuc cc ngnh, cc a phng hin nay. V l do mt mt cc ngnh, cc a phng cn mnh dn hn trong vic p dng cc hnh thc u thu la chn Tng thu (thit k v xy dng, EPC hoc Cha kho trao tay) mt khc cn c hng dn c th v l trnh thc hin iu khon ny trong lut nh cho ph hp vi thc t khng lm chm vic trin khai hng lot cc d n ti cc ngnh, cc a phng hin nay. - V p dng cc hnh thc hp ng v phng thc thanh ton trong cc gi thu thuc cc d n u t XDCT mt s ngnh, a phng hin nay rt s lc, ch quan, mang nng tnh p t th hin ph bin qua vic vn dng trn lan hnh thc Hp ng trn gi vi gi tr hp ng c da trn bng tin lng thng c qu nhiu sai st v h thng n gi khng c iu chnh ph hp vi bin ng ca th trng dn mi ri ro trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng cho cc nh thu v cc cp qun l trc tip, nhng li khng quyn hn x l cc ri ro khch quan gp phn dn n hu qu lm chm tin v cht lng cng trnh km, c bit l cc d n thuc ngun vn ngn sch nh nc.

- m bo vic thc thi ng n h thng cc vn bn quy phm php lut ca Nh nc v qun l d n u t XDCT v u thu, la chn nh thu trong hot ng xy dng cn qun trit mt s nguyn tc php l sau y: Lut u thu (bao gm cc vn bn hng dn) l lut chung quy nh v cc hot ng u thu la chn cung cp dch v t vn, mua sm hng ho, xy lp i vi cc gi thu s dng vn nh nc t 30% tr ln cho mc tiu pht trin; Chi vic mua sm ti sn nhm duy tr hot ng thng xuyn ca c quan Nh nc, t chc chnh tr, chnh tr - x hi, chnh tr - x hi - ngh nghip... n v v trang nhn dn, cc hot ng mua sm ti sn phc v vic ci to, sa cha ln cc thit b, dy chuyn sn xut ... ca doanh nghip Nh nc. Lut Xy dng (bao gm cc vn bn hng dn) l Lut chuyn ngnh quy nh cho cc hot ng trong xy dng (trong bao gm c vic la chn nh thu) nh lp quy hoch xy dng, lp d n u t Xy dng cng trnh (vit tt TXDCT), kho st xy dng, thit k xy dng, thi cng XDCT, gim st thi cng XDCT, qun l d n TXDCT... Theo Lut u thu quy nh: - Trng hp cc c th v u thu quy nh lut khc th p dng theo quy nh ca lut (iu 3 khon 2 Lut u thu). - i vi d n s dng vn h tr pht trin chnh thc (gi tt l ODA) vic u thu c thc hin trn c s iu c quc t m... Vit Nam k kt (iu 3 khon 2 Lut u thu) Sau y l mt s tnh hung c th: 1. V t cch hp l ca nh thu: Theo Lut u thu yu cu cc nh thu hp l tham gia u thu phi c ng k kinh doanh..., hch ton kinh t c lp v khng b c quan c thm quyn kt lun... (iu 7 khon 1, 2, 3 Lut u thu). Tuy nhin trong thc t mc d cc Cng ty thnh vin trong Tng Cng ty, hoc thuc Cng ty m u c cc iu kin trn ch c th tham gia u thu rng ri trong mt gi thu, nhng li b cm khi tham gia u thu hn ch trong mt gi thu v ch mt nh thu c tham gia (iu 100 - khon 2 - Lut Xy dng). 2. V chng khp kn trong u thu: Theo Lut u thu nghim cm nh thu tham gia cung cp hng ho, xy lp cho gi thu do mnh cung cp dch v t vn, tr trng hp i vi gi thu EPC (iu 12 khon 8). iu ny ng nhng cha cn p dng quy nh sau: Cm tham gia hot ng u thu... i vi mt trong cc hnh vi vi phm sau y: Ch u t bn mi thu chp nhn v ngh trng thu i vi nh thu tham gia u thu cung cp hng ho, xy lp cho gi thu thuc d n m nh thu ny trc cung cp dch v t vn tr trng hp i vi gi thu EPC, gi thu la chn Tng thu thit k v thi cng (EC), Tng thu cha kho trao tay (lp d n, thit k, mua sm thit b v thi cng xy dng cng trnh). iu 53 khon 1 N111/2006 ca Chnh ph. Mt quy nh khc v chng khp kn: Theo Lut u thu, nh thu t vn lp Bo co nghin cu kh thi (tc lp d n u t XDCT) th khng c tham gia u thu cung cp dch v t vn lp thit k k thut ca d n, nh thu t vn tham gia thit k k thut ca d n khng c tham gia u thu cc bc tip theo, tr trng hp i vi gi thu EPC (iu 11 - khon 1 - mc a - Lut u thu) cng p dng nh trn iu ny ng, nhng cha m phi p dng theo iu 53 Ngh nh 111/2006/ca Chnh ph nh trn cp. 3. V lp k hoch u thu v chp hnh trnh t u t XDCT theo Lut Xy dng (Xem ph lc). 3.1 V phn k u t v phn chia gi thu: i vi cc d n quan trng quc gia (theo quy nh ca Q 66 ca Quc hi) v cc d n u t XDCT thuc nhm A cn kt hp cht ch gia phn k u t (iu 2 - khon 4 -N16/2005/N - CP) vi vic phn chia gi thu (iu 6 - khon 4 - Lut u thu) c bit cc gi thu ln khi la chn Tng thu cha kho trao tay, EPC hoc thit k v xy dng. Theo i vi cc d n... nhm A gm nhiu d n thnh phn, nu tng d n thnh phn c th c lp vn hnh, khai thc hoc thc hin theo phn k u t c ghi trong vn bn ph duyt Bo co u t th mi d n thnh phn c qun l thc hin nh mt d n c lp (iu 2 - khon 4 N 16 CP) v vic cn c theo tnh cht k thut, trnh t thc hin, bo m tnh ng b ca d n v c quy m gi thu hp l. (iu 6 khon 4 Lut u thu).

3.2. V cn c lp k hoch u thu: Phi da trn yu cu ca mi giai on u t (chun b u t, thc hin u t, a d n vo khai thc s dng) v mi bc thit k (Thit k c s, thit k k thut, thit k bn v thi cng). K hoch u thu phi c ngi c thm quyn ph duyt bng vn bn sau khi ph duyt quyt nh u t hoc ph duyt ng thi vi quyt nh u t trong trng hp iu kin, lm c s php l cho ch u t t chc la chn nh thu, tr gi thu cn thc hin trc khi c quyt nh u t (nh gi thu t vn lp d n...) K hoch u thu c lp cho ton b d n, trng hp cha iu kin v cn thit th c php lp k hoch u thu cho mt s gi thu thc hin trc (iu 6 - Lut u thu) ring cc gi thu xy lp s c thc hin sau khi c Thit k k thut, thit k bn v thi cng, tng d ton, d ton c ch u t ph duyt. c cn c lp k hoch u thu ph hp vi quy nh v trnh t u t XDCT v ph hp vi mi bc thit k theo Lut Xy dng, cn thc hin quy trnh c th sau y: 3.2.1. Giai on tin u t (trc khi lp d n): Lp KHT gi thu la chn t vn Lp d n gi gi thu p dng t l % quy nh ti Q11/2005/BXD (nhn vi) x (chi ph xy dng + chi ph thit b) c tnh da trn Sut u t hoc chi ph xy dng v thit b ca cc d n tng t) theo p dng hnh thc: Hp ng trn gi, phng thc la chn nh thu hai ti h s (Nu gi thu > 500 triu ng). 3.2.2. Giai on chun b u t: Sau khi d n u t XDCT c ph duyt Lp KHT la chn: - Tng thu EPC hoc EC. Gi gi thu cn c trn Tng mc u t c duyt (chi ph xy dng, chi ph thit b, chi ph QLDA v chi ph khc) theo p dng hnh thc hp ng trn gi, , phng thc la chn nh thu 1 ti h s, u thu 1 giai on hoc 2 giai on. - T vn kho st: Gi gi thu: Lp d ton theo hng dn v lp d ton cng tc kho st ca B Xy dng, p dng hp ng trn gi, phng thc la chn nh thu hai ti h s. - T vn thit k hoc t vn gim st thi cng xy dng v lp t thit b gi gi thu p dng t l % quy nh trong Q11/2005/BXD nhn vi chi ph xy dng v chi ph thit b trong Tng mc u t ph duyt. Theo p dng u thu mt giai on, phng thc la chn nh thu 2 ti h s - 1 giai on. 3.2.3. Giai on thc hin u t: Sau khi thit k k thut v Tng d ton c ph duyt Lp KHT la chn nh thu thi cng xy dng, lp t thit b. Gi gi thu da trn tng d ton c ph duyt (trng hp thit k 3 bc) theo p dng hnh thc hp ng theo n gi hoc hp ng iu chnh gi v h s mi thu c lp bc thit k k thut cha m bo chnh xc cn thit, phng thc la chn nh thu 1 ti h s, u thu 1 giai on. - Sau khi thit k bn v thi cng c duyt Lp KHT la chn nh thu thi cng xy dng, lp t thit b. Gi gi thu: Tng d ton, D ton c duyt (trng hp thit k 2 bc) p dng hp ng trn gi (v h s mi thu c lp bc thit k bn v thi cng m bo chnh xc cn thit) phng thc la chn nh thu mt ti h s; u thu 1 giai on i vi cc cng vic c xc nh r v khi lng nh xy, trt, p... b tng, p dng hp ng theo n gi hoc hp ng iu chnh gi i vi cc cng tc o p t, , ng cc, khoan cc, p cc... Cn lu vic p dng cc hnh thc hp ng trong hot ng xy dng phi c p dng theo Lut Xy dng v cc vn bn hng dn lin quan theo chuyn ngnh gn y nh ngh nh 99/2007/N CP v qun l chi ph d n u t XDCT v cc thng t hng dn bao gm c cc hnh thc hp ng v phng thc thanh ton trong hot ng xy dng. Cc d n s dng vn u t pht trin chnh thc (ODA) thc hin theo quy nh ca nh ti tr tc iu c quc t m Vit Nam l thnh vin, theo i vi cc d n giao thng, thu li thng c lp h s mi thu giai on thit k k thut, hnh thc hp ng thng p dng l hp ng iu chnh gi vi nhng quy nh r rng phm vi iu chnh v cng thc iu chnh. Lp k hoch u thu ph hp vi trnh t u t XDCT. Ph lc Giai on tin u t. Giai on chun b u t. Giai on chun b u t. u thu la chn nh thu t vn lp quy hoch, lp d n u t XDCT. Sau khi d n u t XDCT c ph duyt:

u thu la chn Tng thu EPC, EC (1). u thu thit b (2) u thu tuyn chn t vn: + Kho st (3) + Thit k (4) + Gim st thi cng xy dng, lp t thit b (5). Sau khi thit k k thut Tng d ton c ph duyt. + u thu xy lp. Hnh thc hp ng trn gi (i vi cc cng vic xc nh r khi lng) hnh thc hp ng theo n gi, hp ng iu chnh gi (i vi cc cng vic cha xc nh r khi lng) (2). Gi gi thu: t l % (Q11/2005/BXD) x (chi ph xy lp v chi ph thit b) c tnh da trn sut u t hoc cc d n tng t (1). Gi gi thu: tng mc u t c ph duyt. (2) Gi gi thu: gi tr thit b trong tng mc u t c ph duyt. (3) Gi gi thu: lp d ton theo quy nh ca B Xy dng. (4) Gi gi thu: t l % (Q11/2005/BXD) x (chi ph xy dng hoc chi ph thit b trong tng mc u t c ph duyt. (5) Gi gi thu: t l % (Q10/2005/BXD) x (chi ph xy dng hoc chi ph thit b trong tng mc u t c ph duyt. Gi gi thu (1): tng d ton c duyt. Gi gi thu (2): tng d ton, d ton c duyt. Ngun: TC Xy dng, s 7/2007