WELDED CONNECTIONS II

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TRUSS CONNECTIONS Type of connections to be fixed at conceptual stage planar trusses Web e bers ay be directly !elded to c"ord e bers Eccentricities Ele ent centroidal axes not intersecting at a point Connection centroid not coinciding !it" t"e ele ent centroid

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, ! SERC Madr

DIRECT CONNECTION O# WE$ %E%$ERS

CONNECTION &T T'E &(E) O# & ROO# TRUSS

E&*ES CONNECTION

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ECCENTRICITIES IN TRUSS CONNECTIONS +a, (R&TT TRUSS+b, CROSS $R&CIN. $ETWEEN (L&TE .IRDERS

e P e P

(a)

(b)

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, # SERC Madr

(ORT&L #R&%E CONNECTIONS Co on fra e spacing / 012 to 312 Ea4es and apex locations Critical o ent occurs at ea4es (lastic analysis leads to redistribution and lig"ter sections 'aunc"ed sections for increased rotation capacity

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%O%ENT TR&NS%ISSION &T CORNER USIN. & S'E&R (&NEL

%O%ENT TR&NS%ISSION &T CORNER USIN. & DI&.ON&L STI##ENER

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*&RIOUS E&*ES CONNECTIONS O# (ORT&L #R&%ES

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

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WELDED &(E) CONNECTIONS +a, .ENER&L &RR&N.E%ENT +b, 5 +d, DI##ERENT &((RO&C'ES TO T'E TENSION #L&N.E CONNECTION

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, ' SERC Madr

COLU%N &ND $E&% S(LICES

Structural sections are a4ailable only in specific lengt"s Splices are pro4ided at non/critical locations Colu n splice (artial penetration butt !elds are econo ical1 Welded bea splice plates $ea splice !"ere bending o ent is lo! splicing of !ebs due to Re6uired lengt" of plate is not a4ailable .irder ay be ca bered at t"e splice T"ic7ness of t"e girder ay be 4aried

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, ( SERC Madr

T!o et"ods of design of bea splices To resist t"e calculated o ent and s"ear at t"e point of splice To de4elop full resistance in bot" s"ear and flexure

(a)

(b)

+a, $utt !elded colu n splices +b,Welded Splice (late Connection

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ST&..ERED #OR% O# &RR&N.E%ENT #OR TE%(OR&R8 SU((ORT

X X

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$UTT 5 WELDED S(LICE (L&TE CONNECTION

X

X Only weld here if its absence could lead to corrosion

X-X X

'8$RID CONNECTION

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, ! SERC Madr

$E&%/$E&% &ND $E&%/COLU%N CONNECTIONS Types of bea connections

Rotational c"aracteristics of connections Si ple 9/:9; o ent resistance Se i rigid :9 /<9; = Rigid ><9; =

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, " SERC Madr

WELDED $E&% CONNECTIONS Web angles $ea seats S"ear connections Stiffened bea seats %o ent resistant connections

T!o co on !ays of stress transfer at connection $ending forces occur in bea flanges and for transfer- !elds to be pro4ided at t"e bea flanges #or transfer of s"ear forces !elds to be pro4ided at !ebs

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, # SERC Madr

#R&%ED SI%(LE CONNECTION

End return

Erection bolt

WELDED SE%IRI.ID CONNECTION

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w kg / m wl2 / 8 + (a) w kg /m + wl2 / 12 wl2 / 24 wl / 16

2

w kg /m wl2 / 24 wl2 / 12 + (b) wl2 / 12

w kg /m wl2 / 16 + wl2 / 16

wl2 / 24

(c) +a, +b, +c, +d,

(d) Si ple Connections +9;, Rigid Connections +?99;, Se i Rigid Connections +29;, Se i Rigid Connections +32;,

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, % SERC Madr

WELDED %O%ENT / RESISTIN. CONNECTION

WELDED WE$ &N.LES

End returns

End returns

Erectio n bolts

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, & SERC Madr

ECCENTRICIT8 O# RE&CTION #ORCES

!"# !"# e

$nd return

0.1 L 0.6L 0.3L

0.9L

Bea

web

fh

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, ' SERC Madr

WELDED SE&TED/ $E&% CONNECTIONS

#op angle Optional location o top ! Erection "olts

Erection bolt

$eat or s%el angle

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STI##ENED $E&% SE&T CONNECTION

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, !) SERC Madr

%O%ENT RESIST&NT CONNECTIONS

Continuous structures Connections are designed to resist full Efficient connections %o ent resistance ay reduce

o ents

$ending of t"e colu n at t"e connection point Top connection plate tries to bend colu n flange

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, ! SERC Madr

%O%ENT RESISTIN. CONNECTIONS /?

'roo(e weld &illet weld End connection plate

) $ti ened seat (a)

(b)

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, !! SERC Madr

#op connection plate pulling awa* rom connection

,ein orcing plate cut back

+eld is o(er stressed %ere (a)

(b)

+a, O*ERSTRESSIN. O# T'E WELD+b, COLU%N #L&N.E STI##ENED WIT' (L&TES

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, !" SERC Madr

#&TI.UE $E'&*IOUR Nu ber of cycles or t"e ti e ta7en to attain a pre/ defined failure criteria eg1 $ridges-Crane girders 'ig" cycle lo! stress fatigue / ?9@ cycles Lo!/cycle "ig" stress fatigue A?92 cycles Corrosion fatigue Uncertain features due to En4iron ental effects (rediction of internal stresses Ti e to failure %et"ods of analysis S/N approac" and fracture ec"anics approac"

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, !# SERC Madr

C'&R&CTERISTICS O# #&TI.UE #&ILURE (oor design and fabrication are pri e reasons Crac7 initiation and propagation #atigue crac7 is transgranular #racture surface ay be eit"er crystalline or fibrous %ec"anis of fatigue (lastic flo! due to stress concentration effects

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, !$ SERC Madr

#&CTORS IN#LUENCIN. #&TI.UE $E'&*IOUR Stress range Stress concentration Rate of cyclic loading Residual stresses SiBe .eo etry En4iron ent Te perature (re4ious stress "istory

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#R&CTURED SUR#&CE O# & S(ECI%EN

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#&TI.UE %EC'&NIS%

1- ./ min 011- 26 mm (a) %ine sli& (b) 'oarse bond &roduced by alternatin( sli&

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, !' SERC Madr

T'REE LE*ELS O# STRESS CONCENTR&TION Structural action Relati4e defor ation bet!een adCacent ele ents Secondary e bers %acroscopic stress concentration .eo etric stress interruption to stress flo!

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, !( SERC Madr

 Local geo etric stress concentration Crac7 tip effects occur in !eld or '&D #or lo! stress range-fre6uency effect is insignificant #or "ig" stress range -increase in fre6uency produces increase in apparent fatigue strengt" Effect of residual stresses 4aries considerably1 #atigue li it is 29; of ulti ate stress #I E ?09 F 91:2#U

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, ") SERC Madr

T8(IC&L CONNECTION DET&ILS

(a) 3ndustrial roo structure

(b) "ridge structure

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$ENDIN. STRESSES IN & DISCONTINUOUS $E&%

(a) "eam arrangement

(b) $tress low at c%ange in direction

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STRESS CONCENTR&TION &T T'E TOE O# & #ILLET WELD

(a) &illet weld arrangement

(b) #ensile stress low

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, "" SERC Madr

#atigue failure at a !elded Coint

ay occur due to

(orosity-slag inclusion and defects Lac7 of fusion or icroscopic crac7s Crystalline c"ange in base etal in '&D Due to undercut at toe edge of t"e !eld

$utt !elded Coints "a4e better fatigue resistance

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, "# SERC Madr

#&TI.UE &N&L8SIS No inal stress 'ot spot stress Nu ber of stress re4ersals before failure

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S/N cur4e approac" Cyclic stress range+S, to nu ber of cycles to failures+N, Log/log relations"ip is linear NS E .ood anGs diagra *ariable a plitude loading Stress spectru Da age due to eac" band in stress spectru (al gren / %iner rule
n n n + ! + + n *) N N! Nn

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, "% SERC Madr

*&RIOUS (&R&%ETERS IN #&TI.UE

, 4 $min / $ma5 $e $ma5 $r One load c*cle $min $m $e 4 7lternating stress altitude $r 4 $tress range $m 46ean stress $ma5 46a5imum stress $min 46inimum stress

tr e s s

#ime

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, "& SERC Madr

S 5 N CUR*E +WO'LER CUR*E,

$tress range 6pa

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

8umber o c*cles to ailure (8) in t%ousands

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, "' SERC Madr

S 5 N CUR*E (RESENTED ON & LO./LO. SC&LE

:ero . to . tension c*cle 8$rm 4

&19--9---

$tress range 6pa (log scale)

$ &29---9--8 )*cles 2 to 2 ailure 8 (!og scale) &19--9--- 4 atigue strengt% or 1--9--- )*cles &2---9--- 4 atigue strengt% or 2---9--)*cles

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, "( SERC Madr

.OOD%&N DI&.R&%
<ltimate tensile strengt%

1-86-

6a5imum stress in c*cle //; 6inimum stress in c*cle

#ensile or compressi(e stress9 in percent static ultimate strengt% #ension 42.2.4)ompression

!ine o =ero stress

//; o <ltimate

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, #) SERC Madr

STRESS R&N.E S(ECTRU%

t1 t2 t/ t4 t0
n1 n2 n/ n4

#rue spectrum

n0

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, # SERC Madr

#racture

ec"anics

(resence of crac7s is accounted H E 8II a Stress intensity factor-H

da log10 vs log10 k dN
da + = c ( ,) dN

relations"ip is a sig oidal cur4e

(aris e6uation

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, #! SERC Madr

SC'E%&TIC (RESENT&TION O# CR&CH .ROWT'

./ .6

8on 2 continuum mec%anism #%res%old >t%

)ontinuum mec%anism (striation growt%) " m 1

>ic inal ailure da / d8 4 ) >m $tatic ailure mec%anism

.? !og1- >

!og 1-

da @ d8

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, #" SERC Madr

INDI&N ST&ND&RD (R&CTICE

IS ?9:0 /?<3< /Code of practice for use of !elding in bridges and structures subCected to dyna ic loading Wor7ing stress is reduced to allo! effects of fatigue

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, ## SERC Madr

Se4en clauses of !eld details (er issible stress in !elds Co bined bending and s"ear

. e = ( . -t ) + " ( . )
!

or

( . -c ) ! + " ( . ) !

Co bined s"ear-bearing and bending

. e = ( . -c ) + ( . - ) + ( . -t . - ) + " ( . ) or ( . -c ) + ( . - ) ( . -c . - ) + " ( . )
! ! ! ! !

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CL&SS E #ULL (ENETR&TION CRUCI#OR% $UTT WELD

)lass E stress re ers to t%is member

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T8(IC&L CL&SS # WELD DET&ILS

A #%ese connections include sti ener to lange welds A

Ends o &lange Plates +%et%er +eld trans(ersel* or not

A A 3n t%is case load is resisted b* bending o t%e plate )%eck principal stress in web at ends o sti ener to web welds (or eBuall* at an* ot%er attac%ment to a s%ear.loaded m ember)

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, #& SERC Madr

T8(IC&L CL&SS . WELD DET&ILS

X X

Lon(itudinal load carryin( fillet welds (a)

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T8(IC&L CL&SS . WELD DET&ILS /?

X *e ber under consideration 'rucifor X X (b)

$(( bo)

X (c)

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, #( SERC Madr

I%(RO*E%ENT O# #&TI.UE STREN.T' I pro4e ent tec"ni6ues #atigue strengt" i pro4e ent by Weld geo etry i pro4e ent Residual stress reduction Crac7 initiation life can be extended by Re o4al of crac7 li7e defects Reducing SC in !eld Reduction of tensile residual stresses

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, $) SERC Madr

WELD I%(RO*E%ENT TEC'NIJUES Weld toe grinding Re o4al of s all crac7s +912 , by grinding Conca4e surface Weld dressing Weld profile is s oot"ened by dressing Weld toe re elting TI. or (las a arc dressing 'a er peening &pplication of repeated "a ering

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, $ SERC Madr

RE(&IRS TO CR&CHED WELDS

Repaired !eld ay contain defects and a lo!er fatigue life1

ay "a4e

Repaired !eld s"ould be to a re4ised detail1 &dditional stiffening to reduce stress range

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, $! SERC Madr

#&TI.UE RESIST&NT DESI.N .eneral suggestions $utt !eld Double/sided fillet !eld &4oid stress concentration &4oid abrupt transition in sections Eli inate or reduce eccentricities &4oid attac" ents to parts subCected to fatigue loading Use continuous !elds

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, $" SERC Madr

#&TI.UE RESIST&NT DESI.N/?

(roper inspection during fabrication Deep penetration fillet !elds (roper inspection during ser4ice (ro4ide structural redundancy (ro4ide crac7 arrestors

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, $# SERC Madr

SU%%&R8
Types of bea /to/bea and bea /to/colu n !elded connections are described1 #atigue effects and factors affecting fatigue be"a4iour of !elded connections are explained1 %et"ods of e4aluating fatigue li4es of !elded connections are presented1 Tec"ni6ues for i pro4ing fatigue perfor ance and fracture resistant design are explained1 Indian Standard codal pro4isions are included1

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras, $$ SERC Madr