CHNG VI.

TNG QUAN V LP TRNH HNG I TNG

I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Khi nim Cc nguyn l c bn Khai bo lp v i tng S dng i tng Kt tp v k tha a hnh

I. Khi nim
i tng trong th gii thc
V d mt chic t

Lin quan n chic t: Cc thng tin v chic xe nh: mu sc, tc , s km i c,... Cc hot ng ca chic xe nh: tng tc khi nhn ga, gim tc khi p phanh,...

i tng trong th gii thc

Mt i tng trong th gii thc l mt thc th c th m thng thng chng ta c th s, nhn thy hay cm nhn c. Tt c c trng thi (state) v hnh ng (behaviour)
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i tng phn mm
Cc i tng phn mm c th c dng biu din cc i tng th gii thc. Cng c trng thi v hnh ng

Trng

thi: thuc tnh (attribute; property) Hnh ng: phng thc (method)
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1. i tng

i tng phn mm

i tng phn mm Xe p

i tng (object) l mt thc th phn mm bao bc cc thuc tnh v cc phng thc lin quan.

Thuc tnh c xc nh bi gi tr c th gi l thuc tnh th hin. Mt i tng c th c gi l mt th hin.

2. M hnh ha i tng
House Reality Tree Tom Car

Object-oriented modeling

Model House drives lives in Tom

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Car Tree

3. Tng tc gia cc i tng

S giao tip gia cc i tng trong th gii thc:

Cc i tng v s tng tc gia chng trong lp trnh

Cc i tng giao tip vi nhau bng cch gi thng ip (message)

Gi hm vs. Gi thng ip
Gi hm (Call function)
Ch ra chnh xc on m no s c thc hin. Ch c duy nht mt s thc thi ca mt hm vi mt tn no . Khng c hai hm trng tn

Gi thng ip
Yu cu mt dch v t mt i tng v i tng s quyt nh cn phi lm g Cc i tng khc nhau s c cc cch thc thi cc thng ip theo cch khc nhau.

Thng ip vs. Phng thc

Thng ip
c gi t i tng ny n i tng kia, khng bao gm on m thc s s c thc thi

Phng thc
Th tc/hm trong ngn ng lp trnh cu trc L s thc thi dch v c yu cu bi thng ip L on m s c thc thi p ng thng ip c gi n cho i tng

Hng cu trc vs. Hng T?

Hng cu trc: data structures + algorithms = Program Hng i tng: objects + messages = program

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4. Lp i tng

Trong th gii thc c nhiu i tng cng loi. Chng trnh hng i tng c nhiu i tng cng loi chia s nhng c im chung. V d

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Lp
Mt lp l mt thit k (blueprint) hay mu (prototype) cho cc i tng cng kiu
V d: lp XeDap l mt thit k chung cho nhiu i tng xe p c to ra

Lp nh ngha cc thuc tnh v cc phng thc chung cho tt c cc i tng ca cng mt loi no Mt i tng l mt th hin c th ca mt lp.
V d: mi i tng xe p l mt th hin ca lp XeDap

Mi th hin c th c nhng thuc tnh th hin khc nhau

V d: mt xe p c th ang bnh rng th 5 trong khi mt xe khc c th l ang bnh rng th 3.

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V d Lp Xe p
Khai bo cho lp XeDap i tng ca lp XeDap

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Lp vs. i tng
Lp l m hnh khi nim, m t cc thc th Lp nh mt bn mu, nh ngha cc thuc tnh v phng thc chung ca cc i tng Mt lp l s tru tng ha ca mt tp cc i tng i tng l s vt tht, l thc th thc s i tng l mt th hin (instance) ca mt lp, d liu ca cc i tng khc nhau l khc nhau Mi i tng c mt lp xc nh d liu v hnh vi ca n.

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II. Cc nguyn l c bn
Hng i tng

M-un ha

Tru tng ha

Phn cp

ng gi

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1. Tru tng ha (Abstraction)

L qu trnh loi b i cc thng tin c th v gi li nhng thng tin chung. Tp trung vo cc c im c bn ca thc th, cc c im phn bit n vi cc loi thc th khc. Ph thuc vo gc nhn
Quan trng trong ng cnh ny nhng li khng c ngha nhiu trong ng cnh khc.

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V d: Tru tng ha

Sinh vin

Gio vin

Kha hc din ra lc 9:00 sng cc ngy th 3, 5, 7

Kha hc (v d i s)
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a. Phn loi tru tng ha

Tru tng ha iu khin: S dng cc chng trnh con (subprogram) v cc lung iu khin (control flow)
V d: a := (1 + 2) * 5
Nu khng c tru tng ha iu khin, LTV phi ch ra tt c cc thanh ghi, cc bc tnh ton mc nh phn

Tru tng ha d liu: X l d liu theo cc cch khc nhau

V d: Kiu d liu
S tch bit r rng gia cc thuc tnh tru tng ca kiu d liu v cc chi tit thc thi c th ca kiu d liu .

b. Tru tng ha d liu

i tng trong thc t phc tp

Cn n gin ha, b qua nhng chi tit khng cn thit Ch trch rt ly nhng thng tin lin quan, thng tin quan tm, quan trng vi bi ton

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Tru tng ha d liu

Tru tng ha l mt cch nhn hoc cch biu din mt thc th ch bao gm cc thuc tnh lin quan trong mt ng cnh no . Tp hp cc th hin ca cc thc th thnh cc nhm c chung cc thuc tnh gi l Lp (class).

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unclassified "things"

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 organisms, mammals, humans

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 organisms, mammals, dangerous mammals

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2. ng gi (Encapsulation)
Che giu, n i chi tit thc hin bn trong
Cung cp cho th gii bn ngoi mt giao din Ngi dng khng ph thuc vo vic sa i s thc thi bn trong

Tng cng tnh mm do

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ng gi
Mt i tng l mt thc th c ng gi, cung cp tp cc dch v nht nh Mt i tng c ng gi c th c xem nh mt hp en cc cng vic bn trong l n so vi client D thay i thit k/m
ngun bn trong nhng giao din bn ngoi khng b thay i theo

Input

Dont know how it works, but it works!

Output
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ng gi i tng
Client Methods

Mt i tng c hai khung nhn:

Bn trong: Chi tit v cc thuc tnh v cc phng thc ca lp tng ng vi i tng Bn ngoi: Cc dch v m mt i tng c th cung cp v cch i tng tng tc vi phn cn li ca h thng Data

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Minh ha vic ng gi
Giao din thng ip (phng thc) ca i tng Gio s Clark c yu cu dy 4 lp thng ti
Gio s Clark

Name: J Clark Employee ID: 567138 HireDate: 07/25/1991

SetMaxLoad(4)

Status: Tenured Discipline: Finance MaxLoad:4

TakeSabbatica l()
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ng gi
D liu/thuc tnh v hnh vi/phng thc c ng gi trong mt lp Encapsulation

BankAccount - owner: String - balance: double + debit(double): boolean +credit(double)

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c. M un ha (Modularity)
Chia nh h thng phc tp thnh nhng thnh phn nh c th qun l c. Cho php ngi dng hiu bit v h thng.

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V d: M un ha
V d, chia nh mt h thng phc tp thnh cc m un nh hn.

H thng qun l xut nhp sch

H thng k ton

H thng qun l siu th sch

H thng qun l nhn vin

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d. Phn cp (Hierarchy)
Gia tng mc tru tng ha
Ti sn

Ti khon ngn hng

Chng khon

Bt ng sn

Gim mc tru tng ha

Tit kim

Tin gi

C phiu

Cc loi giy t c gi tr

Cc phn t cng cp trong s phn cp th c cng mc tru tng ha

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III. KHAI BO

1. Khai bo lp 2. Khai bo thnh vin lp 3. Khai bo i tng

Thng tin cn thit nh ngha mt lp

Tn (Name)
Tn lp nn m t i tng trong th gii tht Tn lp nn l s t, ngn gn, v xc nh r rng cho s tru tng ha.

Danh sch cc phn t d liu

Cc phn d liu cn ly ra khi tru tng ha
BankAccount - owner: String - balance: double + debit(double): boolean +credit(double)

Danh sch cc thng ip

Cc thng ip m i tng c th nhn c

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1. Khai bo lp
Lp ng gi cc thnh vin (member)
Cc trng/thuc tnh (field/attribute) Cc hm/phng thc (function/method):
String owner; double balance;

Attribute declarations

Method declarations

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Khai bo lp
Trong Java, cc lp c nhm li thnh package Package bao gm mt tp hp cc lp c quan h logic vi nhau, Package c coi nh cc th mc, l ni t chc cc lp, gip xc nh v tr d dng v s dng cc lp mt cch ph hp. V d: Mt s package c sn ca Java: java.lang, javax.swing, java.io Package c th do ta t t
Cch nhau bng du . Quy c s dng k t thng t tn package V d: package oop.k52.cnpm;
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C php khai bo
package tenpackage; chi_dinh_truy_cap class TenLop {
// Than lop

chi_dinh_truy_cap:
public: Lp c th c truy cp t bt c u, k c bn ngoi package cha lp . private: Lp ch c th c truy cp trong phm vi lp Khng c (mc nh): Lp c th c truy cp t bn trong package cha lp .

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V d - Khai bo lp
package oop.k52.cnpm; public class Student {

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2. Khai bo thnh vin ca lp

Cc thnh vin ca lp cng c ch nh truy cp tng t nh lp.

public

Khng c

private

Cng lp Cng gi Khc gi

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Khai bo thnh vin ca lp (2)

Cc thnh vin ca lp cng c ch nh truy cp tng t nh lp.

public

Khng c Yes Yes No

private

Cng lp Cng gi Khc gi

Yes Yes Yes

Yes No No
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a. Thuc tnh
Cc thuc tnh phi c khai bo bn trong lp Mi i tng c bn sao cc thuc tnh ca ring n
Gi tr ca mt thuc tnh thuc cc i tng khc nhau l khc nhau.

Student name address studentID dateOfBirth

Nguyn Hong Nam
H Ni Nguyn Thu Hng Hi Phng
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Thuc tnh
Thuc tnh c th c khi to khi khai bo Cc gi tr mc nh s c s dng nu khng c khi to.

BankAccount - owner: String - balance: double

+ debit(double): boolean +credit(double)
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b. Phng thc
Xc nh cch mt i tng p ng li thng ip Phng thc xc nh cc hot ng ca lp Bt k phng thc no cng phi thuc v mt lp no

boolean

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* Ch k phng thc (signature)

Mi phng thc phi c mt ch k ring gm:
Tn phng thc S lng cc tham s v kiu ca chng

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* Kiu d liu tr v
Khi phng thc tr v t nht mt gi tr hoc mt i tng th bt buc phi c cu lnh return tr iu khin cho i tng gi phng thc. Nu phng thc khng tr v 1 gi tr no (void) v c th khng cn cu lnh return C th c nhiu lnh return trong mt phng thc; cu lnh u tin m chng trnh gp s c thc thi.

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c. Thnh vin bt bin

Mt thuc tnh/phng thc khng th thay i gi tr/ni dung trong qu trnh s dng. C php khai bo: chi_dinh_truy_cap final kieu_du_lieu TEN_HANG = gia_tri;

V d:
final double PI = 3.141592653589793; public final int VAL_THREE = 39; private final int[] A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 };

d. Che giu d liu (Data hiding)

D liu c che giu bn trong lp v ch c truy cp v thay i cc phng thc bn ngoi
Trnh thay i tri php hoc lm sai lch d liu

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C ch che giu d liu

Cc thnh vin d liu Ch c th truy cp t cc phng thc bn trong lp Ch nh truy cp l private bo v d liu

Cc i tng khc mun truy nhp vo d liu ring t ny phi thng qua cc phng thc public

BankAccount - owner: String - balance: double + debit(double): boolea +credit(double) 49

C ch che giu d liu (2)

V d liu l ring t Thng thng mt lp cung cp cc dch v truy cp v chnh sa cc gi tr ca d liu Accessor (getter): Tr v gi tr hin ti ca mt thuc tnh (d liu) Mutator (setter): Thay i gi tr ca mt thuc tnh Thng l getX v setX, trong x l tn thuc tnh

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4. Khai bo i tng
D liu cn c khi to trc khi s dng Li khi to l mt trong cc li ph bin Vi kiu d liu n gin, s dng ton t = Vi i tng Cn dng phng thc khi to
Student name address studentID dateOfBirth
Nguyn Hong Nam Nguyn Thu Hng
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Hi Phng

Thnh vin i tng (Instance member)

Thuc tnh/phng thc ch c truy cp thng qua i tng Mi i tng c 1 bn sao ring ca 1 thuc tnh i tng Gi tr ca 1 thuc tnh i tng ca cc i tng khc nhau l khc nhau.

vs. Thnh vin lp (Class member)

Thuc tnh/phng thc c th c truy cp thng qua lp Cc i tng c chung 1 bn sao ca 1 thuc tnh lp Gi tr ca 1 thuc tnh lp ca cc i tngkhc nhau l ging nhau.
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Khi to v hy b i tng
Mi i tng khi tn ti v hot ng c h iu hnh cp pht mt vng nh lu li cc gi tr ca d liu thnh phn Khi to ra i tng HH s gn gi tr khi to cho cc d liu thnh phn Phi c thc hin t ng trc khi ngi lp trnh c th tc ng ln i tng S dng hm/phng thc khi to Ngc li khi kt thc cn phi gii phng hp l tt c cc b nh cp pht cho i tng. Java: JVM C++: Hm hy (destructor)
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a. Phng thc khi to

L phng thc c bit c gi t ng khi to ra i tng Mc ch chnh: Khi to cho cc thuc tnh ca i tng
Student name address studentID dateOfBirth
Nguyn Hong Nam
H Ni Nguyn Thu Hng Hi Phng
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Phng thc khi to (2)

Mi lp phi cha t nht mt constructor C nhim v to ra mt th hin mi ca lp Tn ca constructor trng vi tn ca lp Constructor khng c kiu d liu tr v V d: public BankAccount(String o, double b){ owner = o; balance = b; }

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Phng thc khi to (3)

Phng thc khi to c th dng cc ch nh truy cp public private Khng c (mc nh phm vi package) Mt phng thc khi to khng th dng cc t kha abstract, static, final, native, synchronized. Cc phng thc khi to khng c xem nh l thnh vin ca lp.

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Phng thc khi to (4)

Phng khi to mc nh (default constructor) L phng thc khi to KHNG THAM S public BankAccount(){ owner = noname; balance = 100000; } Nu ta khng vit mt phng khi to no trong lp
JVM mi cung cp phng thc khi to mc nh Phng thc khi to mc nh do JVM cung cp c ch nh truy cp ging nh lp ca n

Mt lp nn c phng thc khi to mc nh

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b. Khi to i tng
i tng c to ra, th hin ha (instantiate) t mt mu chung (lp). Cc i tng phi c khai bo kiu ca i tng trc khi s dng: Kiu ca i tng l lp cc i tng V d:
String strName; BankAccount acc;

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Khi to i tng (2)

i tng cn c khi to trc khi s dng S dng ton t = gn S dng t kha new vi constructor khi to i tng:

Mt i tng c khi to mc nh l null i tng c thao tc thng qua tham chiu (~ con tr). V d:
BankAccount acc1; acc1 = new BankAccount();

T kha new dng to ra mt i tng mi T ng gi phng thc khi to tng ng

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Khi to i tng (3)

C th kt hp va khai bo vo khi to i tng
C php:

Ten_lop ten_doi_tuong = new Pthuc_khoi_tao(ds_tham_so);

V d:
BankAccount account = new BankAccount();

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Khi to i tng (4)

Phng thc khi to khng c gi tr tr v, nhng khi s dng vi t kha new tr v mt tham chiu n i tng mi

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Khi to i tng (5)

Mng cc i tng c khai bo ging nh mng d liu c bn Mng cc i tng c khi to mc nh vi gi tr null. V d: Employee emp1 = new Employee(123456); Employee emp2; emp2 = emp1; Department dept[] = new Department[100]; Test[] t = {new Test(1),new Test(2)};

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V d 1
class BankAccount{ private String owner; private double balance; } public class Test{ public static void main(String args[]){ BankAccount acc1 = new BankAccount();
} }

Phng thc khi to mc nh do Java cung cp.

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V d 2
public class BackAccount{ private String owner; private double balance; public BankAccount(){ owner = noname; } } public class Test{ public static void main(String args[]){ BankAccount acc1 = new BankAccount(); } }

Phng thc khi to mc nh t vit.

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V d 3
public class BankAccount { private String owner; private double balance; public BankAccount(String name){ setOwner(name); } public void setOwner(String o){ owner = o; } } public class Test{ public static void main(String args[]){ //Error BankAccount account1 = new BankAccount(); BankAccount account2 = new BankAccount(Hoang); } } 66

IV. S dng i tng

i tng cung cp cc hot ng phc tp hn cc kiu d liu nguyn thy i tng p ng li cc thng ip Ton t "." c s dng gi mt thng ip n mt i tng

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S dng i tng (2)

gi thnh vin (d liu hoc thuc tnh) ca lp hoc i tng, s dng ton t . Nu gi phng thc ngay trong lp th ton t . khng cn thit.

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public class BankAccount{ private String owner; private double balance; public BankAccount(String name) {

setOwner(name);
} public void setOwner(String o){ owner = o; } public String getOwner(){ return owner; } } public class Test{ public static void main(String args[]){ BankAccount acc1 = new BankAccount(); BankAccount acc2 = new BankAccount(Hong); acc1.setOwner(Hoa); System.out.println(acc1.getOwner() + + acc2.getOwner()); }
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1. T tham chiu this

Cho php truy cp vo i tng hin ti ca lp. Quan trng khi hm/phng thc thnh phn thao tc trn hai hay nhiu i tng. Xa i s nhp nhng gia mt bin cc b, tham s vi thnh phn d liu ca lp Khng dng bn trong cc khi lnh static

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public class BankAccount{ private String owner; private double balance; public BankAccount() { } public void setOwner(String owner){

this.owner = owner;
} public String getOwner(){ return owner; } } public class Test{ public static void main(String args[]){ BankAccount acc1 = new BankAccount(); BankAccount acc2 = new BankAccount();

acc1.setOwner(Hoa); acc2.setOwner(Hong);
System.out.println(acc1.getOwner() + + acc2.getOwner()); }
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2. Truyn tham s cho phng thc

C th s dng bt k kiu d liu no cho tham s ca phng thc hoc constructor
Kiu d liu nguyn thy Kiu d liu tham chiu: mng v i tng

V d
public Polygon polygonFrom(Point[] corners) { // method body goes here }

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Truyn tham s cho phng thc (2)

Java truyn mi tham s cho phng thc di dng gi tr (pass-by-value): Truyn gi tr/bn sao ca tham s thc Vi tham s c kiu d liu tham tr (kiu d liu nguyn thy): Truyn gi tr/bn sao ca cc bin nguyn thy truyn vo Vi tham s c kiu d liu tham chiu (mng v i tng): Truyn gi tr/bn sao ca tham chiu gc truyn vo Thay i tham s hnh thc khng lm nh hng n tham s thc
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a. Vi kiu d liu tham tr

Cc gi tr nguyn thy khng th thay i khi truyn nh mt tham s

Phng thc swap ny c hot ng ng khng?

public void swap(int var1, int var2) { int temp = var1; var1 = var2; var2 = temp; }
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b. Vi kiu d liu tham chiu

Thc ra l truyn bn sao ca tham chiu gc, ch khng phi truyn tham chiu gc hoc truyn i tng (pass the references by value, not the original reference or the object)

Sau khi truyn cho phng thc, i tng c t nht 2 tham chiu
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V d
public class Point { private double x; private double y; public Point() { } public Point(double x, double y) { this.x = x; this.y = y; } public void setX(double x) { this.x = x; } public void setY(double y) { this.y = y; } public void printPoint() { System.out.println("X: " + x + " Y: " + y); } }

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public class Test {

public static void tricky(Point arg1, Point arg2) {

arg1.setX(100); arg1.setY(100); Point temp = arg1; arg1 = arg2; arg2 = temp; } public static void main(String [] args) { Point pnt1 = new Point(0,0); Point pnt2 = new Point(0,0); pnt1.printPoint(); pnt2.printPoint(); System.out.println(); tricky(pnt1, pnt2); pnt1.printPoint(); pnt2.printPoint();

}
}

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 Ch c cc tham chiu ca phng thc c tro i, ch khng phi cc tham chiu gc

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c. Truyn s lng tham s ty

c gi l varargs. C php: ten_phuong_thuc(Kieu_dl ten_tham_so)
V d 1:
Khai bo:

public PrintStream printf(String format, Object... args)

S dng System.out.printf ("%s: %d, %s\n", name, idnum, address); System.out.printf ("%s: %d, %s, %s, %s\n", name, idnum, address, phone, email);
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V. KT TP V K THA

1. 2. 3. 4.

Ti s dng m ngun Kt tp K tha So snh

1. Ti s dng m ngun (Reusability)

Ti s dng m ngun: S dng li cc m ngun vit
Lp trnh cu trc: Ti s dng hm/chng trnh con OOP: Khi m hnh th gii thc, tn ti nhiu loi i tng c cc thuc tnh v hnh vi tng t hoc lin quan n nhau Lm th no ti s dng lp vit?

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1. Ti s dng m ngun (2)

Cc cch s dng li lp c:
Sao chp lp c thnh 1 lp khc D tha v kh qun l khi c thay i To ra lp mi l s tp hp hoc s dng cc i tng ca lp c c Kt tp (Aggregation) To ra lp mi trn c s pht trin t lp c c K tha (Inheritance)

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 im ca ti s dng m ngun

Gim thiu cng sc, chi ph Nng cao cht lng phn mm Nng cao kh nng m hnh ha th gii thc Nng cao kh nng bo tr (maintainability)

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2. Kt tp

V d:
im
T gic gm 4 im Kt tp

Kt tp
Quan h cha/c (hasa) hoc l mt phn (is-a-part-of)

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2.1. Bn cht ca kt tp
Kt tp (aggregation)
To ra cc i tng ca cc lp c sn trong lp mi thnh vin ca lp mi. Kt tp ti s dng thng qua i tng

Lp mi
Lp ton th (Aggregate/Whole),

Lp c
Lp thnh phn (Part).

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2.1. Bn cht ca kt tp (2)

Lp ton th cha i tng ca lp thnh phn

L mt phn (is-a-part of) ca lp ton th Ti s dng cc thnh phn d liu v cc hnh vi ca lp thnh phn thng qua i tng thnh phn

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2.2. Biu din kt tp bng UML

S dng hnh thoi ti u ca lp ton th S dng bi s quan h (multiplicity) ti 2 u 1 s nguyn dng: 1, 2,... Di s (0..1, 2..4) *: Bt k s no Khng c: Mc nh l 1 1 TuGiac Tn vai tr (rolename) Nu khng c th mc nh l tn ca lp (b vit hoa ch ci u)

Diem

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V d

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2.3. Minh ha trn Java

class Diem { private int x, y; public Diem(){} public Diem(int x, int y) { this.x = x; this.y = y; } public void setX(int x){ this.x = x; } public int getX() { return x; } public void hienThiDiem(){ System.out.print("(" + x + ", " + y + ")"); } }

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class TuGiac { 1 4 TuGiac Diem private Diem d1, d2; private Diem d3, d4; public TuGiac(Diem p1, Diem p2, Diem p3, Diem p4){ d1 = p1; d2 = p2; d3 = p3; d4 = p4; } public TuGiac(){ d1 = new Diem(); d2 = new Diem(0,1); d3 = new Diem (1,1); d4 = new Diem (1,0); } public void printTuGiac(){ d1.printDiem(); d2.printDiem(); d3.printDiem(); d4.printDiem(); System.out.println(); } } 90

public class Test { public static void main(String arg[]) { Diem d1 = new Diem(2,3); Diem d2 = new Diem(4,1); Diem d3 = new Diem (5,1); Diem d4 = new Diem (8,4); TuGiac tg1 = new TuGiac(d1, d2, d3, d4); TuGiac tg2 = new TuGiac(); tg1.printTuGiac(); tg2.printTuGiac(); } }
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2.4. Th t khi to trong kt tp

Khi mt i tng c to mi, cc thuc tnh ca i tng u phi c khi to v gn nhng gi tr tng ng. Cc i tng thnh phn c khi to trc Cc phng thc khi to ca cc lp ca cc i tng thnh phn c thc hin trc

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3. K tha
V d:
im T gic gm 4 im Kt tp T gic Hnh vung K tha
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Bn cht k tha

K tha (Inherit, Derive)

To lp mi bng cch pht trin lp c. Lp mi k tha nhng g c trong lp c v pht trin nhng tnh nng mi.

Lp c:
Lp cha (parent, superclass), lp c s (base class)

Lp mi:
Lp con (child, subclass), lp dn xut (derived class)

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Bn cht k tha (2)

Lp con
L mt loi (is-a-kind-of) ca lp cha Ti s dng bng cch k tha cc thnh phn d liu v cc hnh vi ca lp cha Chi tit ha cho ph hp vi mc ch s dng mi
Extension: Thm cc thuc tnh/hnh vi mi Redefinition (Method Overriding): Chnh sa li cc hnh vi k tha t lp cha

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Cy phn cp k tha (Inheritance hierarchy)

Cu trc phn cp hnh cy, biu din mi quan h k tha gia cc lp. B Dn xut trc tip
B dn xut trc tip t A

Dn xut gin tip

C dn xut gin tip t A
Car

Vehicle

Moto

SportCar

Compact

SportMoto
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V d
Cc lp con c cng lp cha gi l anh ch em (siblings) Thnh vin c k tha s c k tha xung di trong cy phn cp Lp con k tha tt c cc lp t tin ca n Trong gi java.lang, nu mt lp khng c nh ngha l lp con ca mt lp khc th mc nh n l lp con trc tip ca lp Object. Lp Object l lp gc trn cng ca tt c cc cy phn cp k tha

Hnh

Hnh hai chiu

Hnh ba chiu

Hnh trn

T gic

Tam gic

Hnh cu

Hnh lng tr

T din
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4. So snh kt tp v k tha
Ging nhau
u l k thut trong OOP ti s dng m ngun

Khc nhau?

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Phn bit k tha v kt tp

Kt tp ti s dng thng qua i tng.
To ra lp mi l tp hp cc i tng ca cc lp c Lp ton th c th s dng d liu v hnh vi thng qua cc i tng thnh phn

K tha ti s dng thng qua lp.

To lp mi bng cch pht trin lp c Lp con k tha d liu v hnh vi ca lp cha

Quan h l mt phn (is a part of) V d: Bnh xe l mt phn ca t

Quan h l mt loi (is a kind of) V d: t l mt loi phng tin vn ti

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VI. A HNH

1. Khi nim 2. Up casting v down casting 3. Lin kt ng

1. Khi nim
Cc lp khc nhau c th p ng danh sch cc thng ip ging nhau, v vy cung cp cc dch v ging nhau Cch thc p ng thng ip, thc hin dch v khc nhau Chng c th tro i cho nhau m khng nh hng n i tng gi thng ip a hnh

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Khi nim
Polymorphism: Nhiu hnh thc thc hin, nhiu kiu tn ti a hnh trong lp trnh
a hnh phng thc:
Phng thc trng tn, phn bit bi danh sch tham s.

a hnh i tng
Nhn nhn i tng theo nhiu kiu khc nhau Cc i tng khc nhau cng p ng chung danh sch cc thng ip c gii ngha thng ip theo cch thc khc nhau.

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2. Up casting v Down casting

Nhn nhn i tng theo nhiu kiu khc nhau:
Up casting: nhn nhn i tng thuc lp dn xut nh l mt i tng thuc lp c s T ng p kiu Down casting: nhn nhn mt i tng thuc lp c s nh mt i tng thuc lp dn xut LTV phi p kiu

public class Test3 { public static void main(String args[]){ Person p1 = new Employee(); Person p2 = new Manager(); Employee e = (Employee) p1; Manager m = (Manager) p2;

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3. Lin kt ng
Cc i tng khc nhau gii ngha cc thng ip theo cc cch thc khc nhau
Li gi phng thc c quyt nh khi thc hin (run-time)
Late binding/Run-time binding La chn phin bn ca phng thc ph hp vi i tng c gi.

V d: Person p1 = new Person(); Person p2 = new Employee(); Person p3 = new Manager(); // ... System.out.println(p1.getDetail()); System.out.println(p2.getDetail()); System.out.println(p3.getDetail());
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