Performance evaluation of GSM handover traffic in a GPRS/GSM network

Juan Ventura Agustina, Peng Zhang, Raimo Kantola

Networking Laboratory Helsinki University o !e"hnology #takaari $A, %s&oo, '(N )*)+$, 'inlan, %mail- ./uavenag, &g0hang, kantola12t"t3hut3 i Abstract !he intro,u"tion o 4PR5 servi"es into 456 networks "reates new "hallenges to network &lanning engineers3 #ne "riti"al "hallenge "omes rom the re7uirement or &rovi,ing a "ertain 7uality o servi"e or 4PR5 tra i" without signi i"antly ,egra,ing the &er orman"e o e8isting 456 servi"es3 (n a 45694PR5 integrate, network, it be"omes ne"essary to reserve e8"lusive "hannels or 4PR5 in or,er to &rovi,e base: line ;o5 or 4PR5 users3 #n the other han,, the e8"lusive reservation obviously re,u"es the "a&a"ity o 456 tra i" so that has signi i"ant im&a"t on the &er orman"e o 456 tra i" <es&e"ially 456 han,over tra i"=3 (n this &a&er, we &rimarily evaluate the &er orman"e ,egra,ation o 456 han,over tra i" ,ue to the intro,u"tion o 4PR5 in a 45694PR5 network when various &riority s"hemes or han,over tra i" over new "all tra i" are a&&lie,3 A sim&li ie, "ase stu,y o a 4PR59456 network is simulate, by using an event:,riven simulator3 !he e e"t o an in"reasing 4PR5 &enetration a"tor on the &er orman"e o e8isting 456 servi"es is also stu,ie,3 #ur key results show that the &er orman"e o 456 han,over tra i" "an be signi i"antly ,egra,e, by the "a&a"ity re,u"tion resulting rom the intro,u"tion o 4PR5 but "an be amen,e, by using a&&ro&riate &riority s"hemes3 Keywords: 4PR5, 456, "hannel allo"ation, 7uality o servi"e, han,over han,ling

!ntroduction

6any stu,ies have &re,i"te, that within ne8t ew years there will be an e8tensive ,eman, or mobile ,ata servi"es, s&e"ially wireless (nternet >+?3 (n or,er to a,,ress the ine i"ien"ies o "urrent "ir"uit:swit"he, mobile networks, su"h as 456, or "arrying bursty ,ata tra i" <ty&i"al (nternet a&&li"ations show su"h tra i" behavior=, &a"ket swit"hing te"hni7ues have emerge, in mobile networks3 4PR5 is a new bearer servi"e that greatly im&roves an, sim&li ies wireless a""ess to &a"ket ,ata networks, e3g3, to the (nternet3 !he basi" 4PR5 "on"e&t is to utili0e rest tra i" "hannels

unuse, by 456 tra i"3 (n general, 456 tra i" has higher &riority than 4PR5 tra i" when allo"ating "hannels, whi"h means that an ongoing 4PR5 "hannel has to be terminate, or a &en,ing 456 tra i"3 #n the other han,, in a 456 an, 4PR5 integrate, network high 456 tra i" loa, may &revent 4PR5 tra i" rom a"hieving an a""e&table 7uality guarantee i no "hannel is e8"lusively ,e,i"ate, to 4PR53 !here ore, given a number o "hannels or both 456 an, 4PR5, it is reasonable that a ra"tion o the "hannels are e8"lusively assigne, to 4PR5 an, the rest are share, between 456 an, 4PR5 while 456 tra i" has higher &riority over 4PR5 tra i"3 !he "ombination o share, an, ,e,i"ate, tra i" "hannels is so "alle, &artial sharing <P5= te"hni7ue3 @hen the e8"lusive reservation o "hannels or 4PR5 takes &la"e without allo"ating new s&e"trum, the 4PR5 P5 im&lementation obviously re,u"es the "a&a"ity o e8isting 456 servi"es3 !his re,u"tion is es&e"ially "riti"al in the "ase o 456 han,over tra i" be"ause terminating a "all in &rogress is "learly less ,esirable than blo"king a new "all attem&t3 !here ore, metho,s or im&roving the han,over &er orman"e be"ome ne"essary when the "a&a"ity re,u"tion is "onsi,erable3 !he &er orman"e o 4PR5 servi"e has been e8tensively investigate, in &ast years, but very ew results have a&&eare, regar,ing the e e"t o 4PR5 P5 im&lementation on the e8isting 456 servi"es >+:A?3 (n >+?, the &er orman"e loss o 456 servi"es ,ue to the intro,u"tion o 4PR5 is stu,ie, as an a,,itional e8&eriment, an, no solution is given or "ountera"ting the re,u"tion o 456 "a&a"ity3 (n >A?, the im&a"t o 4PR5 on the 7uality o e8isting 456 servi"es is analy0e, an, a metho, or "al"ulating the outage &robability o a 4PR59456 network is &ro&ose,, but the "a&a"ity re,u"tion o 456 servi"es is /ust mentione,3 (n this &a&er we intro,u"e ,i erent han,over &riority:base, "hannel allo"ation s"hemes in or,er to "ountera"t the re,u"tion o "a&a"ity o 456 servi"es at the same time that &rioriti0e han,over tra i" over new "all attem&ts3 @e investigate the e e"tiveness o these han,over &rioriti0ation s"hemes on im&roving the &er orman"e o han,over tra i" in a 4PR59456 network3 Parti"ularly, we &resent the e e"t o an in"reasing 4PR5 &enetration a"tor on the &er orman"e o 456 tra i"3 !he rest o the &a&er is organi0e, as ollows3 5e"tion * &resents a number o han,over &rioriti0ation s"hemes3 (n se"tion B, a sim&li ie, 4PR59456 network is mo,ele, by ,e ining main eatures, assum&tions an, the mo,els or the &ro&ose, s"hemes3 'urthermore, the main &er orman"e &arameters o interest are ,e ine,3 (n se"tion A, simulation results are shown an, ,is"usse,3 'inally, "on"lusions are ,rawn in se"tion $, as well as some uture resear"h gui,elines3

"

#andover handlin$ schemes

@hen allo"ating a "hannel, a sim&le s"heme em&loye, by "ellular te"hnologies han,les both ty&es o "alls <new "alls an, han,overs= without &re eren"e3 !his means that the &robabilities o new "all blo"king an, han,over ailure are the same3 !his s"heme is re erre, to as the non: &rioriti0e, s"heme <NP5=3 However, rom the userCs &oint o view, the or"e, termination o an ongoing "all is "onsi,ere, to be worse than blo"king a new "all attem&t3 !here ore, it be"omes ne"essary to intro,u"e metho,s or ,e"reasing the &robability o han,over ailure as well as new "all blo"king3 Various han,over &rioriti0ation s"hemes have been stu,ie, in the &ast >$:D?3 !hese s"hemes "an be sorte, into our "lasses Reserving a number o "hannels e8"lusively or han,overs ;ueueing han,over re7uests 5ub:rating an e8isting "all to a""ommo,ate a han,over Eombination o the above "lasses

!hese s"hemes are se&arately ,es"ribe, in the ollowing subse"tions3 Note that these s"hemes take &la"e on the basis o P5 im&lementation3 'or e8am&le, given a i8e, number o "hannels <N"h= in a 45694PR5 "ell, a ra"tion o "hannels are e8"lusively reserve, or 4PR5 <Ng&rs=3 !he Ng&rs is re erre, to 4PR5 &enetration a"tor3 !hen the rest "hannels <Nshare,= "an be use, or both 456 an, 4PR5, where these &riori0ation s"hemes a&&ly3 2.1. Reserved channel scheme (RCS) !his s"heme reserves a number o "hannels e8"lusively or han,overs re7uests rom N share,3 !hen, the Nshare, "hannels are ,ivi,e, into two ,i erent grou&s- a common channel group <N"om= an, a reserved channel group <Nho=- the N"om "hannels "an be use, by new "alls as well as han,overs, whereas the Nho "hannels "an only be use, by han,overs3 !here are two ty&es o reservation Pre-reservation (RCS-pre)

#n the arrival o a han,over re7uest, a "hannel in N ho is allo"ate, or the han,over3 ( Nho is ully o""u&ie, by han,over tra i", the han,over re7uest "onten,s with new "all attem&ts or a "hannel in the N"om &ool3 !his ensures that "ertain minimal han,over tra i" will be a,mitte, even un,er heavy loa,3 Post-reservation (RCS-post)

#n the arrival o a new han,over re7uest, it "onten,s with new "all attem&ts or a,mission into the N"om &ool3 ( N"om is ull, it will be allo"ate, in the N ho &ool3 !his &ost:reserve, &ool ensures that even un,er heavy loa,s e8tra &riority is given to han,overs3 Reserving "hannels or han,overs means ewer "hannels "an be grante, to new "alls, so the blo"king &robability o new "alls may signi i"antly in"rease3 !his ,isa,vantage "an be over"ome by using a 7ueueing s"heme in the ollowing subse"tion3 2.2. Queueing priority scheme (QPS) #n the arrival o a new han,over re7uest, i there is no ree "hannel in the target "ell or the re7uest, the han,over re7uest is 7ueue, an, the mobile station <65= "ontinues to use the ol, "hannel in the "urrent "ell until a ree "hannel be"omes available in the target "ell3 !he 7ueueing "an be &er orme, at Fase !rans"eiver 5tation <F!5=9Fase 5tation Eontroller <F5E= or 6obile 5wit"h Eenter <65E= in 456 system3 #ne new "all in the target "ell is serve, only when a "hannel is available an, no han,over re7uest e8ists in the 7ueue3 ( any "hannel is release, while han,over re7uests are 7ueue,, the release, "hannel is assigne, to a han,over in the 7ueue3 !he Gne8tH han,over to be serve, is sele"te, base, on 7ueueing &oli"ies, whi"h also in luen"e the &er orman"e o the s"heme F F! priority "ueueing(F-QPS)

@ith the '('# 7ueueing ,is"i&line, i a han,over re7uest in,s all "hannels o""u&ie, in the target "ell, the re7uest is 7ueue, a""or,ing to a '('# ,is"i&line, i3e3, the last han,over re7uest /oins the en, o the 7ueue an, the irst to be serve, is the irst in the 7ueue <the earliest one to arrive in the 7ueue=3 #easurement-$ased priority "ueueing (#-QPS)

Iuring the time interval the 65 s&en,s in the han,over area, its "ommuni"ation with the "urrent F!5 ,egra,es at a rate ,e&en,ing on various a"tors, su"h as its velo"ity an, ,ire"tion3 !his ,egra,ation rate is easily monitore, by the means o ra,io "hannel

measurements, usually taken by the 65 an, submitte, to the network <6oblie Assiste, Han,o : 6AH# &ro"e,ures o the 456 system=3 !hen, the han,over area "an be viewe, as a region marke, by ,i erent ranges o values o the &ower ratio3 !hen, the highest &riority belongs to the 65 whose &ower level is the "losest to a re"eiver threshol,3 #n the other han,, the 65 that has /ust issue, a han,over re7uest has the least &riority3 !he &ower levels are monitore, "ontinuously, an, the &riority o an 65 ,ynami"ally "hanges ,e&en,ing on its &ower level3 #bviously, the last "omer /oins the en, o the 7ueue, but the 7ueue is ,ynami"ally reor,ere, as new measurement results are submitte,3 @hen a "hannel is release,, it is grante, to the 65 with the highest &riority3 2.%. Su$-rating scheme (SRS) !his s"heme "reates a new "hannel by sub:rating an e8isting "all or a han,over re7uest when all "hannels are o""u&ie, in the target F!53 5ub:rating means that an o""u&ie, ull:rate "hannel is tem&orarily ,ivi,e, into two "hannels at hal the original rate- one to serve the e8isting "all an, the other to serve the han,over re7uest3 A &roto"ol re7uire, to sub:rate a tra i" "hannel is ,es"ribe, in >D?3 2.&. 'y$rid schemes ('S) (t is &ossible to "ombine the above han,over &rioriti0ation s"hemes3 'or instan"e, N ho "hannels "an be e8"lusively reserve, or han,overs while allowing 7ueueing o han,over re7uests3 !his results in shortening the 7ueuing length o han,over re7uests3 Another &ossibility is to use the RE5:&re an, the RE5:&ost s"hemes at the same time3 A ran,om number between ) an, + is generate, in the F!59F5E965E- i this number lies between ) an, )3$, the RE5:&re is &er orme, or han,over "allsJ otherwise, the RE5:&ost is &er orme,3

Model descri&tion of the studied system

!he &er orman"e o a "ellular network "an be investigate, by using either simulation or analyti"al stu,y <or their "ombination=3 5imulation mo,els are &re erre, when stu,ying the behavior o a s&e"i i" "ellular system "overing a given area3 (n this &a&er we "arry out the &er orman"e stu,y on the basis o "om&uter simulation3 An event:,riven simulator has been im&lemente, using a simulation library ,evelo&e, in EKK+3
+

!his simulator is available via htt&-99www3t"t3hut3 i9L&g0hang94H53 !he simulation library is base, on a EKK "lass library "alle, ENEL ,evelo&e, in the Aa"hen University o !e"hnology, whi"h is available ree o "harge via anonymous t&2"omnets3rwth:a"hen3,e

%.1. System parameters !he simulation o"uses on one "ell in an overlai, 4PR59456 "ellular network3 (ts behavior is isolate, rom those o other "ells3 !he simulation "on"entrates on the u&link &ro"e,ure where resour"e "ontention an, resour"e reservation take &la"e3 !he &enetration a"tor o 4PR5 servi"e is e8&e"te, to be higher in urban9suburban areas, so the ty&e o "ell shoul, be "ommon in these areas3 !here ore, we "hoose to stu,y a microcell, that is, a "ell with a relatively small si0e3 (n a mi"ro"ell s"enario the number o han,overs &er a"tive "all is higher than that in a ma"ro"ell >M?3 Eommon mi"ro"ell ra,ius is between *))m an, +km >+)?3 Rmi"roN D))m is assume, or the simulation3 'urthermore, it is "onsi,ere, that users in "ell bor,er are always in line:o :sight <L#5= in or,er to avoi, street:"orner e e"t >+)?3 'or sim&li"ity, we em&loy a i8e, re7uen"y assignment strategy3 6oreover, we "onsi,er that "hannels are allo"ate, in a i8e, manner, that is, no ,ynami" "hanging base, on tra i" loa, is im&lemente,3 (n &ra"ti"e, a ,ynami" "hannel allo"ation "an be im&lemente, whi"h allows le8ible a,a&tation to ,i erent tra i" "on,itions3 !he number o !ROs in the "ell is set to A3 !hen, there are B* &hysi"al "hannels <i3e3, N t N B*= available in the "ell <every "arrier is ,ivi,e, into D timeslots=3 @e assume that B "hannels are reserve, or network signaling <i3e3, N sig N B=3 !hus, only *M tra i" "hannels are available or "arrying userCs in ormation <i3e3, N"h N *M=3 !he 4PR5 P5 im&lementation e8"lusively ,e,i"ates N g&rs "hannels to 4PR5, an, the remaining "hannels Nshare, N N"h P Ng&rs are share, by 456 an, 4PR5 servi"es3 (n the N share, "hannel &ool, 456 tra i" has higher &riority with &re:em&tion over 4PR5 tra i" so that the "a&a"ity o 456 tra i" is the Nshare, "hannels3 %.2. (ra))ic and mo$ility models

!he arrival o 456 "alls to the "ell is the su&er&osition o two &ro"esses "orres&on,ing to newly initiate, "alls within the "ell < ne* calls= an, "alls han,e, over rom the neighboring "ells <handovers=3 (t is assume, that new "alls an, han,over re7uests are both generate, a""or,ing to a Poisson &ro"ess with an arrival rate n an, h res&e"tively3 Ealls that are initiate, in the "ell "an be ,ivi,e, into those that "om&lete insi,e the "ell an, those that are han,e, over to other "ells3 (n the same way, han,overs "an also be ,ivi,e, into "alls that terminate in the "ell an, those that "ontinue to other "ells3 !here ore, a "hannel "oul, be o""u&ie, by the arrival o a new "all or a han,over, an, it "oul, be release, either by "om&letion o the "all or a han,over to another "ell3 !he time s&ent by a user on a &arti"ular "hannel in a given "ell is ,e ine, as the channel holding (or occupancy) time3 Although the "hannel hol,ing time is taken e7uivalent to the "all ,uration time in a i8e, tele&hone network, it is o ten a ra"tion o the total "all ,uration in a "ellular mobile network3 (n general, the "hannel hol,ing time is a ran,om variable that is a un"tion o system &arameters su"h as "ell si0e, user lo"ation, user mobility an, "all ,uration time >++?3 (n >++? it is oun, that the ,istribution un"tion o the "hannel hol,ing time in a single "ell ollows a negative e8&onential ,istribution3 @e use this result in our simulations3 @e assume a normal ,istribute, s&ee, with mean B)km9h an, stan,ar, ,eviation e7ual to *)km9h an, trun"ate, at >),+))?km9h <me,ium mobility users= >++?3 'or a "ell ra,ius o Rmi"roN D))m, by assuming the mean "all ,uration time as +*) se"on,s an, the average velo"ity as B)km9h, the mean "hannel hol,ing time is Q) se"on,s >+*?3 'urthermore, we "onsi,er B$R o the total o ere, tra i" resulte, rom han,over re7uests3 %.%. #odel )or the QPS scheme !he simulation mo,els or the NP5 an, the RE5 s"hemes are obvious3 'or the ;P5, a ma8imum &ossible 7ueueing time is use,3 !his ma8imum 7ueueing time is given by the time interval the 65 s&en,s in the han,over area3 6oreover, only a inite 7ueue length is allowe, in or,er to avoi, very large 7ueue si0es3 (t is assume, that on"e a han,over re7uest is issue, the &ower that the 65 re"eives rom the "urrent F!5 will monotoni"ally ,egra,e >Q?3 !he rate o ,egra,ation, an, hen"e the ma8imum tolerable ,egra,ation interval, ,e&en, on the velo"ity o the 653 5in"e a trun"ate, normal ,istribution or the velo"ity has been "onsi,ere,, normally ,istribute, ,egra,ation intervals are "onsi,ere, in this &a&er, instea, o e8&onentially ,istribute, ,egra,ation intervals in other works >$?>S?3

(n mi"ro "ell environment, the overla&&e, area between mi"ro"ells "an be very ,i erent ,e&en,ing on several a"tors3 @e "onsi,er a minimum value or the overla&&e, area e7ual to $)m <one:si8teenth o the Rmi"ro=, whi"h im&lies the worst "ase situation <smallest overla&&e, area=3 !here ore, the ma8imum tolerable ,egra,ation interval <! ,i= asso"iate, with ea"h 65 entering the han,over area or a Rmi"ro N D))m is ,rawn rom a normal ,istribution with a mean o Q se"on,s an, a stan,ar, ,eviation o A se"on,s3 %.&. Per)ormance parameters !he ollowing &er orman"e &arameters will be use, or evaluating the &er orman"e o 456 tra i" Pro$a$ility o) ne* call $loc+ing Pnb is the &robability that a new "all attem&t "annot be serve, ,ue to the la"k o ree "hannels3 Pro$a$ility o) handover )ailure Ph is the &robability that an in"oming han,over re7uest "annot be satis ie, be"ause o the la"k o ree "hannels, an, thus results in a termination o the "all3 ,et*or+ throughput, whi"h is evaluate, by means o the total carried tra))ic A"arr3 !he "arrie, tra i" is the amount o tra i" a,mitte, to the "ellular network as o&&ose, to the o ere, tra i"3 (t in,i"ates the average number o busy "hannels <ongoing "alls= at any one time in the "ell3 Ehannel utili-ation U"h, whi"h is a normali0ation o the A "arr, is the &er"entage o the overall simulation time that a s&e"i i" "hannel is being use,3 !his &arameter is usually given as the average "hannel utili0ation o several "hannels3 !hese &er orman"e &arameters will be e8amine, as a un"tion o the total 456 o ere, tra i" loa,3 Values or a ma8imum blo"king &robability o *R will be marke, in the "urves with a ,ash:,ot lineJ this means that the "ell has been engineere, at *R blo"king &robability or the mean tra i" loa, in rush hours, whi"h gives the values or the worst "ase situation3 As a result, the a"tual "a&a"ity re,u"tion e8&erien"e, by 456 servi"es woul, be less than that obtaine, in all stu,ie, "ases be"ause real o ere, tra i" will be usually smaller than that in rush hours3 Fy evaluating all these &er orman"e &arameters, the &er orman"e o the network with a s&e"i i" han,over &riority:base, "hannel allo"ation s"heme "an be a"hieve,3

'

Simulation results

(n this se"tion we &resent simulation results to show the e e"ts o ea"h han,over han,ling s"hemes on the &er orman"e o 456 tra i"3 All results are &resente, as "urves versus the total 456 o ere, tra i" <i3e3, new "alls an, han,overs= in %rlangs3 #ne o our main ob/e"tives is to investigate how the 456 han,over tra i" is a e"te, by the 4PR5 P5 im&lementation into the 456 network3 @e noti"e that ,e&en,ing on the 4PR5 &enetration a"tor, Ng&rs shoul, "hange in or,er to guarantee a&&ro&riate ;o5 or 4PR5 users3 As the number o 4PR5 subs"ribers grows, 4PR5 tra i" loa, is har, to estimateJ in la"k o realisti" tra i" ,istribution &ro iles or 4PR5, the 4PR5 o ere, tra i" loa, "an be sim&li ie, to be &ro&ortional to the growth o subs"riber numbers3 !hen, we &er orm simulations or ,i erent values o Ng&rs, an, the e e"ts o an in"reasing value o N g&rs on the "a&a"ity o e8isting 456 servi"es are "om&ute,3 5in"e the irst generation o 4PR5 mobile &hones use multi:slot "on igurations +-* an, +-A >+B?, values o N g&rs N +, *, A, Q an, D are "onsi,ere, in this &a&er3 Ng&rsN ) means that measure, &arameters are re erre, to 456 without 4PR5 P5 im&lementation3 @e stu,y two &ossible s"enarios where the target mi"ro"ell "an be &la"e,3 'irst, an isolate, mi"ro"ell s"enario is "onsi,ere,3 !herea ter, an, overlai, ma"ro"ell9mi"ro"ell s"enario is also stu,ie, as an alternative to in"rease overall network "a&a"ity3 &.1. .asic microcell scenario !able + summari0es the system &arameters that re er to this basi" mi"ro"ell s"enario <a,,itional values are given within bra"kets=3 !he values ,i ering rom this table will be e8&li"itly in,i"ate, in igure "a&tions3 @e irst "onsi,er a ty&i"al "ase where no &riority is given to han,overs, whi"h will &rovi,e the basi" re eren"e o the 456 "a&a"ity re,u"tion3 'igure + shows the e e"ts o in"reasing Ng&rs on the "a&a"ity o e8isting 456 servi"es when the NP5 is use,3 'rom 'igure +<a=, one "an "learly see that the more N g&rs "hannels a "ell reserves, the more P h an, Pnb are in"rease, at any s&e"i i" value o o ere, loa,3 Eonse7uently, the less 456 tra i" is "arrie, as shown in 'igure +<b=3 5in"e both Ph an, Pnb are e7ual be"ause no &riority is given to han,overs over new "alls, the in"rease in both &robabilities ,ue to N g&rs is same3 6oreover, U"h or the Nshare, tra i" "hannels is in"rease, as more N g&rs "hannels are e8"lusively reserve, or 4PR5 as shown in 'igure +<"=, whi"h im&lies more the e i"ient use o the available ban,wi,th3 !he in"rease in U"h also means that less unuse, 456 "a&a"ity in N share, "hannel &ool is available

or 4PR5 servi"es3 !here ore, there e8ists a tra,eo between e i"ient "hannel utili0ation or 456 servi"es an, ree 456 unuse, "a&a"ity available or 4PR5 users3 !he ,ash:,ot line in the "urves marks the values when the "ell o ere, loa, "auses a *R blo"king &robability <worst "ase situation= or N g&rsN )3 'igure +<a= in,i"ates that the values o Ph an, Pnb rea"h una""e&table levels when N g&rs e8"ee,s A <more than +)R=3 !here ore, installing a new !RO in the "ell shoul, be "onsi,ere, in "ase o re7uiring more than N g&rsN A "hannels in or,er to kee& u& with the 7uality ,eman,s o 4PR5 users3 @hen N g&rs N+ an, *, the in"rease in Ph an, Pnb < rom *R to *3SAR an, B3D*R res&e"tively= is almost negligible "om&are, to the bene it o reserving a,,itional "hannels or 4PR5 users3 !aking into a""ount that these values are re erre, to the worst "ase situation, the a"tual values o P h an, Pnb woul, be even smaller3 @hen Ng&rs NA, the in"rease in Ph an, Pnb is "onsi,erable < rom *R to Q3QDR=3 Fut in this "ase there is the &ossibility o ,e"reasing P h using the han,over &rioriti0ation s"hemes stu,ie, be ore instea, o the NP5 use, here3 'igure * shows the &er orman"e "hara"teristi"s or the e8isting 456 servi"es in the mi"ro"ell when Ng&rs N A an, the RE5:Pre s"heme is use,3 (n ea"h o these "urves, the &er orman"e or the NP5 with Ng&rs N A an, with Ng&rs N ) is in"or&orate, or "om&arison &ur&oses3 'igure *<a= shows that Ph is slightly ,e"rease, as more N ho "hannels are e8"lusively reserve, or han,over re7uests3 !his Ph re,u"tion "onse7uently be"omes in a small in"rease in P nb as shown in 'igure *<b= be"ause the reserve, "hannels "annot be assigne, to new "alls3 'igures *<"= an, <,= show that A"arr an, U"h are har,ly ,egra,e, when "om&are, to the non:&riority "ase3 'igure B shows the same &er orman"e "hara"teristi"s as 'igure * e8"e&t the RE5:Post s"heme3 (t "an be observe, rom igures B<a= an, <b= that the ,e"rease in P h an, the in"rease in Pnb are higher than those in the &re:reservation or the same value o N ho3 @ith Nho B, the value o Ph "an be even re,u"e, beneath the value obtaine, in 456 or the NP5 although P nb signi i"antly in"reases3 'igures B<"= an, <,= in,i"ate that A "arr an, U"h are signi i"antly ,egra,e, when "om&are, to the &re:reservation "ase3 !hen the re,u"tion "om&are, to the non:&riority "ase is higher3 As a &reliminary "on"lusion we "an state that the RE5:&ost s"heme shoul, be avoi,e, unless a very high &er"entage o the total o ere, loa, is "ause, by han,over tra i"3 'igures A<a= an, <b= "om&are both RE5 s"hemes when Ng&rsN A or a "ell o ere, loa, e7ual to *+ %rlangs3 (t "an be observe, that the &er orman"e o P h is better than RE5:&re, although P nb is on the "ontrary3 5u"h an observation is be"ause in RE5:&ost there are instan"es or +)

han,overs to o""u&y "hannels rom N "om even when some ree "hannels available in the N ho &ool3 !his means that U"h or the reserve, "hannel grou& <Nho= in the "ase o RE5:&ost will be mu"h less than that o the RE5:&re as shown in 'igures A<"= an, <,=3 5in"e the RE5 is easily im&lemente, together with the NP5, RE5 shoul, be use, instea, o total A"arr3 'igure $ shows the &er orman"e "hara"teristi"s when N g&rs N A an, the ;P5 s"heme are use,3 (n ea"h o these "urves, the &er orman"e or the NP5 with N g&rs N A an, with Ng&rs N ) is in"or&orate, or "om&arison &ur&oses3 !wo ;P5s are stu,ie,- the ':;P5 an, the 6:;P5 s"hemes, an, two &ossible ,egra,ation intervals are "onsi,ere, <see table += or "om&arison &ur&oses3 (n >$? !ekinay an, JabbariCs "on"lusion is that both P h an, Pnb or the 6:;P5 are always smaller than that o ':;P53 However, this "annot be true- sin"e the "hannels available in the system are the same or both s"hemes, a smaller P h means that most han,overs are a""ommo,ate, <an, more "hannels are o""u&ie, by han,oversJ As a "onse7uen"e, ewer i,le "hannels are available or new "alls, whi"h "om&ulsory results in a large P nb3 'igure $<a= in,i"ates that Ph o ':;P5 is higher than that o 6:;P53 P nb o '('# is smaller than that o 6:;P5 but the ,i eren"e "an be negligible as shown in 'igure $<b=3 'igures $<"= an, <,= in,i"ate that A"arr an, U"h or both ;P5s are almost i,enti"al an, are slightly im&rove, when "om&are, to the non:&riority "ase3 !he results "on"lu,e that the &er orman"e o both ;P5 s"hemes is roughly same3 'urthermore, 'igure $<a= shows that the a"hieve, value o P h in both s"hemes is beneath the value obtaine, in the 456 or the NP53 'igure $<a= also in,i"ates that the han,over &er orman"e o both ;P5 s"hemes is better in a longer ,egra,ation interval3 'igure Q shows the &er orman"e "hara"teristi"s when N g&rs N A an, the 5R5 s"heme are use,3 As Pnb is not ,egra,e, by 5R5, its "urve is not shown3 Parti"ularly, we only use a ra"tion o Nshare, "hannels or sub:rating <name, N sub= in or,er to guarantee the overall voi"e 7uality o 456 tra i"3 'igure Q<a= shows that Ph heavily ,e"reases as Nsub in"reases3 @ith only Nsub T +, the value o Ph "an be even re,u"e, beneath the value obtaine, in the 456 or the NP53 'rom 'igure Q<b=, it "an be note, that the 5R5 e e"tively in"reases the network "a&a"ity when "om&are, to the non:&riority "ase3 !his is be"ause P h has been ,e"rease, without ,egra,ing Pnb unlike the other han,over &rioriti0ation s"hemes3 !here ore, the 5R5 always gives the best han,over &er orman"e without ,egra,ing P nb3 However, its im&lementation "om&le8ity is the highest as e8&laine, in >D?3 &.2. !verlaid macrocell/microcell scenario ++ NP5 when im&lementation "ost is a ma/or "on"ern an, re,u"ing P h is more im&ortant than in"reasing

(n the &revious se"tion the han,over &er orman"e in the mi"ro"ell has been im&rove, by using several han,over &rioriti0ation s"hemes3 However, the &er orman"e im&rovement o P h results in the e8&ense o in"rease in P nb, es&e"ially in the RE5:&ost <see 'igure B<b==3 Another way is to overlay the mi"ro"ell with a ma"ro"ell in or,er to im&rove the han,over &er orman"e as well as the new "all attem&t3 Eurrent 456 networks "onsist o multi&le layers o "ells with ,i erent "ell si0es or "om&lete "overage an, su i"ient "a&a"ity >+)?3 !here ore, the overall &er orman"e o the basi" mi"ro"ell s"enario "an be enhan"e, by having an umbrella ma"ro"ell overlai,3 (n or,er to rela8 the nee, or ast han,overs between the "ells in a mi"ro"ell "luster, the tra i" rom ast:moving mobiles "an be "arrie, by a umbrella ma"ro"ell, hen"e re,u"ing the number o han,overs in the "luster3 !his may im&rove the overall network &er orman"e be"ause han,overs in"rease signaling tra i", an, ba"k an, orth boun"ing tra i" may "ause "ongestions in mi"ro"ells3 (n this &a&er, we use a threshol, or the velo"ity e7ual to $)km9h or the slow:moving mobiles <see 'igure S=, that is, an in"oming han,over re7uest to the target mi"ro"ell whose velo"ity e8"ee,s $)km9h is &owere, u& an, assigne, a "hannel rom the ma"ro"ell3 (n this &a&er, a ma"ro"ell overlaying S mi"ro"ells is "onsi,ere,, one o whi"h is the target mi"ro"ell an, lo"ate, in the mi,,le o the ma"ro"ell as shown in 'igure D3 !he "ell ra,ius o the ma"ro"ell is Rma"ro N BxRmi"ro N *A))m, so the mean "hannel hol,ing time in the ma"ro"ell is M) se"on,s >+*?3 !he target mi"ro"ell is su&&ose, to be o&erating at a ma8imum *R blo"king &robability, whi"h is a"hieve, when A o N *+ %rlangs or the NP53 As B$R o the total Ao is "ause, by han,over re7uests, the o ere, tra i" "ause, by han,overs is S3B$ %rlangs3 Eonsi,ering that P(0 > $)+m 9 h ) +SR , the o ere, tra i" rom the target mi"ro"ell to the umbrella ma"ro"ell will be +3*$ %rlangs a&&ro8imately3 !he Q surroun,ing mi"ro"ells are su&&ose, to generate * %rlang o tra i" to the umbrella ma"ro"ell, so the total o ere, tra i" rom the whole mi"ro"ellular "luster to the ma"ro"ell is +B3*$ %rlangs3 (n or,er to "arry this tra i" with a low blo"king rate, the ma"ro"ell is "onsi,ere, to have B !ROs3 !hen *A &hysi"al "hannels are available, an, i * o them are reserve, or network signaling, ** tra i" "hannels are available to serve the "luster3 Using the %rlang:F ormula >+)?, the blo"king &robability e7uals )3S*R, so the Ghan, u&H han,over tra i" rom the target mi"ro"ell will be "arrie, &ro&erly3

+*

'igure M shows the &er orman"e o the 456 tra i" in an overlai, ma"ro"ell9mi"ro"ell s"enario when Ng&rs N A an, ,i erent han,over &rioriti0ation s"hemes are use,3 !he values are measure, or Ao N *+ %rlangs in the target mi"ro"ell3 !he values o P h an, Pnb or the basi" mi"ro"ell s"enario in the &revious se"tion are given or "om&arison &ur&oses3 'rom 'igure M <a=, one "an "learly see that the values o P h are smaller when the umbrella ma"ro"ell is ,e&loye,3 5in"e the tra i" or ast:moving mobiles is "arrie, by the ma"ro"ell, less tra i" is "arrie, by the target mi"ro"ell3 As a result, the values o P nb are also smaller than those without ma"ro"ell as shown in 'igure M<b=3 (n &arti"ular, the values o P nb with han,over &rioriti0ation s"heme e8"e&t the RE5:&ost in the ma"ro"ell9mi"ro"ell s"enario are even smaller than that o the basi" mi"ro"ell s"enario when the NP5 is use, <Q3QDR=3 'inally, a "om&arison between both simulate, s"enarios is given in table * where all the values are obtaine, or the o ere, loa, o *+ %rlangs in the target mi"ro"ell3

)onclusions and future work

(n this &a&er a "om&rehensive &er orman"e stu,y o 456 han,over tra i" in a 4PR59456 network is &er orme,3 A sim&li ie, "ase stu,y o a 4PR59456 network is simulate, un,er two ,i erent s"enarios- a basi" mi"ro"ell s"enario an, an overlai, ma"ro"ell9mi"ro"ell s"enario3 !he &er orman"e o 456 servi"es in the target mi"ro"ell is measure, while gra,ually in"reasing the 4PR5 tra i"3 Ii erent han,over &riority:base, "hannel allo"ation s"hemes are &ro&ose, to enhan"e the han,over &er orman"e3 4iven a mi"ro"ell with Ntr8 N A, our main results "an be summari0e, as ollows 'or Ng&rsN + an, * <GlowH 4PR5 &enetration a"tor=, the "a&a"ity re,u"tion o 456 servi"es is almost negligible "om&are, with the bene it o reserving a,,itional "hannels or 4PR5 users3 'or Ng&rsN A <Gme,iumH 4PR5 &enetration a"tor=, the "a&a"ity re,u"tion o 456 servi"es is "onsi,erable an, han,over &rioriti0ation s"hemes shoul, be use,3 ( im&roving han,over &er orman"e is more im&ortant than in"reasing total "arrie, tra i", the RE5, the ;P5 an, the 5R5 are better than the NP5J #therwise, an umbrella ma"ro"ell is likely use, to re,u"e "all blo"king rate3 'or Ng&rsN Q an, D <GhighH 4PR5 &enetration a"tor=, the "a&a"ity re,u"tion o 456 servi"es is e8"essive an, the overlai, ma"ro"ell is not enough to ensure su i"ient "a&a"ity or both servi"es so that "a&a"ity e8&ansion is nee,e,3

+B

'rom the simulation results, some general "on"lusions "an also be ,rawn3 As a whole, the more Ng&rs "hannels are e8"lusively reserve, or 4PR5, the more the 456 "a&a"ity is ,egra,e,3 'urthermore, it is observe, that ,e&en,ing on the "ell &arameters <e3g3, "ell ra,ius an, Ntr8= an, the value o Ng&rs, ,i erent han,over &rioriti0ation s"hemes shoul, be use, in or,er to ensure the ma8imum han,over &er orman"e3 !he sele"tion o a &arti"ular han,over &rioriti0ation s"heme is a tra,eo between its im&lementation "om&le8ity an, &er orman"e3 ( im&lementation "ost is a ma/or "on"ern, then the RE5 an, the NP5 shoul, be "onsi,ere,3 !o a"hieve the best han,over &er orman"e an, the highest network "a&a"ity <with a slight voi"e 7uality ,egra,ation=, the 5R5 shoul, be sele"te,3 !he ;P5 woul, be the best "hoi"e in terms o han,over &er orman"e, im&lementation "om&le8ity an, s&e"trum e i"ien"y3 'inally, in or,er to su""ess ully allow a signi i"ant growth o 4PR5 users without heavily ,egra,ing the e8isting 456 "a&a"ity, an overlai, ma"ro"ell9mi"ro"ell is not enough an, a "a&a"ity e8&ansion woul, be ne"essary3 !his e8&ansion "an be obtaine, by installing new !ROs in the mi"ro"ell or new sites3 An interesting sub/e"t or uture work is the &er orman"e stu,y o both 4PR5 an, 456 servi"es using ,i erent han,over &rioriti0ation s"hemes3 An a""urate 4PR5 tra i" mo,el <e3g, @@@ tra i" mo,el >+A?= "oul, be a,,e, so that both systemsC &er orman"e "oul, be evaluate, un,er ,i erent &er"entages o 4PR5 users as well as ,i erent s"enarios3 5ome a,,itional work "oul, also be ,one on buil,ing a more "om&le8 simulation environment in or,er to have more vali,ation or the obtaine, results3 !his new stu,y "oul, give valuable hints or network ,esigners whi"h han,over s"heme shoul, be use, an, how many "hannels shoul, be allo"ate, or 4PR5 or a given amount o tra i" in or,er to guarantee a&&ro&riate 7uality an, "a&a"ity or both servi"es3

References
>+? E3 Lin,emann an, A3 !hUmmler, Per)ormance analysis o) the 1eneral Pac+et Radio Service, (%%% (nternational Eon eren"e on Iistribute Eom&uting 5ystems, &&3QSB:QD), *))+3 >*? 43 Fras"he an, F3 @alke, Concepts2 services and protocols o) the ne* 1S# phase 23 1eneral Pac+et Radio Service, (%%% Eommuni"ations 6aga0ine, vol3B$, iss3D, &&3MA: +)A, August +MMS3 >B? J3 Eai an, I3 J3 4oo,man, Rutgers University, 1eneral Pac+et Radio Service in 1S# , (%%% Eommuni"ations 6aga0ine, vol3B$, iss3+), &&3+**:+B+, #"tober +MMS3 >A? 53 Ni, V3 Liang an, 53:43 HWggman, !utage pro$a$ility )or 1PRS over 1S# voice services, (%%% Vehi"ular !e"hnology Eon eren"e, vol3*, &&3DBM:DAB, +MMM3

+A

>$? I3 Hong an, 53 53 Ra&&a&ort, ! ra))ic model and per)ormance analysis )or cellular mo$ile radio telephone systems *ith prioriti-ed and nonprioriti-ed hando)) procedures , (%%% !ransa"tions on Vehi"ular !e"hnology, vol3B$, August +MDQ3 >Q? 53 !ekinay an, F3 Jabbari, 4 measurement-$ased prioriti-ation scheme )or handovers in mo$ile cellular net*or+s, (%%% Journal on 5ele"te, Areas in Eommuni"ations, vol3+), iss3D, &&3+BAB:+B$), #"tober +MM*3 >S? V3 F3 Lin, 53 6ohan an, A3 Noer&el, Queueing priority channel assignment strategies )or PCS hand-o)) and initial access, (%%% !ransa"tions on Vehi"ular !e"hnology, vol3AB, iss3B, &&3S)A:S+*, August +MMA3 >D? V3 F3 Lin, A3 Noer&el an, I3 J3 Harasty, (he su$-rating channel assignment strategy )or PCS hand-o))s, (%%% !ransa"tions on Vehi"ular !e"hnology, vol3A$, iss3+, &&3+**:+B), 'ebruary +MMQ3 >M? 53 Nan,a, (eletra))ic models )or ur$an and su$ur$an microcells5 cell si-es and hando)) rates, (%%% !ransa"tions on Vehi"ular !e"hnology, vol3A*, no3A, &&3QSB:QD*, November +MMB3 >+)? N3 Ear,ona, 6igital mo$ile communication systems5 1S#2 1PRS2 'SCS62 76172 8#(S2 "ourse material, Polyte"hni" University o Valen"ia, July *)))3 >++? 63 63 Zonoo0i an, P3 Iassanayake, 8ser mo$ility modeling and characteri-ation o) mo$ility patterns, (%%% Journal on 5ele"te, Areas in Eommuni"ations, vol3+$, no3S, &&3+*BM:+*$*, 5e&tember +MMS3 >+*? 63 63 Zonoo0i, P3 Iassanayake an, 63 'aulkner, #o$ility modeling and channel holding time distri$ution in cellular mo$ile communication systems , (%%% 4lobal !ele"ommuni"ations Eon eren"e, vol3+, &&3+*:+Q, November +MM$3 >+B? P3 Rysavy, 1eneral Pac+et Radio Service (1PRS)2 Rysavy Resear"h, PE5 Iata !o,ay /ournal, 5e&tember +MMD3 >+A? U6!5 B)3)B, 8niversal mo$ile telecommunications system9 Selection procedures )or the choice o) radio transmission technologies o) the 8#(S , %!5( !R +)+ ++*, v3B3*3), anne8 *, &aragra&h +3*3*, A&ril +MMD3

+$

*i$ures and tables

Table 1. System parameters for the basic microcell scenario

a= Pnb an, Ph versus Ao when Ng&rs

b= A"arr versus Ao when Ng&rs

"= U"h versus Ao when Ng&rs

Figure 1. Effects of increasing Ngprs on GSM capacity for the NPS scheme

+Q

a= Ph versus Ao or Ng&rsNA when Nho

b= Pnb versus Ao or Ng&rsNA when Nho

"= A"arr versus Ao or Ng&rsNA when Nho

,= U"h versus Ao or Ng&rsNA when Nho

Figure 2. GSM performance parameters for the R S!Pre scheme

a= Ph versus Ao or Ng&rsNA when Nho

b= Pnb versus Ao or Ng&rsNA when Nho

"= A"arr versus Ao or Ng&rsNA when Nho

,= U"h versus Ao or Ng&rsNA when Nho

Figure ". GSM performance parameters for the R S!Post scheme

+S

a= Ph versus Nho or Ao N *+%rl3 an, Ng&rsN A

b= Pnb versus Nho or Ao N *+%rl3 an, Ng&rsN A

"= U"h versus Ao or Ng&rsNA when Nho

,= U"h versus Ao or Ng&rsNA when Nho

Figure #. omparison bet$een R S!Pre an% R S!Post schemes

a= Ph versus Ao or Ng&rsNA

b= Pnb versus Ao or Ng&rsNA

"= A"arr versus Ao or Ng&rsNA

,= U"h versus Ao or Ng&rsNA

Figure &. GSM performance parameters for the 'PS schemes

+D

a= Ph versus Ao or Ng&rsNA when Nsub

b= A"arr versus Ao or Ng&rsNA when Nsub

Figure (. GSM performance parameters for the SRS scheme

Figure ). P*F of +elocity for the mobiles

Figure ,. -+erlai% macrocell. microcell scenario

a= Ph or Ao N *+%rl3 when Ng&rsN A

b= Pnb or Ao N *+%rl3 when Ng&rsN A

Figure /. GSM performance parameters for the target microcell in an o+erlai% macrocell.microcell scenario

+M

Table 2. Summary of performance parameters for both scenarios $hen 0off121 Erlangs

*)