:

. :
. . .

)
( .
)

( ) (

.
) (n :
) - (Variance ) - (S2
.
) (Z = , ) , =
% ( , .,

) (Z = % ) ,
= % (.
) (d )
(.
:
. -

)t-test

) (Paired:

(
:

(Z)2 * (S)2
(d )2

)*( .

= n

 :

% % .
:
2

)(1.96) * (10
2

15.36

= n

)(5
)(3.84) * (100

= n

)(25

.

) ( ) ( .

. - ) (Paired t-test
:

(Z + Z)2 * (S)2

= n

(d )2

: ) ( :
(1.96 + 0.84)2 * (10)2

= n

(5)2
31.36

)(7.84) * (100

= n

)(25

. -

)t-test

:
(Z)2 * 2 * (S)2
(d )2

= n

(Independent


) (
.

. -

)t-test

(Independent

:
2

)(Z + Z) * 2 * (S
2

) (d

= n

. ) (Proportion
:

)(Z + Z)2 * 2 * p (1 - P
(d )2

= n

) (P .
) (Intervention )
( ) (
%
, = , - ) % ) (d ) % - %
(% % . ) (d
) % - % : (% .

)( :
)((Z * )2 / ( )2
) 1+ ((1/N) * ((Z * ) 2 / ( )2

= n
= n
N = Population size

) Z = Confidence level, at 95% = 1.960 (%

= Standard deviation of the population

 = the maximum acceptable error as fraction of the standard deviation

) (

= ; / = *

)(Confidence Limits
-
) - (Point estimate

) U & L limits

(of Confidence % % :
:(UL 95% CI) %
UL 95% CI = M + Zc * SEM

:(LL 95% CI) %

LL 95% CI = M - Zc * SEM

= M
= Zc % ) , ,
% . (99% CI
= SEM
.

: = =
- ) = =

( %:
:(UL 95% CI) %
UL 95% CI = M + Zc * SEM
UL 95% CI = 100 + 1.96 * 3 = 105.9

:(LL 95% CI) %

LL 95% CI = M - Zc * SEM
LL 95% CI = 100 - 1.96 * 3 = 94.1.

, ,
% . %
, .,

 : ) (
) (Confidence range :
) = (SEM , =
= , = ,
.