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Xy Ly Am Thanh Hinh Anh
Xy Ly Am Thanh Hinh Anh
X L M THANH, HNH NH
(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa) Lu hnh ni b
H NI - 2007
X L M THANH, HNH NH
Bin son : TS. NGUYN THANH BNH THS. V NGUYN QUC BO
LI NI U
Ti liu hng dn hc tp mn "X l m thanh v hnh nh" dnh cho khi o to t xa chuyn ngnh in t vin thng. Ti liu ny s gii thiu nhng kin thc c bn v x l m thanh v hnh nh. c bit, tc gi ch trng ti vn x l tn hiu ng dng trong mng vin thng: l cc phng php nn tn hiu, lu tr, cc tiu chun nn tn hiu m thanh v hnh nh. Nhng kin thc c trnh by trong ti liu s gip hc vin tip cn nhanh vi cc vn thc tin thng gp trong mng vin thng. V khi lng kin thc trong lnh vc x l m thanh cng nh hnh nh rt ln, v vi qu thi gian qu eo hp dnh cho bin son, ti liu hng dn ny cha thu tm c ton b kin thc cn c v lnh vc x l m thanh v hnh nh. tm hiu v mt s vn c trong cng mn hc i hi hc vin phi nghin cu thm trong s sch tham kho c tc gi cp ti trong phn cui ca ti liu ny. Ni dung cun sch c chia lm hai chng: Chng 1: K thut x l m thanh Chng 2: K thut x l hnh nh.
c th hc tt mn ny, sinh vin cn phi c kin thc c bn v x l tn hiu s. Cc kin thc ny cc bn c th tm hiu trong cun X l tn hiu s dnh cho sinh vin i hc t xa ca Hc vin. y l ln bin son u tin, chc chn ti liu cn nhiu s st, rt mong cc bn c trong qu trnh hc tp v cc thy c ging dy mn hc ny ng gp cc kin xy dng. Trong thi gian gn nht, tc gi s c gng cp nhp, b xung thm ti liu hng dn c hon chnh hn. Mi kin ng gp ngh gi v theo a ch email: binhntptit@yahoo.com
CHNG 1
K THUT X L M THANH
Hnh 1.1 Dng sng ca tn hiu ghi nhn c t m thanh ca ngi K thut u tin dng trong vic ghi m s dng cc thng s v c, in cng nh trng c th lm nn nhiu cch thc ghi m ng vi cc loi p sut khng kh khc nhau. in p n t mt microphone l tn hiu tng t ca p sut khng kh (hoc i khi l vn tc). D c phn tch bng cch thc no, th cc phng php khi so snh vi nhau phi dng mt t l thi gian. Trong khi cc thit b tng t hin i trng c v x l m thanh tt hn nhng thit b c in, cc tiu chun x l th hu nh khng c g thay i, mc d cng ngh c v x l tt hn. Trong h thng x l m thanh tng t, thng tin c truyn t bng thng s lin tc bin thin v hn. H thng x l m thanh s l tng c nhng tnh nng tng t nh h thng x l m thanh tng t l tng: c hai hot ng mt cch trong sut v to li dng sng ban u khng li. Tuy nhin, trong th gii thc, cc iu kin l tng rt him tn ti, cho nn hai loi h thng x l m thanh hot ng s khc nhau trong thc t. Tn hiu s s truyn trong khong cch ngn hn tn hiu tng t v vi chi ph thp hn. Trong gio trnh ny, tp trung cp n h thng s x l m thanh. Thng tin dng truyn t ca m thoi v bn cht c tnh ri rc [2], v n c th c biu din bi mt chui ghp gm nhiu phn t t mt tp hu hn cc k hiu (symbol). Cc k hiu t mi m thanh c th c phn loi thnh cc m v (phoneme). Mi ngn ng c cc tp m v khc nhau, c c trng bi cc con s c gi tr t 30 n 50. V d nh ting Anh c biu din bi mt tp khong 42 m v. Tn hiu thoi c truyn vi tc nh th no? i vi tn hiu m thoi nguyn thy cha qua hiu chnh th tc truyn c lng c th tnh c bng cch lu gii hn vt l ca vic ni lu lot ca ngi ni to ra m thanh thoi l khong 10 m v trong mt giy. Mi 3
mt m v c biu din bi mt s nh phn, nh vy mt m gm 6 bit c th biu din c tt c cc m v ca ting Anh. Vi tc truyn trung bnh 10 m v/giy, v khng quan tm n vn luyn m gia cc m v k nhau, ta c th c lng c tc truyn trunh bnh ca m thoi khong 60bit/giy. Trong h thng truyn m thoi, tn hiu thoi c truyn lu tr v x l theo nhiu cch thc khc nhau. Tuy nhin i vi mi loi h thng x l m thanh th c hai iu cn quan tm chung l: 1. Vic duy tr ni dung ca thng ip trong tn hiu thoi 2. Vic biu din tn hiu thoi phi t c mc tiu tin li cho vic truyn tin hoc lu tr, hoc dng linh ng cho vic hiu chnh tn hiu thoi sao cho khng lm gim nghim trng ni dung ca thng ip thoi. Vic biu din tn hiu thoi phi m bo vic cc ni dung thng tin c th c d dng trch ra bi ngi nghe, hoc bi cc thit b phn tch mt cch t ng.