1.

.
, ,
, .

.
,

.

1-1
,

. 1840 ,

.
, .

,
.
,
.
,
, ,
. ,
.
,
, .
,
( ), , ,
.
.


.
,
,
. ,
:
, ,
,.
,
.

1-2
,
,
, , ,
.

1-1.
1-2.1
.
, ,
.

,
.

. ,
, .
.
bits dits
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
( )
, .

( ) .
.

.

1-1

1-2.2

.
.
,


.
.


.
, , .
.

, ,
, .
1-2 .

1-2

1-2.3
T
.
, .

.
.

,

.

.
.

. 1-1,
,
.
3

,
.
.
2.
1-2.4
,
.
,

,
.
,
1-3.
,


.
(
).
.
,

.
, , ,
radar, , .

.

,

.

1-3 (superheterodyne)

1-3
1-3.1
,
( )
() .
e = E sin(t+), e
, E
, ,
.

, ,
.
,
. ,
.
1-3.2


.
(modulating)
.
.
,


20Hz ( 8 & 9).
,

. 75
(75m) 1MHz, , 15 Hz
5000m ( 16.000)!
.

: 20Hz
20KHz
. ,

.


, .

.
,

.
,

,
(VHF) (FM).


,

.

.
.
.
(volume) (pitch).

,
.
( )
.

,
.


.

1-4


. ,
50 15.000Hz
300 3400Hz ,

,
.

,
.

,
.


. ,
. -
,

.
1-4.1 -
- , ,
,

.

. .
- ,
, .

- .
. .
- 200
,
200Hz 400, 600 800 Hz ...

.
,
.
.
Fourier.
,
Fourier,
.


( ).
,
,
,
.
-
.
- , /2
:
:

e=

4A

(cos t 13 cos 3t + 15 cos 5t 1 7 cos 7t + ...)

(1-1)

e=

4A

(cos t + 19 cos 3t + 1 25 cos 5t + ...)

(1-2)

e=

2A

(sin t 1 2 sin 2t + 13 sin 3t 1 4 sin 4t + ...)

(1-3)

, ,
.
.

2.


.
.


.
,
.
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
.


.
,
.
hiss ,
( ).
,

.

. ,
.
,
.
.
, ,
.
:
() ().

,
.
,
.
.

.

,
.

2-1
, ,
:
, .
2-1.1

(shortwaves) ,
.

.
.
,
.

.

(impulses) ,

.

.
,
,
.
.
,
.
(impulses)
.

.
.

30MHz . ,
80 .
,

.
2-1.2

. ,
.

. .
, ,
(
6000 0C ).

.
, ,
.
,

.

11 .
11
,
100 . 100
.
(growth rings in trees)
18 .
1957
.
,
.
,
.

.
(Milky Way),
quasars pulsars.
, .

Cassiopeia A Cygnus A.

.

8MHz 1.43GHz,
.
, 20MHz
120MHz. 20MHz
1.5GHz

.

2-1.3
1 600MHz, ,
, ,
.
,
, ,
.

.
(arc discharge) ,

. (

(spark discharge)
, Marconi 1901).

.

.

2-2

.

.

.
.
2-2.1

,
, , Johnson .
,
.
,
.

(rms) . ,
( )
, 0 (kelvins,
Kelvin) 273 0 C.

, . :

Pn Tf = kTf

(2-1)

k = Boltzmann = 1.38 10-23 Joules/K

4

= , =273 + 0 C
f =
Pn =
17 0 C (290
K) ,
.
,
.
.
rms
,
.
.
.

.

.
.

.

rms
.
,
10 rms .
(2-1)
.
2-1
. RL
R.
RL R. :
2

V n

V2
V2 V2 2
Pn =
=
=
= n
RL
R
R
4R

Vn2 = 4RPn = 4 RkTf

V n = 4kTfR

(2-2)

(2-2) rms

, .

,
.

2-1

2-1 18
20MHz 10K. rms
27 0 C;

V n = 4kTfR
= 4 1.38 10 23 (27 + 273 ) (20 18 ) 10 6 10 4

= 4 1.38 3 2 10 11 = 1.82 10 5
= 18.2 V


18.2V.
.
2-2.2 Shot Noise

. shot ,
shot
.
( )

.
,
, shot
.

,
. ,
,
.
, ,
, . Shot

.

,
.
shot ,
, shot
.

i n = 2ei p f

(2-3)

i n = rms shot noise

e = = 1.6 10-19C
i p =
f =

shot .
shot
. ,


,
, shot
.
.
shot Req
.
shot

. Req

shot
. , ,
,
,
.
2-2.3 (Transit-time)


, .., VHF (Very
High Frequency),
, .
12-1.1.
,
.

,
6 desibels (6 dB) ,
.

,

. , (RF)
. ( 2-4)
1 dB
UHF(Ultra High Frequency).
2-2.4 ()
(Flicker) ,
flicker
(modulation noise) .
[ junction],
,
500 Hz. .
,
(resistance noise), .
,

.
500 Hz fab/5,
, shot
.

,
, .
. ,
(conversion transconductance)
. ,
,
(shortwave frequencies),
.

2-3
2-3.1
:
Vn1 = 4kTfR1 Vn 2 = 4kTfR2 .
(rms voltages)
, :
Vn ,tot = Vn1 + Vn 2 = 4kTfR1 + 4kTfR2 = 4kTf ( R1 + R2 = 4kTfRtot
2

(2-

4)

Rtot = R1 + R2 + ...
(2-5)


8

,
.

.
2-2: RF
,
200 300 .
(bandwidth) 6 Hz,
170 C.
Vn ,tot = 4kTfRtot
= 4 x1.38 x10 23 (17 + 273) x 6 x10 6 x (300 + 200)

= 4 x1.38 x 2.9 x6 x5 x10 13 = 48 x10 12

= 6.93 x10 6 = 6.93V .

,
, (2-4)
.
,
(2-1), .
2-3.2

2-2.
(cascade)
.
RF , .
.

,
,

. ,
, ,

2-2:

. , .
, ,
,
.
,
,
, .

,
, ,
Req .
,
,

.
2-2.
(gain) 1,
2. R1,
R2 R3.
R3
Vn 3 = 4kTfR3 .

R3, R3
,
4kTfR3
V
Vn'3 = n 3 =
= 4kTfR3'
A2
A2
R3
R3.

R
R3' = 32
(2-6)
A2
(2-6)
,
. , ,
R2,
,
,
R
Req' = R2 + R3' = R2 + 32 .
A2
R2
Req,
. (2-6)
,
Req'
R + R3 A22 R2
R
'
R2 = 2 = 2
= 2 + 23 2 .
2
A1
A1
A1 A1 A2

10

R1,
, ,
Req = R1 + R2'

R
R2
+ 23 2 .
(2-7)
2
A1 A1 A2
(2-7)
n- , .
(2-3),

, (broadband amplifiers)

.
2-3:
(Voltage gain) 10, 600 ,
1600
27 . , 25, 81 , 10
1 , .
.
R1 = 600 + 1600 = 2200
27 x81
+ 10 = 20.2 + 10 = 30.2
R2 =
27 + 81
R3 = 1
( )
30200 1000000
Req = 2200 +
+ 2
= 2200 + 302 + 16 = 2518
10 2
10 x 25 2
1
16 .
= R1 +

2-3.3 ( Reactive Circuits)

(tuned circuit)
,

(resonant frequency).
,
,

. , ,
, ,
, .

11

2-3:

, () .

. 2-2
R1, R2
R3, , .
. 2-3,
.
,
.
, , .

.
v
in = n
Z
Z = Rs + g ( X L X C ) . in = v n Rs .
,
vn,
v X
v QR
v = in X C = n C = n s = Qvn
(2-8)
Rs
Rs
X C = QRs .
(2-8) Q
!
v 2 = Q 2 vn2 = Q 2 4kTfRs = 4kTf (Q 2 Rs ) = 4kTfR p
(2-9)
v = 4kTfR p

v
, Rp
.
(2-9)
(
).

12

2-4 EIKONA Y (NOISE FIGURE)

2-4.1 (SNR)
,

( ).
.

. ,
, SNR

.
X s Vs2 R
V
S
=
= 2
= ( s )2 .
(2-10)
N X n Vn R
Vn
(2- 10)

,
. SNR
.
2-4.2

,
. ,
50 Req=90
, ,
300 Req=400 .
, , .
, ,
, .
F
( )

.
input S N
F=
(2-11)
output S N

, S/N .
, , S/N
, . ,
,
.
, F S/N
S/N
, ,
. ,

13

.
decibels.
2 decibels
x giga herz ,

. ,


. 12.
2-4.3

whole,

Rt, RL, .
() Ra,
Rt .
(
) 2-4.

2-4:

. ,
:
1. Psi (2-12, 2-13).
2. Pni (2-14, 2-15).
3. S/Ni
Psi Pni (2-16).
4. Pso (2-17).
5. Pno
(2-18).
6. S/N
Pso Pno ( 2-19).
7. 3
6 (2-20).

14

8. Pno Req (2-21,2-22),

F
(2-23, 2-24) Pno (2-3, 2-25,2-26),
F (2-27,2-28,2-29).
2-4

VR
Vsi = s t
(2-12)
Ra + Rt
Vsi2
VR
Vs2 Rt
1
= ( s t )2
=
Rt
Ra + Rt Rt ( Ra + Rt ) 2
,
Ra Rt
Vni2 = 4kTf
Ra + Rt

Vsi =

Pni
S
Ni
Pso

Vni2
Ra Rt 1 4kTfRa
=
= 4kTf
=
Tt
Ra + Rt Rt
Ra + Rt

P
Vs2 Rt
4kTfRa
Vs2 Rt
= si =

=
Pni ( Ra + Rt ) 2 Ra + Rt
4kTfRa ( Ra + Rt )

V 2 ( AVsi ) 2
= so =
RL
RL

(2-13)

(2-14)
(2-15)

(2-16)

AVs Rt 2 1
A 2Vs2 Rt2
(2-17)
)
=
Ra + Rt RL ( Ra + Rt ) 2 RL
,

Pno=
(2-18)
,
P
A 2V22 Rt2
S
= so =
(2-19)
N o Pno ( Ra + Rt ) 2 RL Pno
=(

,
S Ni
Vs2 Rt
A 2Vs2 Rt2
F=
=

S N o 4kTfRa ( Ra + Rt ) ( Ra + Rt ) 2 RL Pno
R P ( R + Rt )
= L no 2a
(2-20)
4kTfA Ra Rt
(2-20)
. F
,
, .
2-4.4

15

(2-7),

,
.
,
Rt,
.
. ,
Ra
Rt.
, Req,
Rt
Req' = Req Rt
(27)

R R
R = Req' + a t
(2-21)
Ra + Rt


Vni = 4kTfR

,
V 2 ( AVni ) 2 A 2 4kTR
Pno = no =
=
(2-22)
RL
RL
RL
(2-22) (2-20),

, ,
RL ( Ra + Rt )
RL ( Ra + Rt ) A 2 4kTfR
F=
Pno =
RL
4kTfA 2 Ra Rt
4kTfA 2 Ra Rt
R + Rt
R R R + Rt
=R a
= ( Req' + a t ) a
Ra Rt
Ra + Rt Ra Rt

= 1+

Req' ( Ra + Rt )

(2-23)

Ra Rt
(2-23)
Ra , (Ra +Rt)/Rt
, Rt
Ra. , ,
, (2-23).
(mismatched) , (Ra +Rt)/Rt
,
Req'
F = 1+
(2-24)
Ra
,
(mismatched) .

16

(mismatched) (Rt=Ra) ,
(2-23).
2-4:
2-3
50 . (
.)
Req' = Req Rt = 2518 600 = 1918

F = 1+

Req'

= 1 + 38.4
Ra
= 39.4
(=15.84 dB)


, Req.
2-4.5

.
,
,
. , [diode
noise generator], . 2-5
.

2-5:

2-3
, .
,
,
.
17

, .
Ra.

Ra Rt 2vi p f
Ra Rt
(2-25)
v n = in Z n = in
=
Ra + Rt
Ra + Rt
( )
,
, ,
. ,

.
RL .
[plate current] , p , [milliammeter]
.
,
[diode plate current]. ,
2 2 2
V 2 ( Avn ) 2 A Ra Rt 2vi p f
Pno = no =
=
(2-26)
RL
RL
RL ( Ra + Rt ) 2
, (2-26)
(2-20).
2 2 2
RL ( Ra + Rt ) Pno
RL ( Ra + Rt ) A Ra Rt 2vi p f
F= 2
= 2
A 4kTfRa Rt
A 4kTfRa Rt RL ( Ra + Rt ) 2
vi p Ra Rt
=
(2-27)
2kT ( Ra + Rt )
Rt>>Ra

Ra vi p
F=
(2-28)
2kT

(mismatched) ,
(2-28)
,
.
, (2-28)
.
, 170
C 290 . :
( Ra i p )(1.6 x10 19 )
Ra vi p
F=
=
2kT
2 x 290 x1.38 x10 23
= ( Ra i p )( 2 x10)
= 20 Ra i p

(2-29)

Ra (ohms) ip (amperes).

18

2-5
, ,
, UHF
, .
, ,

.
.
(2-1), :
Pt = kTf

= P1 + P2 = kT1f + kT2f
kTt f = kT1f + kT2f
Tt = T1 + T2
(2-30)
P1 P2 = (..,
, ) Pt , T1 T2 =
Tt= .



,
.

2-3 ,
. , Teq, ,
.
,
Req=Ra.
, Req

( Ra ). ,
(2-24)
, :
Req'
kTeqfReq'
F = 1+
= 1+
Ra
kT0fRa
Teq
(2-31)
= 1+
To
Req=Ra, Teq
0=170 C=290
Teq=
F .
F
decibels. , Teq ( )
.

19

.
Ra, Teq. , (231),
To F = To + Teq
Teq = To ( F 1)

(2-32)

,
(2-32),
.


2-5:
50
30 . decibels
.
Req
30
= 1+
= 1 + 0 .6 = 1 .6
F = 1+
50
Ra
= 10 log 1.6 = 10 x 0.204 = 2.04 dB
Teq = To ( F 1) = 290(1.6 1) = 290 x 0.6

= 174K .

20

7.


.
. ,
.
,
. ,
,
.

.
.
,
.
Smith ,
. ,
, stubs,
couplers
(baluns).
.
.

,
. ,
.

7-1

. ,
. ,
,
, .

. ,
. ,
.

7-1

7-1.1
.
7-1b ()
7-1a ( ).
-
: , (folded
dipole) HF
. ,
,
. , , UHF

.


. ,
. ,
- ,
18
GHz. 10
. ,
, 1 GHz,
. , 1 18
GHz

1 GHz
18 GHz.

,
.
. , 7-1
, ,
, [1].
, ,
.

.
,
.
,
,
. , ,

, .

,
spacers .
,
.
,
.

7-1 ( )

.
, .
, ,

.
, . ,
.
,
cross-sectional . ,
22.5 mm
43 kW. 400 kW 80 mm
3 MW 230-mm . ,
,
.

7-2

, .
,
. ,
, .

. 7-2 .
,
.
,
. ,
. R G
(
RF ).
7-3 .
L, R, C G 7-2
7-3 , .. ,
.
.
.

7-3 RF

7-1.2

.
,
.
, ,

. ,
Z0
. ,

.

7-4

,
Z0 , .
,
.
,
.
,
.
, 1-2 7-4
1-2. ,
1-2 ( ) Z0 ,
1-2.
1-2 ,

Z0 .
1-2 ,
. , 0
0 .


:
Z
Z0 =
(7-1)
Y
=
= R + jL (/m )
=
= G + jC (S/m )

Z0 =

R + j L
G + j C

(7-2)

(7-2)

.. . ,
,
, 0 :
Z0 =

j L
L
=
jC
C

(7-3)

L henrys C farads ,
7-3
ohms . , 7-3
.

7-5

, ,

.
, 7-5 :
:
Z 0 = 276 log

2s
d

(7-4)

:
Z0 =

138
k

log

D
d

(7-5)

k .
7-4
.
. Z0
,
276 / k .

150 600 40 150 ,
.

.
7-1 RG-59B/U 75-
69pF/m.
;
0.584 mm 2.23 ,
;
Z0 =

j L
L
=
jC
C

L = Z 02 C = 75 2 x69 x10 12 = 3.88 x10 7 = 0.388H / m

Z0 =

138
k

log

D
d

Z0
D
75
=
=
= 0.81
d 138 / k 138 / 2.23
D = Dxanti log 0.81 = 0.584 x6.457 = 3.77 mm

log

7-2
;

138 , 120/e , 120=377

e . 276
2 x 138

2s/d
7-5a
. s = d :
Z 0, min = 276 log 2 x1 = 276 x0.3010 = 83

7-3 , 0.025mm
2.56 ,
2000.
;
Z0
2,000
D
1 .6
=
=
= 2,000 x
= 23.1884
d 138 / k 138 / 2.56
138
D = dxanti log 23.1884 = 0.025 x10 23 x1.543 = 3.86 x10 21 mm

log

= 3.86 x1015 km =

3.86 x1015
= 409
9.44 x1012

, ,
300,000 km
. 409 100
(Proxima Centauri)

.
,

. ,

. .
, .
.
,
Z0 83 .

7-1.3

,
, : , .


. 9-1.1
.

.

.
I2R,
.

.

.
( )

. ,
. ,

decibels 100 . 1GHz,
200 dB/100 m ,
6-mm, 0.94 dB/100 m ,
127-mm.

. 3 x 108 m/s
.
:
v=

vc
k

(7-6)

v =
vc =
k = (1 1
)
, ,
:
1
(7-7)
vf =
k

1.2 2.8, 0.9 0.6.
, v = f f ,
.
stub.

7-1.4

,

. ,
,
( ) .
.

,
9

, .

, .

(nonresonant) (flat) .
,
, ( ),
.
,
. ,

. ,
.
LC ,
.
0 Z0 Z0 ,
. ,

Z0.

,
.
vc,
. ZL = Z0,
.
.
ZL Z0,
. , V I,
.
, ,
(standing
waves), . 7-6
.
() (-) .
, .
- ,
- .

7-6

10

. ,
.
. ,

..
,
.

. ,
, 180 [2].
,
( 7-6).
180
, /4 + /4 = /2
.
.
/2, 180
, 360. ,
-
.

.
(
).
,
,
180 . 7-6
.
/2

. ,
.

. .
- ,
( ,
).
, (
) ,
.
, .

(Standing-wave ratio - SWR)

, ,
. SWR
,
. SWR (

11

) .
, :

SWR =

Z0
RL

SWR =

RL
Z0

( )

(7-8)

RL .
,
. .

,
2:1
.
, SWR .
.
,
.
, SWR
. , SWR

.
SWR,

. ,
SWR,

. 7-1.5.

,
, :

ZL
(7-9)
Z0
.

Z0.
7-8. SWR 2, Z0=75
RL=150 Z0=300 RL=600 . ,
. ,

RCcoupled .
, RL Z0.
,
7-7, . ,
.
,
.
zL =

12

7-7 Z0 ( SWR
SWR )

7-1.5



.
.

7-8, ZL
s Z0.
s (
) ,
Zs, :
Z 02
Zs =
ZL

(7-10)

7-10 ,
,
.
,
,
( -) /2.
7-9.
,
.
/4, .
( , - )
(- ,
) , .
, SWR . SWR
,
.

13

7-8

7-9 ;

,
. ZB
Z ( /4).
. 7-10
,
.
-
7-9
, , .. .
-
7-10 Z0.
Z0 :
Zs Z0
=
ZL ZL

Zs
= z s
ZL

(7-11)

ZL
= zL
Z0

Z0
1
=
ZL zL
7-11 :

1
= yL
zL
yL .
zs =

(7-12)

14

7-12 .
,
.
.
. ,
,
.

-
, (
) . ,
(
)
. RF
VHF. ,
,
. -

, .
7-10
: (
)
. Z0
, /4

.

.
.
7-4 200-
300-, SWR 1.

, ;
SWR=1
, Zs /4
Z0 . Zo
, (7-10)
:
Zs =

Z ' 02
= Z0
ZL

( )

(7-13)

' 0 = 0 L = 200 300 = 245

(7-13)
.

15

/4 .
highQ .
,
.
,
, . ,
,
Q , .

, .


. ,
,
Smith.

- -

mismatched . ,

.
,
.
. ,
.
,
,
( ) . ,

.
.

, ,
.
, ,
.

. , ,

,
.
, .

.

16

7.1.6

,

. ,
( LC
) .

/4

. ,
/4. ,
/4
. ,
(/4)
. ,


. ,
UHF
.
,
/4,
LC . ,
/2
,
.
LC .
, ,

.

, /4
(
/2 - )
. ,
,
. ,

.
, .
,
, .
/4,
,
. , /4 -
.

17

( )
, 7.10.

Stubs: ZL,
(matching)

ZL .
( ),


.

. stub.
:

7-10 LC

1.
2. stub
3. stub ,
G
4.
Z0
.

7.5 200+j75
300
SWR=1 . stub

.
1. YL =

1
1
200 j 75
200 j 75
=
=
=
= (4.38 j1.64) 10 3
Z L 200 + j 75 (200 + j 75)(200 j 75) 40000 + 5625

2. Bstub = 1.64 10 3 S

X stub =

1
= 610
1.64 10 3

18

3. stub,
YL = GL = 4.38 10 3 S
4. RL =

1
1
=
= 228
GL 4.38 10 3

Z 0 ' = Z 0 Z L = 300 228 = 262

:
,

.
zL,
, zL /2
/2 .
, yL
/4 ( /2
). zL=r+jx,
/4 :
zs = yL =

1
r jx
= 2
r + jx r + x 2

(7-14)

,
/4 :

. /8
, .

Smith.

.

7.2 SMITH

.

.
smith.

19

7.2.1 Smith
: Smith
, 7.11.
, ,
-
.
,
,
(r=R/Z0) . ,
,
jx=jX/Z0.
Smith .
,
.

( SWR)
Smith . ,
.
RF ,


.
.
, R/Z0
standing wave ratio
(7.8). , Smith,
SWR

Smith. SWR r j 0
.
1/r
SWR 1.
Smith


SWR. Smith

. ,
Smith
. ,

/2,
/2 .
,
17,716 = 35/2 +0.216 ,
0.216 ,
Smith.

20

7-11 Smith.

,

Smith.
( SWR)
Smith.
()
.
,
.
0.079 .
21

, ,
. ,
.
. ,
, 2 * 0.079 = 0.158
, .
Smith
SWR . Smith

, .
,
. Smith
,
7-11.
, SWR
Smith .
,
( ) (
) .
P 7-11
z = 0.5 + 0.5j.
r 2.6, SWR
2.6. 300
(150 + 150j) , P
Smith
2.6.
Smith ,
. , 7-11
P,
0.1 , 1.4 + 1.1j.

Smith:
1.

.
: Q
P P Q /4
SWR . 711. , Q 11j. P
0.5 + 0.5j, 1-1j.
Smith /2,
/4. ,
/4
,
.
.
2.

,

22

.

, .
3.


.
Smith 0 + 0j

. ,
+ j
.
(stubs).

7-6
(tune out)
= 0.004 0.002j S .
, 0
= 0.0033 S 150 Mz.
z = Z/Z0, y = Y/Y0

0.004 0.002 j
= 1.21 0.61 j
y=
0.0033


0.61j.

0.61 ( ) :
Length = 0.250 + 0.087 = 0.337

,
1 :
vc = f
:
vc 300 10 6
= =
= 2m
f 150 10 6
Length = 0.337 = 0.337 200 = 67.4cm

7.2.2
,
Smith
.

23

.
.

7-12 Smith 7-7.

7-7 ( 7-12) ZL = 100 50j

Z0 = 75. :
1. , ,

.
2. Z0
.

1. ,
:
100 50 j
= 1.33 0.67 j
75

Smith (A)
( )
. r

24

1.9, SWR 1.9.

, ,
.
()
.
B
0.5 - 0.316 = 0.184.
r = 0.53 () R = 0.53 * 75 = 39.8 .
2. 39.8 /4
75. ,
7-4 :
Z 0 ' = Z 0 Z R = 75 39.8 = 54.5

. ,
. ,

,

.

.
7-13,
.
/4,
. ,
. , ,

.

7-13 .

25

1.
, Smith.
2.

.
,
.
3.
Smith ,
1 bj.
, r =
1,
.
bj.
.
4. ,
+ j ,
.
5.
,
bj
. ,
1 + 0.43j, 0.43j.

,
.
6. + j
(.. b = -0.43).
.

7-8 ( 7-14) RC
ZL = (450 - 600j) 10
Mz, 300.

.

:
1.

zL = (450 - 600j) / 300 = 1,5

2j SWR = 4.6 Smith.
7-14 P.

2.

yL = 0.24 + 0.32j. Q
7-14 /4
P.

26

7-14 Smith 7-8.

3.

R
r = 1. T
Q, ,
y = 1 + 1.7j. ,
R Q
. :
dist _ to _ stub = 0.181 0.051 = 0.13
0.13
b = 1.7. ,
1.7
4, 5,6. + j ( )

0 1.7j, 714 S. S + j
:
length = 0.335 0.250 = 0.085

. /4 .
, , ,
27

. ,
,
, .
, 7-8
10 Mz
0.13 . = 30 m,
3.9 m.
, , 12 Mz, 25 m

. ,
, .

, (
) .
, SWR
f,
f.
-
.
/4 .

7-15 Smith- 7-9,

stub

28

7.9 ( 7.15) SWR 12 Mhz

7.8

.

. ,
:
Z L = 450 600 j 10 / 12 = 450 500 j , 12 MHz.
,
:
z L = (450 500l ) / 300 = 1.5 1.67 j

(.. ) .
1. P ,

.
Q 0,3 + 0,33 j.
2. stub
, . 0.13 *
10/12 = 0.156 .
3. Q,

SWR 0.156 ,
. R
yline =
2.1 + 1.7 j.
R . R
stub .
4. stub .
0.085 * 10/12 = 0.102 .
5. + j ,
stub
. 0.102
7.15 S ystub = -1.34j.
6. :
.

. , .
2 . ytotal = ystub + yline = -1.34j +
2.1 + 1.7 j = 2.1 + 0.36 j.
7. Smith
( ) SWR.
SWR
r. SWR
.

29

7.10 ( 7.16) ()
stub 200
300. () SWR
10%,

.
()
.
200
= 0.67
zL =
300
, Smith 7.16
P.
, P
. SWR
P.
r ( ) SWR = 1.5,
P
.
Q.
,
r=1, ( )
. R.
Q R, ,
stub .
Smith
Q R = 0.11 .
stub
, R:
yline = 1 0.41 j
, ,
+ j bstub =
0.41 j. S. S
+ j stub :
Length = 0.311
() 10%

110 '

f '' =
f ' =
100
1. 1
stub
:
0.11 1.1 = 0.121'
stub
:
30

0.311 1.1 = 0.342 '

Q
0.121
, R.

.
yline = 0.94 0.39 j
, + j
0.342
. S.
stub
:
y stub = 0.65 j
,
stub:
ytotal = y stub + yline = 0.65 j + 0.94 0.39 j = 0.94 + 0.26 j
, Smith, ,

r SWR = 1.3

7-16 Smith- 7-10, stub matching

31

7-3
, ,

.

stub
, .

( )
, (standing waves). ,
balanced unbalanced .
,
, , - SWR
.
(hardware) .

7-3.1 stub


,

pattern . pattern
2
SWR .
2 . ,
stub (
) ,

. ,


stubs .
(
stub) stub .
stub 7.17
. ,
stubs 0.375
,
. 2
.
,
2 stub
stub .


.
stub
.

32

.
, stub

stub ... SWR
.

1.2.

,
stub. stub
0.124
.

7-17 Double stub matcher

7-3.2 (Directional Coupler)

.

.


.
, 7.18

.

( 10.5).
7.18,

,
probes
.
, probes .
, .
,
( )
. probes



.

33

- (nonreflecting termination). probes

/4 /4.
.

7-18
(Coaxial two-hole directional coupler)

.

.

,
.
( )
.
, probes
.
. ,

.

180 0.

,

. ,

.


30 dB.
30 dB.
.

.

34

. 20 dB (1:100).

7-3.3 Baluns
balun, balanced to unbalanced (transformer),
balanced
unbalanced . ,
unbalanced () balanced .
,
.
unbalanced center-tapped
.

.
baluns
.
balun, , .
balun 7.19. balun
choke, sleeve bazooka balun.

7-19 Choke (bazooka) balun

x. y , /4
x,

. ,
y. ,
balanced
.
. , balanced ,
, .

35

7-3.4 (Slotted Line)

,
.
, 100 MHz,

.

. Lecher line,
slotted line .


.
.
.

. ,

.
.

.


. :
1.
2. SWR
3.

.

36

7-20 () Slotted Line () Slotted Line (cross section)

37

8.

1

( )
.
,


.
,
.
.
,
, .

.
, ,

. ,
,
( )
.
,
,
.

8-1.
,
,
. ( )

90 . ,
,
.

.

,
. ,
.

,
.
,
UHF.
1

James Clerk Maxwell 1857 1873.
.
Maxwell


.
8-1.1

( c = 299.792.500 300m / sec ,
c = 3 10 8 m / sec ).

, .
.

8-1.
.

.

8-1.

.
8-2.
.
P .

.
.

8-2.

. Q
P 4
P. ,
()
.

.

.
.
:

Pt
4 pr 2
P = r
Pt = .

P=

(8-1)

.
,
.
. ,

( ).

.

.
,
Volt/m A/m. V=ZI,
:

= fH

(8-2)

=
=
f = ()
:

Z=

(8-3)

=
=
:

= 8,854 10 12 F / m
= 1,257 10 6 H / m


.
.

Z=

= 120 = 377

(8-4)

r .
P=V2/Z,
2
P= / Z . (8-1) (8-2) :

= P Z =
=

30 Pt

Pt
30 P
120 = 2 t
2
4r
r
(8-5)

r
(8-5)

.

.
.
(
).

.

.
Maxwell

.
, ,
.
o .

(Polarization) 8-1
.
, ,
.
.

. ( )
.
.
,

.
(
)
.
8-1

.
.

.
.

,
.



.
.

, .
.
.

,
.
(attenuation) (absorption)

.

.
dB
. .
P1 1
, r1 .

P2 ,2 r2 r2 > r1
dB:
Pt
2
r2
P1
4r12
r
P = 10 log = 10 log
= 10 log = 20 log 2
(8-6)
Pt
P2
r1
r1
4r22
:

E = 20 log

30 Pt / r1
30 Pt / r2

= 20 log

r2
r1

(8-6)

.
2r

6dB r .

.
.

.


.
,
10GHz .
8-3 (
)
.
.
8-3 60 120 GHz
.
23 180 GHz
.
33 110 GHz.

8-3.

, 8-3

. ,

(reflection) .
, radar 10 GHz 75 Km , 68
Km , 55 km , 22Km 8 Km
.
.

8-1.2

.
(reflection)
, .
(refraction)
, .
, (diffraction)
.
.
.


.
8-4.
,
.
7

8-4.

.

.
.

,
. .
.


. ,
.
.

. ,
. ,

. , ,
. ,
, .
,

.
.
8-5
.

8-5.

8-5
90 .
P-Q
P-Q
. b Q-Q,
. a P-P,
. P-P
Q-Q
.

.
PQQ PPQ :
QPQ= PQP=
:
sin ' PP' / PQ' PP ' v B
=
=
=
sin
QQ' / PQ ' QQ' v A

(8-7)

(8-8)

v A =
v B =
(7-7)

. (8-8) :
sin '
=
sin

k
1
=
k'

(8-9)

: k=
k= B
=

1
1 . (8-9)
Snell.
,
.
,
. 8-5
.

. ,
8-6.

8-6.

.

. ,
.


.
.
(interference)

.
,
.
( 8-2.2)
( 8-2.3) .
.
.

10

. 8-7.

.
, 1 1
.
P ,

. Q
2 2 ,

. ,

(reinforcements)

(cancellations) .
8-8.

8-7.

8-8. .

8-8
.
,
.
. 8-8
.
Q 8-7 (nulls) P.
VHF ,
. UHF
,
. radar
.
null, radar

11

. full range radars

.
radar

null .
.


.

Huygens. Huygens
,
8-9.

. ,
Huygens

. Huygens
Maxwell.

8-9. . (a) (b) (c)

, 8-9b.
,
;


. .
12

,

(diverge) (scattering). ,

8-9c.
.
.

.
8-10
.
.
P Q 8-10,
.
.


.

8-10.

. ,
P, Q ,
. , b b

.

. ,

. , .

8-2.


.
13

8-11

.

.
HF .

, .
HF
, .

.
.
HF
.

.

.

8-11.

8-2.1 (Ground Waves)

short circuiting .


.
.
(tilt) , 8-12.

short circuiting .

& (lies down and dies).

14

. VLF
.
MF
.

8-12.

,
Maxwell. Volts/m
:

E=

120ht I
d

(8-10)

Volts:

V =

120ht hr I
d

(8-11)

:
120=
ht =

hr =
=
d=
=

, ,
Volts ,
8-11.
.

.
VLF
, 100kHz,

.
.

HF .

15

VLF ,
(
).
1000 km (ground or surface wave)
,
. VLF

. ,
( )
11- .

.
.
VLF
.
(10 110 kHz)
.
16 kHz 17.8 kHz.
,
, , ,
.
HF, , WWV (Ft.Collins,Colorado)
WWVH(Hawaii) 2.5 MHz
5 MHz.
VLF ,
.
1 MW VLF .

13 , 387 m,
15 kHZ.
8-2.2 (Sky waves) - H
1925,
,
. Appleton

,
.
( )
.

.

.
. ,
, .
,
16

..
,
, .
, 8-13
D, E, F1, F2 . T
.
D .
70 , 10 .

. HF .
VLF LF MF
HF .

8-13.

D 100 ,
25 . D .
, ,
.
MF (surface-wave) HF
.
s
.
(sporadic layer E).
.

.
.
F1, 8-13, 180 km
, F2.
20 km. HF ,
F2 .
HF .
F2
. , , 2000
km 250 400 km .
300 km, F1 .
, 8-13.
17

, .
F
.
. ,

,
.
,
.
(mean free path) (

).
.
HF
F1 F2 F
,
.

.
,
8-6. ,

.
, 8-6.

( ) ,
. ,
.

.

sky-wave ,
.
(virtual height)
8-14.
, .



.

.

18

8-14.

(critical frequency) fc, ,

.
,
.

.

.
.


. .
,
.

.
. 5 12 MHz F2 .
90
(Maximum usable
frequency) MUF. :

MUF =

critical frequency
cos

(8-12)

= f c sec

secant law
MUF.
.

skywave . MUF
.
sky-wave .
MUF .
MUF 8 35 MHz,
50 MHz.

19

MUF,
.
(skip distance)
, , sky-wave
( fc) . . 8-15.

8-15.

(.8-15 1)
.

( 2 3). 3
( 4
5). ,

( ).
.
3, ,
3 ( 6).
,
.
.
3 ,
.
(skip distance).
3
3 .

(skip distance)
MUF.
skip distance
,

.
MUF.
.

20

,

, 8.16, .

8-16.

(transmission path)
(skip distance)
.
(single hop distance)
, 8-17.
F2 4000 .
20000 , multi hop
point to point communication ( 8-17).

. point to point
communications

F2
F.( 8-17b).
north-south point to point communication.( 8-17a).
(fading)
. (fading) (fast fading)
(slow fading), - (frequency selective fading).

.

,
( )
.
(fading)
.
(fading)
(sky wave),


HF . sky
wave
.
(fading) space or frequency diversity.

21

8-17. .
(a) (b)

(frequency selective fading)

.
. AM
.
SSB .
diversity.

.
.
.
.
11-
.
.
(sunspot counting)
Wolf .. , 11(1)
90
-.
1778, 1871 1957 ().
SIDs
(sudden ionospheric disturbances) . SIDs
,
. ,
. -x
D.

22

D
F.
.


. SIDs.
VLF
.

, .
36 ,
.
. ,
.
,
.
- HF VHF
.
.
,
.
8-2.3

. line-of-sight
,
.
8-1.1.

.

4/3 .

. , :

dt = 4 ht

(8-13)

dt= , km
ht= , m

.
( 8-18):

d = dt + d r = 4 ht + 4 hr

(8-14)

23

8-18.

255m
, o 60km.
16m
76km.
. o
1000km .
8-2.2

. .

( 8-14).
..
ghosting
. (
) ..
,
.


.


.
.

. , .

(superrefraction) (ducting).

.

,
.
, . , 30m
. ( )
, HF
819.

1000km. (temperature inversion).

24

6.5C/km .
(superrefraction)
.

8-19. -

8-2.4 (Tropospheric Scatter Propagation)

, UHF
. ,
(15km ).
8-20

. UHF
UHF
point to point
.
..


. ,
.
900, 2000 5000 MHz.
60 90 dB, 1/1000000 1/1000000000
, .

8-20.

fading( )
.

25

,
.
300
500 .

.
( ),
20 dB. Rayleigh (fading)
().
8.20 ,
.

.


.
diversity
frequency diversity space diversity.
MIMO (multiple input multiple output)
.
8-2.5

,
1957, 12
.
, .

, 145 km.
.
36000 km.
,
.
HF ,
. 8.15

.

.

.
100 MHz, 14 GHz,
.

Faraday. ,
.

.
Faraday

26

.


. .
( 8-21),
.
.

.
360 .
1 GHz,
Faraday .
1 14 GHz.

8-21.

fast-rotating
, .
138 144 MHz.


.
90 ,

.
(interplanetary probes)
(Pioneer Voyager probes) ,

27

. Voyager 1
2 30 W 1.5 km
.
.
Deep Space
NASA 10-17 W.

.
60m.

28

9.

,
.

, .
- (antenna)
!!!
() .

(wire radiators).
-
(antenna gain), (radiation
resistance), (beamwidth).

/
.
antenna coupling
HF .
,
,
(wideband antennas) .


(parabolic reflector), (horn
antennas) lenses, (helical antennas), -
(log-periodic arrays)

9-1

( reasonant
circuits)
(impedance matching).
, .
, 7,

() (load).
(
) ( )-
, ,
impedance-matching .
,
. ,

.
,


. , ,
RF
( 9.1).

9. 1 -

,

. ,

.
,

(mechanical length)
:
=1/f
(9-1)
:
f:
, 50MHz
6m.

9-1.1
RF
(mismatched transmission line), ,
(standing waves)
.
.

( 9.2) ,


.

9-2 (a) (b) conductors in line (c)

(center-fed)

(radiation efficiency)


( 9-2).
(fully coupled) ,
.
. ,
,
(half-wave dipole).
-
1/4.
( 9.2c)

.
(large current nodes)
,
.
9-1.2 (Hertz Dipole)

( 9.3).

9-3 (a) (b)

(c)

(field strength) Hertz

.
E= (60**Le*l*sin)/(*r)

(9-2)

E:
r:
Le:
l:
:

9.3b

( )
.

9-2


.
-
.
9-2.1
(RF)
, .
(traveling waves).

,
.
(radiation pattern)
,
(terminations)
. ,

.
,
.

9-4

9.4
.
9.3b

/4
9.2b.

/2 9.5.

9-5

9.4 ,
,

.
,


.
73 hm
2500 hm .
,

73 Ohm .
centrecurrent fed.

9-2.2 ,
,
Q
. , (resonant
antennas)
,
(radiator).
( )
(wire radiator) .
9.6

l=/2,,3/2,3 .

9- 6 .

(capacitance)
(inductance)
, .
RF
.

.
, ,
9-3 :
L=vel/f
(9-3)
vel
f .


vel=c*Vf
c .

(9-3)

Vf (velocity factor). ,
0.95.
9-1

500KHz.
9.3,

L=vel/f=(c*Vf /f)
L:
f: Hz
c: (3*108 m/sec)
Vf: 0.95
,

L=(3*108/f)*0.95=(3*108/5*105)*0.95=570m
,
, , .
/2 (285m) /4 (142m)
,
.
!!!!.

- .
( 9.6)

Hertz ( 9.3) .

(polarity)
( 9.6b).
,
9.6b.

,

. 9.6b
()
(lobes)..
l=3/2,
9.6c,
.
3/2
,
- /2
- ,

.

9.6 ,

. 3/2
.
(minor lobes)

.
9.6b 9.6c
3/2
. ,
.

3/2 3 (
),
3
( 9.6d).
9-2.3 (Directional Antennas)
,
(properly terminated) ,
..


(forward). ,


(9.7).

9-7 () (b)

9.7b 9.6,


.
(unidirectional).


(omnidirectional). ,
(reflected) (forward travelling incident)
, ,

.
( 9.8 9.8)
forward .
(bidirectional)
9.8c.

9-8
() forward (b)
(c)

9-3

- (wire radiator)
,
.

. ,
, .
9-3.1

.
/

(antenna gain) ( decibels)
(directive gain)
(power density)

(omnidirectional-isotropic antenna).
9

.
Hertz,
1.76dB,
2.15dB.
wire
, 2.15dB ( )
8.51dB ( l=8).
( ) ,
5.05dB 12.4dB .

. ,
. ,


.
(directivity and power gain)

(power gain).

, .

.

(dB)=10 log10(P2/P1)

(9-4)

(dB): decibels
P1:
2:

effective radiated power (RP).
9-3.2
,
.
(field strength) mV/m
: ,
,
1m
.

,
.
9-3.3
.
(antenna radiation resistance)

10

.


(feed point).
:
, ,
, .

, ground resistance, corona effects, imperfect dielectric
, eddy
,
. ,
Pin=Pd+Prad

(9-5)

Pin:
Pd:
Prad:

2R ,
Rin=Rd+Rrad

(efficiency)
n=Rrad/(Rrad+Rd)*100%

(9-6)

Rd: (antenna resistance)

Rrad:



LF (Low Frequency) MF (Medium Frequency)

. ,
0.95
0.75. ,
,
1.
Ohm
Ohm ,
, ,
.
9-3.4 ,


(bandwidth) , (beam
width) /
,
(polarity) (space orientation)
.
11

, bandwidth
(frequency range) ,
(throughput)
.
(3dB),

.
,
,
(compensating circuits)
. ,
,

-.
,

.
(half power points-
0.707 )
. ,
9.9 30.
,
.
9.9 30.

9-9

,
( )
( 9.10). ,
,

.
.
,

.

12

LF (Low Frequency)
,
LF
. , HF (High Frequency)
.

9-10 ( )

9-4

(ground) (antenna impedance),
.

-
( 9.11).

9-11

9-4.1 (Ungrounded antennas)

13

,
,


(vector sum) (direct)
.
,
(image antenna) (
) ( 9.12).

180. ,
, (
180)
. .
,
( )
, (
) .

9-12 (image antenna)

9-4.2 (Grounded antennas)

9.12,

( dipole array)

.
(
). ,

.
9.13 /4, ,

.
( 9.13b), Marconi
14

,
.
Marconi
9.12

.
,
, (ground
conductivity) .
,
(artificial ground) .

9-13

Marconi

. 9.14,

, 5/8
.
,
( 9.14b l=).


.

15

9-14 ()
(b)

9-4.3 (Grounding systems)

,
. ,
.
-
, ,
.
(radials) ,
, 15-20cm
. radials /2
/4. radials
120,
(ground screen).

ground screen,
. ground screen


.
ground screen
Marconi,
,
MF .

( /4)
.
/4<l</2
,
.
16

ground screen .

, counterpoise.
, radials,
.
,
(dielectric losses) ,
. ( 9.15)
ground screen

.

9-15

9-4.4
,
,
.

(short electrically) .

.
Top loading: /4,
effective height
.


.
(input impedance).
Marconi, /4, (8-500j)hm.
,
. ,

(capacitive reactance) .
(capacitive elements),
17

.
(inductance)
.
- (resistive component) ,
.

, top loading ,
9.16. ,


. 9.16 :

(inverted-L )

(inverted-T ). tophat (top loading)
9.17.
(capacitive input reactance).

9-16 top loading

top-loaded Marconi,
( 9.16)
.
top-loaded
. ,
,

.

top-loaded ,
. , ,

.
-:
MF ,
. ,
9.17

18

MF .

(ground-wave)

.
.

9. 17

9.14

, (horizontal
field strength) 5/8.

/2, .
,
(their interaction will cause objectionable
sky-wave interference).
0.53,
.
, ground-wave
0.53.
Effective length:
effective electrical length,
.
.
- ()
19

.
top loading. ,
( ),
.
2-8%
(free space) .

.
, ,
, ,
.

.
,
-- (full-wave-length),
, (half-wave).
(current-fed)
.
Marconi .
(voltage-fed).

, Marconi. .
( ),
.
ohms , 72 ,
. (broadcast antennas)
, 72
. ' ,
, .

, .
- (antenna-image system).
9-5.3

9-5.1,
, .
, ,
.

, .
,
,

. ,

20

,
.
9-18 .
, L1,
.
(reactance) ,
C1 L1, .
, ,
.
pi () 9-18
.
,
. ,
. , ,
.

9-18 . () , (b) .

. ,
, , 9-19.
,

.
, -
(stubs).
9-5.4

,
.

21

9-20.

9-19 .

coax, twin lead,

SWR, .

(9-7).
Z = ZsZr,

(9-7)

Zs =
Zr =
(reflected impedance)
.
9-20 (/4)

(/2)
. ,
(0 ), ,
/4, . ,
.

22

9-20 () (b) .

, ,
.
( 9-20b)
. .

9.6
(High Frequency/ HF)
. O
/
. HF
,
.
, .
,
.

9-21 () (b)
, .

9-6.1

( 9-21).
,
. ,

. ,
,
, ,

23

() .
,
,
. 50
, .

,
(turnstile) ( 19-21)
. HF

.

,
.
(driven) ,
(parasitic).
,
. ,
,

.
( 9-21).
, ,
.
(director).
9-21.
,
,
.

,
(collinear),
.
(broadside array)
9-22, .

9-22 () (b) .

24

,
. brodside.
,

. ,
, . , ,
,
,
.
,
(
/2, ).

2 10 ,
/2 ,
.
, .

(end-fire array)
.
, ,
.
9-23,
,
hertz .

.
, ,
.
,
.

9-23 () (b) .

25

.
,

, , ...
(/4 3/4),
, ,
, 9-23.
/4
( 90
), 90,
.
180 ,
, ...
,
. ,
.

.
. ,
Q, ,
,
,
.
9-6.2
9-24, (folded dipole)
. ,
.
,
.
( 9-24)
, /2.
, (
) . ,
,
. , Rr = 4x72 = 288
.
,
1.5 25, ,
.
,
: ,
( 9-8),
.

26

9-24

Yagi-Uda Yagi-Uda

.
, 9-25,
.
,
, 7dB,
Yagi-Uda HF .
, VHF .
9-25b , front-toback ,
. , ,
. (0.1)
.

, .
. ,
, (.
) ,
.
,

.

.

27

9-25 Yagi . () ,
(b)

Yagi-Uda ,
, ,
, .
,

. , ,
,
(supergain antenna),
.
9-6.3 -

,
3 30 z,
.
,
.
,
-- , 9-26.
, ,
.

, . ()
2 8, , , 40 75,
.
28

9-26 .

.

.
.
,
, ,
.
800
650 700 .
20 90,

8. ,
,
15( 60(.
, 9-26.
,

. ,
4:1,
.
HF
--.
9-7 UHF
UHF
(0.3-3 GHz) (1-100 GHz) ,
() .
,
. ,

,
.
VHF , ..
radar,
, .
, ,
--,
.
.
, .
,
.

29

( )
.
VHF ,
30 300 z,
. HF
VHF , UHF

.
9-8 VHF .
VHF , Yagi-Uda,
.
9-7.1
,

( )
(directrix) .
, .

9-27 CAD ,
F .
, :
FP + ' = FQ + QQ' = FR + RR' = k

(9-8)

k = ,
,
AF = .

(AF/CD), ,
.
.
,
directrix,
.
. ,
,
, .

.
,
,
AB.
,
. ,
. .

30

9-27 .

,
.
,
, . directrix,
. ,
,
. ,
,
.

,
,
, .
( 9-27),
. , ,
, ,
.

70
D
o = 2

(9-9)
(9-9)

= ,
= ,

0 = ,
D = , .

31

, , .
.
. (9-9')
, (9-9) .
, ,

.
10 dB .
: (1)
,
. (2)
.
, .
,
' .
9-4
2 ,
6 GHz. :
.

0 = 2 x 70/D = 140 x 0.05/2 = 3.5.

(D/) .
,
, , ,
:

D
Ap = 6

(9-10)

p = ( )
Gp =
D = , .

.
,
, (910).
9-5 9-4.

32

Ap = 6(D/)2 = 6(200/5)2 = 9600

9-5 (effectie
radiated power - ERP) 9600 W
1 W. ERP
.

-
, VHF
.
,
10.
, 63 z,
48 .
.

.
,
, ,
.
,
, 9-28,
.
,
.. Yagi-Uda ,
.

9-28
.

9-29
- (horn antenna -
9-7.2), .
,

33

.
.
,
,
, . ..
30 cm 3 ,
1%
.
, .
, 9-29,
9-29,
.
, Cassegrain,
18
. 9-30 9-31.
.
, (
) 9-30.
() .

.
.

9-29 .

34

Cassegrain

(
) .
,
, 30
.
. ,
, ,
RF .
,
( RF ,
). RF
,
Cassegrain .
9-30,
, .
. ,
,

, .
,
(
),
. 931
.
, ,
, 90
.

.

35

9-30 Cassegrian feed.

9-31 27.5-m Cassegrain feed. (Courtesy of Overseas

Telecommunications Commission, Australia)

.
, 9-32.
,

. pillbox ,
, .
, ,
.
, radar (--),
,
-
!

9-32 . () ,
36

(b) (c) pillbox.

9-33.
offset
( , 9-33).
,
, .
, ,
.
offset torus ,
,
.
,
, () .
torus Anchorage
1981. 10
7 .

(hoghorh) Cass-.
, .

9-33 Offset.

,
. .
radar,
( ).
,

37

.
, .. .
,
.
1/16
.

, .


.

.


, ,
. '
10.
, 9-29,
9-31.
,

. ,
' . ,
, .
.
,
, .
Cassegrain ,
.

.
, ,
.
,
.
,
, (910).
, ,
, (capture
area).

.
,
.
:
A0 = kA

(9-11)

38

A0 =
A =
k = .
0.65 ()
.
(9-11)
(9-10)

Ap =

4A0

4kA

(9-10')

, :

Ap =

4k (D 2 / 4)

2 kD 2
D
D
2 D
=
=
0
.
65
=
6
.
4

(9-10)

9-7.2
,

.
,
, .
,
.
, ,
.
. ,
,
,
.
,
9-34, ,
.
,
. ,
.

39

9-34 . () , (b) , (c) .

:
. (sectoral horn)
pillbox .
(pyramidal horn)
. H (conical horn)
.
, ,
,
.
. ,
, (
).
, L,
9.34, .
, 40 L/ = 6
66
40, 15 L/ = 50,
23 120.

.
.
, ,
, ( 10%)
.
. 9-34 (
) ,
.
, ,
,
.

40

.
.

,
. Cass
,
.
Cass- ,
, 9-35, ()
45.
, ,
, , 9-35b,
. ,
.
.
-
.
Cassegrain feed, , Cass-
( )
, .
.
9-35
.

41

9-35 Cass-horn . () Cass-horn (Courtesy of

Overseas Telecommunications Commission, Australia), (b) Cass-horn .

9-36
. -
, Cass-, .
,
, .

42

9-36 . () , (b) .

9-7.3
,
.
,
3 GHz
.
9-37 .
, 9-37 ,
.

. ,

.
. , .
,
.
,
.
.
, 9-37b,
.
,

43

. ,
,
.

9-37 . () , (b) .

(lens antennas)
, ..

10 GHz. (optical counterparts)
,
.
6mm
0.6 m
10.000 !
,
.

9-38 Zoned .

44

9-38 zoning stepping ,

.
zoning,
.
,
, .

. stepped
.

360 -
(correct phasing). ,

,
,
. zoned
. , t,
. a
great saving in bulk, . zoning
9-38b,
9-38a.
.

( )
. ,

.

.
, .

9.8 -

,
, ,
( ),
. ,

.


.
, (
),

. ,
, , .

45

-,
- ,

.
9-8.1 ( )

9-39a. LC
. ,
,

,
LC .
,
.
,
, ,

. , , o
Q . ,

- , 9-39b.

.

9-39 - . () LC
, (b) .

9-40,
, -
, C .
It,

46

I. b,
,
.
, . ,
- -b,
, ,
. ,
10% .
.

,
. Yagi-Uda
,
.
9-8.2
, 9-41,
VHF UHF
,
8-2.5.

9-40 .

ground plane, (screen)
. , ( )
. ,
. ,
.
,
,
.
9-42.

47

9-41 (Courtesy of Rhode and Schwartz, Munich.)

9-42,
25,
90 20%
.
:
90, ,
.
,
.

9-42 .

48

,
8-21, VHF
, .
probe , .

,
,
(
ground plane ).
, ,
,
.
9-8.3
9-43, ,
, .
ground plane
. 9-44, D = /4
.
,
.
. 945, ,
.

9-43 (Courtesy of Andrew Antennas of Australia.)

,
.
,
(lmin) , (lmax) .

,
lmax lmin .
.
49

9-44, SWR
1.5 7:1 .
9:1 .

9-44 .

- .
VHF UHF ,

. ,
HF . ,
, 12 55 MHz.

9-45 .

50

9-8.4 -
-
. -
, 1957.

.
10:1 .
,
.
- .
, -
9-46.
- .

9-46 - .

,
.

,
.
(narrow end),
. :
l
R1 R2 R3
l
l
=
=
= = 1 = 2 = 3
R2 R3 R4
l 2 l3 l 4

(9-12)

( )
1.

( ). = 0.7 = 30.
,

51

.
/2. (
!)
(
SWR ) ,
.
, , ,
, , .
,
. -
.
, -
,

.
.
, ,
UHF . -
-
,
- .
9-8.5
- RF .
,
.
.

.
9-47
, ,
, .

9-47 . () , (b) .

,
. , ,
52

(Direction Finding). DF,

.
(
, ),
, . DF

,
. ,
, . ,
o DF ,
.
, ,

.
. ,

.
. , bearings
.
,
.

, . Alford,
cloverleaf, Adcock Bellini-Tosi .

. , ,
.
. , ,
, ,
.
9-8.6
,
,
. ,
.
.
, . (
) ,
.
. ,
, ( )

.
() .
,
.

53

.
.
.

.

9-9
-
. ,
, ,
.
,
, .

.
, .
,
. ,
(
),
.
. ,

, .

, , ,
. ,
, ,
(
).
,
,
, .



.
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
. ac
.

54

.


, , .

.
(
), .
,
, .
, .
,
, .
,
,
. ,
,
.
, ,
,
.
,
MF , ,

. ,

. ,

.
top loading.
,
. , top loading
, .
, ,
.

,
,
.

dc
tank circuit.
MF
, . MF
,
.
,
, .

55

.
:

. Yagi-Uda
HF VHF .
, ,
HF .
,
o:
.

. ,
,
,
.
,
.
.

.
,
, ,
.
, Cassegrain
feed, , ,
, ,
.
,
,
.
, ,
, .
.
.
, .
, Cass ,
.

. , stepped zoned,

. , ,
zoned.

(. )
, HF .
, ( Yagi-Uda )
.

ground plane.
,

56

. ,
.
,
. , ,
UHF , HF
. -
. - ,
-

, .
,
( )
.
.
.

.

57

10. (WAVEGUIDES)
(RESONATORS) (COMPONENTS)
8
, . 7

.
.

,
.


. ,
,
.
,
,
. exciting ,
, . Cavity Resonators
:
,
.
, couplers, , circulators,
, mounts .
,
,
, .
,
.

10-1
7

. ,
. ,

, .
,
,
. ,

.
,

.

"" ""!
10-1.1
10-1,
. ,
.
,
.
.
,
8-1.2 .

, ,
, .
,
, ,
.
,
.

10-1 . (a) (b)

(cross-sectional)
,
1 GHz , .
,
10-1.

( ).
WR650,
.

( 3.00 1.50 in)
, .
[1] .
3-100 GHz
. ,

, .

10-1

,
,
modes .
. ,
,
. stubs, quarterwave transformers, couplers taper sections.
Smith
. ,

.

,
. .

,
. , ,
, flashover . ,
10
-
(
).
,
,
,
. ,
41 - 4db/100m
3GHz( ),
10.8db/100m ,
WR284 1.9db/100m.
,

(325 GHz 18 GHz)

10-1.2

,
. ,
8-1
,
,
.
, ,
. (
) ,
.

4

.
, ,

.

.
.
,

.
,
( 10-2)
,
.

.
,
.
, modes
. modes
. , modes

(transverse electric (TE)) modes
. modes
H .
.

10-2

(Plane Waves) 10-3

(
).
, .
Vc ,
Vg
Vn

V g = Vc sin

(10-1)

Vn = Vc cos

(10-2)

, ,
.

10-3 (Plane Waves)

,
, .

( ).
,
. ,
corrugated
corrugated .
10-3,
,
. p
n .

p =
n =

sin

cos

(10-3)
(10-4)

.
:
.
, , Vc

Vc
. ,
,
V c = f = 3 10 8 m / sec

(10-5)

10-3 V g = Vc sin
f ,
V p = f p
=

f
sin

(10-6)

Vc
sin

(10-7)

Vp .

,
Vg Vc .

, ,
.
. ,
.

.
.
.
10-1.3
7-1.4 ,

,
. 10-4,

.
,
.

,
, .
,
.

10-4.

10-4,
(
).
10-5.


.

10-5. Placement on second short circuit on transmission line

. ,
.
10-6,

.

10-6.

,
=3n/2 .



, .
,
90 .
,
=2n/2 =n/2,


,
,
.

a=

m n
2

(10-8)

n
m
.
n

a=

m( / cos )
m
m
=
cos =
2
2 cos
2

(10-9)

.
,
,
m .
10-9 p
.

p =

sin

1 cos 2

1 (m / 2 ) 2

(10-10)

(10-10)
,
m.


.

. (10-10)
p

m 0
2
m
= 1 0 =
1 0 = 0
m
2a
2a

(10-11)

0
0 2 m=1.


. ,
, .
, mode
. m
1,
.
, (10-11) (10-10)

, mode ( m)
.

p =
p =

1 [ (m / 2 )] 2

1 [ (1 / 0 )] 2

1 ( / 0 ) 2

(10-12)

,
, ,
. v g
(10-1) v p (10-6) (10-7).

.
(10-1) (10-7)

v g v p = v c sin

vc
2
v g v p = vc
sin

(10-13)

. ,
, .
,
. (10-6)
10

v p = f p = f

1 ( / 0 )

(10-14)

(10-13) (10-14)
2
1 ( / 0 )

vc
2 1
2
= vc
= vc
v g = v c 1
vg =
vp
vp
vc
0
2

(10-15)

(10-15)
. ,
,
,
,
90 , .
,

( 0
.
10-1 ,
. 6GHz
3cm.
() mode
() , mode
() .
2
3
= 2 = 6cm
m
1
v
3 1010
= 5cm
() = c =
f
6 10 9

() 0 =

,
2

1
.

0
, .
.
2

5
= 1 = 1 = 0.553
6
0

5
= 9.05cm
p = =
p 0.553

11

() v g = v c = 3 10 8 0.553 = 1.66 10 8 m / sec

vp =

vc

= 3

10 8
0.553 = 5.43 10 8 m / sec
0.553

10-2 10-GHz
, 6cm.

(
m). mode.
v c 3 1010
=
= 3cm
f 10 10 9
,
.

m=1
6
1

0 = 2 = 12cm

( mode )

m=2
6
2
m=3

0 = 2 = 6cm

6
3
m=1

0 = 2 = 4cm

( mode )

( mode )

6
( mode
4
)

0 = 2 = 3cm

.
m=3 4cm,
.
3
3
3
p =
=
=
= 4.54cm
1 0.562 0.661
1 (3 / 4) 2
10-1.4

,
.
, .

12

, (
)
Modes
. ,
,
.
,
,
mode .
, 1955 (Institute of Radio
Engineers) , . modes
TEm,n
, TMm,n . m
n (
TE mode TM modes) , m
X ( ), n
. 10-7.
TE1,0 10-7.

.

.
.
, .
,
. ,
.
, TE1,0 mode Y
,
X. m=1, n=0, mode TE1,0
mode ,
10-3.1

10-7. 1,0

TEm,0 modes TEm,0 modes,

( ),
. ,
,

13

, TEm,0 .
(10-11), (10-12), (10-14) (10-15)
.
.
. Z,

Z0 =

Z
1 ( / 0 )

(10-16)

0
= 120 = 377, [ (8-3) (8-4)]
10-16 ,

8.
, ,
.
(10-16)
, .
(10-15)
.
vg=0 0=, , =0
:
.
(10-11)
TEm,0 ,
. ,
Z0 TE3,0
TE2,0 .
. , ,
.
.
TEm,n TEm,n
TEm,0 (
TE1,1 ).
, ,
,
. TEm,n

0 =

2
( m / ) + ( n / b) 2
2

(10-17)

,
,
,
14

TEm,0.
TEm,0 n=0 (10-17)

0 =

2
( m / ) + (0 / b)
2

2
(m / )

2
2
=
m /
m

(10-11),
(10-17) .
TEm,n (10-17)

, TEm,0.
Tm,n. TEm,n

, .

.
TE,
.
. ,
x, y.
TMm,0 (
). TM
TEm,n

(
TE).
.
TM

0 = 1
0

(10-18)

(10-18)
377
TM TM1,1.

. ,
377
T1,1 Tm,n
TM TM1,1
10-3
TM1,1
2:1 b=/2.

15

0 =

2
( m / ) 2 + ( n / b) 2

2
( m / ) 2 + ( 2n / a ) 2

2a
m 2 + 4n 2

m=n=1

0 =

2a
2a
=
= 0.894a
1+ 4
5

TE1,1
TM1,1
TE2,0 T1,0. ,

. ,
,
2,
.

,
. . ,
T1,0, T2,0
TM1,1 T3,7 T9,5.
,
(
). ,
. ,
,
,

. ,
.

.

.
10-4
10-1 10-2
10-3 0.553.
Z0 =

Z
1 ( / 0 ) 2

120
= 682
0.553

10-2
Z0 =

120
= 570
0.661

16

10-5 3
4.5cm 9GHz .
,
() TE1,0 () TM1,1.

Vc 3 1010
=
= 3.33cm
f
9 109
()

0 =

2 2 4.5
=
= 9cm
m
1

3.33
= 1 = 1
= 1 0.137 = 0.93
9
0

p =

3.33
=
= 3.58cm
0.93

Vg = Vc = 3 108 0.93 = 2.79 108 m / sec
Vg = Vc / = 3 108 / 0.93 = 3.23 108 m / sec

120
= 405
0.93
() TM1,1
Z0 =

0 =

2
(m / a ) + (n / b)
2

2
(1 / 4.5) + (1 / 3)
2

2
2
=
= 5cm
0.0494 + 0.1111 0.4

3.33
= 1 = 1
= 1 0.444 = 0.746
5
0
3.33
p = =
= 4.6cm
0.746

17

Vg = Vc = 3 108 0.746 = 2.24 10 8 m / sec

Vg = Vc / = 3 108 / 0.746 = 4.02 10 8 m / sec
TM (10-18)
.
Z 0 = Z = 120 0.745 = 281
10-6 =3cm
.
500,

0 =

2 2 3
=
= 6cm
m
1
2

Z

120
= 1 = 1
= 0.57
500
Z0
0
2

= 1 0.57 = 0.43
0

= 0.43 = 0.656
0
= 0.6560 = 0.656 6 = 3.93cm
3 1010
= 7.63 10 9 = 7.63GHz
3.93

(field patterns)
10-12.
,
,
, .

0, .
, ,
.
, y,
.
TEm,0.
,
.
Z p 10-12a
f =

Vc

18

10-8 Field patterns .

TE2,0
10-12b . ,
x-y, .
TEm,0 .
TEm,0
. . TE1,1
cob-web .

, x y ,
.
TEm,0
y . TM1,1 ,
x-y . ,

. ,
,
TE. , 10-12c
, .
.

19

10-2
10-2.1

. ,

, .
.
,
. ,
,
.
, , ,
.

0 =

2r
(kr )

(10-19)

r =
(kr) = Bessel
,
(kr) 10-2
.

MODE (kr)
TE0,1
3.83
TE1,1
1.84
3.05
TE2,1

MODE (kr)
TE0,2
7.02
TE1,2
5.33
TE2,1
6.71

MODE (kr)
2.40
TM0,1
TM1,1
3.83
5.14
TM2,1

MODE (kr)
TM0,2
5.52
TM1,2
7.02
TM2,2
8.42

10-2 (kr) .

10-7 ,

4cm, 10GHz
TE1,1

20

vc 3 1010
=
= 3cm
f 10 10 9
2r 2 4 / 2 4
=
=
= 6.83cm
0 =
(kr )
1.84
1.84
3
3
3

=
=
=
= 3.34cm
p =
1 0.193 0.898
1 ( / 0 ) 2
1 (3 / 6.83) 2

Z0 =

Z
1 ( / 0 )

120
= 420
0.898

10-2.
(kr) , TE1,1
.
0 = 2r/1.84 = 3.41r = 1.7d d
.
, .
m
, n
.
.

. 10-9

.
. ,
,
( )
,
.

.

10-8.

.

21

10-9 .

(1,1)
2r 2r
0 =
=
= 3.41r
(kr ) 1.84

Ac = r 2
1,0
2a
0 =
= 2a
1
,
2a = 3.41r
3.41r
= 1.705r
2

a a 2 (1.705r ) 2
Ar = ab = a =
=
= 1.45r 2
2 2
2

Ac
r 2
=
= 2.17
Ar 1.45r 2
a=

10-8 ( )
,
.
.

22

.
. 1,1 ,

.
,
, .
1,1.

.
. ,
. ,

. M0,1 0,1
.
, 0,1 ,
. ,
10 GHz,
.
, .
,

.
10-2.2

.
,
.

.
, 10-10.
.
,
.
.

23

10-10 . () , (b) .

,
. ,
, . ,

,
.

.
. ,
, , ,
.
, .
, transverse
corrugation .
1,1 1,0
.
.
.
SWR
, dB/m
.

10-3

,
.

24

, , ,
, .
10-5.

10-3.1

,
.
,
.

. ,
, ,
.
10-11.
10-8,
.
,
.
,
.

10-11 . () 1,0
(b) 2,0 (c) M1,1 (d) 1,1

25

,
. ,
. , TE1,1
( ). ,
TE2,0
180 ,
10-8b.
, .
TEm,0 ,

. TE3,0 ,

TE1,0 . ,
TM1,1
TE, .
, ,
. ,

stub .
TM0,1 ,
10-11c
,
.
, ,
,
. 10-12
,
.

(Slot coupling).
,
.
10-13 . 10-7
10-8a


. ,
.
,

. ,

.
,

,
,
. ,
, . 10-13
1

26

,
. , ,
. 2
, ,

10-12 . () , (b)

.
.
,
.

10-13
.

27

10-14 () , (b)
.

, ( 105.1) cavity resonators ( 10-4).
,
, .

.

,
10-14. a ,
.
b, ,
TEM .
,
stub matching .

28

10-3.2
,
.
,
.

.

10-15 () , (b) .

. ,
10-15. (brazed)
,
. ,

.
,
. ,
.

, ,

.

,
.
.
,
10-16.

29

10-16 () , (b)
.

(choke join)
(choke flange) .
, L
,
.
p/2 .

.
,
( 10
) SWR 1.05

. ,
, ,

.


10-17,
.

.
TM0,1
TE1,0 .

TM0,1 .
T1,1
( )
,
TM0,1 ( ).

30

10-17 , .

.
-
. 10-3.5

10-3.3


. 10-18
.

. 10-18,
,
. , SWR

.

31

10-18 .

32

10-19 . () - , (b) -
, (c) - - .

H- ( 10-9a)
,
(
).
, . ,
, ,

. ,
.
, .

33

,
.
90 ,
(mitered)
10-19b. c
, . -
, c,
. ,
-, (
10-19c).
.
d ,

.

10-20 . () , (b)
900 .

.

, .
,
,
10-20a.

, 1,1
.
34

, ,
( 10-20b),
. ,

10-18.

10-3.4
(
) ,
.
-,
. ,
.

. , , 10-21
.
- - , .

. ,
, .
, - ,
. ,
(
).
.
( - )
,
.

.
.
, , ,
10-22.
3 4
.
3 4
1 2 .
,
.

35

10-21 .
() - , (b) E- .

10-22 ( )

3
, 1 2,
4.
10-23,
- 4
- 3 (
1 2, .
4 -

36

, 3
.
, 3
4
- ( 0,1 1,1).
,
4. ,
4
3.

10-23 , .

10-24 ( ).

37

1 2
-, 3 4

.
, 3 4.
,
10-24 2 ( 1
).
.

.
, 3 4

. ,
,
.
10-25
:
rat race ( ) .
,

1.5 . ,
10-25b, .
,
.
( ) 1,

. To 4

, 4.
2
/4 11/4 .

2. 3
/2
,
3.
3 2 4, 1.
,
.

38

10-25 (rate race). (a) , (b) .

rat race

. rat race
.
,
.

10-3.5
7-1.5 7-1.6

.
,

.

, .

.
.
.

,
.

39

,
.
( )
. 10-26 .
( ) ,
.
. .10-26.

( ),
.
.10-26
.
.

. .10-26

.

.

.
,
.


. ,
. 10-27.

10-26 .
, (b) , (c) ( ).

()

40

10-27 () , (b) 2 , (c) 3 .

.
,

.
,
.

, .

.

. ,
, . 10-27,
,
. , . 10-27
.
-
-,
.
.

. ,
,

.

41

.

(
) .

.10-28.
, , /2
( vane) .

. ,


. vane
.10-29.
.
,
,

.
, , /2
( )
.

10-28 . () : (b) .

flap .10-30
vane .

.
flap vane.

.

. vane flap
80 dB.

42

10-29 .

10-30 flap.

.
:
1. ,

2.

3.

. decibels
100 .
, (
). , , ,
10-1.
4 db/100m 5GHz, 12 db/100m 10GHz,
. ,
8 db/100m 35GHz, 30 db/100m 70GHz
500 db/100m 200GHz. ,

43

, (
) .
, .
,
:
.
,
.
,

= e

(10-20)

=2/0

(10-21)

e =
=
=
0 =
,

d = 20 log e = 20 loge = 40/ 0 loge
= 40 0.434 / 0
= 54.5 / 0 dB
dB decibels,
.

10-9.
25 cm =1cm b=0.5 cm, 1 GHz
.
0 =

2a
2
=1 =2cm
m
1

3 1010
=30cm
10 9

:
25
= 681dB
2
,
Q
.
AdB = 54.5

44

, UHF
. -
, ,
. probe
loop,
,
.

10-4
, ()
.
,
,
.
.

10-4.1

. ,
.
.

. ,
( .10-4 10-6),
.
, , ,
.
np/2, n
. .10-31.

10-31 1,0
(a) 1,0,1 (b) 1,0,2.

45

.10-1.3,
,
,
. ,
p/2 , .10-32,
.
,
.
LC .

10-32 .

( )
. ,
.
,
, .
-
,
.

. .
10-31 ,
p, p/2.
, ,
.
,
.
.
, .

46

. ,
. ,
, :
.

.
,
,
. ,

,
.
. .
10-32 klystron,
. 10-32 b
magnetron ( ).
,
.
, .
,
-
, . , ,
.
,
,
(
, ).
( )
,
.
.
LC
,
.
, ,
,
. , ,

, ,
.

,
. ,
.
.
()
,
, .

47

- , .
,
.
, Q
, 5000 50000.

10-4.2
,
.

10-33 .

,
,
.

.
. ,
,
.
, ,
,
.
( )
.

.
,
.


.

, ,
48

klystron.
. . 1033, klystron,
.
, , .

,
. (
),
.
,

. ,
, ,
.
.

.

, , ,
. ,
,
Q .
Q

. ,
Q , ..
Q = 2

energy stored
energy lost each cycle

(10-23)

,
.
-
Q,
. ,
Q .
,
, Q 2000
100000 .
40000 .
,
Q , . Q

, ,

.

,
.
49

, ,
.
,
,
. ,
, Q .
, .


,
.
.
klystrons
.
, -- (YIG),
. ( . 10-5.2)
,
,
, . , ,
.
,
,
.

. ,
.


.

10-5
()
. 10-3, ,
.
, ,
, . ,
, ,
.

10-5.1
. 7-3.2.

, SWR () .
.
, ,
,
.

50

.10-3.4
.

- . .10-34
.7-18.
, p/2 ,

.
K.7-3.2 .
.
SWR
,

.
,
,
.
.
(
).

10-34 .

. ,
- ,
. ,

,
. , -
np/4, n
.

10-5.2

.

51

,
() . ,

. ,

-,
.
,
. ,
, .
,
.

. (
) ,
.
(MnFe2O3),
(ZnFe2O3)
-- 2 [Y3Fe2(FeO4)3], YIG .
,
. ,

, Faraday
. 8-2.5.
,
RF ,
.
,
.
.
dc ,

,
.
.
,
,
.

.
. .
10-35.

Garnets ,

52

10-35 . (a) (b) dc

RF .

RF
, dc
,
.
dc .
,
.
,
, .10-35b.

,
Mchael Faraday 1845.

, dc .
,

. ,

.
,
,
.
.
.
,
, .

53

dc
3.52 MHz .
, 1000 /m, 3.52
GHz.

. dc
,
. ,

.
,
, .
,

. ,
RF .
,
.
.
.
,

.
,
, .
YIG , Q 10000.
Curie,
. 600 oC
100 oC
. 280 oC YIG.
,
. , ,
150 KW CW 3 MW .

.
,

.
220 GHz.

. Faraday,
Watts,
, .
Faraday, . 10-36, .

1,1 ,
1,0 (
450).
,
(polyfoam),

54

160 A/m. (8.0 12.4 GHz) -
25 mm 100 g .
dc (
) ,
(
450 ) .
,
( )
0.5 1 dB .
.
. 10-36b.

,
Faraday dc. ,
,
,
. . 10-36b.
20 dB 30 dB
( ).
SWR 1.4,
1.1, 5 30
.

2 KW,

450. , -,

2 KW.
,
.
1,0 ,

55

10-36 Faraday () , (b) .

.

Faraday.
10-37.

56

10-37 ( ).

(
) 1,0 ,

.
.

( )
.
.

,
Curie.
10-37 ,
300 . 300W
10 kW , SWR 1,15.
60 d 1 d.
[3()], 300 kW
.

: rat race
( ).
- ( -), 1038, .
. , 1
2, 3 4. 2 3
4 1 .

57

10-38 () , (b)
Faraday.

( ),
( 12-3).
10-38 Faraday
. Faraday
. 1 1,1
( ),
3 ,
45 (
), 4
3 2.
2 ,
1,
3 . , 4
3 4 1.

Faraday, .
, ( wye)
( wye 1200
), ,
.
.

30 MW. (

58

184-186 [3()]
.)
10-39 ( wye).
, .
, 12,
. -
- wye.
10-46, .

10-39 . (a) (b)

.

,
.
1200 ,

, .
, .
12 mm 25 mm
.
20 d, 0,5 d SWR 1,2,
. -,
wyes,
45x25x12 mm. ,
, , 40 d
0,9 d.

59

10-5.3 ,
11 12,
RF ,
,
.
( RF ,
12)
. (
)
,
( 6 dB 10 GHz).
Schottky
12.
( 4
dB 10 GHz). .
,

.

.
10.40
.
, ,
. 80
400 m ,

. cat whisker ( )
, ,
. cat whisker
, 10-40.

100 GHz
,
. ,
,
.

10-40 .

60

.
dc RF
. ,
SWR. , ,

. ,
RF dc ( IF). ,
.
p/4

.
RF ' dc , .
10-41 10-41b
.
, p/4
- .
,
,
. RF
, .
,
, RF .
10-42.

, .
, AFC.
,
(magic tee) 2
RF ,
.
10-43.

10-41 . (a) (b) .

61

10-42 .

10-43 ( )

10-5.4

, .
,
. ( )
( ) - (
). ,

.
. ,
, ,
, . ,

62

, (duplexer) (
).
. , TR
(-), 10-44.
, ,
, mm mercury

.
,
.
,

, .
,
,
,
0.5 dB.

10-44 (TR). (a) (b)

. ( Ferranti, Ltd.)

, ,
.
.
60 dB .
- ,

63

bias
.
16-1,
. ,
.

TR
.

.
( ),
dc
.
. ,
( 10 MW ).

.
,
, ,
. ,

PIN3.
, .

.
PIN ( )
10-41
. ,
.
.
.


.
, ,
. ,
,
.
.
(
TR) .
PIN 10-45
.
kW.
PIN, TR,
,
.
3

12,
.

64

, ,
, ,
PIN 10ns.

10-45 PIN.

. ,
10-5.2, .

10-46,
.

.
,
10-46, ,
() ,
.
.
kW
, ,
.

10-46 . (a) (b) .

Duplexers (). O duplexer

.
duplexer, duplexer

65

( CW-)
( 16-1).
duplexer 10-47
. , TR
ATR (-TR),
,
. .
RF,
, , TR,
. ATR
,
1/4 ,
TR . ,
,
TR
. ,

. ATR
.
, .
TR
,
. , TR
. , ,
.
, duplexer
,
. ,
duplexer
.

10-47

Duplexer radar

66

11.

. .
,

.
,
20 .
, , ,
!
, , ,
. ,
.
.
,
,
.
, .
(gridded tube), (triode)
, . ,
,
,
RF . (klystron).

RF .
. ,
RF .
(travelling-wave tube) - TWT
.
backward-wave oscillator (BWO).

RF
. magnetron,
cross-field amplifier (CFA).

. ,

.

11-1

, .
UHF
. ,
1

. ,
10 GHz,
.
11-1.1 (Gridded Tubes)
,
.
.
.
,
, (.
2-2.4).
"" . UHF ,
,
leads. .11-1
. , RF
, 2 pF
0.02 H. 500 MHz, (shunt
impedances) 160 ()
60 ().
, Q
. ,
, -.
, AF
, 20 mH ,
2 F bypass !
10 5 GHz.

11-1 . (a) UHF,

(b) - UHF ( ,
)

(skin effect)
UHF,
. ,
(dielectric losses) . ,

, ,
.
(Transit Time Effects).
,

.
,
.

. : (transit time)
RF .
.
180,
, .
- -
.
.
.11-1
.
,
RF .

.
, ,
.
,
.
RF

.
Kirchhoff ,
. ,
,
.
( )
.
,
. . ,
, ,
. , ,
,
.
.
, ,
2-2.3. 1 GHz, RF
25 dB.
, ( )

, "",
.
11-1.2 UHF
.
, , ,
. ,
(cavities)
,
(resonators).
,
, ,
. ,
, .

. ,
( scaling factor),
. ,
(lead inductances)
.

.
, (
).
,
.
, 100 W 1GHz
25 mW 10 GHz. ( 0.1%)
15 KW 350 W. , 3 GHz,
10-20dB, (efficiencies) 30% CW 55% .

, disk-seal triode ,
. ,
, ,
( ),

(resonant lines) (cavities).
.11-2.
(parallelplane tube). , ()
, -.
,
. ,
. ,

.
-.
,
.
.
4

24 mm, 19 mm
2 KW 4.1 GHz.

11-2 ,
()

(lighthouse tube),
.
UHF
, ultra-audion Colpitts,
.11-3. RF
feedthrough ,
.

11-3 Ultra-audion
(coaxial resonators)

11-2 MULTICAVITY KLYSTRON

multicavity klystron
.
, ,
. klystron '
Varian .

,
.
11-2.1
.11-4
- (two-cavity amplifier klystron).
,

. buncher
, RF ,
, RF ,
catcher . ,

buncher ,
. .

11-4 klystron

.
. ,

.
drift space
.

: .
,
, RF
.

. ,
.
.

(
.11-5). buncher
,
.
y.

.11-5,
.

11-5 klystron

z, y.
,
, .
z
y.
.11-5, z
. x
y. y,
.
y ,
x ( , .115).
buncher ,
(velocity-modulated) RF
.
.
drift space.
.
,
,
. drift , ,

. , catcher
.
(current modulation)
.
.11-5
,
. .

,
.
catcher
. , RF
, ,
dc . , RF
buncher
catcher
. catcher
( ),
flywheel
(output resonator).
11-2.2

: multicavity (multicavity power amplifier)
(two-cavity power oscillator).
Multicavity klystron amplifier. -
(two-cavity klystron)
:
catcher . ,
. .11-6
,
. ,

. , ,
.

. ,
(synchronous tuning)
. , UHF
, 6 GHz
,
stagger tuning. ,
, .
Q , stagger tuning
1%.

11-6 klystron .

Two-cavity klystron oscillator. catcher

buncher ,
. ,
.
.11-4, ()
.
.
(switching transients) , dc
.
. multicavity klystron
-, - UHF
, .
250 MHz 95 GHz
. 111 .

11-1 Klystron

. . 3035 dB UHF 60-65 dB .
-
.

, .
35-50%. MTBF (mean time

between failure - ),
-
. , 50
KW UHF, .11-6, 2 m ,
250 Kg. .11-6,
( ), .
,
CW magnetrons,
TWT.
. multicavity klystron
,
catcher .
, 35 dB
.

11-7 klystron
.

drift
,
. , :
9 KV 750 mA
. , ,
.
, (
).
, ,
, .11-7.
20 ,
20 . ,
. ,
,
70% . ,
, .
, CW
multicavity klystron .
, ,
10

11-3 REFLEX KLYSTRON

, .
reflex klystron, .
11-3.1
reflex klystron
, .11-8.
, multicavity klystron .
, . ,
, ,
, , .
,
. (repeller)

. ,
,
. ,
,
.

11-8 reflex klystron.

. multicavity klystron,
.
,

. ,
, ,
.
, .
. ,

. ,
.
.

11

,

,
.
:
, ,
, .
, multicavity klystron,
,
.
, reflex klystron
multicavity klystron.
. ,
. ,
reflex klystron
. ,

.

, 180o
(gap resonator). ,
, -
. ,
,
. ,
, . ,
, :
( ),
. ,

. ,
.
,

.
( .11-8).
( ),
.
90 . 1
. :
T =n+ 3

= ,
n =

(Modes).
,
. ,

12

. -
n.
, n (mode) reflex klystron.
1 6 .
n=2 n=3
reflex klystron .
11-3.2
. Reflex klystron
4 200 GHz. 100 mW,
3 W -band 10 mW 220
GHz. 10%,
.
X-band Reflex klystron .11-9,
.
. , ,
. ,
, .
(Tuning). .11-9 ,
,
. (frequency of resonance)
10-4.2 (, bellows
dielectric insert).
+/- 20 MHz X-band +/- 4 GHz 200
GHz. , .
+/- 8 MHz X-band +/- 80 Hz
submillimeter .
, .

11-9 reflex klystron.

13

(Repeller Protection).

. ,
, .

, .

.
.
.

.
, :

(pump oscillator)
reflex klystron millimeter submillimeter
,
, AM FM .

11-4 MAGNETRON
magnetron (cavity magnetron or travelling
wave magnetron)
. Randall Boot.


(peak power) ( 100 KW 3 GHz).
magnetron ,

' .
11-4.1
magnetron magnetron ,
. magnetron
E.W.Hull, .
cyclotron resonance, ,
.
, Habann,
. magnetron Randall Boot
(travelling wave principle),
magnetron (
, .. TWT).
magnetron (cavity magnetron). magnetron
, magnetron, ,
. ,
14

.
.11-10, ,
dc . ,
, .11-11, ,
.
dc,
, magnetron crossed-field .

11-10 hole-and-slot magnetron.

,
, .11-10 11-11, ,
. .11-11,
.
, ,
(resonator) .10-37.
,
magnetron .
,
. , ,
.

11-11 megnetron ( vane)

.

15

magnetron
/ .
, self-consistent.
, magnetron (
)
30.
, 8x30=240,
120 !

45, /4 rad, selfconsistent 360. /4 ,
,
( 11-4.2).
.
magnetron dc
, ,
.
10-5.2
. ,
,
.
, ,
,
. Bev, e v
,
.
.
,
, .
, ( )
() .
.
,

. .1112 magnetron,

.
,
,
. x .11-12.
,
. , y
.11-12, .
, .
,
.

16

11-12 magnetron ,
.

,
.
"" ,
(cutoff field). z .11-12.
,
.
,

( ).
RF . ,
: ,
magnetron. ,
magnetron,
, .
,
.
11-4.2

-Q .
.
-mode . , self-consistent

n/4, n . ,
n=4. -mode
.11-13 RF
. .
, , ,
RF
.

17

11-13 magnetron -mode .

RF , b
,
.
, quarter-wave .
standing-wave pattern,
(.11-13).
.
magnetron (RF)
. 1,
.
(
). b
RF . ,
. ,
b.
RF b.

. , .

2 ,
RF (
). ,
( 3).
,
. ,


.
b .
RF ,
.
RF . ,
. ,
RF
, b,
18

.
, . ,
RF ,
. ,
5% .
back-heating ,
magnetron (filament supply)
back-heating
.
(Bunching). magnetron ,
, ,
(phase-focusing effect).
.
,
RF .
, , c
.11-13.
RF . ,
,
. ,
, . c
RF ,
RF .
. , dc
c, ,
. ,
,
. , d (.11-13)
dc . ,
. , . ,
( ) .
,
RF ,
.
.11-14 magnetron .

RF
. ,
, RF
. RF . ,
,
,
.

. magnetron magnetron
.

19

11-14
magnetron ( ).

11-4.3

. ,
magnetron.
Strapping. magnetron ( )
, .
.
, , 3-cm mode, magnetron, ,
, 3,05-cm 3/4 -mode .
,

. ,
.
magnetron
strapping .
11-11 vane cavity,
11-15a hole-and-slot . Strapping

.
-.
:
2 , .
.

20

11-15 () magnetron hole-and-slot strapping ()

magnetron rising sun

strapping
magnetron
strapping .
(16 32 ),
RF
. , strapping
.

. rising-sun
11-15
- . magnetron
,
, Strapping rising sun
magnetron.
pulling & pushing.
magnetron
. (pushing)

11-14.

,
.
,
.
, magnetron
.

, .
(frequency pulling)

(cavity resonators)
magnetron .
buffer.
magnetron

Rieke.
.
11-4.4 ,
Magnetron. magnetron,
,
. holeandslot , vane risingsun
cavities . 11- 16
all metal ceramic .
,

21

25kW .
2kg. (5MW pulsed 3GHz)
magnetron 11- 16.

.
2 60 kg
.

11-16 magnetron () 20 kW
magnetron metal ceramic () 5W magnetron.

11-16
magnetron. ,
11-16 11-17.
.
Q

.

0,1 ,
10-13.
,
(mode jumping) .
pushing/pulling , ,
magnetron,
.
MTBF magnetron
.

22

11-17 magnetron. (
) .

frequency agile (dither tuning) .

,

.

. ,
,
.
( ) . ( .16)
Dither
,
, 1% .
,
pin .
magnetron (Voltage tunable magnetron) (VTMs)
CW
.
Q,
.


.
. magnetron
.
(duty cycle) (
ON) 0,1%. Pulsing
16. 10kW 5MW,
.
10W UHF 2 MW
10 kW 100 GHz. 59%.

.
, .
. (.. Thoriated

23

tungsten) (1800 C 1000 C)

.
.
VTMs 200 MHz
CW 1000W ( 10W).
, 75 % . Sweep Oscillators,
.
CW magnetron :

. 900MHz 2,5
GHz 300W 10kW.
70 %.

11-5 (TRAVELING WAVE

TUBE) (WT)
Klystron , TWT
.
Klystron , ,
RF . TWT
Kompfner Pierce ...,
2 .
Klystron
(Slow Wave) .
TWT .
, CW .
11-5.1 TWT
RF

.
Klystron ,
.
RF
10% ,
.
(slow wave). ,
(Helix) coupled-cavity .
. TWT 1118.
.
.
.
, klystron,
11-18, .

.

24

11-18 TWT .
.

.
.


.
. RF
,
.
.
. TWT
Klystron, (gaps)
.
Magnetron
,
.
(bunching) TWT
magnetron Klystron.

RF
. ,
.


.

.

.

.
. () RF
.
11-19.

25

11-19 bunching TWT.

RF
magnetron.
, ,
(phase-focusing).

.
,

,
. magnetron dc ,
dc
.
RF .

.
11-5.2

,
.
- (slow - wave).
TWTs, .

.
26

.

RF .
.

, .
/
coupled-cavity TWT 11-20.
coupled cavities
klystron .
(distributed filter) pulse
forming network ( 16-2.1). ,
.
overcoupled
.
TWT .
100GHz,
ring bar .
. 11-19
TWT
80 dB.

slow wave .
.
(
).


. (
aquadag kanthal) .
11-20, coupled-cavity slow wave (
) loosely coupled, self contained
. 11-20
TWT
.

27

11-20 , coupled cavity slow wave

.

. TWT,

.

().
,
. 11-20 TWT
.

11-21 9 kW coupled

28

, (PPM)
PPM Klystron
11-20. PPM
,
. ,
. ,
radial PPM.
11-5.3 ,
TWT
. ,

TWT . ,
.
.
TWT , ,
.

.
TWT o.
TWX19, 11-2
.
30 5 5 cm 1,5 kg.

29

11-2 .

CW- TWT
11-2. 677 ,
2,75 kg 7 7 41cm TWT
, - (614 & 870)
(677).
CW (ECM) 819
.

30

TWT
11-2.
. Hughes 979H
11-21. 9kW
50%, 20kg, 2,5A 8kV
53 15 20 cm.
.
dual mode TWT.
CW . ,
TWT . 562
4,5kg 45 cm TWT , dual mode
.
. , TWT 2
40 GHz, 11-2.
, . To
25 45 dB 4 17 dB
1 100 mW,
, (FET /
bipolar), .
CW
100W 500W.
11-2. 1 100 GHz
2 15% . 10 kW
50 dB, 25 35%
. Depressed
50%.
.
11-21 Depressed. TWT

coupled cavity . H PPM
30 dB. , 50,000
( 6 ) ( ) .
2 100GHz TWT
1 250kW
. (5%)
.
Slow wave .
magnetron Klystron 10%
. CW TWTs.
Dual mode TWTs 2 18GHz.
3kW 600 W CW, 10:1
Pulse up ratio ( CW ),
, single
mode TWTs dual mode 11-2.
. WT

,
.

31

.
, tunnel diodes Schottky diodes
, TWT
masers
.
CW TWTs
.
TWT
.
TWTs .
15. CW TWT

.
CW FM
.
.
TWT Klystron
70% .
FM,
M,
70% .

.
Klystron & magnetron
( .16).

11-6 .
.
crossed-field amplifier (CFA), Backward wave oscillator
( miscellaneous high power amplifiers)
11-6.1 (CFA)
CFA
magnetron .
TWT magnetron. Magnetron
RF
. Slow wave TWT
RF .
CFA
1960.
. CFA 11-22.
magnetron ,
, vane slow wave,
.
. , CFA
magnetron. : magnetron, CFA
RF.

32

magnetron
.

RF . TWT, slow
wave . 11-22
Slow wave. ,

.
TWT.

11-22 continuous cathode, forward wave crossed field

amplifier.

, RF
, forward wave CF . Backward wave
CFA . CFA
, .
Injected beam CFAs.
. CFA .
CW dual mode
. dual mode CFA TWT

.
CFA 1 50GHz ,
.
CFA
.
10 UHF ( 70%), 1 10 GHz
( 55%) 400kW S-band.
. 5%
magnetron TWT.

33

25% .
.
forward wave CFA Varian SDF257,
5,4 5,9GHz, 1 0,1%.
50% , 13 dB 36 dB .
70A. magnetron
back heating ,
. , 95 kg
magnetron RF. CFA
.
11-6.2 Backward Wave Oscillator (BWO)
T BWO CW
. TWT
helix slow wave.
TWT.
. ,
BWO TWT. ,

. slow wave ,
, .
TWT, RF .
TWT , BWO
.
.

. ,

.

slow wave . , BWO
ring .
. BWO
. ,
TWT .
BWO ,
1 1000GHz . Thomson CSK CO 08 50 mW CW
320 400GHz 0,8 mW CW , BWO 2000 GHz .
BWO 10 100mW CW,
29 W .
, 40 GHz.
coupled cavity
. F-2513
25 mW 1,3 4,0 GHz.
GHz/sec.

.

34

.
Samarium cobalt .
Siemens ROW 170 BWO
10mW . 600GHz (
500V) 110 GHz ( 2500V)
12 15 mA 30W.
, 2kg.
11-6.3 Miscellaneous Tubes ( )

. :
Twystron, klystron
TWT .
Extended interaction amplifier (
) Klystron
multigap.
10 MW ,
.
Klystron Ubitron
(Undulating beam interaction ),
fast wave.
Gyrotron,
70.

Klystron (gyroklystron ) TWT (Gyro-TWT),
(Cyclotron) .
. 1kW CW
100 GHz.

35

12.

,
. ,

, , ,
,
. ,
, ,
,

.

. ,
. ,
,
,
, ,
.
,
. , ,

, .

, microstrip, stripline
. ,
,
.
,
.
,
.


.
.
.

.

, .
,
. ,
,
RLC.

.

. , ,
.
. ,
,
.
Gunn Gunn (
) .

. Gunn
,
.

(controlled avalanche) .
IMPATT TRAPATT
.
, Schottky barrier PIN
/
/ , .

.
, maser, laser
.
,
.
, .

12-1.

( ),
.
. , ,
, ,
. ,
,

. , stripline
microstrip
. ,
,
SAW. , (Microwave Integrated
Circuits MICs)
.
.
12-1.1 Stripline Microstrip
stripline microstrip

.
12-1, stripline

,
. , microstrip

.
0.1 1.5 mm,
10m .

12-1 (a) Stripline, (b) microstrip cross section, (c) microstrip LC

stripline microstrip

.
,

.
stripline .

.
(Transverse Electromagnetic- TEM)
. microstrip ,
.
Teflon, .

.
stripline
microstrip.
10,
, .
stripline microstrip ( ). 12-1
LC microstrip (
1pF 5nH). stripline
, .
,
coupler [1].

,
. .
, ( 10)
. , 10-39 stripline
.
microstrip stripline
,
.
, microstrip
.
microstrip
stripline. , Q
microstrip.
( ),
stripline :
. ,
. , 1.5:1
,

. stripline
2:1 .
stripline, ,
,
. stripline ,
Q ,
. , , ,
. stripline (
microstrip),
, .
100 GHz, stripline microstrip
. , ,
, .
[2, 3] .
12-1.2 SAW

, VHF UHF .
SAW
60, 1974 1978

.
, ac


, .
,
.

.
, ,

,

50 MHz. ,
(.
12-3.3),
. SAW ,
,
.
,
.

SAW 12-2. ,
RF
,

() ,
.
,
.

12-2 (SAW)

,
SAW.
Q (
),
SAW .
SAW ,
,
.

SAW.
5

SAW, 50
MHz,
. . = v/f
3000 m/s,
5 GHz 0.6 m,
. , 5 GHz
SAW.
,
.
,
[4] [5].

12-2.

, .
11
. , , ,
.
12-2.1
,
. . ,
( 11-1.1).
,
,
.

,
. ,
.
, , ,
.
,
,
.
,
.
( !).


.

, ,
.

.

, .

,
.
,
( Ge GaAs- Si-),
.
,
,
.
.
(
)
(
). ,
, .

RF
, .
fab fae
. ,
, 3 dB, ,
. .
:
= 1
(12-1)
:
f ae = f ab
(12-2)
.
fT, .
,
, , ..,
.
fab, .
, fT
,
RF Vce= 15 30 V Ic 20 mA .


.
,
.
, fmax. , fT
, ,
. , =1
, ,
.
,
7

,
.
,
6 dB ,
.

[6].
2 4 .

.
Smith,
. (. [6].)
12-2.2

, fieldeffect
(GaAs). FETs
, C
.
.


, .
,
. ,
.
.

12-3 (
Texas Instruments, Inc.)

,
.

.
FET GaAs,
GaAs .
,
.
.
12-3,
.
,
. (
) 70 x 70 m . ,
. ( )
0.5 m. fmax
20GHz, 0.25 m.
FET Schottky (..
, . 12-8.2). 12-4
MESFET.
.
GaAs n- . Schottky
. 1 m (
0.5 3 m). ,
300 2400 m. FET GaAs ,
AGC
RF .
, , Taylor, et al.
[7]. , fmax
100 GHz (. [8]).

12-4 (MESFET
chip), Schottky

12-5. stripline Avantek 1 mm
5 mm. TO-72 7,5
mm . TO-72 2
GHz , . stripline
, 30 GHz ,

FET. ,
.

12-5 . : TO-72 , : Stripline

(beam-lead) . ( Avantek, Inc.)

12-2.3

, MIC (Microwave Integrated Circuits -
)
. , 70, MIC
,
.
,
, ,
, .
80 ,
MIC. ,

GaAs
FET.
MIC, ,
.
,
Yamasaki Maki [9]
MIC.
MIC 12-6.
Avantek GaAs FET ,
(
) 40 x 20 x 4 mm ,
0.2 . 10 mW,
9 dB 8 dB,
, 6 18 GHz.
,

10

, ,
. , ,
.

12-6 GaAs FET MIC . :

12-7 MIC Texas Instruments.

GaAs FET ,
, .
1 x 5.25 x 0.15 mm, 1.3 W 7.5
GHz, 6.5 8 GHz
30 % ( 32 dB). 300
m FET 2400 m FET .
,
.
[10], [11]
MIC.

12-7 GaAs FET MIC ,

( Texas Instruments, Inc.)

11

12-2.4 MIC

MIC ,
bandwidth .
8 GHz ,
150 mW ,
14 dB.
GaAs FET. ,
: Avantek
12-5 2.8 dB
4 GHz 1.8 dB 2 GHz,
1 W 4 GHz.
GaAS FET , MIC,
Ka (26.5 40 GHz),
. Watt
15 GHz mWatt 30 GHz. 1
dB 4 GHz, 2 dB 20 GHz.
, ,
FET, .
() , 5
8 dB X (8 12.5 GHz). ,
2-3.2,
.
, FET
, GaAs,
.

. ,
FET ,
, .

,
,
(GaInAs).
Gardner et al. [12].
, ( ),
, .

, ,

, 40 %.
.

field effect .


. ,
,
RF (

12

).

. ,
,
( ),
(. 16-3). .
[47].

12-3 STEP-RECOVERY (
)


. ,
, .
varactor , .
.
.

.
12-3.1

50
. ,
.
,
,
,
( ),
(. 12-4).

12-8 . (a) , (b)

(depletion )

13

,
.

, . 12-8
.
,
,
.

.
,
,
.

, .
.
12-8, C0
. , ,
.
,
.


,
(GaAs). 12-9
. GaAs
( 1000 GHz)
( -269o C,
).

.

14


12-9

, (
) , .. .
,
( 12-8)
.
,
,
,
.

.
,
.
, ,

.
12-10. , C0 = 25 pF, Cmin = 5 pF,
Rb = 1.3 , Cs = 1.4 pF Ls = 0.013 H.

12-10

,
12-4,
,
Rb ( ).
, (
Rb ),
. ,
,
.

f c = 1 2Rb C min
(12-3)
fc 1000 GHz
GaAs. ,
. fc
15

(.. 50 500 MHz). ,

. fc / 10 ,
,
. Q

( ) .

. (4-3)

. ,

, .
4-8 ,
.
,

. ,
, -
. , (4-3)
, .
,
100% ,
Manley Rowe [13].

,
(.. ).
, ,

.
12-3.2
, snap-off ,
p-n GaAs,
.
,
. ,

.
100 1000 ps, .

. , 8 GHz,
T = 1 10 9 = 1.25 10 10 = 125 ps .
8
,
.
.
,
, .

16

, . ,
, 1/n, n
. ,
12 W 0.5 GHz ,
1.2 W 5 GHz.

,
.
( ) ,
.
12-3.3

12-11

12-11.
, VHF
,
.
10,
low-GHz .

stripline . 10 ,
20 %, 12-11.
5 , X ,
.
. ( X)

1/fout .

12-12

17

12-12 ,
,
. stripline
.
RB,
. snap-off
, 100 500 k.

,
. ,
,
fout fin.
,
12-4.1.
,


, . ,
, 10
GHz,
20 GHz,
100 GHz. , , snap-off
, .
,
.

20 %
.

50 W 300 MHz, 10 W 2 GHz 1 W 10 GHz.
, 12,
32. 80 %
1 GHz. 12 GHz,
5 15 %.
, 10 W
2 GHz 25 mW 100 GHz .
10 GHz GaAs.
70 % 2 GHz 40 %
36 GHz, 54 % 60
GHz.
,
,
.
, GaAs FETs ,
Gunn IMPATT (. ) 20
100 GHz.
(
), Gunn IMPATT
100 GHz .

18

Gunn IMPATT .
(.
12-32),

.
,
.

12-4

,
. Lord Rayleigh 1880
R. Hartley 1930 .
,
,

50.
.
12-4.1

.
.
.
()

.
.

,
LC .

,

. , ,
. V = q C
q ,
.
, .

0, .
,
.
,
.
. , (
).

19

,
.


(
)
( ) .
,

,
. ,
.
,
(. 12-5.3).


12-13 .

. ,
(..
),
.

12-13 .
(a) , (b) , (c)

. 12-13.

20

,
.
, .


.

,
, .


f p 2 f s . ,
.

12-14 . (a) , (b) .

12-14 .
( 12-14) ,
12-14 f p 2 f s .
,
.
.
,
, .
, ,

. , ,
Manley Rowe [13].
,
(
, ).
,
.
,


.

21

, .
, .
,
fi, f i = f p f s ,
fs, -.
, , fi
fs, ,
.
.
,

. , .
12-4.2
,
.
,
( ).
,
,
.

,
.

, .
,
RF .
,
.
(parametric amplifiers paramps)
: .
-
.
f i = f p + f s
. ,
. ,
,
.

( f 0 = f i ), .
, -
. 12-15.
-
. ,
.
.

22

.
(
).
,
. 12-15
.

12-15

.
,
. ,
,
, .


.
, .
12-15 ,
.

. ,
,
, .
,
, ,
12-15. ,
.
,

23

, .
.

(. 10-5.2). Y
stripline 11-39 .
12-23,

. ,
.
,
( ).
,
( ).
( 12-15),
- ,
.
f i f s 10
. , ,
, . /
mm,

X .
.
( )
.


.
Q ,

.
10 % . ,

50 % ,
, .

12-16

12-16,
,
, ,

24

.
,
. ,

, .

.
,


.
,
. (
),
.
, .
,
( ),
.


, maser
( 12-9.2).
,
.
(.. )
,
12-10,
. ,

.

(290 K, 17o C ) 230 K
.
( 77 K) (4.2 K).
,
12-28. ,
[14],
[15].


. , .
,
, .
,
.
,
.

25

,
,
, ,
.
,
,
.
( Gunn)
,
klystron .

12-17 5-GHz , . (
Ferranti Ltd., Solid State Microwave Group.)

Ferranti 12-17 .
, 1 RF , 2 , 3
RF 4
. ,
70 45 25mm . Gunn
,
.
. ,

. ,
GaAs.
[16].

26

. , 12-1
.
/ .

,
.

12-2
. , ,
12-2.

,
.
,
27

, maser.
,
.

12-5

, Esaki [17],
, , .
, 50,
. ,
.
12-5.1
,
, 12-18.
, .

Cj R.
12-18 : rs=6 , Ls=0.1 nH,
Cj=0.6 pF R= - 75 .

12-18

, ,

. ,

,
.
,
, ,
.

.
, ,
Q . , high-Q
, ,
,
.

28

p-n .

, 1000
. (
0.1 m)
. ,

.
12-19.
,
,
( ). ,

, .

12-19

A 12-19
(voltage peak).

B, (valley
voltage). B ,
.
.
( voltage peak valley voltage),

(peak-to-valley ratio),
2 mA 10 .

.
A B
( , ). ,

29

,
, .

,
300 - 50 = 250 mV (peak-to-peak) = 88.4 mV ,
1.8 mA (peak-to-peak) = 0.63 mA.
88.4 0.635 = 56 W.
, .

,
n

p. ,
, ,
,
, .
,
.
12-20
.

,
.

. ,
.
,
.
. 12-20.

12-20 : (a)
, (b) (peak) , (c) (valley)
( RCA)

30

,
p ( n).
12-20,
n.
p.
, p
n. ,
(voltage peak),
.
,
,
12-20. p ,
n
p. ,

. , 12-20,


. (valley voltage)
12-19, 12-20.
,
, .

, (peak)
.
,
. ,
,
.
, ,
. (valley)
.


,
.
,
. ,
.
12-21,
( ) .
,
. , 50 m ,
(
0.5 mm) -n, GaSb GaAs.
Kovar, ,
. Kovar

.

31

.
.

12-21

12-5.2
,

. ,
,
. ,

. ,

, ,
.
. ,

.


.
,
,
. ,
.
, A
, .
,

.

32

12-22

12-22.
i s , g s ,
g . ,
g L .
.
rs Ls
, C j ,
g .
, g L = g s ,
:
2
i
(12-4)
Pmax = s
4g s
, :
is
vL =
(12-5)
gs g + gL
:
2
g L is
2
(12-6)
PL = v L g L =
(g s g + g L )2
,
(12-5) (12-4) .
2
is g L ( g s g + g L ) 2
4g s g L
PL
A
=
=
=
: P
(12-7)
2
Pmax
(g s g + g L )2
is 4 g s
,
.
2
2
2
4g L
4g L
4g L
=
=
(12-8)
: AP =
(2 g L g ) 2 4 g L 2 4 g L g + g 2 4 g L 2 + g ( g 4 g L )
(12-8) 1,
(
4 g L g ). , AP ,

. ,
(12-8) .
g

33


(12-8) 1.

g = 2 g L ( g L = g s , ).
(12-9)

, (
). (12-9) , g
,
. (
4 g L g .)

.
, (12-8) ,
1,
.

, (12-7)
.
,
4g s g L
. : AP =
(12-10)
( g s + g L g + j C j ) 2
, ,
, ,
C j g . ,
.
:
g = rC j

R=

1
rC j

r =

1
RC j

fr =

1
2RC j

(12-11)

rs 12-18
,
(
) .
(12-11)
(bandwidth) .

34