Calculus Notes

. . , . . i, . .
2010
i 1
i
i i
1.1. i
1.1. i i
i .
i, . a A ( A a) , a A.
A = {x, y, z} , A i: x, y i z.
1.2. A i B ( A B B A), B i i A.
i B i , i
A, , A i B (
A B B A).
1.3. A B ii, A B i A B.
i ( i i,
i) i (, i
). ii i, i A, |A|.

1.4. A A,
i i, i A:

A = x | x
/A .
1.5. A B A i B , i i, i :

AB = x|xAxB .
1.6. AB A i B ,
i i, i :

AB = x|xAxB .
3
i 1. i i i
1.7. i A \ B A i B ,
i i, A i B:

A\B = x|xAx
/B .
1.8. A B A i B
i, i A, i B:

A B = (x, y) | x A y B .
i i :
i:
A B = B A,
A B = B A;
ii:
(A B) C = A (B C),
(A B) C = A (B C);
i:
(A B) C = (A C) (B C),
(A B) C = (A C) (B C);
A B = A B,
A B = A B.
1.2. i i
1.9. i i iii i
A B, i A ii B. :
f : A B, a A!b B : f (a) = b.
A i f .
1.10. A B i i f ,

= (a, b) | a A f (a) = b B .
4
1.3. i i
(a, b) , b a, a b.

Ef = f (A) = f (a) | a A B
i f i f .

f 1(b) = = a A | f (a) = b
b.
1.11. i f i ii, - b B
1
f (b) 6 1.
- B i .
i f i i,
- b B
1
f (b) > 1.
- B .
i f - i ii, ii i i .
1.3. i i
(). k i ,
k , m i
, m .
i k + m . i
: A B = ,
|A B| = |A| + |B|.
. k
, i m ( i ,
), i i
, i i k m .
i :
|A B| = |A| |B|.
5
i 1. i i i
(). i i A1 , A2, . . . , An, (i < j
Ai Aj = ),
n

n
[ X
Ai =
|Ai |.

i=1
i=1
. i i i
A1, A2, . . . , An
n
n
Y

|Ai |.
Ai =
i=1
i=1
1.12. i n- . k i, i ii (i )
{1, 2, . . . , k} , k 6 n.
1.13. n- i, i .
ii k- i, n-i i
Akn . i i i i (, , . . . , ), ,
|
{z
}
k
i ii. || = n, n . \ {},
i, i ,
. ii i i i i i i n 1. i i
n 2 i , n 3 i
i .., n k + 1 k- .
Akn = n(n 1)(n 2)(n 3) (n k + 1) =
n!
,
(n k)!
n! ( -i) i n
:
n! = 1 2 n,
, 0! = 1.
ii i
Pn = Ann = n!
6
1.4. i
1.14. i n- . -
k- i k- ii,
i . ii ii Cnk .
, i k- i ,
k- ii, i .
i Cnk , (), i
ii, k! .
Akn = Cnk k!,
i,
Cnk
n!
Akn
=
.
=
k!
k!(n k)!
1.1. Cnk i i:
Cnk = Cnnk ,
(1)
k1
k
Cnk = Cn1
+ Cn1
( ),
n
X
Cnk = 2n .
(2)
(3)
k=0
. i (1) i (2) :
n!
n!

= Cnnk ,
=
k!(n k)!
n (n k) !(n k)!
(n 1)!
(n 1)!
(n 1)!(k + n k)
=
+
=
= Cnk .
(k 1)!(n k)! (n 1 k)!
k!(n k)!
Cnk =
k1
k
Cn1
+ Cn1
, (3), i i.
k- i n- Cnk . i
i ii (3) ii i n- i. . n- i
i i: i , i ii. ii i i
n- i 2n . .
1.4. i
B,
A B, A B, A \ B, B \ A, :
1. i R2 A, B, A,
7
i 1. i i i

) A = (x; y) | y 2 < x , B = (x; y) | x2 6 y ;

) A = (x; y) | x + 2y > 3 , B = (x; y) | 4x + y 6 2 ;

) A = (x; y) | x < 5 |}, B = (x; y) | y 2 > 1 ;

) A = (x; y) | x2 + y 2 6 100 , B = (x; y) | x2 + y 2 < 2y ;

) A = (x; y) | |x| < y , B = (x; y) | |x| + |y| 6 1 ;

) A = (x; y) | xy > y , B = (x; y) | x cos 3 > 0 ;

) A = (x; y) | xy < 1 , B = (x; y) | y > lg x ;

) A = (x; y) | xy > 0 , B = (x; y) | x2 + 2xy + y 2 6 0 ;

) A = (x; y) | y 2 < y , B = (x; y) | x > tg 900 ;

) A = (x; y) | x2 + |y| + 1 6 0}, B = (x; y) | 10lg x 6 0 ;
n

o
, B = (x; y) | arcctg y 6 };
i) A = (x; y) | arctg x >
4
n
n
o
o
) A = (x; y) | arcsin y >
, B = (x; y) | arccos x 6
;
6
6
o
n

21
21
) A = (x; y) | sin + cos = 1 , B = (x; y) | lg x logx 10 = 1 ;
y
y

) A = (x; y) | 2x < y , B = (x; y) | y 6 x ;

) A = (x; y) | |x + y 1| 6 2 , B = (x; y) | |x y| 6 3 ;

) A = (x; y) | x2 + y 2 6 9 , B = (x; y) | x2 + y 2 < 2x + 8 ;

) A = {(x; y) | y x2 + 4 > 0 , B = (x; y) | |x| + y 2 6 0 ;

) A = (x; y) | y 4 x2 = 0 , B = (x; y) | x4 = 1 .
2. i i i i i i . i, i
1.4. i
, i ii i .

I
II
i
28
36
23
23
i
23
15
i
12
6
i i
11
11
i
8
4
i
5
1
, i i
ii: 102.
3. 7 i. i i i ? ii ,
i i i i .
ii: 49; 42.
4. i ,
. i i ii 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
:
) i ;
) i ;
) 3;
) ;
) , ?
ii: ) 625; ) 120; ) 125; ) 250; ) 48.
5. i i i i i ,
i?
ii: 3136.
6. i i , 5?
ii: 1800.
7. ii , i i.
i 7 i ii i i ?
ii: 42.
8. i 5 ? i ?
ii: 120; 24.
9
i 1. i i i
9. 10 i i 8
, i 2 ii 3 i . i
?
ii: 2520.
10. ii 7 . i i i i i, i 5 ? i i
i i i?
ii: 21; 127.
11. i i
, i i
?
ii: 2(11!)2.
12. i i ( i ). i
, i i
i?
ii: 62.
13. 52 6 . i i, :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) 2 i 4 ?
6
6
6
5
2
4
ii: ) C48
; ) C52
C48
; ) C41C48
; ) C26
C26
.
14. i 3 i ? i
1? i
1, i 2?
ii: 216; 91; 30.
15. i , 100, ?
ii: 36.
10
1.4. i
16. i i i i :
ii i, %
A
60
B
50
C
50
AiB
30
AiC
20
BiC
30
A, B i C
10
i i 2 ? i i i?
ii: 50%; 10%.
17. i 3 i , 5 i 2 i . i i?
ii: 30.
18. 4 i, 3 i. i ii i i :
) ;
) ;
) , i?
ii: ) 7; ) 49; ) 28.
19. i i i i i ,
i. i i i?
ii: 896.
20. i , i 5,
0, 1, 3, 5, 7, i ?
ii: 42.
21. i i i i i ,
. i i ?
ii: 720.
22. i 5 i. ii
i i 11 i, ,
i ii .
ii: 55440.
23. i i ,
20 i?
ii: 1140.
11
i 1. i i i
24. i 10 i i ,
i?
ii: 1013.
25. i i i i, ii i
. i , i
15 i, 10 i i 5 i?
ii: 63000.
26. 5 i i , i i. i, i,
i i i
i i; i , i i i, .
?
ii: 120 i.
27. i i 8 i. i 50 i.
5 i. i , :
) i i;
) i i?
ii: ) 321440; ) 372652.
28. i 52 6 ,
i i i i?
ii: 543004.
29. i , i
?
ii: 126.
30. i i i (i) i. i i ?
(i ii i i 32).
ii: 232.
31. i i i
?
ii: 151200.
32. 7 i 5 . i
i ?
ii: 462.
33. i 32 10
i . i ?
32!
ii:
.
2!(10!)3
12
1.4. i
34. i 16- i 5 i.
i i?
ii: 155.
35. i i . i i ii?
ii: 243.
36. i i i i i x + y + z = 5?
ii: 21.
37. i i i i i?
ii: 6.
38. , n i, k . i ?
ii: k n .
39. i 10 ii i i 6 i i i. i
?
ii: 75600.
40. I 12 i 6 i
. ii i i , i
.
12!
ii:
.
(2!)6
41. i i 12 i, i 4 i , 4
, 2 i 2 ?
ii: 207900.
42. i i 28 i i?
28!
ii:
.
(7!)4
43. i i i ,
0, 1, 2, . . . , 8?
ii: 45.
44. i 15 5 ?
ii: 515.
45. i i 10 i i.
i i i ?
30!
ii:
.
(10!)3
13
i 1. i i i
46. ii i 10 ii. i i i
, i
, , ?
ii: 310.
47. , n i, k . i , ii i, i i?
n
.
ii: Ck+n1
48. i i i 5 i. i
i i ?
ii: 32.
49. i
i i. , i
15 i i 30 i i i. i
i i i. i , i
. i i i . i i i i
i i?
30
15
.
; C44
ii: 1; C29
50. i i i i i ii i
. i i i ?
i i ii?
ii: 86; 86 13 75.
14
i 2
i
2.1. i ii
2.1. ii i i : a1 , a2 , . . . , an , . . . , an R,
n N. an ii, n ii. i ii : {an }, (an ).
ii :
: an = f (n) (, an = (1)n ii 1, 1, 1, 1, . . . ;
ii, ii
i i i ii, i i ii (,
a1 = 1, a2 = 1, an+2 = an+1 + an , n N).
2.2. ii {an } (),
i m (M), i n N ii an > m
(an 6 M).
ii {an } , i M,
i n N ii |an | 6 M.
2.3. ii {an } (),
i n N ii an+1 > an (an+1 6 an ).
an+1 > an (an+1 < an ), ii {an } ().
i i ii , i
i .
2.2. ii
2.4. A ii {an },
- > 0 i N () , i n > N ()
15
i 2. i
ii |an A| < . : lim an = A; an A,
n
n ; an A.
n
2.1. ii , .
. , ii {an } i i A i B,
BA
. i
i A < B. =
3
ii
A + < B .
(4)
i , A ii {an },
i NA (), i n > NA () ii
|an A| < i, an < A + . i B
, i NB (), i n > NB ()
ii |an B| < i, an > B . i ,
i n > N = max{NA , NB } ii
B < an < A + ,
(4). .
2.2. ii , ii .
. A ii {an }. i -
> 0 i N (), i n > N () ii |an A| < . i i (A ; A + ) i, i N () i ii. M :
MN =
max |an |. i i n N ii
n=1,2,...,N ()

|an | < M = max MN , |A |, |A + | . .
2.5. ii {ank }, k N, iii
ii {an }, {nk } ii .
2.3. ii , - iii .
. A ii {an }, {ank } iii. i - > 0 i N (), i n > N ()
ii |an A| < . i {nk } ii , K N, nK > N (), i
i k > K ii |ank A| < .
.
16
2.2. ii
2.6. lim ank iii {ank } k
ii {an }.
, i ii i i i i. ii {an } i i , {an } i.
2.4 (). ii i , .
2.7. ii {an } i ,
i .
2.8. ii {an } i ,
- M > 0 i N (M), i n > N (M)
ii |an | > M. : lim an = .
n
2.5. i i i ii.
. {an }, {bn} i i i ii,
lim an = lim bn = 0. i - > 0 i Na (),
n
i n > Na () ii |an | < /2. i , i

Nb(), i n > Nb () ii |bn | < /2. i
i n > max{Na , Nb} |an + bn| 6 |an | + |bn | < /2 + /2 = ,
.
.
2.6. i ii i
i i ii.
2.7. i i i
i ii.
. {an } i ii, {bn } ii. i i M > 0, i n N
ii |bn | < M. i - > 0 i N (),
i n > N () ii |an | < /M. i i n > N
|an bn | = |an ||bn | < M/M = , .
2.8. ii {an } (an 6= 0 i n N) i , ii {1/an} i , i .
. {an } i ii. i > 0 i N (), i n > N ()
ii |an | < = 1/M. ii {1/an} : i
n > N (M) = N () ii 1/|an| > 1/ = M, ,
ii {1/an} i .
17
i 2. i
i i i i.
i, i.
2.9. ii {an } i A, ii
{bn } B, i i ii:
lim (an bn) = A B;
lim (an bn) = AB;
an
A
=
n bn
B
lim
(bn 6= 0 i n N, B 6= 0).
2.10 ( i). {an } i {bn} ii ii, lim an = lim bn = L. ,

n
N i n > N ii an 6 cn 6 bn , ii {cn }
i i lim cn = L.
n
2.11. {an } i {bn} ii ii,

lim an = A, lim bn = B. , N i
n
n
n > N ii an 6
bn , A6B.
n
1
2.12. ii
1+
i.
n
. ,
,

n
1
ii {an } an = 1 +
n
.
i :
n

1 n(n 1) 1
1
=1+n +
+
an = 1 +
n
n
2!
n2

n(n 1)(n 2) n (n 1) 1
+
=
n
n!
n

1
1
1
2
n1
1
1
+ +
1
1
1
.
=2+
2!
n
n!
n
n
n
i ii {an }:

1
1
an+1 = 2 +
1
+
2!
n+1

1
2
n
1
1
1
1
.
+
(n + 1)!
n+1
n+1
n+1
18
2.2. ii

k
k
i 1
< 1
, 0 < k < n, an < an+1 , in
n+1
i {an }
.

1
1
k
6 n1 , n N,
< 1, 0 < k < n,
i 1
n
n!
2
an < 2 +
1
1
1
1
+ +
< 1 + 1 + + + n1 <
2!
n!
2
2
1
1
< 1 + 1 + + + n1 + = 1 +
2
2
1
1
1
2
= 3,
ii {an } .
ii {an } e.
e i 2,71828182845905.
2.1. i i i () i i i i
i i i , :
2 + 4 n1 + 3 n13
2n3 + 4n2 + 3
2
lim
=
lim
;
=
n 3n3 + 3n + 5
n 3 + 3 12 + 5 13
3
n
n
2 n1 + 4 n12 + 3 n13
2n2 + 4n + 3
0
lim
=
lim
= 0.
=
1
1
n 3n3 + 3n + 5
n 3 + 3 2 + 5 3
3
n
n
2.2. Ii , i
. , ii i
, :

2 + 6n n
2 + 6n + n
p
n
n
lim n2 + 6n n = lim
=
n
n
n2 + 6n + n
6
6
6n
=
= 3.
= lim q
= lim
n
n2 + 6n + n n 1 + 6 + 1 1 + 1
n
2.3. i 1
e, :

n
n1

2
2
2
lim 1 +
= lim 1 +
1+
=
n
n
n1
n1
n1

n1

n1

2
2
2
lim 1 +
1=
= lim 1 +
= lim 1 +
n
n
n
n1
n1
n1
19
i 2. i
= lim
1+
2
n1
n1
2 2
lim
1+
1
n1
2
!2
n1
2
= e2 .
2.3. i i
2.9. i > 0 i i x0 i
(x0 ; x0 + ) - x0 i (x0).
- x0 , (x0 ; x0) (x0; x0 + ),
- x0 i (x0).
2.10 ( ). i y = f (x) i (x0) x0. A i
y = f (x) i x0 , - ii {xn}
(x0), i x0, ii ii i {f (xn)}
i A. : lim f (x) = A; f (x) A, x x0 ;
xx0
f (x) A.
xx0
2.11 ( i, ). A i y = f (x) i x0, - > 0 i

> 0 , i x (x0) i i f
ii |f (x) A| < .
2.12. lim f (x) = 0, i f (x) ixx0
i x0.
2.13. i y = f (x) i x0 ,
.
i i i ii.
2.13. A i y = f (x)
x + (x ),
- i {xn} ,
lim xn = + lim xn = lim f (xn) = A. :
n
n
n

lim f (x) = A lim f (x) = A .
x+
2.14. i f (x) i i
ii, i ii.
i i i i i
, i i i i i i.
2.15 ( i, ). A (i) i y = f (x) i x0, -
>0

i > 0 , i x (x0; x0 + ) x (x0 ; x0) i
20
2.4. i i
i f ii |f (x) A| < . :
lim f (x) = A
lim f (x) = A .
xx0 +0
xx0 0
2.14. lim f (x) = A, lim f (x) = lim f (x) = A, i

xx0
xx0 +0
xx0 0
.
. lim f (x) = A. i - > 0 i
xx0
> 0 , i x (x0) i i f
ii |f (x) A| < , i x (x0; x0 + )
x (x0 ; x0). , lim f (x) = lim f (x) = A.
xx0 +0
xx0 0
i.
2.15. lim f (x) = A i lim g(x) = B, i i
ii:
xx0
xx0

lim f (x) g(x) = A B;
xx0

lim f (x)g(x) = AB;
xx0
lim
xx0
f (x)
A
=
g(x)
B
(B 6= 0).
2.4. i i i
x i , i i ii: i i i , x 0 i i
i ( i 00 ), :
2x + 4 4
2x3 + 4x2
=
lim
= .
lim 3
x0 3x + 3
x0 3x + 3x2
3
2.4. i i
sin x
= 1.
x0 x
. i R i O. i OB x i OA. A i B ii i
A i OA i C
i OB (. 1). i AOB i
1 2
1
R sin x, AOB i R2 x, AOC i
2
2
1 2
R tg x. AOB AOB,
2
2.1. lim
21
i 2. i
C
B
O
. 1
AOC;
1
1
1 2
R sin x < R2 x < R2 tg x,
2
2
2
i
sin x < x < tg x,
,
x
x
<
,
sin x cos x
, i
1<
cos x <
sin x
< 1.
x
(5)
sin x
ii (5) , i i cos x i
x
i < x < 0. i i cos x i cos 0 = 1,

2
(5) x 0 i i .
tg x
i 2.1. lim
= 1.
x0 x
tg x
sin x
1
. i, lim
= lim
lim
= 1.
x0 x
x0 x x0 cos x
arcsin x
= 1.
i 2.2. lim
x0
x
.
i y = sin x i ii ;
, i x = arcsin y 2 2
i ii [1; 1]. i sin 0 = 0,
22
2.4. i i
arcsin x
=
x0
x
x 0 i y 0 ii. x = sin y, lim
arcsin(sin y)
y
= lim
= 1.
y0
y0 sin y
sin y
i .
arctg x
i 2.3. lim
= 1.
x0
x
x

1
= e.
2.2. lim 1 +
x
x
. i i .
-
ii
{xn} ,

xn
xn xn

n x
1
1
1
lim 1 +
= lim 1 +
= e, i , lim 1 +
= e.
n
xn
x
xn
xn
x
I i i i i
.
1
i 2.4. lim(1 + x) x = e.
= lim
x0
ln(1 + x)
= 1.
x0
x
. i i y = ln x i (0; +)
1
i ln e = 1, , ii e = lim (1 + x) x ,
x0

ln(1 + x)
1
1 = lim ln (1 + x) x = lim
.
x0
x0
x
ex 1
i 2.6. lim
= 1.
x0
x
ln(1 + x)
. ii lim
= 1 x (i ix0
x
i i x (0), x i, ,
):
lim ln(1 + x) = lim x.
i 2.5. lim
x0
x0
i i ( i, i y = ex
i i i)
lim(1 + x) = lim ex .
x0
x0
ii i i ii i x
.
ax 1
i 2.7. lim
= ln a, a (0; 1) (1; +).
x0
x
23
i 2. i
. i
x
ex ln a 1
eln a 1
ex ln a 1
ax 1
= lim
== lim
= lim
ln a.
lim
x0
x0
x0
x ln a0 x ln a
x
x
x
ex 1
= 1 .
ii lim
x0
x
2.5. i i
2.16. i y = f (x) i x0 ,
i i lim f (x) = f (x0).
xx0
2.17. i y = f (x) ii
(a; b), i i.
2.18. i y = f (x) ii
[a; b], i i (a; b) i
lim f (x) = f (a),
xa+0
lim f (x) = f (b)
xb0
( i i y = f (x) i x = a,
i i i x = b).
2.6. i i
i i i
.
2.16 ( ). i
ii [a; b], .
2.17 ( ). i y = f (x) ii [a; b], i
, i m, M [a; b] i,
min f (x) = m,
x[a;b]
max f (x) = M.
x[a;b]
2.18 ( i). i y = f (x)

ii [a; b] i i ii i
i, f (a)f (b) < 0, i c [a; b] , f (c) = 0.
24
2.7. i ii
2.19 ( i). i y = f (x)
ii [a; b] i i ii i
f (a) = A 6= B = f (b), - C i A i B (A < C < B
B < C < A) i c [a; b] , f (c) = C.
i 2.8. i ii, i i i , i i i i
.
2.7. i ii
2.19. i x = x0 i y = f (x)
:
i y = f (x) i x = x0, i f (x0);
i i i lim f (x) = f (x0 0);
xx0 0
i i lim f (x) = f (x0 + 0);

xx0 +0
i i i: f (x0 0) = f (x0 + 0),

x = x0 i y = f (x).
2.20. x = x0 i y = f (x)
, i i i i i
ii, i x = x0
.
x = x0
i y = f (x), i i i i i i:
lim f (x) = lim f (x).
xx0 0
xx0 +0
i x = x0 i y = f (x) ,
, i i i ,
lim f (x) lim f (x)
xx0 +0
xx0 0
2.8. i
1. i:
25
i 2. i
) ;
) ;
) , .
2. i ii i:

1
1
;
;
)
) 2
n
2n + 1

1
)
;
) {2n}.
n2
3. , a i b ii {xn}. ,
i i ii, :
) a = 1251, b = 12555, xn = 5 32n3;
) a = 6, b = 8, xn = n2 + 32n n;
) a = 6, b = 11, xn =
n2 + 11
;
n+1
) a = 248, b = 2050, xn = 2n n.
4. ii, :
xn + 1
, n N \ {1};
n+1
n+1
) x1 = a, xn+1 =
, n N \ {1};
xn + 1
) x1 = 0, xn+1 =
1
1
) x1 = , xn+1 =
, n N \ {1}.
2
2 xn
5. , ii {xn} i {yn } i,
ii {xn + yn } i {xnyn }.
xn
?
ii
yn
6. i
1 + 3n + 2n2
) lim
,
n
1 n2
5n + 1
,
) lim
4
n
2n3 + n
26
3n3 + 1 n
lim
,
n n2 + n3 2
3n + n3 4
lim
;
n n(5 2n)
8n3 2n
lim
,
n (n + 1)4 (n + 3)4
(n 1)2
lim
;
n (n + 1)3 (n + 3)3
2.8. i
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)

2n + 3n + 4n
3 + 2n + (0,3)n
3+1n ;
,
lim
,
lim
lim n+3
n
n
n
n 2
(0,7)n
2n + 5n

lim 3 n + n2 n3 1 , lim
n + 2n 2n+1 + 22n n ;
n
n

n2 + 3n n2 3 , lim n n2 2n ;
lim
n
n
3
2n3 + 1 3 n3 1
2n2 + 2 n2 + 1
, lim
;
lim
n
n
n+5
2n + 4
3
10
n3 + 5 + 2n2 + 1
;
, lim
lim
n n
n
3n + 2
n2 + 10 n

3
(1)n
1 1
n3 + 8 2 + 3n4
, lim 1 + +
;
lim
n
n 1 + 3 + 5 + + (2n 1)
2 4
2n

5+2n
3n
1 + 2 + 3 + + n
2n + 3
2n 3
lim
, lim
;
, lim
n
n 4n + 1
n 5 + 3n
3n2 + 2n + 1
n

n

2
n
, lim 1 +
, lim n 2n + 3n+1 + 4n+2;
lim
n
n
n n + 1
n
n
2n + 31n + 4n,
(n + 1)!
;
n
n
n (n + 2)! n!
n
(n + 1)! n!
2 n5
(n + 4)!
;
) lim
, lim
, lim
n (n + 1)! + n!
n (n + 3)! + (n + 2)!
n n 2 + n 5

arcctg(3 n) + 1
n
3
n + n10 ,
3+n ;
,
lim
) lim
10
lim
1
n
n
n
n
n
3+
r

1 1
1
) lim n n + 1 n arctg n, lim n 1 + + + + ;
n
n
2 3
n
i) lim
lim
10 + n4 ,
lim
2n+3 + (n + 3) sin(n!) n50

) lim
.
n
4n 3n2 + ln n(3 + arctg n!)
1
1
ii: ) 2, 3, ; ) +, 1, ; ) , 0, 3; ) , ; ) 23 , 1;
6
8
1
21
2+1
2
) 3 2 1,
; )
, 2; ) 3, ; ) , 0, +; ) e1 , e2 , 4; i) 12 , 1,
2
3
3
6
0; ) 1, +, 0; ) 1, 10, 0; ) , 1; ) 8.
4
7. i D(y), E(y), :
27
i 2. i
4 x2 ;
) y = 5 x2 1;
) y = x2 + 25 + 10x;
) y =
) y = 42;
) y = arcsin(5 3x);
1
) y = arccos ;
x
) y = sin2 x + cos2 x;
) y = 6 sin lg x + 8 cos lg x;
2
) y = sin x cos x;
) y = 3log3 (x) ;
i) y = 1 sin x;
) y = cos x 1;
2
) y = ln e54xx ;
) y =
1
;
2 cos 3x
) y = 23sin x ;
) y = arctg cos4x;
2
) y = arccos 2x 1;
) y = 10x x2 ;
) y = x + x;
) y = 2x + 2x ;
) y = log2 x logx 2;
p
) y = 4 log5 cos x;
x2 + 10x
;
) y =
|x + 10|
) y = 10 cos 3x sin 3x;

) y = 5 tg x ctg x;
) y = log2 (5 2x + x2 );
) y = sin arcsin x;
2
) y = 5sin
x+5 cos2 x
8. i i, , :
) y = 5x 2;
) y = (x + 3)2, x (; 3);
) y = (x + 1)3 + 2, x < 0;
x1
;
) y =
x+2
2x 3
;
5x 2
) y = 3 3 x3;
) y =
9. i i.
28
) y =
x + 4;
p
) y = 8 log3x, x (1; +);
) y = log4 (2 x);
) y = 3 + x4, x (; 2];
i) y =
2x 2
;
5 + 2x
) y = 3
x1
x
, x > 0;
) y = x2 6x+10, x (; 3).
2.8. i
1
) y = 3log3 (43xx ) ;
) y = e logx e 5;
) y = 10lg x2 ;
x4 1
;
x2 + 1
) y = sin arcsin x;
) y =
) y = logx 4;
) y = tg arctg x;
) y = lg 10
;
) y = sin2 9 x2 + cos2 9 x2.

10. i i:
sin x
arcctg x
lg cos x
|x 1|
x2 + 2
, lim
, lim
, lim
, lim
;
) lim
2
x1 1 +
x5 1 x
x3 1 x
x x0 arccos x x 2 x
2
3
x3 8
x2 + x 12
x x2 x + 1
) lim
, lim 2
, lim
;
x2 2 x
x3 2x 9x + 9
x1
x3 3x + 2

2x3 5x4 + x
1
2
+
;
,
lim
) lim
x x4 x2 + 1
x2 2x x2
x2 3x + 2
x + 3x
x + 3x
x + x4
x2 + 2x
) lim
,
lim
,
lim
,
lim
;
x+ 2x4 + x2
x+ x3 + 5
x x3 + 5
x+
x+2
3
3
x2 + 2x
x3 + x
x3 + x
x2 + 1
) lim
, lim
, lim
, lim
;
x
x+ x + 5
x x + 5
x+ x + 2
x+2
2x + 3x + 1
2x + 3x + 1
x2 + 1
) lim
, lim
, lim
;
x x + 2
x+ arcctg x
x arcctg x

ln e2x + ex
ln e2x + ex
arctg x
) lim
, lim
, lim
;
x+ arcctg x
x+
x
x+3
x+3

2
x + 100 x , lim
5 + x + x , lim
5 + x2 + x ;
) lim
x+
x+
) lim x
x+
) lim
i) lim

x2 + 1 x ,

3x + x2 + x ,
lim x
lim
x+

x2 + x + 2 x2 x ,
) lim 2x
x3

28 + x x ,
lim
x+

x2 + 1 x ,
x2 + x + 2
lim
x+

x2 x ;

3x + x2 + x ;
x3
lim
;
x+
x + 4x2 + x2 + 10

x2 + 3 cos x x ;
29
i 2. i
) lim
x+

x2 + 3x x ,
lim

x2 + 3x x ;
1
p
;
x+ 2x
x arctg x + 4x2 x 2x x arctg x + 4x2
x2
1+x1
x2
) lim
, lim
;
, lim
x0
x2
x
5 + x2 3 x4 1 + 2x 3
3
arcsin 3x
1 cos x
4x2
x61
) lim
, lim
, lim
,
lim
;
x7
x0
x0
x0 1 cos3 x
x7
tg 2x
x2
) lim
lim
tg x sin x
arctg 3x
,
, lim
3
x0
x0
x
9+x3
10
;
x
x

x
cos x2 sin x2
x+1
x
;
, lim
) lim(1 x) tg , lim
x x 1
x1
x 2
2
cos x
x+3

1
3x
2
2
, lim x x1 , lim (cos x)ctg x , lim(1 + 5 tg2 x)3 ctg x ;
) lim
x+ 3x + 2
x1
x0
x0
1x2

2
3x
+
2x
;
) lim (1 + ex )x , lim (1 + ex )x , lim
x+
x
x+ 1 + x + 3x2
) lim
lim x arcsin
3tg x 1
e5x ex
ln(1 + 2x)
ln x
) lim
,
lim
, lim
,
lim
;
x0
x0 arctg x
x0 4x + x2
x1 x 1
x
ex xex
16 x2
25x 1
x5x+1
, lim 2
, lim x
, lim
;
) lim x
x1 x 10x + 9
x4 e e4
x0 ln(2x + 1)
x0 25 5x
4x 5 1 + 2x
ln(x 7)
) lim
, lim
;
x0
x8 8x x2
x
) lim
5x + x
1
x2
1
1 ,
x00 3 + 5 x
1
1 ,
x0+0 3 + 5 x
1
) lim arctg ,
x0+0
x
lim
lim
2x
1
x
lim
|x + 3|
;
x3+0 x + 3
x
,
x+0 sin x
4x
.
x1+0 x2 + 2x + 1
lim
lim
lim
x0+0 1 2
4+3
2
7 4
1
11
ii: ) , , 0, , 1; ) 12, , ; ) , 5; ) 0, +, 0, 1; ) ,
8 8
3 9
2
1
3
1
1, 1, 1; ) 1, +, ; ) +, 2, 1; ) 0, +, 0; ) , , +; ) , 1;
2
2
8
1 3 3
1 3 1 8
1
1
i) 1, ; ) 1, 0; ) +, +; ) , 0; ) , , ; ) , , , ; ) , 18, 10;
3
2 2 4
3 2 2 3
2
x20
30
2.8. i
2 1
1
5 e
8
2
1
, , e2 ; ) e 3 , e, e 2 , e15 ; ) +, 1, 0; ) ln 3, , 4, 1; )
, , 4,
2
ln 5 8
e
2
2
1
1
27
5
; ) ln 4 , ; ) , 0, , 1; ) , 1, , .
2
5
8
2
3
4
11. i i ii:
1
, x +;
x
) arcsin tg sin x x, x 0;
) ln(x + 1) ln x
) (x + 2)2 1 + 5x + x2, x ;
) 3x2 + 4x 4x 2x2 + 5x3, x 0;

q
p
) x + x + x 8 x, x 0;
q
p
) x + x + x x, x +;
) ln cos2x x2, x 0;
1
1
) e x 1 sin , x .
x
12. i i (i, i) i i, :
) y =
x+2
;
2x 1
) y = 2x +
3x
) y = 2
;
x 7x + 10
sin 2x
;
x
) y = xe x2 + 2;
i) y = x cos x;
x +2
;
x+1
) y = 3 x2 + 1;
) y =
) y =
) y = x + cos x;
2
) y = 2 + x2 sin ;
x
) y = 4x2 x;
2x
;
3x 6
) y = x + 1 +
x
;
x2 + 1
) y = x arctg x;
) y = x + arctg x;
3
) y = x cos ;
x
) y =
|x|(x 1)
;
x+1
) y =
sin x
;
x
31
i 2. i
1
) y = x sin ;
x

) y = ln 7e3x + 3ex ;
) y = x +
) y =
1
;
x
3
1 + x3 arcctg x3;
1
) y = x + ;
x
x x
) y = 2
;
x +1
x
;
) y =
x2 + x
x
) y =
;
ln x
) y = ln(3 x2);
) y = log2 arctg x.
13. i i a i b , i ; i, :
x 6 0;
x + 3,
) f (x) = a cos x + b,
0 < x 6 ;
(x )2 + 1, x > ;
a 4x, x 6 ;
<x< ;
) f (x) = tg x,
4
4
,
x> ;
x
4
arcctg 2x, x < 1 ;

2
) f (x) =
,
x> .
2x + a
2
32
i 3
i
i i i
3.1. i
i y = f (x), x (a; b). i i
x0 (a; b) (. 2). x0 ii i f (x0).
y
y = f (x)
z
f (x0 + x)
}|
f (x0)
0 a
z x
}| {
x0
x0 + x
b x
. 2
i x 6= 0. x0 x0 + x,
ii i f (x0 +x). i f (x0 +x)f (x0) = f
i y = f (x) i x = x0.
3.1. i i i x 0, i i y = f (x) i
x = x0 . : f (x).
3.2. i, i i x0, i i x0.
i, i i i i (a; b), i ii (a; b).
i i i i.
33
i 3. i i i i
i i.
1) c = 0,
c = const.
0
f
= lim
= 0.
x0 x
x0 x
. c = lim

2) xn = nxn1.
.
x

n
(x + x)n xn
f
= lim
.
= lim
x0
x0 x
x
:
(x + x)n xn = (x + x x) (x + x)n1 + (x + x)n2x +

+ + (x + x)xn2 + xn1 .
i i x 0 (x + x) x. ,

n1
n2
n2
n1

(x
+
x
x)
x
+
x
x
+
+
xx
+
x
xn = lim
=
x0
x
xnxn1
= lim
= nxn1,
x0
x
.
i i i ii:
2 ) x = 1.

1
2 )
x = .
2 x

1
1
= 2.
2 )
x
x
3) (ax ) = ax ln a.
x+x
f
a
= lim
x0 x
x0
. (ax ) = lim
= ax ln a.
i:
3 ) (ex ) = ex .
34
a
x
ax ax 1
= lim
x0
x
3.2. i i
4) (loga x) =
1
.
x ln a
f
loga (x + x) loga x
= lim
=
x0
x0
x
x

(x + x)/x
loga (1 + x/x)
lna (1 + x/x)
= lim
= lim
=
x0
x0 (x/x)x ln a
x
(x/x)x
. (loga x)
= lim
loga
x0
1
.
x ln a
i:
lim
1
4 ) (ln x) = .
x
5) (sin x) = cos x.
f
sin(x + x) sin x
= lim
=
x0 x
x0
x
2 sin(x/2) cos(x + x/2)
= cos x.
= lim
x0
2x/2
i ii i i:
. (sin x) = lim
6) (cos x) = sin x.
1
.
cos2 x
1
8) (ctg x) = 2 .
sin x
7) (tg x) =
3.2. i i
i (a; b) i y = f (x).
3.3. i i y = f (x) i i M0 i M0 M1 , i M1
M0 i i y = f (x).
3.1. i i i y = f (x) i
i M0 (x0, y0) i
y y0 = f (x0)(x x0 ).
(6)
. i i i
y = f (x) i i M0 (x0, y0) i x i
35
i 3. i i i i
y
M1
z
f (x0 + x)
}|
y = f (x)
0 a
M0
| {z }A
x
{
y0
x0
x0 + x
b x
. 3

i y = f (x) M1 x0 + x, f (x0 + x) (. . 3).
i , M0 ,
y y0 = k(x x0).
(7)
ii M0 M1 i
tg =
f
AM1
=
.
M0 A x
x 0, M1 i i y = f (x)
M0 , M0 M1 i i y = f (x)
i M0 .
f
f (x0).
x
, i M0 (x0, y0) ii k = f (x0).
i k (7) .
3.3. i i
3.4. i y = f (x) i ii [a; b].
i i y = f (x) i x0 [a; b] ii
i i i (. 4):
dy = f (x0)x.
36
(8)
3.4. i
y
f (x0 + x)
y0
y = f (x)
z}|{
}|
0 a
x0
dy
{z }
x
x0 + x
b x
. 4
i i x i i i x,
dx = x.
(9)
, ii (8) i
dy = f (x0)dx.
(10)
ii (10) , i i i ii:
f (x0) =
dy
.
dx
(11)
f
x 0
i -i i x0 [a; b] i
x
ii i i i ,
f
= f (x0) + , 0 x 0.
x
i
f dy,
i i, i
x0 :
f (x0 + x) f (x0) + f (x0)x.
3.4. i
3.2. i u(x) i v(x) ii ii
u(x)
(a; b), i ii u(x) v(x), u(x)v(x) i
(v(x) 6= 0), v(x)
37
i 3. i i i i
:

u(x) v(x) = u (x) v (x);

u(x)v(x) = u(x)v(x) + u(x)v (x);

u(x)v(x) u(x)v (x)
u(x)
=
.
v(x)
v 2 (x)
(12)
(13)
(14)
. ii (12) i

u(x + x) v(x + x) u(x) v(x)
u(x) v(x) = lim
=
x0
x
u(x + x) u(x)
v(x + x) v(x)
= lim
lim
= u (x) v (x).
x0
x0
x
x
i ii (13):

u(x + x)v(x + x) u(x)v(x)
=
u(x)v(x) = lim
x0
x
= lim u(x + x)v(x + x) u(x)v(x + x) +
x0

+ u(x)v(x + x) u(x)v(x) /x =

u(x + x) u(x) v(x + x) +
= lim
x0

+ u(x) v(x + x) v(x) /x =
u(x + x) u(x)
v(x + x) +
x0
x
v(x + x) v(x)
v(x + x) =
+ u(x) lim
x0
x
= u (x)v(x) + u(x)v (x).
= lim
ii (14) i.
ii (13) i i
i 3.1. i:

cf (x) = cf (x).
3.3 ( i i). i t = g(x) i i x0 , i y = f (t)

iii i t0 = g(x0). i i y = f g(x) i
i x0,

(15)
f g(x0) = f (t0 )g (x0).
38
3.4. i
. ii, (15) i (11):
dy
dy dt
dy
, f (t0)g (x0) =
=
.
f g(x0) =
dx
dt dx dx
.
3.5. i x = f 1(y) i
x A R, i :
f 1 f (x) = x i x A;
f f 1(y) = y i y f (A).
, y = f (x) i, i
i y = f (x) i x. , i, i
i , i i. , i y = f (x)
i A i i i, i i i.
i x i y = f (x) i
i i, i y = f (x) . ,
i i i i.
3.4 ( i i). i x = g(y) i y = f (x), i
x = g(y) i i y0 = f (x0), i y = f (x) i x0 . i ii
g (y0) =
1
.
f (x0)
(16)
. ii (16) , ii
i:
dx
1
= dy .
dy
dx
I i i i i. i i x = g(y) i
y = f (x),

g f (x0) = x0.
i i ii
g (y0 )f (x0) = 1,
i ii (16).
39
i 3. i i i i
i
i:
1
.
9) (arcsin x) =
1 x2
. i i i :
(arcsin x) =
1
1
1
p
.
=
=
(sin y)
cos y
1 sin2 (arcsin x)
i .
i ii i
i:
1
.
10) (arccos x) =
1 x2
1
11) (arctg x) =
.
1 + x2
1
.
12) (arcctg x) =
1 + x2
3.6. , i y = f (x) ,
i t T
(
x = (t);
y = (t).
3.5 ( i i, ). i :
1) i x = (t) i y = (t) i i
i T i ii i t0 T ;
2) i x = (t) T i (t0) 6= 0;
3) i t = 1(x) i x = (t).
i i y = 1(x) i i x0 = (t0),
(t0)
y (x0) =
.
(t0)
(17)

. i i y = 1(x) , i
t = 1(x) i x = (t), i i

1

(x
)
(t0)
0
1
1
=
y (x0) = (x0) (x0) = 1
.
(t0)
(x0)
40
3.5. i i
.
3.7. x i X i
i y, i i F (x, y) = 0, ( ) i y = f (x),
i

F x, f (x) 0
(18)
i x. i , i F (x, y) = 0 .
i i
i i, : i i i F (x, y) = 0, y i i x,
i i y .
i y = f (x) i i (a; b). i
x0 (a; b) i f (x) i, i i
, i, i y = f (x) i x0. d2f (x0) d2 y(x0)
: f (x0), y (x0),
,
.
dx2
dx2
i i i i, i
. i ii i. : f (x), f (4)(x), . . . , f (n) (x).
3.5. i i
3.6 (). i i (a; b) i y = f (x) i ii i x0 (a; b) i, i i i i ,

f (x0) = 0.
. i y = f (x) i i
(a; b) i i x0 (a; b) . i
f (x0 + x) > f (x0), x0 + x (a; b), i y = f (x0 + x) f (x0) > 0
y
x i x. i
> 0 x > 0 i
x
y
6 0 x < 0.
x
i i x 0 + 0 i x 0 0
y
>0 i
x0+0 x
lim
y
6 0.
x00 x
lim
41
i 3. i i i i
i y = f (x) i i x0. ,
y
y
y
= lim
= lim
= 0,
x0+0 x
x00 x
x0 x
lim
f (x0) = 0.
i , i y = f (x) i
x0 (a; b) i .
3.7 (). y = f (x) ii [a; b],
i i (a; b) i i ii f (a) = f (b), i
i c (a; b) , f (c) = 0.
. i i y = f (x) ii [a; b],
i M m . i i : m = M i m < M.
f (x) = m i x [a; b] i i c i
(a; b) f (c) = 0. i i m M
ii i c ii [a; b] i f (c) = 0.
.
3.8 (). y = f (x) ii [a; b]
i i i (a; b), i i c (a; b)
,
f (b) f (a)
= f (c).
(19)
ba
(19) , i
i.
. i i [a; b]:
F (x) = f (x) f (a)
f (b) f (a)
(x a).
ba
, i y = F (x) .
, i i c (a; b) , F (c) = 0,
f (c)
i
f (b) f (a)
= 0,
ba
f (c) =
.
42
f (b) f (a)
.
ba
3.5. i i
3.9 (i). i f (x) i g(x) i ii
[a; b] i ii i (a; b), g (x) 6= 0 i
x (a; b), i i c (a; b) ,
f (b) f (a) f (c)
= .
g(b) g(a)
g (c)
(20)
(20) i, i i.
. i , g(b) g(a) 6= 0, i
i i g(x) i
c (a; b) , g (c) = 0, i .
i i [a; b]:
F (x) = f (x) f (a)

f (b) f (a)
g(x) g(a) .
g(b) g(a)
, i F (x) . ,
i i c (a; b) , F (c) = 0,
f (c)
f (b) f (a)
g (c) = 0,
g(b) g(a)
i, i g (c) 6= 0,
f (b) f (a) f (c)
= ,
g(b) g(a)
g (c)
c (a; b).
.
3.10 ( i). i f (x) i g(x)
i ii i (x0) x0 i lim f (x) = lim g(x) = 0, g (x) 6= 0, i i (i
xx0
xx0
f (x)
f (x)
i) lim
i i lim
,
xx0 g (x)
xx0 g(x)
f (x)
f (x)
lim
= lim .
xx0 g(x)
xx0 g (x)
(21)
. ii i f (x) i g(x) i (x0)

i . i i x0 :
43
i 3. i i i i
f (x0) = g(x0) = 0. i i ii [x0; x] i ii i. , i c (x0; x)
,
f (x) f (x) f (x0) f (c)
=
= .
g(x)
g(x) g(x0)
g (c)
i i x x0
f (x)
f (c)
f (x)
lim
= lim
= lim .
xx0 g (c)
xx0 g (x)
xx0 g(x)
.
i 3.2. i
i x x0 0, x x0 + 0 x .
3.11 ( i). i f (x) i g(x)
i ii i (x0) x0 i
lim f (x) = lim g(x) = , g (x) 6= 0, i i (i
xx0
xx0
f (x)
f (x)
i) lim
i i lim
,
xx0 g (x)
xx0 g(x)
f (x)
f (x)
lim
= lim .
xx0 g(x)
xx0 g (x)
i 3.3. i f (x) i g (x) i, i :

f (x)
f (x)
f (x)
= lim
= lim .
lim
xx0 g (x)
xx0 g (x)
xx0 g(x)
3.6. i i i
3.12 ( i). i y = f (x) i i (a; b) i i x (a; b) f (x) > 0 (f (x) < 0),
(a; b) i y = f (x) ().
. i , f (x) > 0 i
x (a; b). i ii x1 , x2 (a; b) , x1 < x2. i
ii [x1; x2] i y = f (x) ,
, i i c (x1; x2) ,
f (x2) f (x2) = f (c)(x2 x1).
i f (c) > 0 i x2 x1 > 0, f (x2) f (x1) > 0,

i f (x) (a; b).
44
3.6. i i i
3.8. x0 ii () i y = f (x), i i (x0), i
x (x0) ii f (x) > f (x0) (f (x) < f (x0)).
ii i
, i .
3.13 (i ).
i y = f (x) i i x0 i i ,
f (x0) = 0.
. , i i (x0), f (x0) i .
i f (x0) = 0.
3.1. , f (x0) = 0 , x0
i f (x) (, i x = 0 i y = x3
, f (0) = 0).
3.2. , f (x0) i, ,
x0 i f (x) (, i x = 0 i y = |x|
, x = 0 ii).
3.9. i i, i i , i, , i i
i, .
3.14 (
). i y = f (x) i (x0) i i i (x0) x0, :
i x0 i i + , x0
;
i x0 i i +, x0
ii;
i x0 i i , x0
.
. i , i i
+, f (x) < 0 x (x0 ; x0) i f (x) > 0
x (x0; x0 + ).
x (x0; x0). i
c (x0 ; x0), f (x) f (x0) = f (c)(x x0). i f (c) < 0
i x x0 < 0, f (x) f (x0) > 0, f (x) > f (x0) x (x0 ; x0).
i x (x0; x0 + ): f (x) > f (x0)
x (x0; x0 + ).
45
i 3. i i i i
, i x (x0) f (x) > f (x0), x0
ii.
Ii i.
3.15 (
). x0 i i y = f (x), i x0
ii (n + 1)- , f (n+1)(x) i
x0 , f (k) (x0) = 0, k = 1, 2, . . . , n, i f (n+1)(x0) 6= 0. i n + 1,
f (n+1) (x0) > 0, x0 ii, f (n+1)(x0) < 0,
x0 ; n + 1 x0
.
3.10. i i y = f (x)
ii (a; b), i i i ,
i i (a; b), i ii (a; b), i i
i , i i (a; b).
3.16. i y = f (x) ii (a; b) i
f (x) > 0 i x (a; b), i i
(a; b); f (x) 6 0 i x (a; b), i i
(a; b).
3.11. i i, i i
i, .
3.17 (i ). i i y = f (x) i M(x0 , y0 i i i x0 i, f (x0) = 0.
. i . f (x0) 6= 0. i i i x0 ,
f (x0) > 0 f (x0) < 0. i 3.16 i
i, i .
3.18 ( ). i i i x0 f (x0) i i i i
x0 f (x) i , x0 i i y = f (x).
. i 3.16 i i i
y = f (x) i x0 i. , , x0
i i y = f (x).
3.12. x = a i i y = f (x), i lim f (x) lim f (x)
xa0
xa+0
i + .
ii i
1
(, x = 0 i i y = ),
x
46
3.7. i
i i (, x = 0
i i y = ln x).
3.13. y = kx + b i i y = f (x), x + x f (x) (kx + b) 0.
f (x) (kx + b) 0 i x, ,
f (x)
.
x x
k = lim
i

b = lim f (x) kx .
x
i i i
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
i.
i, .
i, ii i.
i i.
I i i.
I i i.
i.
i i. .
i i.
3.7. i
1. i i y = f (x), :
) y = e2x cos(x + 1);
) y = ln ;
) y = x arccos 3x ;
3
) y = x2ex ;
) y = 4ctg x 28;
) y = e2 + sin3 x;
) y = xx ;
) y = (x3 + 5)cos x ;

x+1
+ 4 arctg x.
) y = ln
x1
2. i i i y = f (x) i x0 ,
:
47
i 3. i i i i
x
) y =
, x0 = 3;
x2
) y = arctg(1 3 x), x0 = 1;
) y = cos x, x0 = ;
3
x
) y = e , x0 = 0;
) y = arctg x, x0 = 1;
) y = x2 arcctg x, x0 = 1;
) y = ln(1 + e2x ), x0 = 0;
) y = sin 3, x0 = 1.
3. , i i i:
) y = ex i y = ex ;
) y =
1
1
i
y
=
;
x2 + 1
2x
) y = 2x i y = 1 + x;
) y = 3x i y = 2 x;
) y = 2x i y =
2
;
x
) y = x3 3x2 + 3x i y = 0.
4. i i, :
) arctg 1,05;
) arcctg 0,93;
) ln 0,9;
) cos 62;
) 82;
) sin 31;
) arccos 0,45;
s
(3,046)2 8
;
)
(3,046)2 + 7
)
65;
80.
5. i i i, :
x 2
+ , x [1; 6];
8 x
h i
2
) y = x + cos x, x 0; ;
2
8
) y = x + 4 , x [2; 1].
x
6. i i:

ex 1 x
1
1
) lim
;
;
) lim x
x0 ln(1 + sin2 x)
x0 e 1
x
) y =
48
3.7. i
ln cos 4x
;
x0 ln cos 10x
) lim(cos x + sin x) x ;
x4 4x + 3
;
x1 x3 3x + 2

x ;
) lim tg x
2
x
2
1
cos x x2
) lim
;
x2 cos 2
x ln
) lim
) lim
arctg x x
;
x0 sin x x cos x
) lim
x0
) lim
x0

1 + x2 + x
;
x sin x
) lim tg x ln sin x;
x0
i) lim (x + 1) sin
x
5
;
x+1
ln(1 + x2)
) lim
;
x+
x
p
) lim x cos x.
x0+
49
i 3. i i i i
50
i 4
I i
i i
4.1. i
4.1. i F (x) i i f (x)
i X, i x X
F (x) = f (x).
(22)
4.1 ( i). i F (x)

i i f (x) i X, i ii
i

= F (x) + C, C R .
. i i F (x)+C. i
X i

F (x) + C = F (x) = f (x),
- C F (x) + C i i f (x)
i X.
i , i ii
i f (x) i X. (x)
/ i. i

(x) F (x) = f (x) f (x) = 0
i x X. i i i , i . i
ii i i i, ,
i (x) F (x) : (x) F (x) = C. i (x) = F (x) + C,
. .
4.2. i i i f (x) i X
i i i f (x). :
Z
f (x)dx.
51
i 4. I i i i
i f (x) ii i, f (x)dx ii , x i i.
i i
Z
f (x)dx = F (x) + C,
(23)
F (x) i, C R.
i i i f (x) i i i.
i i i.
1. i i i i iii i:
Z

(24)
f (x)dx = f (x).
. ii (23) i,

Z

f (x)dx = F (x) + C = F (x) + C = f (x),
i F (x) i.
2. i i i i ii
:

Z
f (x)dx = f (x)dx.
(25)
d
. ii (23) i i,
Z

d
f (x)dx = d F (x) + C = d F (x) + dC = F (x)dx + 0 = f (x)dx.
i .
3. i i ii ii i i iii ii ii:
Z

a1 f1(x) + a2 f2(x) + + an fn (x) dx =
Z
Z
Z
= a1 f1(x)dx + a2 f2(x)dx + + an fn(x)dx, (26)
ai R, i = 1, 2, . . . , n.
52
4.1. i
. ii (26) i i
ii (23) i i .
ii, ii i i:
R
1) dx = x + C;
xn+1
2) x dx =
+ C, n 6= 1;
n+1
R dx
3)
= ln |x + a| + C;
x+a
R dx
3 )
= ln |x| + C;
x
R
1
4) sin(kx + b)dx = cos(kx + b) + C;
k
R
4 ) sin xdx = cos x + C;
R
5)
cos(kx + b)dx =
1
sin(kx + b) + C;
k
cos xdx = sin x + C;
ex dx = ex + C;
7)
9 )
5 )
6)
6 )
ax
a dx =
+ C;
ln a
x
1
x
dx
=
arctg
+ C;
a2 + x2
a
a
R dx
= arctg x + C;
7 )
1 + x2
R
x
dx
8)
= arcsin + C;
a
a2 x2
R
dx
= arcsin x + C;
8 )
1 x2
R
dx
x
9)
= arcsin + C;
a
a2 x2
dx
= arcsin x + C.
1 x2
53
i 4. I i i i
i i i i.
4.2. i
i i . , , i i i, .
i i i i
i i i.
4.2. i x = g(t) i
i T Ex , i y = f (x) i
X Ex i i F (x). i
i T i
F g(t) i i f g(t) g (t),
Z
Z

f (x)dx = f g(t) g (t)dt = F g(t) + C.
(27)
(27) i i.
. i i ii (27):
Z

f (x)dx = f (x);

F g(t) + C = F g(t) g (t) + 0 = F (x) = f (x).
i ii i
i.
i i i.
4.3. i u(x) i v(x) i ii
i X i i v(x)u(x) i. i i X
i i i u(x)v (x),
Z
Z
u(x)v (x)dx = u(x)v(x) v(x)u(x)dx.
(28)
54
(28) i .
. i i i

d u(x)v(x) = u(x)v(x) dx = u(x)v (x)dx + v(x)u(x)dx.
4.2. i
i

u(x)v (x)dx = d u(x)v(x) v(x)u(x)dx.
I ii .
4.3. i y = f (x) i, P (x)
, P (x), Q(x) i i f (x) =
Q(x)
ii. i ,
i i .
, i i :
R(x)
P (x)
= M(x) +
,
Q(x)
Q(x)
(29)
M(x) ii P (x) Q(x), R(x) ii.

4.4. i i :
b
;
x+a
b
2)
, n N \ {1};
(x + a)n
1)
3)
4)
cx + d
, p2 4q < 0;
2
x + px + q
(x2
cx + d
, p2 4q < 0, n N \ {1}.
+ px + q)n
4.4. - i i
i i i i i.
, , i i i,
, i ii. I M(x) (29)
i i i i:
Z
Z
M(x)dx = (a1 xn + a2 xn1 + + an x + an+1)dx =
xn
x2
xn+1
+ a2 + + an + an+1 x + C.
= a1
n+1
n
2
55
i 4. I i i i
I i i
i t = x + a, b i i
i i:
Z
b
dx = b ln |x + a| + C;
x
+
a
Z
b
b
dx =
+ C.
n
(x + a)
(n 1)(x + a)n1
i i i i i i i ,
i , , i
:

cp
Z c d(x2 + px + q) Z
Z
d
dx
cx + d
2
2
dx
=
+
=
x2 + px + q
x2 + px + q
(x + p/2)2 + (q p2/4)
2d cp
c
2x + p
= ln(x2 + px + q) + p
arctg p
+ C.
2
4q p2
4q p2
i i i i. n i, i
. i ii:
Z
cx + d
dx =
(x2 + px + q)n
Z

dx
cp
c
n ;
+
d
=
2(n 1)(x2 + px + q)n1
2
(x + p/2)2 + (q p2/4)
Z
Z
x
2n 3
dx
dx
=
+
.
(x2 + a2 )n
2(n 1)a2(x2 + a2 )n1 (2n 2)a2
(x2 + a2 )n1
i ii. , :
Q(x) = (x a)(x b)k (x2 + px + q)(x2 + rx + t)m.
(30)
i i ii (29) :
R(x)
Bk
Cx + D
A
B1
B2
+
+
+
=
+
+
+
Q(x) x a x b (x b)2
(x b)k x2 + px + q
C2x + D2
Cm x + Dm
C1x + D1
+ 2
+ + 2
. (31)
+ 2
2
x + rx + t (x + rx + t)
(x + rx + t)m
56
4.2. i
i, , i . iii A, Bi ,
i = 1, 2, . . . , k, C, D, Cj , Dj , j = 1, 2, . . . , m, i iii. : i i ii (31) i i i ii i ii i i x i ii i
ii (31). i iii i.
4.1. i
Z 6
x 3x5 + x4 2x3 + 13x2 + 11x
dx.
x5 2x4 2x3 + x2 + 4x + 4
. ii i . i i :
x6 3x5 + x4 2x3 + 13x2 + 11x + 0 x5 2x4 2x3 + x2 + 4x + 4
x6 2x5 2x4 + x3 + 4x2 + 4x
x1
x5 + 3x4 3x3 + 9x2 + 7x
x5 + 2x4 + 2x3 x2 4x 4
x4 5x3 + 10x2 + 11x + 4
:
x5 2x4 2x3 + x2 + 4x + 4 = (x + 1)(x 2)2(x2 + x + 1).
, i :
x4 5x3 + 10x2 + 11x + 4
A
B1
B2
Cx + D
=
+
+
+
.
(x + 1)(x 2)2(x2 + x + 1) x + 1 x 2 (x 2)2 x2 + x + 1
i i ii :
(A + B1 + C)x4 + (3A + B2 3C + D)x3 + (A 2B1 + 2B2 3D)x2 +
+ (3B1 + 2B2 + 4C)x + (4A 2B1 + B2 + 4D).
i ii i ii i i x:
1 = A + B1 + C
x4
x3 5 = 3A + B2 3C + D
x2 10 = A 2B1 + 2B2 3D
x1 11 = 3B1 + 2B2 + 4C
4 = 4A 2B1 + B2 + 4D
x0
57
i 4. I i i i
i :
A = 1,
B1 = 1,
B2 = 2,
C = 1,
D = 1.
,
Z
x6 3x5 + x4 2x3 + 13x2 + 11x

dx =
5 2x4 2x3 + x2 + 4x + 4
x

Z
1
1
2
x1
x1+
=
+
+
dx =
x + 1 x 2 (x 2)2 x2 + x + 1
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
x1
dx
dx
dx
+
+2
dx =
= xdx dx +
x+1
x2
(x 2)2
x2 + x + 1
1
1
x2
x + ln |x + 1| ln |x 2|
+ ln(x2 + x + 1)
=
2
x2 2
2x + 1
3 arctg
+C =
3
x3 4x2 + 4x 2
2x + 1
|x + 1| x2 + x + 1
=
+ C.
+ ln
3 arctg
2(x 2)
|x 2|
3
.
i i.
1. I
Z
Z
n
sin x cos x dx,
cosn x sin x dx
i t = sin x, t = cos x ii.

2. I
Z
Z
n
2k+1
sin x cos
x dx,
cosn x sin2k+1x dx
i
i.
3. I
Z
Z
2n
sin x dx,
cos2n x dx

sin2x =
1 cos 2x
,
2
cos2x =
i i i.
58
1 + cos 2x
2
4.3. i i
4. i ii
Z
Z
sin(kx) sin(mx)dx,
cos(kx) cos(mx)dx,
sin(kx) cos(mx)dx
i i :

1
cos(k m)x cos(k + m)x ;
2

1
cos(kx) cos(mx) =
cos(k m)x + cos(k + m)x ;
2

1
sin(k + m)x + sin(k m)x .
sin(kx) cos(mx) =
2
sin(kx) sin(mx) =
5. ii i f (x), i i i i
sin x, cos x, tg x, ctg x, i i
x
t = tg .
2
i
x
x
1 tg2
2 tg
2 ;
2;
cos x =
sin x =
2 x
2 x
1 + tg
1 + tg
2
2
x
x
2 tg
1 tg2
2 ;
2
tg x =
ctg x =
x
x ,
2
1 tg
2 tg
2
2
2t
;
sin x =
1 + t2
1 t2
cos x =
;
1 + t2
x = 2 arctg t;
2t
1 t2
tg x =
; ctg x =
;
1 t2
2t
2
dx =
dt
1 + t2
i ii i i i i i t.
4.3. i i
ii [a; b] i y = f (x). i ii [a; b]
i a = x0 < x1 < x2 < < xn1 < xn = b. T -. (T ) i iii [xi1; xi],
59
i 4. I i i i
i {1, 2, . . . , n}. ii i = [xi1; xi], i {1, 2, . . . , n},
ii |i|.
i i i i
S(f, T, ) = f (1)|1| + f (2)|2| + + f (n)|n | =
n
X
i=1
f (i)|i|.
(32)
i, ii i y = f (x). , , i i T -
i i .
4.5. {Tk } ii T -i ,
(Tk ) 0 k . i i ii i
lim S(f, Tk , ) i i i ii {Tk },
(Tk )0
i i ki i iii ki (i k i
ii Tk -), i i i
i y = f (x) ii [a; b], i y = f (x) i
[a; b]. :
lim S(f, Tk , ) =
(Tk )0
Zb
f (x)dx.
(33)
a i b i ii .
i, i, i i i.
4.5 ( ii). i
ii [a; b], i .
4.6 ( ii). i
ii [a; b] i i ii ,
i ii.
i i i.
1. a = b, - i y = f (x), i i
x = a,
Zb
f (x)dx = 0.
a
. i , a = b T -
.
60
4.3. i i
2. i fj (x), j {1, 2, . . . , m}, ii ii [a; b],
i i c1 f1 (x) + c2 f2(x) + + cm fm(x) (cj , j {1, 2, . . . , m}, ii
) i ii,
Zb X
m
a
cj fj (x)dx =
j=1
m
X
cj
j=1
Zb
fj (x)dx.
. i
Zb X
m
a
cj fj (x)dx = lim
(Tk )0
j=1
m
X
j=1
cj lim
(Tk )0
nk X
m
X
i=1 j=1
nk
X
i=1
cj fj (ki)|ki| =
fj (ki)|ki|.
i i i i T -i i
ki , i i i
m
X
cj
j=1
Zb
fj (x)dx,
.
. ii ii ii i ii i, , f (x) + g(x) i
- ii [a; b], i f (x) i g(x) i,
(
(
0, x I;
1, x I;
f (x) =
g(x) =
1, x Q,
0, x Q.
, I ii , Q i.
3. i i
Zb
f (x)dx,
Zc
f (x)dx,
Zb
f (x)dx,
c [a; b],
i ii
Zb
a
f (x)dx =
Zc
a
f (x)dx +
Zb
f (x)dx.
61
i 4. I i i i
. c = a c = b, ii i. c (a; b). i i i
lim
(Tk )0
nk
X
i=1
f (ki)|ki|.
i i T -i, ,
c i i T -. , T -
ii [a; b] T -i iii [a; c] i [c; b],
i i . , .
4. i y = f (x) i ii [a; b] i f (x) > 0 i
x [a; b],
Zb
f (x)dx > 0.
a
.
Zb
f (x)dx = lim
(Tk )0
nk
X
i=1
f (ki)|ki|.
i f (ki) > 0 , |ki| > 0, i ii,

, i , i, i, .
5. I . ii
[a; b] i f (x) i g(x) i, i g(x) i ,
ii i c ,
Zb
f (x)g(x)dx = f (c)
Zb
g(x)dx.
(34)
i 4.1. i f (x) [a; b], i

c [a; b] ,
Zb
f (x)dx = f (c)(b a).
(35)
a
. i :
i g(x) = 1. i
Z b
Z b
nk
X
g(x)dx =
1dx = lim
|ki | = b a.
a
62
(Tk )0
i=1
4.4. i i
i i (34) (35).
4.4. i i
i y = f (x) i i ii [a; b].
i i S(f, T, ).
f (i)|i| = f (i)(xi xi1) i i Si i
i f (i) i i {1, 2, . . . , n} (. 5).
y
y = f (x)
S1
Sn1 Sn
Si
S2
n1 n
2
i
1
x
x
a
=
x
x
x
x
i1
n2 xn1 xn = b x
0
1
2
i
0
. 5
, i S(f, T, ) i i i:
S(f, T, ) =
n
X
Si .
i=1
, (T ) 0 i i, i
y = 0, y = f (x), x = a, x = b.
4.7. i y = f (x) i i iiZb
f (x)dx i i i, i
[a; b],
a
i y = f (x), i Ox i x = a i x = b.
63
i 4. I i i i
4.5. i
4.6. i
Zx
f (t)dt.
i i i. i i i i:
(x) =
Zx
(36)
f (t)dt.
i (x) i i i
i.
4.8. i f (x) ii [a; b], i
Zx
(x) = f (t)dt
a
i ii,
d(x)
= f (x).
dx
. i
(37)
(x + x) (x)
.
x0
x
(x) = lim
x , (x + x) [a; b]. i
(x + x) =
x+x
Z
f (t)dt.
i:
(x + x) (x) =
x+x
Z
f (t)dt
Zx
f (t)dt =
i [0; 1],
x+x
Z
f (t)dt = f (x + x)x.
64
x+x
Z
f (t)dt.
4.5. i
i i i f (x) ,
f (x + x)x
(x + x) (x)
= lim
= lim f (x + x) = f (x).
x0
x0
x0
x
x
lim
, (x) = f (x).
i 4.2. i y = f (x) ii [a; b],
ii i i. , (36).
4.9 ( i). i f (x)
ii [a; b], i F (x) i f (x) ii,
i i:
Zb
(38)
f (x)dx = F (b) F (a).
. 4.8 i (x) =
Zx
f (t)dt i
f (x) ii [a; b]. i F (x) i, i C,

(x) = F (x) + C.
i
(b) = F (b) + C;
(a) = F (a) + C.
i ii
(b) (a) = F (b) F (a).
,
(b) =
Zb
f (x)dx i (a) =
Za
f (x)dx = 0,
(38).
(38) :
Zb
a
b

f (x)dx = F (x) .
(39)
65
i 4. I i i i
4.6. i i
4.7. y = f (x) ii [a; b] i
i b > a.
lim
b+
Zb
a
Z+
f (x)dx
f (x)dx =
(40)
i i (i i ii).
(40) i, , i i,
i i.
i i i
lim
Zb
f (x)dx =
Zb
f (x)dx i
lim
Zb
a
b+ a
Z+
f (x)dx.
f (x)dx =
4.1. i
Z+
1
dx
x
i 6 1 i i
. = 1,
Z+
1
6= 1,
Z+
1
b

1
dx = lim ln x = lim ln b = +.
b+
b+
x
1
b
b
1
1
x+1
1
=
=
dx = lim
lim
b+ + 1 1
x
1 b+ x1 1
=
66
1
> 1.
1
1
1
1
lim
1 b+ b1
+,
< 1;
=
1 , > 1.
1
4.6. i i
, i
Z+
1
dx
x
1
> 1.
1
4.10 ( i ii). i f (x) i g(x) i ii [a; +), i
i i ii i ii i
A,
f (x)
= A.
lim
x+ g(x)
i i i
i 6 1 i i
Z+
f (x)dx i
a
Z+
g(x)dx
a
i, i.
. i, , f (x) > 0 i
g(x) > 0 i x [a; +inf ty).
i - > 0 i x0 = x0(),
i x > x0 ii

f (x)

< ,
A
g(x)

(A )g(x) < f (x) < (A + )g(x).

> 0 , A > 0, i ii i
:
(
f (x) < (A + )g(x);
(41)
(A )g(x) < f (x).
,
Z+
Zx0
Z+
f (x)dx
f (x)dx = f (x)dx +
a
x0
67
i 4. I i i i
i i i f (x), , ii i
Z+
f (x)dx
a
i ii i
Z+
f (x)dx.
x0
i i g(x).
i i i (41) i [x0; +)
Z+
Z+
f (x)dx 6 (A + )
g(x)dx;
x0
(A )
Z+
g(x)dx 6
x0
x0
Z+
f (x)dx.
x0
Z+
g(x)dx
x0
i, ii (42) ii i
Z+
f (x)dx.
x0
Z+
g(x)dx
x0
i, ii (43) ii i
Z+
f (x)dx.
x0
68
(42)
(43)
4.6. i i
, i i
Z+
f (x)dx i
a
Z+
g(x)dx
a
i, i.
4.8. i y = f (x) i ii [a; b ]
- 0 < < b a, ii [b ; b].
Zb
Zb
f (x)dx = f (x)dx
lim
(44)
0+
i i (i i
i).
(44) i, , i i,
i i.
i i i
lim
Zb
0+
a+
f (x)dx =
Zb
f (x)dx i
Zb
Zb
lim
f (x)dx = f (x)dx.
0+
0+a+
4.1. i i i, i
i i i i
i ii.
4.2. i
Z1
1
dx
x
i > 1 i i
. = 1,
Z1
0
1
dx = lim
0+
x
Z1
1
< 1.
1
1

1
dx = lim ln x = lim ( ln ) = +.
0+
0+
x
69
i 4. I i i i
6= 1,
Z1
0
1
dx = lim
0+
x
Z1

1
+1 1

1
x
1
=
=
x dx = lim
lim
0+ + 1
0+ x1
1
+,

> 1;
1
1
lim 1 1 =
=
1 , < 1.
1 0+
, i
Z1
1
dx
x
i > 1 i i
70
1
< 1.
1
i 5
5.1. i i i
5.1. i i ii {xn}
x1 + x2 + + xn + =
xn
(45)
n=1
.
xn , n N, i , i
, , x5 (45).
i :
, :
1
xn = ,
n
n
xn = (1) ,
X
1
n=1
=1+
1 1
1
+ + + + ;
2 3
n
X
(1)n = 1 + 1 1 + + (1)n + .
n=1
i ii, :
x1 = 1, x2 = 1, xn = xn1 + xn2,
X
n=1
xn = 1 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 5 + + xn + .
5.2. n i (45) n-
:
n
X
Sn = x 1 + x 2 + + x n =
xn .
i=1
(45) i, i i S
:
lim Sn = S.
(46)
n
71
i 5.
S i i
(47)
xn = S.
n=1
, i.
5.3. , i i,
2
b1 + b1 q + b1 q + + b1 q
n1
+ =
b1 q n ,
(48)
n=0
b1 6= 1 i, q i.
5.1. |q| < 1 i,
i
b1
S=
,
1q
|q| > 1 i.
. n- :
Sn = b1 + b1 q + b1 q 2 + + b1 q n1.
ii , i i 1 q,
n
b1(1 q ) , q 6= 1;
1q
S=
nb1,
q = 1.
n ii -i i i q:
b1
1 q , |q| < 1;
lim Sn = ,
q > 1 q = 1;
n
,
q = 1.
.
5.4. i
X1
1
1 1
.
1 + + + + + =
2 3
n
n
n=1
72
(49)
5.1. i i i
5.2. i i.
1
. i > 0, n N, ii {Sn}
n
i . i.
:
1
1 1
+ + + ,
2 3
n
1 1
1
1
1
S2n = 1 + + + + +
+ + ;
2 3
n n+1
2n
1
1
1
1
1
1
+ +
>
+ +
=n
= .
S2n Sn =
n+1
2n 2n
2n
2n 2
Sn = 1 +
1
S2n > Sn + . iii {S2n }:
2
S1 = 1;
1
1
S2 > S1 + = 1 + ;
2
2
1
1
S4 > S2 + > 1 + 2 ;
2
2
1
1
S2n > S2n1 + > 1 + n .
2
2
i iii {S2n } n ii,
ii i .
.
5.5.
X
xk
(50)
rn =
k=n+1
n- (45).
,
X
x n = Sn + r n ,
n=1
, (45) i i (50).
5.3 (i ii ). i,
n .
73
i 5.
. i (45) :
lim Sn = lim Sn1 = S.
i
lim xn = lim (Sn Sn1) = lim Sn lim Sn1 = S S = 0,
i .
i 5.1.
lim xn 6= 0,
(45) i.
5.4.
xn i
n=1
yn
n=1
i, A i B ii i, i i
ii ii,
X
(axn + byn ) = aA + bB,
n=1
a, b R.
. :
n
n
n
n
n
X
X
X
X
X
Sn =
(axi + byi) =
axi +
byi = a
xi + b
yi .
i=1
i=1
i=1
i=1
i=1
X

n
n
X
lim Sn = lim a
xi + b
yi = aA + bB,
i=1
i=1
i .
5.5. (45) i, i,
, i i,
X
n=1
74
xn = (a1 + + ak1 ) + (ak1 +1 + + ak2 ) + +

+ (akn1 +1 + + akn ) + .
5.2. i
.
lim Sn = S.
, - iii {Snk } ii {Sn }

(51)
lim Snk = S.
bn = akn1 +1 + + akn ,
n N.
Sn = b1 + b2 + + bn = a1 + a2 + + akn = Skn .
(51) .
i 5.2. (45) i, , i i i i, :
X
n=1
(1)n = 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 +
i ,
(1 + 1) + (1 + 1) + (1 + 1) + = 0
i.
5.2. i
5.6. i i,
i.
ii :
Sn+1 = Sn + an+1 > Sn .
, i ii i
i i ii .
P
P
yn i
xn i
5.6 ( i).
, xn 6 yn i n N. i:
1)
n=1
yn i,
n=1
n=1
xn i;
n=1
75
i 5.
2)
xn i,
yn i.
n=1
n=1
. :
Sn
n
X
Sn
xn ,
i=1
i,
n
X
yn .
i=1
Sn 6 Sn .
1. i
(52)
S = lim Sn.
n
i ii (52):
lim Sn 6 lim Sn = Sn .
i i ii {sn }
P
P
xn
yn i,
ii. ,
n=1
n=1
i.
P
P
yn i. i
xn i,
2. ,
. 1 i ii
i.
.
n=1
yn ii
n=1
xn,
n=1
n=1
5.7 ( i).
i . i
n=1
xn i
yn
n=1
xn
= c 6= 0,
n yn
lim
n=1
xn i
yn i i .
n=1
. i i > 0 i
N (), i n > N ()

xn

c < .
yn

76
5.2. i
, c > 0. i
<
xn
c < ,
yn
i
i n > N ().
i i

yn , i i-
n=1
yn , i , i i
(c + )yn
n=N ()
n=N ()
(53)
(c )yn < xn < (c + )yn
(c )yn.
n=N ()
xn i
n=1
xn .
n=N ()
i (53) i .
P
xn i .
5.8 ( ).
n=1
xn+1
, :
i i i D = lim
n xn
P
xn i;
1) D < 1
n=1
2) D > 1
xn i;
n=1
3) D = 1
xn i, i i.
n=1
. i i > 0 i
N (), i n > N ()

xn+1

< .
D
xn

i
(D )xn < xn+1 < (D + )xn
(54)
i n > N ().
1. D < 1, , D + = q < 1. i (54)
xN ()+k < qxN ()+k1,
k N.
77
i 5.
xN ()+k < q k xN () ,
,
k N.
xn i
n=N ()
i, i q < 1. i
k=0
q k xN () ,
xn i-
n=N ()
, i , i
xn .
n=1
2. D > 1, , D = q > 1. i (54)

xN ()+k > qxN ()+k1,
k N.
xN ()+k > q k xN () ,
,
k N.
xn i
q k xN (),
k=0
n=N ()
i, i q > 1. i
xn i,
n=N ()
i , i
xn .
n=1
5.9 ( i).
xn i .
i i i K = lim n xn, :
n=1
1) K < 1
xn i;
n=1
2) K > 1
xn i;
n=1
3) K = 1
xn i, i i.
n=1
. i i > 0 i
N (), i n > N ()
| n xn K| < .
i
(K ) <
78
xn < (K + )
(55)
5.2. i
i n > N ().
1. K < 1, , K + = q < 1. i (55)
k
xk < q, k > N ().
xN ()+k1 < q N ()+k1,
k N.
xn i
n=N ()
qn,
n=N ()
xn i-
i, i q < 1. i
n=N ()
, i , i
xn .
n=1
2. K < 1, , K = q > 1. i (55)
k
xk > q, k > N ().
xN ()+k1 > q N ()+k1,
k N.
xn i
n=N ()
i, i q > 1. i
q n ,
n=N ()
xn i,
n=N ()
i , i
xn .
n=1
.
5.10 (i i i). i f (x)
, i i [n0; +),
P
f (n) i i i i, i i
n=n0
Z
f (x)dx.
n0
. ii i i ii
nZ0 +1
f (x)dx +
n0
nZ0 +2
n0 +1
f (x)dx + +
nZ0 +k
n0 +k1
f (x)dx + =
nZ0 +k
f (x)dx.
k=1 n +k1
0
79
i 5.
, i f (x) , ,
f (n0 + k 1) > f (x) > f (n0 + k),
x [n0 + k 1; n0 + k].
i
nZ0 +k
f (n0 + k)dx 6
n0 +k1
nZ0 +k
f (x)dx 6
n0 +k1
f (n0 + k) 6
nZ0 +k
nZ0 +k
f (n0 + k 1)dx,
n0 +k1
f (x)dx 6 f (n0 + k 1).
n0 +k1
i
f (n0 + k) 6
nZ0 +k
f (x)dx,
n0 +k1
i ii
ii
i
nZ0 +k
f (x)dx
k=1
n0 +k1
f (n).
n=n0
nZ0 +k
f (x)dx 6 f (n0 + k 1),
n0 +k1
i ii
f (n) ii
n=n0
nZ0 +k
f (x)dx.
k=1
n0 +k1
.
i 5.3. i
i i a 6 1.
80
1
P
i a > 1
a
n=1 x
5.3. ii
. i
, a = 1;
lim
ln
|x|
A
1
1
=
dx
=

xa
1a A
1
, a 6= 1.
lim
A 1 a
1
a = 1; +,
lim ln A,
a 6 1;
A
1a
=
=
1
A
1
lim
, a=
6 1. a 1 , a > 1.
A 1 a
1a
i i i .
5.3. ii
5.7. i , , i i .
, ii i .
x1 x2 + + (1)
n+1
X
xn + =
(1)n+1xn ,
xn > 0,
n=1
n N.
5.11 ( i).
(1)n+1xn i lim xn = 0,
n=1
(1)n+1xn i, ii i n- -
n=1
Sn i i xn+1: |Sn S| 6 xn+1.

. ii ii i:
S2k = (x1 x2) + + (x2k1 x2k).
i xn+1 > xn, {S2k } ii.
S2k = x1 (x2 x3) (x2k2 x2k 1) x2k .

i S2k 6 x1 i i S = lim S2k .
k
81
i 5.
ii ii i:
S2k+1 = S2k + x2k+1.
, lim S2k = S i lim x2k+1 = 0 , lim S2k+1 = S + 0 = S.
k
|S Sn | = xn+1 xn+2 + xn+3 = xn+1 (xn+2 xn+3) < xn+1.

.
5.8.
xn i,
n=1
i i i i
n=1
5.12.
n=1
|xn |.
|xn | i,
. n-
xn i.
n=1
xn i
n=1
Sn = Sn+ Sn ,
Sn+
n-
[xn]+ ,
n=1
(
0, xn 6 0;
[xn]+ =
xn , xn > 0,
Sn
[xn],
n=1
Sn
(
0,
xn > 0;
[xn] =
|xn |, xn < 0.
n-
n=1
|xn |. i
Sn = Sn+ + Sn .
i Sn+ 6 Sn i Sn 6 Sn . i ii {Sn } i,
i ii {Sn+} i
{Sn },
lim Sn = S .
lim Sn+ = S + ,
n
82
5.4. i
,
lim Sn = lim (Sn+ Sn ) = S + S .
.
5.9.
n=1
|xn| i,
xn i.
xn i,
n=1
n=1
5.4. i
5.10. i
X
n=1
fn (x) = f1(x) + f2(x) + ,
(56)
fn (x), n N, i i i D.
- x D (56) .
x D, (56) i
, ii (56).
5.11. i
X
n=0
an (x x0)n = a0 + a1 (x x0) + a2 (x x0)2 + ,
(57)
x0, an , n N, ii ii .
, i x = x0 (57) i - an , n N.
5.13 (). (57) i i x1 6= x0 , i i i i x i,
|x x0| < |x1 x0|.
(57) i i x2 6= x0, i i
i i x i, |x x0 | > |x2 x0|.
. ii (57) i x1 i i
P
an (x1 x0)n. i ii i
n
n=0
, lim an (x1 x0) = 0. , i

n
M:

an (x1 x0)n 6 M,
n Z+ .
83
i 5.

x x0
=q<1i
|x x0| < |x1 x0|,
x1 x0
n

|x
x
|
0
an (x x0)n = an (x1 x0)n
6 Mq n .
|x1 x0|
I ii
ii
n=0
Mq n q < 1 i
n=0
n
|an (x x0) |, , i
n=0
an (x x0)n.
i . ,
(57) i i x i, |xx0| > |x2 x0|. i
i i x,
|x x0| > |x x0|, i x2, i.
.
5.12. R i ii (57), i i i x (x0 R; x0 + R) i i i
x (; x0 R) (x0 + R; +).
I (x0 R; x0 + R) i ii (57).

an
,
5.14. i i i lim
n an+1
i ii (57) i i i:

an
.
(58)
R = lim
n an+1

a
n
(57) i,
. , |x x0| < lim
n an+1

a
n
i.
|x x0| > lim
n an+1

a
n
|x x0| < lim
n an+1
i

an+1

(x x0 ) < 1.
lim
n an
i

an+1(x x0)n+1
un+1
< 1,
= lim
lim
n an (x x0 )n
n un
84
5.5.
un+1, un
n=0
n=0
an (x x0)n i.
an (x x0)n . ,

u
a
n
n+1 > 1 i
i |x x0| > lim
lim
n an+1
n un
P
an (x x0)n i.

n=0
.
5.15 ( i ).
i i i ii i i ii ii .
5.16 ( i ). i S(x) i i i
i ,
"
#
X
X
n
=
S (x) =
nan (x x0)n1
an (x x0)
n=0
n=0
- x i ii.
5.17 ( i ).
- ii [a; b] i ii
ii
Zb
a
S(x)dx =
Zb X
n=0
an (x x0)ndx =
Z
X
n=0 a
an (x x0)n dx,
i i i i
ii i i .
5.5.
: i , i i y = f (x) i i ii,
f (x) =
X
n=0
an (x x0 )n
(59)
85
i 5.
i i, ii an , n Z+?
i, i
f (x), i, x0 = 0 ,
.
, i f (x) i (59). i
x = x0
f (x0) = a0 .
(60)
i ii (59) i f (x0):
f (x) =
X
n=1
nan (x x0)n1,
(61)
(62)
f (x0) = a1 .
i ii (61) x = x0
f (x0)
a2 =
.
2!
(63)
i i x = x0,
f (n) (x0)
.
an =
n!
(64)
, i f (x) ,
i
f (x) =
X
f (n) (x0)
n!
n=0
(x x0 )n.
(65)
i,
X
f (n) (x0)
n!
n=0
(x x0)n
i i f (x). , i f (x)
i i i x0.
.
:
Sn (x) =
n
X
f (k) (x0)
k=0
86
k!
(x x0) ;
X
f (k) (x0)
Rn (x) =
(x x0 )k .
k!
k=n+1
5.5.
i (65)
f (x) = Sn (x) + Rn (x).
i (65) i i
f (x) i i i, i x i ii ii
f (x) = lim Sn (x),
(66)
n
i i
lim Rn (x) = 0.
(67)
, .
5.18. i i i f (x) (a; b) i i i, - x (a; b)

X
f (k) (x0)
(x x0 )k = 0.
lim Rn (x) = lim
n
n
k!
k=n+1
Rn (x) .
5.19 (). i x0 x i ,
f (n+1)()
Rn (x) =
(x x0)n .
(n + 1)!
(68)
(68) i .
87
i 5.
88
i 6
ii
6.1. i
6.1. ii
m n, m, n N, i i . , i.
i :
a11 a12 a1n

a
21 a22 a2n
i=1,m
A = ..
,
A = kaij k, A = (aij )j=1,n .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
mn
.
.
.
am1 am2 amn
6.2. , i i (), - (-).

, i ii i i i i, .
i A = (aij )i,j=1,n i i, j = 1, n
aij = aji , . i i aii ,
i = 1, n, i, i ai,ni+1, i = 1, n,
i.
, i i , A = 0. i ii.
, i i > j
aij = 0 (ii i , i i
ii: i > j i < j). i,
i i , i i 6= j
aij = 0.
i , i ii
i i. E En, i ii n n.
i i i.
89
i 6. ii
1. i. i i i, ii i ii. i,
, i ii, i
.
i=1,m
2. . i i A = (aij )j=1,n
ii i i i i i
j=1,n
.
T , AT = (aji)i=1,m
i=1,m
3. . C = (cij )i=1,m
A = (aij )j=1,n
i
j=1,n
i=1,m
B = (bij )j=1,n
ii, i i = 1, m i j = 1, n
cij = aij + bij .

i ii .
i=1,m
4. i . B = (bij )j=1,n

i A = (aij )i=1,m
i , i i = 1, m i
j=1,n
j = 1, n
bij = aij .
ii m n
5. . C = (cij )i=1,m
j=1,n
k=1,p
A = (aik )i=1,m
ii mp i B = (bkj )j=1,n
ii
k=1,p
p n, i i = 1, m i j = 1, n
cij =
p
X
aik bkj .
k=1
i A i B i .
i
i.
i i .
1. :
A + B = B + A.
2. i :
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
3. :
(A + B) = A + B.
90
6.1. i
4. :
A( + ) = A + A.
5. :
A(B + C) = AB + AC.
6. i :
(AB)C = A(BC).
i , ii
i i i i . i i iii.
1. AB 6= BA. i, i A i B i ,
, i B i A i , :
A B = C ,
mk kn
mn
B A = m 6= n.
kn mk
m = n,
A B = C 6= D = B A
mk km
mm
kk
km mk
m 6= k.
i, i i ii, , :
!
!
!
!
!
!
1 1
1 1
2 0
1 1
1 1
0 2
=
,
=
.
1 1
1 1
0 2
1 1
1 1
2 0
2. , AB = 0 , A = 0 B = 0, :
!
!
!
0 0
1 1
1 1
.
=
0 0
1 1
1 1
6.3. = a11 a22 a12 a21 , iii
i i A = (aij )i,j{1;2},
. ii :

a a
11 12
=
= det A.
a21 a22
91
i 6. ii
6.1. i i i i i, () i
ii.
. = 0 a11a22 a12a21 = 0, i a11 a22 = a12 a21 .
,
a21
a11
=
.
a12
a22
i .
.
6.4.
= a11a22 a33 + a12a23 a31 + a13a21 a32 a11a23 a32 a12a21 a33 a13a22 a31 ,
iii i i
A = (aij )i,j{1;2;3}, .
6.5. n
(k1 , k2, . . . , kn ). , (ki , kj ) ii, ki > kj . J ii (k1, k2, . . . , kn),
ii, J ii ii i.
n- , iii
i i n- , i i

a11 a12 a1n

a a a
X
2n
21 22
(1)J a11 a22 ann ,
=
= det A = ..

.. . . . ..
.
. ( , ,..., )
.

1 2
n
an1 an2 ann
i i n (1, 2 , . . . , n).
i i i
i, i i. .
1. i () i i , i i i .
. i i , i i, i . , i
.
2. () i i i,
i .
92
6.1. i
. i, i i . i ii i, i + 1. i i i
i ii ii i , i ,
i . i i
i, j. , i < j. i i i i
ii i- i + 1-, i i + 1- i + 2- i i, j 1- j-.
, j- i i.
j i 1 i i ii , i-
i j 1- ii. i ii i i i- i.
j i 2 i. . ii i i (j i 1) + (j i 2) = 2(j i) 1. i ,
i .
3. i () i i , i i i
i.
. i A = (aij )i,j=1,n,
i, i A i i-
. i
X
(1)J a11 a22 aii ann =

=
(1 ,2 ,...,n )
(1)J a11 a22 aii ann = ,
(1 ,2 ,...,n )
.
4. () i i ii i i (i), i i
i.
. , , i i ii i , i i i. i
A = (aij )i,j=1,n, i, i A i i- ii i j- , .
i
X
(1)J a11 a22 (aii + ajj ) ajj ann =
=
(1 ,2 ,...,n )
(1)J a11 a22 aii ajj ann +
(1 ,2 ,...,n )
93
i 6. ii
+
(1)J a11 a22 ajj ajj ann = + ,
(1 ,2 ,...,n )
i, i A i i- j, i, j i. i, i i
i, j, , , i
i, i i 2 i
, = . i i, = 0.
i .
i i i i.
5. i i i,
|AT | = |A|.
6. i i (),
i .
7. i i i ii.
8. ii i i, |AB| = |A||B| = |B||A| = |BA|.
6.6. i Mij aij i
A = (aij )i,j=1,n n 1 i, i A i- i j- .
aij i A = (aij )i,j=1,n
Aij = (1)i+j Mij .
6.2 ( ). i i i i i - ()
i .
. i
A = (aij )i,j{1;2}. = a11a22 a12 a21 . :
a11A11 + a12 A12 = a11 (1)1+1a22 + a12 (1)1+2a21 = .
ii i ,
- . i .
i i i i i.
i=1,m
6.7. A = (aij )j=1,n
. i i k i i i, k 6 m, k 6 n, i,
94
6.2. ii i
i, i i i i i, i k- i A.
, i k- i i
k k
k = m = n, i Cm
Cn i ii k-
i ii m n.
6.8. i A ii i i. : r(A) rank(A).
i i i:
1) i ii i i;
2) i ii i i;
3) i i i;
4) i i , i ii;
5) i ,
i i, i ;
6) i i ii i.
6.2. ii i
6.9. m ii i n i
()
a11x1 + a12 x2 + + a1n xn = b1;
a x + a x + + a x = b ;
21 1
22 2
2n n
2
(69)
am1 x1 + am2 x2 + + amn xn = bm ,
aij , bi , i = 1, m, j = 1, n, i i ii , xj ,
j = 1, n, ii ii.
(69),
A = (aij )i=1,m
j=1,n
- x = (xj )j=1,n i i, -
b = (bi )i=1,m i iii, (A | b), i A - b, .
, (69) i: Ax = b.
(69) i n

x1, x2, . . . , xn), ii (69) i x1 , x2, . . . , xn ii m i ii.
95
i 6. ii
(69) , , i,
i i. i ,
, i .
(69) m = n: = |A|
i, i, i = 1, n i, i i-
i i iii.
6.3 (). i
6= 0, x1, x2, . . . , xn),
xi =
i
,
i = 1, n.
(70)
= 0 i i i, i 6= 0, i.
. i i. i i i ii i
i.
i:
(
a11 x1 + a12 x2 = b1 ;
a21 x1 + a22 x2 = b2 .
i a21 , a11 i
i ii:
(a11a22 a12 a21)x2 = a11b2 a21b1 ,
x2 = 2.
6= 0
2
.
i, i a22 , a21 ,
1
x1 =
.
= 0, 1 6= 0, i x1 = 1 i, i ,
i. , = 0,
2 6= 0.
i i .
96
x2 =
6.2. ii i
.
6.10. A1 i A,
AA1 = A1A = E.
(71)
i A , |A| 6= 0 i . i,
|A| = 0, i. , AA1 = E
i |AA1| = |E|. i |AA1| = |A||A1| i |E| = 1.
i.
6.11. , i , i .
i.
1. A ii. i A ( - i - ii i i,
i , i ) .
E i i i. , i i
A1.
i i i.
6.1.
!
1 2
A=
.
3 4
i

!

1 2 1
1 2 1 0

0 2 3
3 4 0 1 3I

1 0 2

0 2 3
,
A1 =
!
0 + II
1
!
1
1 (2)
!
2
1
3/2 1/2

!

1 0 2
1

0 1 3/2 1/2
i , .
97
i 6. ii
2. i
A1 =

1
ATij ,
|A|
(72)

ATij , i i
i AT .
6.2. i i
i .

1 2

|A| =
= 1 4 3 2 = 2
3 4
i
AT =
!
1 3
.
2 4
i
AT11 = (1)1+1 4 = 4,
AT12 = (1)1+2 2 = 2,
AT21 = (1)2+1 3 = 3,
AT22 = (1)2+2 1 = 1.
,
A1 =
1
2
4 2
3 1
2
1
.
3/2 1/2
, ii.
A (69) i |A| 6= 0,
i i i i Ax = b A1 A1Ax = A1b.
i ,
x = A1b.
(73)
, i ii (73),
i .
i i
i i. ,
i i, ii ,
i ii, ,
.
i i , .
98
6.2. ii i
6.12. (69) i i , ii ii i
i (69).
i .
1. i (69) . ,
i i, .
, , , , . i . i i ,
, . i i i ii ii i , i , i , i
. .
2. i .
3. i i , . i
i, ii i , ii .
i i , . i
i i ii. , ii i. ii ii . i
i, i i i i i. , i
i.
i i i, k < n,
i n k i.
i i.
6.3. i i
x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 14;
3x1 + 2x2 5x3 = 4;
x + 8x 3x = 32.
1
2
3
i i i :
99
i 6. ii

1 3 1 14
1 3 1 14

3 2 5 4+ 3 I 0 11 2 46

1 8 3 32 + I
0 11 2 46 II

1 3 1 14

1 3 1
0
11
2
46

0 11 2

0 0 0 0

!

14

.

46
ii 11x2 2x3 = 46 i ii. x3,

i x2 :
x2 = a R,
x3 =
11
a 23.
2
i x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 14. x1:

11
17
a 23 = 37 a.
x1 = 14 3x2 x3 = 14 3a
2
2
, :
17
37 2 a
x=
a
, a R.
11
a 23
2
6.4 ( i). (69)

i, i i , i i
i: r(A) = r(A | b).
6.5 (i i). i (69) , i i , i
i ii i : r(A) = n.
6.13. (69) i, b = 0.
i i (0; 0; . . . ; 0),
i.
6.6. ii ii i i
.
100
6.2. ii i
. ii ii i c i d i Ax = 0:

c1
d1
c
d
2
2
. + . = c + d,
, R.
..
..
cn
dn
i c i d Ax = 0, Ac = 0
i Ad = 0. i
A(c + d) = Ac + Ad = Ac + Ad = 0 + 0 = 0.
.
6.7. i
i i i i ii i .
. i (69), i k i pi, i = 1, k, i
01 + 11p1 + + k1 pk
+ p + + p
12 1
k2 k
02
x=
.
.
..
n1 + n1 p1 + + n1 pk
i Ax = b. i i
x (69):

x1
x

x = ..2 .
.
xn
i Ax = b,
0 = b b = Ax Ax = A(x x).
, (x x) i Ax = 0,
ii (69).
101
i 6. ii
6.3.
6.14. ii,
i i i, () . i:
~a, a, a, i: AB, AB, i i i (. . 6).

B
~a
AB
CD
C
A
. 6
.
. .
i, i . - i -
. ii i ~a k ~b.
i ii ,
( : ~a ~b), i ii
( : ~a ~b).
i, ii .
i i .
1. . ~c i ~a i ~b
(. . 7):
) ~c = ~a + ~b i ,
i, i i i, , i
i ( );
) ~c = ~a + ~b i ,
i, i i ii ,
( ).
2. . ~a i
~b, ~a k ~b 6 0, ~a ~b < 0 i |~b| = |||~a|.
102
6.3.
~b
~c
~a
~a
~b
. 7
3. i. i ~a i ~b
, i i
i :
~a ~b = |~a||~b| cos .
i i (i ):
1) ~a ~b = ~b ~a;
2) ~a ~b = 0 i i i, ~a ~b;
3) (~a) ~b = (~a ~b) = ~a (~b), R;
4) (~a + ~b) ~c = ~a ~c + ~b ~c;
5) ~a ~b > 0 i i i, i ~a i ~b , ~a 6= 0, ~b 6= 0.
6.15. i ~a1 , ~a2, . . . , ~an ii , ii

1~a1 + 2~a2 + + n~an = 0,
i R,
i = 1, n,
(74)
i i 0, i = 1, n. i ,
i ~a1 , ~a2 , . . . , ~an ii .
6.16. i , i
, i i i .
6.8. ~a1 , ~a2 , ~a3 i , ~a1 i ~a2
ii. i ~a3 ii ii i ~a1 i ~a2 ,
i i ii 1 i 2 , ~a3 = 1~a1 + 2~a2 .
. ~a1 , ~a2 , ~a3 i O (. . 8).
~a1 = OA, ~a2 = OB, ~a3 = OC. C i i,

i ~a1 i ~a2 ii. OA i OB
103
i 6. ii
E
~a2
~a3
D
~a1
. 8
D i E ii. i i ~a1 i OD i
i 1 , OD = 1~a1 . ~a2 k OE
OE = 2~a2 .
, ~a3 = 1~a1 +2~a2 . .
6.17. i ~a1 , ~a2, . . . , ~an
i ii i, - ii
ii i i.
i 6.8,
i.
6.9. - i i
i i . - i i
i .
6.18. ~e1 i ~e2 i i , i (1; 2 )
~a i (~e1 , ~e2), ~a = 1~e1 + 2~e2 . :
~a(1 ; 2) ~a = (1 ; 2).
i i: ~e1 , ~e2 i ~e3
i i , i i
(1 ; 2 ; 3) ~a i (~e1, ~e2 , ~e3),
~a = 1~e1 + 2~e2 + 3~e3 . : ~a(1 ; 2 ; 3) ~a = (1 ; 2; 3 ).
(~i, ~j, ~k), |~i| = |~j| = |~k| = 1 i ~i ~j,
~i ~k, ~j ~k.
6.10. ~a(1 ; 2 ; 3) i ~b(1; 2; 3) i ii , i i. i:
1) ~a + ~b = (1 + 1 ; 2 + 2; 3 + 3 );
2) ~a = (1 ; 2; 3 );
104
3) ~a ~b = 1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3;
p
4) |~a| = 12 + 22 + 33 ;
6.3.
5) cos = p
1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3
p
,
12 + 22 + 33 12 + 22 + 33
i ~a i ~b.
. ii
~a = 1~i + 2~j + 3~k i ~b = 1~i + 2~j + 3~k.

:
1) ~a + ~b = 1~i + 2~j + 3~k + 1~i + 2~j + 3~k =
= (1 + 1 )~i + (2 + 2)~j + (3 + 3 )~k = (1 + 1; 2 + 2 ; 3 + 3 );

2) ~a = 1~i + 2~j + 3~k = 1~i + 2~j + 3~k = (1 ; 2; 3 );

3) ~a ~b = 1~i + 2~j + 3~k 1~i + 2~j + 3~k =
= 1 1~i~i + 1 2~i~j + 1 3~i~k + 2 1~j~i + 2 2~j~j + 2 3~j~k +
+ 3 1~k~i + 3 2~k~j + 3 3~k~k = 1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 ,
i ~i~i = ~j~j = ~k~k = 1 i ~i~j = ~i~k = ~j~k = 0;

q
4) |~a| = ~a~a = 12 + 22 + 33 ;
5) cos =
.
~a ~b
1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3
p
.
=p 2
1 + 22 + 33 12 + 22 + 33
|~a||~b|
105
i 6. ii
106
i 7
i i
7.1. i i
i
7.1. i y i n i,
i (x1, x2, . . . , xn) D Rn iii i i y. : y = f (x1, x2, . . . , xn).
i y , ii x1, x2, . . . , xn . D i, E R
i i y i.
7.2. ii i i i f (x, y) ii
f (x, y) = C, i i i C.
i i i f (x, y, z)
f (x, y, z) = C, i i i C.
i i i i. i i i i ii
i.
7.3. i i z = f (x, y) i M0 (x0; y0 ) A, i ii
Mn (xn; yn), i M0 (x0; y0),
lim f (x, y) = A.
lim f (Mn ) = lim f (Mn) = xx
Mn M0
yy0
lim g(x, y) = B, i 7.1. i xx

lim f (x, y) = A i xx
0
yy0
yy0
lim g(x, y) = A B;
lim f (x, y) xx
xx0
yy0
yy0
lim g(x, y) = AB;

lim f (x, y) xx
xx0
yy0
yy0
107
i 7. i i
lim f (x, y)
xx0
yy0
lim g(x, y)
xx
0
A
,
B
B 6= 0.
yy0
7.4. i i z = f (x, y) i
M0 (x0; y0), i i i i i
lim f (x, y) = f (x0, y0).
xx0
yy0
i i z = f (x, y) i i D R2 ,
i i i.
7.5. M i D,
- i , i D, i
, .
D , i i i .
7.2 ( ). i i
z = f (x, y) i i D R2 , i.
7.3 ( ). i i
z = f (x, y) i i D R2 , i
i , i m, M D
i,
min f (x, y) = m,
max f (x, y) = M.
(x;y)D
(x;y)D
7.4 ( i). i i
z = f (x, y) i i D R2 i
i i i i, i (x0; y0) D ,
f (x0, y0) = 0.
7.5 ( i). i i
z = f (x, y) i i D R2 i
i i i A 6 f (x, y) 6 B, (x; y) D, D
i i D, - C i A i B
i (x0; y0) D , f (x0, y0) = C.
7.6. i, x,
i x, x z i i z = f (x, y)
i
x z = f (x + x, y) f (x, y).
108
7.1. i i i
i i
y z = f (x, y + y) f (x, y).
i x z i y z i i i
z = f (x, y), Ox i Oy ii.
7.7. i i z = f (x, y) ii x

f (x + x, y) f (x, y)
x z
z
= lim
=
= zx .
x0
x0 x
x
x
lim
i i i z = f (x, y) ii y:
z
y z
f (x, y + y) f (x, y)
= lim
=
= zy .
y0 y
y0
y
y
lim
i ii zx i zy i i
z = f (x, y) Ox i Oy ii.
7.8. i i z = f (x, y)
z = f (x + x, y + y) f (x, y),
x i y i.
i x i y i i:
x = dx, y = dy.
i i z = f (x, y) :
dz =
z
z
dx + dy.
x
y
7.9. i z = f (x, y) i i
(x; y), i i i i
z = Ax + By + o(),
p
=
x2 + y 2, o() i ,
o()
0.
0
109
i 7. i i
7.6 ( ii i
i). i z = f (x, y) i ii zx i zy
i (x0; y0). i i z = f (x, y) i i i.
i i i i i i i i i i.
i ii, i, .
7.10. i i
z = f (x, y) i ii i i
:

2z
z
= zx2 ;
= 2 = zxx
x x
x

2z
z
= zxy
;
=
x y
xy

z
2z
= zyx
;
=
y x
yx

z
2z
= zy2 .
= 2 = zyy
y y
y
i i .
i zyx
ii zxy
i ii i.
7.7. ii ii zxy
i zyx
i
i z = f (x, y) i, ii: zxy = zyx .

7.11. i i z = f (x, y)
i i i,

z
z
d2 z = d(dz) = d
+ zyx
)dxdy + zy2 dy 2 .
dx + dy = zx2 dx2 + (zxy
x
y
i i i: dn z = d(dn1z).
z = f (x, y), x = (t), y = (t) i i f(x, y), (t),
(t)

ii. i i i z = f (t), (t)
z dx z dy
dz
=
+
.
dt
x dt y dt
z = f (x, y), y = (x), i z x
z z dy
dz
=
+
.
dx x y dx
110
7.1. i i i
i z = f (x, y) i M0 (x0; y0).
i ii i i . i i i i.
~e = (cos ; cos ), i
~e i i i Ox, i ~e i i
i Oy. i, M0 (x0; y0) i
~e
p M1 (x0 + x; y0 + y) i ii
M0 M1 : ~e = M0 M1 = x2 + y 2 (. . 9).
y
y0 + y
M1
}|
y
~e
M0
y0
z
x0
x
}|
. 9
{
x0 + x
7.12. i i ~ez = f (x + x, y + y) f (x, y),

x i y i ii x = ~e cos , y = ~e cos ,
i z = f (x, y) i ~e,
~ez = f (x + ~e cos , y + ~e cos ) f (x, y).
7.13. i i z = f (x, y) i ~e
~e z
z
f (x + ~e cos , y + ~e cos ) f (x, y)
= lim
=
= z~e .
~e0 ~
~e0
~e
e
~e
lim
i z = f (x, y) i i M 0(x0; y0),

f (x + ~e cos , y + ~e cos ) f (x, y)
=
~e0
~e
z~e = lim
zx ~e cos + zy ~e cos + o(~e)

zx x + zy y + o(~e)
= lim
=
= lim
~e0
~e0
~e
~e
= zx cos + zy cos .
111
i 7. i i
, i i i:
z~e = (zx ; zy )~e.
i i i i .
7.14. i i z = f (x, y) i M(x; y)

z = grad z = zx (M); zy (M) .
7.8. i z i z = f (x, y) i M(x; y)
i i i i.
. i i i z = f (x, y) i M(x; y) i ~e i
z~e = z ~e = |z||~e| cos = |z| cos ,
i z i ~e. , i
, cos = 1, , ~e
i i z.
.
7.15. i z = f (x, y) i i M(x0; y0) (ii), i z = f (x, y) f (x0, y0) i
(i) i M(x0 ; y0).
7.9 (i ). i
z = f (x, y) i M(x0; y0), i i ii
(
zx = 0;
(75)
zy = 0,
i ii i i i.
7.16. , ii (75),
i i z = f (x, y).
7.10 ( ). i i M(x0; y0) i z = f (x, y) i i i ii
= zyx
= C, :
zx 2 = A, zy 2 = B, zxy
1)

A C

=
> 0,
C B
i z = f (x, y) i M(x0; y0) :
112
7.2. i i
) A > 0, M0 ii;
) A < 0, M0 ;
2) < 0, i M0 ;
3) = 0, iii
i M0 i i.
D R2 , z = f (x, y) i (i
) i. i i z = f (x, y)
i D i i .
, i
, :
1) ii , i D,
i z = f (x, y) ;
2) i i i D;
3) . 1, 2 i i i .
7.2. i
i
i f (x, y). i t:
x = a + kt,
y = b + ht.
i i i t:
(t) = f (x, y) = f (a + kt, b + ht),
(0) = f (a, b);

(1) = f (a + k, b + h).

(0) (0)
(n) (0) (n+1)()
(1) = (0) +
+
+ +
+
,
1!
2!
n!
(n + 1)!
0 < < 1.
(76)
ii (p) (0) i (n+1)() i f (x, y). i

dx = kdt, dy = hdt

(p)
(p)

p
f (x, y)dtp,
dx + dy f (x, y) = k
+h
d (t) =
x
y
x
y
113
i 7. i i
i
dp (t)
=
(t) =
dtp
(p)
k
+h
x
y
(p)
f (x, y).
t = 0 x = a, y = b, t = x = a + k, y = b + h,
(p) (0) =
(n+1)
() =
+h
k
a
b
+h
k
a
b
(p)
f (a, b);
(n+1)
f (a + k, b + h).
i (76), :

(2)
f (a + k, b + h) = f (a, b) + k
+h
+h
f (a, b) +
f (a, b) +
k
a
b
2!
a
b

(n)
1
f (a, b) +
+ +
+h
k
n!
a
b

(n+1)
1
+
f (a + k, b + h), 0 < < 1.
+h
k
(n + 1)!
a
b
i i i a x, b y, i
k i h dx i dy ii, i i, f (x + dx, y + dy) f (x, y)
f (x, y) i i
n+1

d2 f (x, y)
d f (x, y)
dn f (x, y)
f (x, y) = df (x, y) +
+ +
+
.
2!
n!
(n + 1)! x+dx
y+dy
i i i i i
a = 0, b = 0, k = x, h = y.
i , i f (x, y)
i i ii (n + 1) i ii
i, i ii , (a; b) i (a + k; b + h).
ii t i i i x = a + kt, y = b + ht
ii.
114
i
i 1. i i i . . . . . .
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
i .
i i . . . .
i i
i . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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3
3
4
5
7
i 2. i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
2.6.
2.7.
2.8.
i ii . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii . . . . . . . . . . .
i i . . . . . . . . . .
i i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i i . . . . . . . . . . .
i i . . . . .
i ii
i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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15
15
20
21
24
24
25
25
i 3. i i i i . 33
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
3.7.
i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i i . . . . . . . . . .
i i . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i . . . . . . . . . . .
i i
i i i . .
i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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33
35
36
37
41
44
47
i 4. I i i i . . . . 51
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
i . . . . . . . . . . .
i . . . . . . . . . . . .
i i . . . . . . . .
i i
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51
54
59
63
115
i 7. i i
4.5. i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.6. i i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
i 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
i i i
i . . . . . . . . . . .
ii . . . . . . . . . . . .
i . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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71
75
81
83
85
i 6. ii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6.1. i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6.2. ii i . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
i 7. i i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
7.1. i i i . . . . . . 107
7.2. i i . . . . . . . . . . . 113

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Calculus Notes

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. . , . . i, . .

Akn = n(n 1)(n 2)(n 3) (n k + 1) =

i n > Na () ii |an | < /2. i , i

lim (an bn) = AB;

2.10 ( i). {an } i {bn} ii ii, lim an = lim bn = L. ,

2.11. {an } i {bn} ii ii,

2.11 ( i, ). A i y = f (x) i x0, - > 0 i

2.14. lim f (x) = A, lim f (x) = lim f (x) = A, i

i < x < 0. i i cos x i cos 0 = 1,

x 0 i y 0 ii. x = sin y, lim

lim f (x) = f (b)

2.18 ( i). i y = f (x)

i i lim f (x) = f (x0 + 0);

i i i: f (x0 0) = f (x0 + 0),

2n+3 + (n + 3) sin(n!) n50

) y = 10 cos 3x sin 3x;

) y = sin2 9 x2 + cos2 9 x2.

) 3x2 + 4x 4x 2x2 + 5x3, x 0;

arcctg 2x, x < 1 ;

3.3 ( i i). i t = g(x) i i x0 , i y = f (t)

3.6 (). i i (a; b) i y = f (x) i ii i x0 (a; b) i, i i i i ,

. ii i f (x) i g(x) i (x0)

i 3.3. i f (x) i g (x) i, i :

i f (c) > 0 i x2 x1 > 0, f (x2) f (x1) > 0,

4.1 ( i). i F (x)

cos xdx = sin x + C;

M(x) ii P (x) Q(x), R(x) ii.

x6 3x5 + x4 2x3 + 13x2 + 11x

i t = sin x, t = cos x ii.

i f (ki) > 0 , |ki| > 0, i ii,

i 4.1. i f (x) [a; b], i

f (x)dx = F (b) F (a).

f (x) ii [a; b]. i F (x) i, i C,

(A )g(x) < f (x) < (A + )g(x).

xn = (a1 + + ak1 ) + (ak1 +1 + + ak2 ) + +

, - iii {Snk } ii {Sn }

(c )yn < xn < (c + )yn

(D )xn < xn+1 < (D + )xn

2. D > 1, , D = q > 1. i (54)

xN ()+k1 < q N ()+k1,

2. K < 1, , K = q > 1. i (55)

xN ()+k1 > q N ()+k1,

f (x)dx 6 f (n0 + k 1).

f (x)dx 6 f (n0 + k 1),

Sn i i xn+1: |Sn S| 6 xn+1.

i xn+1 > xn, {S2k } ii.

S2k = x1 (x2 x3) (x2k2 x2k 1) x2k .

|S Sn | = xn+1 xn+2 + xn+3 = xn+1 (xn+2 xn+3) < xn+1.

lim Sn = lim (Sn+ Sn ) = S + S .

fn (x) = f1(x) + f2(x) + ,

an (x x0)n = a0 + a1 (x x0) + a2 (x x0)2 + ,

, lim an (x1 x0) = 0. , i

a11 a12 a1n

6.2. , i i (), - (-).

cij = aij + bij .

(1)J a11 a22 aii ann =

(1)J a11 a22 aii ann = ,

(1)J a11 a22 aii ajj ann +

(1)J a11 a22 ajj ajj ann = + ,

a11x1 + a12 x2 + + a1n xn = b1;

am1 x1 + am2 x2 + + amn xn = bm ,

ii 11x2 2x3 = 46 i ii. x3,

i x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 14. x1:

6.4 ( i). (69)