The Little Engine That Can 6

NOTE: The stated aim of the United States Department of Energy FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technology (FCVT) Program
is to develop leap frog technologies that will provide Americans with greater freedom of mobility and energy security, while lowering costs and reducing impacts on the environment.
This booklet describes such a leap-frog technology for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs).
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DISCLOSURE: ROTAPOWER Engines have been in development by Moller International and Freedom Motors for several years. They have been demonstrated to run successfully in a variety of different types of applications everything from a series hybrid automobile to gen-set, from an ATV to a powerboat. SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT: This booklet may contain forward-looking statements. The words estimate and seeking and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements, which speak only as to the date the statement was made. Freedom Motors, Moller International, and The Pollution Solutionssm Group undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether because of new information, future events, or otherwise. Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified. Future events and actual results could differ materially from those set forth in, contemplated by, or underlying the forward-looking statements. The risks and uncertainties to which forward-looking statements are subject include, but are not limited to, the effect of government regulation, competition, and other material risks. ROTAPOWER and Skycar are trademarks of Moller International in the USA and other countries. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

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The Little Engines That CAN
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2007 The Pollution Solutionssm Group LLC
TODAYS CHALLENGES
Dependence on petroleum Pollution from emissions Piston engines that are heavy and increasingly complex Existing and future EPA fuel and emissions standards
THE GOAL
A new market-ready, general-purpose engine that meets these challenges in many profitable applications, including Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
THE SOLUTION
Freedom Motors ROTAPOWER Engines The Little Engines That CAN!
ROTAPOWER Engines being developed by Freedom Motors / Moller International are the ideal new general-purpose internal combustion engines because of their: lighter weight and smaller size than piston engines of comparable horsepower greatly reduced emissions up to 99% less than piston engines ability to run efficiently on a variety of fuels mechanical simplicity, which means lower manufacturing and maintenance costs flexibility of size and horsepower that fit many applications virtual freedom from vibration
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Freedom Motors ROTAPOWER Engines can be used to improve existing products, and to create new products and new markets that meet todays critical challenges and needs.
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SUMMARY:
BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines

1 or more rotors in parallel
COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines

1 or 2 pairs of series rotors
Benefits of Applications: Lawnmowers, Applications: Hybrid Electric BASIC hand-held power tools, Vehicles (HEVs andPHEVs), snowmobiles, small outboard ROTAPOWER Industrial engines, agricultural engines, leaf-blowers, trimmers, and engines, marine engines, generator chain saws, tuk-tuks, motorsets, diesel-fueled engines COMPOUND scooters, etc. ROTAPOWER Compared to Compared to Compared to Comments on Engines 4-Stroke
2-Stroke piston engines
Similar
4-Stroke piston engines

Up to 60% smaller
piston engines
-ProjectedUp to 70% smaller Up to 40% less than 4-stroke piston engines CO and HC = less than BASIC ROTAPOWER
COMPOUND ROTAPOWER
Engines Power increases faster than size Less fuel needed due to recovery of exhaust energy Reduced fuel consumption further reduces CO and HC emissions Reduced fuel consumption reduces CO2 Less torsional vibration All Compound sizes projected as 20% less expensive than 4-stroke piston engines
Size & Weight
Fuel Usage
30% less
Similar
Untreated CO, HC and NOX Emissions CO2 Emissions
CO and HC = over 95% less, NOX = 50% less 30% less
CO and HC = over 95% less, NOX = 90% less Similar
40% less than 4-stroke pistons Even lower than BASIC ROTAPOWER
Vibration
Much lower
Much lower
Manufacturing Cost
Similar to 2-Stroke piston engines
40-50% less than 4-Stroke piston engines
20-30% less than 4-Stroke piston engines
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Table of Contents
U.S. D.O.E.s Aim is to develop Leap-Frog Technologies Challenges Goal Solution ROTAPOWER Engines: SUMMARY of Features & Benefits Table of Contents Abstract 1. A TECHNOLOGY WHOSE TIME HAS COME Figure A: End View of a Rotary Engine Institute of Transportation Studies-UCD Chart #1 2. FREEDOM MOTORS BASIC ROTAPOWER ENGINES Table 1: Untreated Emissions Comparison Table 2: Untreated Emissions Comparison (graph) Figure B: 27cc ROTAPOWER Engine Figure C: 530cc ROTAPOWER Engine Table 3: Internal Combustion Engines Compared Institute of Transportation Studies-UCD Chart #2 3. THE NON-AUTOMOTIVE MARKET FOR BASIC ROTAPOWER ENGINES Table 4: Applications and Horsepower ranges of BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines Figure D: Various Applications already developed by Freedom Motors Figure E: Tuk-Tuks in Bangkok, Thailand Table 5: Worldwide Non-Automotive Engine Production, 2004 Figure G: Dr. Moller with his 10kW ROTAPAC powered by a 150cc BASIC ROTAPOWER Engine
2 3 4 5 7 8 8 10 11 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 17 18 19 19
Figure F: Typical 2-Stroke Piston Outboard Engine & Chain Saw 20 22
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4. BASIC ROTAPOWER ENGINES IN HEVs Figure I: Freedom Motors HEV 5. WHAT ARE COMPOUND ROTAPOWER ENGINES? Table 6: Maximum engine efficiency as a function of power fraction (P/Pmax) Figure H: A 27cc COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engine for Tools & Small Applications
23 23 23 25 26
Table 7: Applications and Horsepower Range of the COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engine 26 6. COMPOUND ROTAPOWER ENGINES FOR HEVs and PHEVs Figure J: A 150cc COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engine Figure K: Proposed Engines for Parallel Hybrid Vehicles Table 8: Worldwide Automotive Engine Production, 2004 7. ARE COMPOUND ROTAPOWER ENGINES SUITABLE FOR ALL HEV and PHEV MANUFACTURERS? Figure L: The ROTAPAC 25kW Figure M: Comparing 25kW Generators: Gillette vs. ROTAPAC Figure N: 4-Stroke Engine Complexity Compared 8. WHY SHOULD HEV and PHEV MANUFACTURERS CONSIDER A NEW ENGINE WHEN THEIR BIGGEST IMMEDIATE PROBLEM IS BATTERIES? FAQs Conclusion APPENDIX A: History of ROTAPOWER Rotary Engines APPENDIX B: Freedom Motors APPENDIX C: Paul Moller, Ph.D. APPENDIX D: The Pollution Solutionssm Group 27 27 28 29
29 30 30 31
32 34 36 37 38 39 40
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ABSTRACT
BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines are the ideal low-emissions solution for many non-automotive applications worldwide, with special attention to replacing ubiquitous but highly polluting 2-stroke piston engines. With its simplicity, small size and untreated CO and HC emissions of over 95% less than all piston engines, BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines should be considered to replace 2- and 4-stroke piston engines in countless non-automotive applications, including everything from lawnmowers to portable electrical generators, snowmobiles to chain saws, outboard engines to motor scooters. COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines simultaneously meet our two most urgent needs (1) to decrease greenhouse emissions, and (2) to substantially diminish the worlds dependence on petroleum fuel.
With up to 40% less fuel consumption, over 95% fewer untreated emissions, and with far less size and weight of piston engines, COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines have the potential to revolutionize the automotive industry in the early 21st Century. They are the ideal engine for PHEVs (Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles) of both the Parallel and Series concept, as well as a wide array of industrial, agricultural, and marine applications that demand low emissions and high fuel efficiency. COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines are also simpler, less expensive to manufacture and maintain, and are flex-fuel ready: gasoline, E85, pure ethanol, biofuels, LPG, natural gas, diesel, methane, and hydrogen when that becomes economically viable.1
Qualifies as a Flex-Fuel Vehicle (FFV), or mixed-fuel vehicle as defined in the Energy Policy Act of 2005 by the U.S. Congress.
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1. A TECHNOLOGY WHOSE TIME HAS COME

Dr. Felix Wankel first developed his working models of rotary engines in the 1950s. Automobile manufacturers immediately recognized their tremendous promise here was a powerful internal-combustion engine, smaller and lighter than prevailing piston engines, that was also efficient and vibration-free because, unlike piston engines, its combustion force operated in the same rotational vector as its drive shaft!
FIGURE A: End View of a Rotary Engine.

The triangular rotor, revolving in a figure-eight pattern inside the oval housing, turns the drive shaft and functions as both piston and valves!
Here, too, was a powerful new engine with all the emissions benefits of the 4-stroke combustion process but with only a small fraction of the moving parts of a 4-stroke piston engine. Thus this new engine could greatly reduce their costs of manufacturing and maintenance. So, in the 1960s and 1970s, virtually every major automobile manufacturer embarked on the race to try to adapt rotary engines to its own automobiles. Of these, only Mazda prevailed, creating an engine that is legendary in automobile racing circles even today.2
2
In fact Mazdas rotary engine has a mystique of its own in the world of automobile racing and was so successful in racing that it was banned from competing against piston engines! John Z. DeLoreans original plans for the iconic DMC-12 included a Citroen Wankel rotary engine, dubbed Comotar (developed by NSU and Citron) Of course, that never happened and the DeLorean ended up with an underpowered 130 bhp V6 engine jointly developed by Renault, Peugeot and Volvo. However, some lads decided to hook on DeLoreans original vision and replace the ill-fated French V6 with a 300Hp strong, 2.0-liter 3-rotor rotary engine from the 1990 Mazda Eunos Cosmo. <http://carscoop.blogspot.com/2007/05/delorean-with-300hpmazda-rotary-engine.html>
But despite all this excitement and experimentation, rotary engines were not widely adopted by the automobile industry as a whole. Why is this? First, Wankels rotary engines were somewhat less fuel-efficient than the best piston engines of the time. The Oil Crisis of 1973 made it clear for the first time that fuel efficiency would be a concern for manufacturers and consumers henceforth. Second, early Mazda rotary engines had problems with their composite oil seals that were designed to prevent oil from migrating from the oil-cooled rotor into the combustion chamber, and this perception has been hard to erase even though Mazda redesigned its seals years ago. Third, GMs Wankel engines did not comply with then-current emissions levels, and, in the 1970s, low emissions were just beginning to be recognized as a goal. GM cancelled further development of its rotary engines in 1974. As a result, manufacturers and inventors returned to the task of trying to overcome the inherent inefficiencies of the piston engines fundamental design. The resulting accretion of more and more add-ons has band-aided the fuel efficiency and emissions problems of piston engines, but have also rendered todays gasoline piston engines overly complex and overly expensive to manufacture and maintain. For the past three decades, the tremendous potential of rotary engines has remained untapped.
Now, finally, with the advances and innovations being made by Freedom Motors, the rotary concept is poised for success in many industrial, commercial, recreational, power tool, military, and transportation applications.
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Some of the benefits of ROTAPOWER Engines that make them attractive for Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) are excerpted here from a 2006 presentation by Dr. Andrew Burke, recognized expert in series hybrid technology from the independent Institute of Transportation Studies at the University of California, Davis3
Andrew F. Burke, Ph.D., Hybrid Vehicles with Batteries and Ultracapacitors in China, Powerpoint Presentation, 2006.
ROTARY ENGINES IN HYBRID VEHICLES

Small size of the rotary engine makes packaging much less difficult than with a reciprocating engine The cost of the rotary engine in volume production should be less than other engine types Two-cycle engine size and cost, with 4-cycle engine efficiency and low emissions Rotary engines are smooth and quiet compared to other engine types
ITS-UCD
Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis
Freedom Motors is now taking this technology to its next level by compounding its BASIC ROTAPOWER Engine to create the COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engine. In fact, Freedom Motors COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engine is the ideal engine component in the emergent transportation technology known as Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles PHEVs. PHEVs have been targeted by the United State Department of Energy (D.O.E.) as the important next goal in the development of fuel-efficient passenger automobiles and light trucks, because PHEVs will:
provide Americans with greater freedom of mobility and energy security, while lowering costs and reducing impacts on the environment.4
Battery chemistry is advancing rapidly and will soon make PHEVs practical in mass production. These advanced batteries coupled with Freedom Motors COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines answer todays most urgent energy needs lower emissions and higher fuel economy.
With the innovations of Freedom Motors BASIC ROTAPOWER and COMPOUND ROTAPOWER technology, the rotary engine is finally a technology whose time has come.
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Mission, Vision, & Goals of the U.S. Department of Energy FreedomCAR & Vehicle Technologies Program. <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/about/fcvt_mission.html>
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2. FREEDOM MOTORS ROTAPOWER ENGINES The Little Engines That CAN!

Freedom Motors BASIC ROTAPOWER and COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines have overcome the limitations associated with earlier rotary engines, and these advancements now make both types of ROTAPOWER Engines ideal for everything from lawnmowers to outboard motors, motor scooters to portable generators, as well as PHEVs. Specifically 1. Tremendous reductions of emissions are provided by all ROTAPOWER Engines when compared with 4-cycle and 2-cycle piston engines. In laboratory testing and analysis, BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines remarkably produce less than 1% of the untreated CO emissions, and less than 1% of the untreated HC emissions, of a standard 4-stroke gasoline piston engine!5 In fact, ROTAPOWER Engines are the only internal combustion engines with untreated emissions lower than California's ULEV (Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicle) standards for all three - CO, HC, and NOx!
TABLE 1: Comparing the Untreated Emissions of BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines with other internal combustion engines.
UNTREATED EMISSIONS Calif. ULEV Standards 2-Stroke Gasoline 4-Stroke Gasoline 4-Stroke LPG 4-Stroke Diesel BASIC ROTAPOWER on gasoline
*gm/hp-hr References: Data for Gasoline, LPG and CNG from EPA Report No. NR-010b; Diesel Data from EPA Report No. NR-009. ROTAPOWER ULEV data in conjunction with Dr. Andrew Burke, the independent Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis.
CO* 6.8 231.0 339.0 28.0 5.0 1.2
HC* 0.16 116.0 15.0 1.68 1.8 0.06
NOx* 0.8 1.2 7.5 12 6.9 0.65
Four-stroke gasoline piston data provided by EPA report #NR-010b. BASIC ROTAPOWER data confirmed by the Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis.
TABLE 2: Untreated Emissions for BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines compared (logarithmically) with other Internal Combustion Engines. (COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines are projected to reduce
fuel consumption and CO2 emissions by up to an additional 40%!)
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References: Data for Gasoline, LPG and CNG from EPA Report No. NR-010b; Diesel data from EPA Report No. NR-009 Freedom ULEV data in conjunction with Dr. Andrew Burke, ITS, University of California, Davis Freedom SULEV data from Moller International dyno and emission tests
2. BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines have just two critical moving parts! COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines have just three critical moving parts! This makes them less expensive to manufacture and to service.6 3. BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines are charge-cooled by the incoming fuel/air mix passing through the rotor, thus BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines avoid completely the leakage and energy loss that result in oil-cooled rotors such as the Mazda engine.7 4. Because of their compactness and light weight up to 70% lighter than piston engines of comparable power all ROTAPOWER Engines use far less fuel to propel the weight of the engine itself, a significant savings of fuel and a resulting reduction of CO2.
FIGURE B: This 27cc Single Rotor BASIC ROTAPOWER Engine

weighs only 4 pounds (1.8kg), yet generates over 2 horsepower (1.5kW)! 5. All ROTAPOWER Engines are effectively vibration-free, because there are no reciprocating parts as in piston engines.
According to Outboard Marine Corporation (OMC), which began mass producing an air-cooled snowmobile rotary engine in the early 1970's, the cost of producing rotary engines in quantity is about 40% less than 4-cylinder piston engines. Between 1983 and 1989, Moller International, parent company of Freedom Motors, acquired the entire rotary engine assets of OMC. 7 Paul Moller, The Operation and Performance of the Charge Cooled ROTAPOWER Rotary Engine vs. Oil Cooled Rotor Rotary Engines, Freedom Motors paper #9912, 1999.
6. All ROTAPOWER Engines can operate successfully using a wide variety of Flex Fuels gasoline, E85, pure ethanol, many biofuels, LPG, natural gas, and even hydrogen (when that becomes economically available). COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines can also operate on diesel and biodiesel. 7. All ROTAPOWER Engines are widely scalable, ranging from a displacement as small as 27cc that fits in the palm of your hand, to as large as 2700cc that generates 270 horsepower. (See Table 4) 8. BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines have the fuel efficiency roughly equivalent to a 4-stroke piston engine, with the simplicity and cost of a 2-stroke piston engine. 9. Remarkably, the next generation ROTAPOWER Engines, COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines, explained in detail in Section 5 of this booklet, are expected to reduce fuel consumption by as much as 40% compared to a gasoline piston engine of similar horsepower. 8 In other words, compared to a piston engine of the same power, as much as 4 gallons of fuel out every 10 gallons could be saved! Not only could this remarkably reduce our dependence on petroleum but, for EACH 4 gallons of fuel saved, up to 80 lbs less CO2 would be released into the atmosphere! (see the paragraph regarding the calculation of CO2 from burned gasoline on page 23).
FIGURE C: This
530cc BASIC ROTAPOWER Engine, weighs only 60 pounds and generates 50 horsepower (37kW).
Edward Willis & John McFadden, NASAs Rotary Engine Technology Enablement Program-1983 through 1991, 1992. This NASA study evaluated the potential of the rotary engine to achieve lower specific fuel consumption. They successfully demonstrated that, with turbo-charging, the rotary engine was able to achieve a specific fuel consumption of .375 LB/HP HR or a thermal efficiency of 37%. This is equal or better than the best turbo-charged piston engine using gasoline. Because the energy in an engines exhaust exceeds that necessary to drive a turbo-charger, considerable energy is normally lost. NASA goes on to show that extracting a larger portion of this energy would lead to a thermal efficiency between 43.5% and 46.5 % compared to the standard gasoline engine at 32%, or similar to the turbo-charged diesel engine (the gold standard as the most energy efficient internal combustion engine).
TABLE 3: ROTAPOWER Engines combine the best characteristics of 2-stroke and 4-stroke gasoline piston engines and diesel engines.
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES COMPARED

2-Stroke Piston* EMISSIONS (no catalyst) CO HC NOx FREE OF PARTICULATES LIGHTER WEIGHT SIMPLE DESIGN EASIER MAINTENANCE FREE OF VIBRATION COST POWER/WEIGHT FUEL EFFICIENCY EASE OF STARTING FLEX-FUEL ABLE RPM CAPABILITY CRITICAL MOVING PARTS
* gasoline ** diesel or biodiesel only *** COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines can also run on diesel and biodiesel
4-Stroke Piston*
Diesel Piston
BASIC ROTAPOWER*
COMPOUND ROTAPOWER*
High High Moderate YES YES YES YES No LOW HIGH Poor GOOD Low HIGH 3
Moderate Moderate Moderate YES No No No No Moderate Moderate Moderate GOOD MODERATE Moderate 14
LOW Moderate High No No No No No High Low GOOD Moderate Low** Low 15
LOW LOW LOW YES YES YES YES YES LOW HIGH Moderate GOOD MODERATE HIGH 2
LOW LOW LOW YES YES YES YES YES LOW HIGH GOOD GOOD HIGH*** HIGH 3
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Here are more excerpts from Dr. Andrew Burke of the independent Institute of Transportation Studies9 regarding BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines from Freedom Motors / Moller International
BASIC ROTAPOWER ENGINES
Paul Moller and Moller [International] have been leaders in the development of the modern rotary engine since 1985 The Moller [Rotapower] engines are superior to the Mazda engines in several respects: rotor cooling, lubrication, [reduced] engine friction, and rotor surface coating The efficiency of the Moller [Rotapower] engines is the same as conventional engines at most torque and RPM conditions Emission tests of Moller [Rotapower] engines have shown the capability to meet California ULEV standards in vehicles without exhaust after-treatment
ITS-UCD
Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis
Burke, op. cit.

3. THE NON-AUTOMOTIVE MARKET FOR BASIC ROTAPOWER ENGINES

One of the most valuable and remarkable features of all ROTAPOWER Engines are their scalability. ROTAPOWER Engines have already been developed as small as 27cc that weigh only 4lbs (1.8kg) and produce 2 hp (about 1.5kW), to as large as 2700cc that can produce up to 270 hp (about 201kW). The following table shows specifically how various sizes of BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines can be matched to a wide array of applications.
TABLE 4
Applications and Horsepower Range of the BASIC ROTAPOWER Engine

Maximum Horsepower Displacement
2.5 hp 4 hp 7.5 hp 15 hp 20 hp 30 hp 45 hp 90 hp 135 hp 180 hp 270 hp 65 hp 130 hp 27cc* 40cc 75cc 150cc* 200cc 300cc 450cc* 900cc* 1350cc* 1800cc* 2700cc* 650cc* 1300cc*
Configuration
single single single single single 2-rotors single 2-rotors 3-rotors 4-rotors 6-rotors single 2-rotors
Commercial Applications
Lawnmowers, leaf blowers, hand-held power tools, trimmers Tuk-tuks, portable generators. Recreational uses like motor scooters, powered surf boards, etc. Motorcycles, all terrain vehicles, recreational aircraft, jet skis, and small jet boats. Any high performance use where light weight and small size is important.
*Sizes already being developed by Freedom Motors Color represents models generated from same basic configuration to minimize tooling changes.
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FIGURE D: Various Applications using BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines already developed by Freedom Motors
Aircraft Engine (1060cc)
Commercial Engine (27cc) Industrial Engine (650cc)
Mini Jet Boat (1060cc) Jet ski (1300cc)
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (530cc) All Terrain Vehicle - ATV (530cc)
Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle (530cc)
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According to a recent study,10 the worldwide market for non-automotive engines like the BASIC ROTAPOWER is almost 90 million engines per year with total sales equal to $25 billion U.S. (see TABLE 5, below). This includes over 25 million motor scooters, small motorcycles, and utility vehicles produced each year in India, China, and the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) countries. The snapshot of massed Tuk-tuks below is but a miniscule tip of a vast 2-cycle-engine iceberg.
FIGURE E: Tuk-tuks in Bangkok, Thailand.

Photo by Heinrich Damm, June 2005. Used by permission from Wikipedia Commons.
TABLE 5: 2004 Worldwide Non-Automotive Engine Production11

1-20 HP Africa Australasia Central Asia Central/South America Eastern Europe Far East Middle East North America Southeast Asia Western Europe TOTAL 13,156 433,819 31,004,689 596,582 366,531 12,525,987 34,987 21,242,620 3,734,527 11,136,778 81,089,676 20-300 HP 5,228 135 1,367,719 46,614 272,955 3,863,429 611 1,495,553 145,934 1,435,128 8,633,306 TOTAL 18,384 433,954 32,372,408 643,196 639,486 16,389,416 35,598 22,738,173 3,880,461 12,571,906 89,722,982
10 11
Power Systems Research, op.cit. Market analysis by Power Systems Research, Brussels, Belgium, August 2005.
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Tragically, 2-stroke piston engines are noted for their very high emissions of unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide, and thus are sources of devastating air pollution in countless areas around the globe. Many governments are now demanding cleaner engines. EPA Report No. NR-010b. states that 2-stroke piston engines produce 34 times higher emissions of CO, and an astounding 725 times higher emissions of hydrocarbons, than Californias ULEV standards. Consequently, various U.S. and international entities have been legislating the replacement of the ubiquitous 2-stroke piston engines with 4-stroke piston engines to reduce emissions. However, 4-stroke pistons engines have over 10 times the moving parts of 2-strokes and are therefore more expensive to build, to own, and to maintain than 2-stroke engines or BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines. A 4-stroke piston engine is also heavier and larger, and would likely require the re-design of many existing applications. Within the United States, highly polluting 2-stroke piston engines are still in wide use in lawnmowers, chainsaws, trimmers, as well as in some outboard motors, snowmobiles, jet skis, scooters, karts, mopeds, and some motor scooters and small motorcycles, spewing pollution wherever they operate.
FIGURE F: A Typical 2-Stroke Piston Outboard Motor and 2-Stroke Piston Chain Saw
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According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, some forms of water recreational activities contribute to nonpoint source pollution or pollution runoff. the old 2-cycle (2-stroke piston) motors have been said to cause more pollution in two hours than a car running for an entire year.12 Because fuel leaks through the exhaust port each time a new charge of air/fuel is loaded into the combustion chamber of a 2-stroke piston engine, fuel and oil pollution is a problem at many National Parks and outdoor recreation areas that allow four-wheelers, snowmobiles, dirt bikes, and small watercraft.13 According to the Sierra Club, The small, inefficient two-stroke engines of some of these machines spew out as much as 30 percent of their fuel unburned polluting the soils, air, and water of our National Forests, National Parks, and other public lands. For example, one jet-ski driven for one 8 hour period emits the same amount of pollution as a car driven for 100,000 miles.14 These shameless sources of pollution can be effectively mitigated by wide adoption of ROTAPOWER Engines.
The solution to the worldwide emissions problem in non-automotive applications are simple, small, inexpensive 4-stroke BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines, which have been shown in both independent and observed tests to reduce emissions by up to 99% without the use of a catalytic converter! Imagine the reduction of pollution worldwide if we could replace ALL 2-stroke piston engines with BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines!
Furthermore, BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines multi-fuel burning capability is essential in many locations and applications in the world market BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines run well on gasoline, E85, ethanol, natural gas, propane, LPG, and other fuels. In some applications, BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines ability to use methane gas from processed cow manure will be an additional factor in their favor. There is also a continuous worldwide need for low-cost and low emission engines for numerous other applications, such as pumps and generators. The Figures on the following page compare the size, weight, and volume of a 10kW ROTAPAC with a 13.5kW commercial generator.
12
Nonpoint Source Pollution (Polluted Runoff), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency website < http://www.epa.gov/region02/water/npspage.htm>. 13 <http://science.howstuffworks.com/two-stroke6.htm> 14 Shattered Solitude: Off-Road Vehicles on our Public Lands, Sierra Club website < http://www.sierraclub.org/wildlands/orv/factsheet.asp>
FIGURE G: Engine/Generator comparison
Dr. Moller holds Freedom Motors ROTAPAC engine/generator that produces 10kW and weighs 40lbs (18.1kg.) In front of him: a Gillette portable generator that produces 13.5kW and weighs 350lbs (158.8kg).
The ROTAPAC a 150cc BASIC ROTAPOWER Engine with generator, carburetor and magneto weighs just 40lbs and produces 10kW. Adding the fuel tank, cooling system and exhaust system brings the total package to just 60lbs (27.2kg). The ROTAPAC can be scaled to many other sizes. Scale at bottom of frame measures 1ft (30.5cm).
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4. BASIC ROTAPOWER ENGINES IN HEVs (HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES)

Freedom Motors in cooperation with Moller International has built and tested a Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) using only a single-rotor 530cc BASIC ROTAPOWER Engine that delivers 50hp (about 37kW) to run its 25kW generator. This generator supplies power to the vehicles batteries and to its 200hp (150kW) electric motor that powers the cars wheels. Acceleration from 0 to 60mph is less than 6 seconds.
FIGURE I: Freedom Motors

HEV, propelled by a 200hp (150kW) electric motor that is powered by batteries recharged by a BASIC ROTAPOWER Engine.
Dr. Andrew Burke, of the Institute of Transportation Studies at the University of California at Davis states: The fuel economies of hybrid-electric vehicles with standard gasoline engines in city traffic are about 45%-50% better than those of comparable conventional engine-powered vehicles. Larger fuel economy improvements are projected using the rotary and lean-burn ultra-clean hybrid-electric vehicles of various types.(my emphasis)15
5. WHAT ARE COMPOUND ROTAPOWER ENGINES?

Most of our discussion so far has concentrated on Freedom Motors BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines which have, as we have demonstrated, vast applicability and potential in commercial applications worldwide. But despite their brilliantly simple design and amazingly low emissions, BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines do not provide better fuel efficiencies than 4-stroke piston engines. In BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines, two or more rotors on the same axis can be used to produce more power, smoother instantaneous torque (vibration), and reduce exhaust noise. When BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines employ more than one rotor they are referred to as parallel-rotor engines because the rotors are working in parallel that is, each rotor is producing its own complete 4-cycle combustion process. Now, in a major technological leap forward
Andrew F. Burke, Ph.D., Performance and fuel economy characteristics of hybrid-electric vehicles appropriate for China, Davis, California, 2007.
15
Freedom Motors is also developing high performance rotary engines for Hybrid Electric Vehicles, for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles, and for many important industrial applications where low emissions and high fuel economy are major objectives. These are called COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines.
COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines will generate the same power and low torsional vibration of two rotors on the same shaft, but with each rotor performing complementary consecutive functions that is, the two rotors work in series rather than in parallel. Freedom Motors method of compounding sets it apart from any other. Specifically, in Freedom Motors COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines the first rotor supercharges the air and fuel before sending it to the second/combustion rotor. In the second rotor, the charge is further compressed prior to combustion. The combusted gases, expanding in the second rotor, provide output power before exiting under significant pressure into the first rotor, where additional expansion extracts additional energy. The exhaust then exits the first rotor with little pressure or noise.16 Remarkably, Freedom Motors COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines, with two rotors running in series, are expected to produce the same power as two single rotors running in parallel with an estimated increase in thermal efficiency of up to 45% and therefore an additional reduction of CO2 emissions by up to 40%! 17 This increase in thermal efficiency means that less fuel is needed for the same power; and reduced fuel translates directly to less carbon dioxide (CO2) being released into the atmosphere. During the natural combustion process of fossil fuels, each carbon atom combines with two oxygen atoms in the air to create one CO2 molecule. Because carbon has an atomic weight of 12 and each oxygen atom has an atomic weight of 16, the combined weight of the CO2 molecule is 44 (12+16+16). Thus the weight of the CO2 molecule is 44/12 times the weight of the carbon atom alone. Since gasoline is about 87% carbon, burning one gallon of gasoline (that weighs about 6.3 lbs) produces over 20 lbs of CO2!! (6.3 lbs x 87% x 44/12 = 20.1 lbs). First-and-second generation versions of COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines have run successfully in dynamometer tests.
Rolls Royce had experimented with a compound rotary engine in 1972 that weighed about 950 pounds in which the compressor rotor sat atop the combustion rotor, and the two were linked by gears. COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines use a similar principal but greatly reduce the complexity of the RR design by finding a patent-pending way to link the drive shafts of both rotors together on the same axis. 17 Willis & McFadden, op.cit.
16
As compared with BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines, the very promising preliminary results for the COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engine are as follows:
Exhaust noise reduced by 93% (20dbA) Exhaust temperature reduced by 50% (800 F) (lower exhaust temps produce less NOx) Specific fuel consumption reduced (not yet optimized) Emissions expected to meet ULEV and SULEV standards.
Improvements have been identified for 3rd generation COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines and are addressed in Freedom Motors pending patent. It is important to compare the power output characteristics of COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines with turbo-charged diesels. COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines are expected to achieve essentially the same thermal efficiency as the turbocharged diesel at twice the P/Pmax ratio! This means that ROTAPOWER Engines could have one half the displacement or size for the same power at the same specific fuel consumption, as shown in the following table.
TABLE 6: Maximum engine efficiency as a function of power fraction(P/Pmax)
ENGINE EFFICIENCY (%)

Standard Gasoline Engine (Saturn) Leanburn Gasoline Engine (Honda Insight) Turbocharged Diesel Engine (Audi) COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engine (Projected)*
Power fraction P/Pmax
BASIC ROTAPOWER Engine
20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 100%
23.0 29.0 31.9 31.9 30.7 29.2 29.0 25.7
28.6 32.1 32.7 32.7 30.0 26.7 26.0 25.3
37.7 37.7 37.2 36.3 35.3 33.1 28.5 27.0
38.5 39.7 39.7 38.5 37.0 35.4 31.2 27.8
31.4 39.4 43.4 43.4 41.8 39.7 39.4 35.0
Source: Andrew Burke Ph.D., Performance and fuel economy characteristics of hybrid-electric vehicles appropriate for China, Institute for Transportation Studies, UC Davis. *Freedom COMPOUND ROTAPOWER projected figures based on NASA study, Willis & McFadden, op.cit.
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Freedom Motors / Moller International has a family of COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines on the drawing boards that, paired with appropriate generators, can produce from 2kW to 200kW for a wide array of applications including power tools and highly portable electrical generator packs (as small as backpack-size electrical generators!) See Figure H
FIGURE H: A 27cc COMPOUND ROTAPOWER

Engine for small applications and tools. This engine is capable of producing 7 hp (5kW).
TABLE 7
Applications and Horsepower Range of the COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engine

Maximum Horsepower Displacement
7 hp 10 hp 20 hp 40 hp 55 hp 80 hp 120 hp 240 hp 175 hp 345 hp 27cc* 40cc 75cc 150cc* 200cc 300cc 450cc* 900cc 650cc* 1300cc
Configuration
2-rotors 2-rotors 2-rotors 2-rotors 2-rotors 4-rotors 2-rotors 2-rotors 2-rotors 4-rotors
Potential Applications
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) (long range), portable gen-sets for military field applications, Series Hybrid automobiles (PHEV) and other fuel efficient transportation options. Parallel Hybrid automobiles, Industrial pumps, compressors, generators, Aircraft. Diesel engines for industrial, agricultural and marine use.
*Sizes already being developed by Freedom Motors Color represents models generated from same basic configuration to minimize tooling changes.
In the transportation sector, the many sizes of COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines are applicable for motorcycles, very small personal vehicles such as Smart Cars, as well as PHEV-powered automobiles, delivery vans and passenger vans:
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6. COMPOUND ROTAPOWER ENGINES FOR HEVs AND PHEVs

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) as becoming increasingly widespread. The next development in hybrid-electric vehicles is to add the capability of recharging their batteries from grid electricity (or solar electricity) rather than only from an autos engine. These are known as Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVS) and are the principal focus of such groups as CalCars, EVWorld, the Electric Power Research Institute, and the US Department of Energys FreedomCAR program. This new HEV and PHEV technology requires an engine with precisely the attributes of Freedom Motors COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engine, that can: 1. occupy up to 70% less space than a piston engine, allowing more room for batteries essential in PHEV design, 2. weigh much less than piston engines of comparable horsepower, requiring less fuel to propel the vehicle, 3. be easier and cost less to manufacture, aiding in price-competitiveness, 4. be able to meet Californias ULEV emission standards, and 5. compete with a turbo-charged diesel engine in fuel efficiency. COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines are expected to be competitive in every dimension of measured performance emissions, smoothness, power, compactness, and weight. HEVs and PHEVs are certain to play an increasing role in the automobile industry in the near future as well as the longer run, and COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines are clearly the most advantageous choice for all HEVs and PHEVs. According to J.D.Powers and Associates the market for hybrid cars is projected to total 350,000 units annually by 2008, with sales accelerating exponentially in the future. For example, Toyotas North American Sales Chief Jim Lentz says that Toyota expects to sell 1 million hybrid vehicles per year by early next decade.18
Figure J: A 150cc COMPOUND

ROTAPOWER Engine, designed for a Series PHEV, will weigh less than 40lbs (18kg), and will produce over 40 horsepower (30kW). Note its extraordinarily compact size for an internal combustion engine of this power.
18
Reuters, New York, Sept. 10, 2007

Below, compare the displacement, weight, and volume of a proposed VW turbo-charged . diesel Hybrid Engine with the proposed COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engine. Both have approximately the same horsepower and are designed for Parallel Hybrids like the Toyota Prius, but the COMPOUND ROTAPOWER. Engine has 25% of the volume, 47% of the weight, 60% of the estimated cost of the VW engine, and is projected to consume 9% less fuel than VWs turbo-charged diesel!
FIGURE K: Proposed Engines for Parallel Drive Hybrid Vehicles
VW Hybrid Engine -Displacement = 1 Liter -Turbo-charged -Weight ~ 260 lbs. -Volume ~ 8 ft3 -Power ~ 112 hp / 83 kW
ROTAPOWER Engine -Displacement = 0.9 Liter (equivalent) -Compounded -Weight ~ 122 lbs. -Volume ~ 2 ft3 -Power ~ 125 hp / 93 kW
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Table 8 is reprinted from a recent study that indicates that worldwide demand for automobile engines exceeded 61 million units in 2004. Note that the U.S. market is concentrated in the higher horsepower ranges, This no doubt expresses the U.S. auto owners demand for responsive acceleration, and their reluctance to sacrifice that in return for increased fuel mileage. The U.S. auto market can now have both acceleration and fuel economy in a PHEV full-hybrid 19 car with a COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engine!
TABLE 8: WORLDWIDE AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE PRODUCTION, 2004 20

20-50 HP Africa Australasia Central Asia Central/So. America Eastern Europe Far East Middle East North America Southeast Asia Western Europe TOTAL 0 0 1,154,900 286,148 163,315 1,133,267 0 0 0 440,020 3,177,650 50-100 HP 139,220 20,585 3,050,036 1,894,527 2,102,794 5,810,236 68,426 19,831 495,383 8,820,255 22,241,293 100-200 HP 3,578 293,704 1,457,568 642,886 2,181,706 8,607,264 25,253 6,883,304 455,720 5,594,662 26,139,645 200-300 HP 0 180,211 130,223 79,374 152,209 1,760,343 0 6,317,358 253 1,295,916 9,915,887 TOTAL 142,798 494,500 5,792,727 2,902,935 4,600,024 17,305,110 93,679 13,220,493 951,356 16,150,853 61,654,475
As worldwide demand for automobiles continues to increase, so does the urgency to fill as much of this demand as possible with low-emissions vehicles of all kinds. Imagine the astounding worldwide reduction in polluting emissions even if only 10% of these 61 million new automobiles each year were PHEVs powered by electricity from the grid, supplemented by ultra-low-emissions COMPOUND ROTAPOWER engines!
7. ARE COMPOUND ROTAPOWER ENGINES SUITABLE FOR ALL HEV AND PHEV MANUFACTURERS?
Yes. COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines are the optimal choice and can be easily adopted as the power-source-of-choice in all makes, models and sizes of HEVs and
19
As compared to a A mild hybrid design uses the electric motor to contribute to propulsion, as well as running the electronic systems, supporting stop-start, and other fuel-saving measures, but not as a sole source of motive power. Green Car Congress A Short Field Guide to Hybrids, August 5, 2004. < http://www.greencarcongress.com/2004/08/a_short_field_g.html> 20 Market analysis by Power Systems Research, Brussels, Belgium, August 2005.
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PHEVs whether currently being tested or still on the drawing boards, whether series or parallel. Virtually all automobile manufacturers have committed themselves to developing HEVs and PHEVs. General Motors is working on the Volt; Saturn is proposing the PHEV Vue for 2009; Toyota is working on the Prius II as a PHEV; Ford has announced a program to convert and demonstrate some of its 2008 Escape SUVs to be fully PHEV capable; Honda is working on its PHEV Insight; DaimlerChrysler is testing its Sprinter PHEV (a commercial van) in Germany; Dodge has delivered its PHEV Sprinter delivery van for use by the New York Times, etc. Based on current technology, Freedom Motors calculates that the ideal configuration for a standard-sized Series PHEV automobile is a 150cc COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engine running a generator that produces over 25kW of power. This same combination can also be used as a stand-alone generator known as a ROTAPAC.
FIGURE L: Freedom Motors ROTAPAC

consists of a 150cc COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engine & 25kW Generator, and can function as a drop-in component for a Series PHEV or standalone electric generator. This ROTAPAC includes cooling, fuel, oil, and muffler.
FIGURE M: Compare
the Dimensions, Volume, and Weight of the ROTAPAC with another generator design of equal power output. (Which would you rather have to move?)
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The following Figures demonstrate the tremendous economic advantage that COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines provide over piston engines regarding manufacturing costs and maintenance costs. COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines contain just 3 critical moving parts, compared to the 32 critical moving parts of any 4-cylinder gasoline piston engine.
FIGURE N: 4-Stroke Engine Complexity Compared FREEDOM MOTORS COMPOUND ROTAPOWER ENGINE 3 Critical Moving Parts - Total Parts 163
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STANDARD 4-CYLINDER PISTON ENGINE 32 Critical Moving Parts - Total Parts 282
8. WHY SHOULD HEV AND PHEV MANUFACTURERS CONSIDER A NEW ENGINE WHEN THEIR BIGGEST IMMEDIATE PROBLEM IS BATTERIES?
This is certainly a pertinent and timely question. So far, all researchers and manufacturers interested in HEVs and PHEVs appear to be focusing their tremendous creative energies on (1) improving reciprocating internal combustion engines (ICEs,) and (2) developing new battery technologies, because they have found that currently existing battery technology is inadequate for future HEVs and PHEVs.21 Other researchers are
21
Toyota Motor Corp., which used the green image of its gasoline-electric Toyota Prius to propel a U.S. sales surge, has decided to delay by one to two years the launches on new high-mileage hybrids with lithium-ion battery technology because of potential safety problems. Norihiko Shirouze, Toyota Delays Next Hybrids on Safety Concerns, The Wall Street Journal Online, August 9, 2007.
looking forward to the day when fuel cells and hydrogen become practicable, but most expect that economically viable hydrogen is at least a decade in the future.22 The United States D.O.E. emphasizes that PHEVs are a near-term top priority for transportation in the U.S. Obviously, research aimed at developing new energy storage systems must be given immediate attention in order to make PHEVs (and electric cars) practicable. Ironically, manufacturers and researchers currently committed to developing 21st century PHEVs are giving most of their attention to a vintage 19th and 20th century engine technology piston engines as the internal combustion power source in these vehicles. Designers, manufacturers, and researchers are trying to address the inherent shortcomings of piston engines by simply making compromises making them smaller; reducing the number of cylinders to three,23 increasing their complexity, looking for ways to control Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition, etc. Manufacturers seeking to fully optimize their PHEVs must certainly be drawn to COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines for the many reasons already enumerated.
Demand for HEVs is increasing rapidly. New battery technology is also advancing rapidly and will soon enable production of the next wave in automobile design: Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles. The economic advantage as well as the emissions and fuel-efficiency advantage for HEVs and PHEVs will be awarded to those companies that adopt emerging technology engine technology, as well!
COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines!
And that emerging technology is
VALENCE TECHNOLOGY
= $uccess!
John Heywood & Anup Bandivadekar, Chart: Time Scales for Significant U.S. Fleet Impact in Powerpower Presentation Assessment of Future ICE and Fuel-Cell powered Vehicles and Their Potential Impacts. DEER Conference, San Diego, CA, 2004. Available on the D.O.E. Website: <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/deer_2004/plenary/2004_deer_heywood.pdf> 23 which will generate high radial and torsional vibration levels not a good thing!
22
FAQs
1. Will adoption of ROTAPOWER Engines require extensive retooling by auto mechanics and automotive repair shops?
No. Rotary engines are still internal combustion engines and operate on the same basic principal as piston engines. Yet rotary engines are far simpler to produce and to maintain. Most maintenance on rotary engines can be accomplished with standard mechanics tools, and the few special tools needed are already available for Mazda maintenance.
2. What limitations of the Mazda rotary engine have been overcome in Freedom Motors COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines?
Patented COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines can: Very significantly reduce specific fuel consumption; Extend seal life from 2,000 hours to over 10,000 hours; and Eliminate the complex mechanical arrangement of cooling the rotor with oil. This results in much lower emissions, higher thermal efficiency and the elimination of the very complex rotor side seal; Make possible portable applications that would otherwise be infeasible. And according to Andrew F. Burke, of the Research Faculty at the independent Institute of Transportation Studies at the University of California at Davis: The Moller rotary engines are superior to the Mazda engines in several respects: rotor cooling, lubrication, (reduced) engine friction, and rotor surface coating.24
Andrew F. Burke, Ph.D., Powerpoint Presentation,Hybrid Vehicles with Batteries and Ultracapacitors in China.
24
3. Will fuel cells compete with and/or replace COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines?
Fuel cells are a very promising technology that is essentially in the early research stage. Most sources believe that cost-effective fuel cell technology is at least 10 years in the future. PHEVs will be needed and likely fully developed much sooner. Since ROTAPOWER Engines can run on hydrogen, they will be able to make the transition to hydrogen fuel at any time.
4. What research in developing ROTAPOWER Engines has already been accomplished? At what point are BASICROTAPOWER and COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines in research and development?
Moller International and Freedom Motors have successfully completed research contracts with NASA, General Electric, Infinite Machines Corp, and the United States, Army and Air Force to create, test, and demonstrate low-cost, highpowered rotary engines that produce very little emissions and operate on many different fuels in numerous applications. Each of these research contracts has confirmed that ROTAPOWER Engines hold tremendous promise as a general-purpose power source, with remarkably reduced emissions compared to other internal combustion engines of comparable power.
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CONCLUSION
Freedom Motors ROTAPOWER Engines have the potential for broad applicability worldwide because of their ultra low emissions, low production cost, simple maintenance, and high power output for their weight. Freedom Motors COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines (1) are a leap frog technology that will provide Americans with greater freedom of mobility and energy security, while lowering costs and reducing impacts on the environment. (2) are ideal for all manufacturers engaged in the exciting competition to create practical and marketable Hybrid and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Further tests are now needed to bring BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines into the volume production phase, and further development is needed to bring COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines into the beta test phase. Manufacturing, distribution, and new product creation utilizing BASIC ROTAPOWER and COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines provide a very promising financial opportunity.
ROTAPOWER Engines
The Little Engines That CAN!

APPENDIX A History of ROTAPOWER Rotary Engines

Historically, approximately 1,500 patents have been issued, and $3 billion U.S. spent, in the development of the rotary engine originally imagined by Dr. Felix Wankel. Freedom Motors' ROTAPOWER Engines are a highly evolved version of that original rotary engine, and Freedom Motors patents protect its own remarkable technological advances. Dr. Wankel's engine garnered great enthusiasm for its attributes when it was first demonstrated in the 1950s. In the 1960's, over 30 companies began developing rotary engines for their products, which included outboard motors, motorcycles, chain saws, airplanes and most importantly, automobiles. Virtually every automobile company began a program. During this same period Moller's predecessor company, M Research, began researching the potential of the rotary engine. Unfortunately, there was major interruption in fuel supplies in the mid 1970's, concurrent with government-mandated improvements in emissions. Retooling for a new engine that was at that time not particularly fuel efficient while addressing emissions became too risky for the auto industry. In addition, Mazda Motors, which was the first company to volume-produce rotary-engine-powered automobiles (RX-2), had a side seal problem that allowed the rotor-cooling oil to enter the combustion chamber. This required Mazda to recall tens of thousands of their automobiles for what was in effect a major overhaul. Mazda forged ahead and by 2006 their RX-8 model won the Sport Car of the Year Award. However rotary engines were never the ideal candidate as the prime mover for automobiles because they operate best over a narrow RPM band. The only other company to successfully mass produce rotary engines was Outboard Marine Corporation (OMC), which began manufacturing an air-cooled snowmobile rotary engine in the early 1970's. At that time, OMC was the world's leading producer of outboard motors, and anticipated changing their marine line to use rotary engines as well. This was motivated by their concern that 2-stroke piston engines that powered all their products would fail proposed emissions standards. According to their division manager, OMC developed production-ready models for their marine line at a cost of over $200 million in 1970 dollars. This program established that the rotary engine could be built for a cost virtually identical to their inexpensive 2-stroke piston engines. When the administration in Washington changed in 1980, emissions ceased to be a high priority and OMC dropped their production plans. Between 1983 and 1989, Moller acquired the entire rotary engine assets of OMC. In 1997, Moller International also acquired the assets of Infinite Engines, a NASDAQ listed company which with Moller's help had developed a rotary engine for the marine and snowmobile markets. By this time, Moller and its predecessor companies (M Research and Moller Corp) had developed a number of patented improvements to the rotary engine. With the acquisition of the engine technology from OMC and Infinite Engines, Moller International incorporated these patented improvements into its own proven engine designs.
In addition, Moller International purchased the rotary engine production machine tools developed for General Motors by Gleason Machine Works. These machines allow the mass production of the critical components of ROTAPOWER Engines. Moller International and Freedom Motors have spent nearly $30 million in engine development costs to date and have successfully completed numerous research contracts.
APPENDIX B Freedom Motors

Freedom Motors was founded in 1997 as a wholly owned division of Moller International (OTC: MLER). In 2001 it became a separate corporation. At that time it acquired the exclusive rights from Moller International (MI) to manufacture, market and sub-lease its ROTAPOWER Engines for worldwide use in all applications except aircraft and ducted fans. Freedom Motors has demonstrated that its BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines can meet Californias requirements for Ultra Low Emission Vehicles (ULEV) while running on gasoline, and can meet Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle levels (SULEV) running on ethanol. Both of these emissions levels were achieved without a catalytic converter. Moller International, in contract with Freedom Motors, is also developing and patenting a unique design that compounds the ROTAPOWER Engines and gives them the additional potential to achieve extremely low fuel consumption. COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines recover the energy normally lost in the exhaust (up to 40%). These new engines will be incorporated into the ROTAPAC (engine+generator), a system particularly suited as the supplemental power source for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) as well as portable generators. Versions are also being developed to operate on diesel and aviation fuels. As part of their license agreement with Moller International, Freedom Motors took ownership of all of MI's hard engine related assets tooling, machine tools, production equipment, engine inventory and ROTAPOWERed vehicles.
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APPENDIX C Paul Moller, Ph.D.

Paul Moller, Chairman of the Board, founded Freedom Motors in 1997 and has served as the company's President since its formation. He holds a Masters and Ph.D. in Engineering from McGill University. Dr. Moller was a professor of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering at the University of California, Davis, from 1963 to 1975, where he developed the Aeronautical Engineering program. Moller invented the SuperTrapp Muffler and in 1972, founded SuperTrapp Industries. As Chief Executive Officer, he made SuperTrapp the most recognized international name in highperformance engine silencing systems. SuperTrapp Industries was sold in 1988. In 1983, he founded Moller International to develop powered lift aircraft. Under his direction Moller International completed contracts with NASA, NOSC, DARPA, NRL, Harry Diamond Labs, Hughes Aircraft Company, California Department of Transportation, and the U.S. Army, Navy, and Air Force. These contracts included the development and deployment of numerous unmanned aerial vehicles and Wankel-based ROTAPOWER Engines. In 1998 he received a recognition award from NASA for work performed under a DARPA contract titled "Tests of Thermal Barrier and Wear Coats in Rotary Engines". In 2000 he and Dr. Daniel Goldin, head of NASA, jointly testified before the Aviation Subcommittee of the US Congress on the "Future of Aviation in America". Dr. Moller has received 43 patents including the first U.S. patent on a fundamentally new form of powered lift aircraft, popularly known as the Skycar.25 In fact, Dr. Mollers impetus for developing ROTAPOWER Engines was his need for a lightweight, efficient engine to power his Skycars, a class of personal vertical-takeoff-and-landing aircraft (VTOLs) that are capable of traveling on the ground and flying horizontally. Dr, Moller is also the inventor of a remarkable continuously variable gearless transmission which, according to Dr. Moller, can go from 0 output RPM to direct drive. In the 1-to-1 direct drive case we have no losses and no more than a 2% loss at any other point in its operation. I am not aware of any other transmission that can do this. His continuously variable gearless transmission has been successfully demonstrated in a small 2hp electric vehicle, in a 25hp motorcycle, and in a 125hp AMC Pacer automobile. A man of many talents and interests, in 1980 Dr. Moller developed the Davis Research Park, a 38-acre industrial-research complex within the city of Davis, CA, in which Moller International is based. He also raises organic almonds and sells organic almond butter on the internet.
See more at <http://www.moller.com/skyc.htm> There are several Skycar models, seating 1-4 passengers, that can travel moderate distances on the ground at up to 40 mph, and in the air at cruising speeds in excess of 300 mph.
25

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NOTE: The stated aim of the United States Department of Energy FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technology (FCVT) Program

The Little Engines That CAN

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2007 The Pollution Solutionssm Group LLC

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BASIC ROTAPOWER Engines

COMPOUND ROTAPOWER Engines

4-Stroke piston engines

Size & Weight

Untreated CO, HC and NOX Emissions CO2 Emissions

CO and HC = over 95% less, NOX = 50% less 30% less

CO and HC = over 95% less, NOX = 90% less Similar

Similar to 2-Stroke piston engines

40-50% less than 4-Stroke piston engines

20-30% less than 4-Stroke piston engines

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Figure F: Typical 2-Stroke Piston Outboard Engine & Chain Saw 20 22

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1. A TECHNOLOGY WHOSE TIME HAS COME

FIGURE A: End View of a Rotary Engine.

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2007 The Pollution Solutionssm Group LLC

ROTARY ENGINES IN HYBRID VEHICLES

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2. FREEDOM MOTORS ROTAPOWER ENGINES The Little Engines That CAN!

CO* 6.8 231.0 339.0 28.0 5.0 1.2

HC* 0.16 116.0 15.0 1.68 1.8 0.06

NOx* 0.8 1.2 7.5 12 6.9 0.65

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fuel consumption and CO2 emissions by up to an additional 40%!)

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FIGURE B: This 27cc Single Rotor BASIC ROTAPOWER Engine

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INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES COMPARED

LOW Moderate High No No No No No High Low GOOD Moderate Low** Low 15

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BASIC ROTAPOWER ENGINES

Burke, op. cit.

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3. THE NON-AUTOMOTIVE MARKET FOR BASIC ROTAPOWER ENGINES

Applications and Horsepower Range of the BASIC ROTAPOWER Engine

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Aircraft Engine (1060cc)

Commercial Engine (27cc) Industrial Engine (650cc)