04 Carbon Compounds

Konsep PENTING!
BAB
Sebatian Karbon
Pengantioksida Antioxidants Sebatian karbon Carbon compounds Tindakan pencucian Cleansing action Penggumpalan Coagulation Kebolehbakaran Combustibility Penyulingan Distillation Pengekstrakan Extraction Penapaian Fermentation Hidrokarbon Hydrocarbon Sebatian tak organik Inorganic compounds Keterlarutcampuran Miscibility Sebatian organik Organic compounds Lemak tepu Saturated fats Kelarutan Solubility Lemak tak tepu Unsaturated fats
The BIG Picture!
CHAPTER
Carbon Compounds
Antioxidants Pengantioksida Carbon compounds Sebatian karbon Cleansing action Tindakan pencucian Coagulation Penggumpalan Combustibility Kebolehbakaran Distillation Penyulingan Extraction Pengekstrakan Fermentation Penapaian Hydrocarbon Hidrokarbon Inorganic compounds Sebatian tak organik Miscibility Keterlarutcampuran Organic compounds Sebatian organik Saturated fats Lemak tepu Solubility Kelarutan Unsaturated fats Lemak tak tepu
ISTILAH!
WORD UP!
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Objektif Pembelajaran
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
4.1 PENYELIDIKAN
AKTIVITI
4.1 Menganalisis pelbagai sebatian karbon PUSTAKA
Learning Objective
4.1 Analysing various carbon compounds Konstruktivisme
Sebatian karbon dan hidrokarbon

2007
4.1
ACTIVITY
RESEARCH
LIBRARY
Carbon and hydrocarbon compounds

2007
Constructivism
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
Str. teori soalan 7(a) & 7(c)
Str. theory question 7(a) & 7(c)
Isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai tentang sebatian karbon dan hidrokarbon. etanol karbon dioksida organik tak organik kanji karbon hidrogen petroleum karbon dan sebatian gas asli kalsium karbonat
Fill in the blanks with the suitable words on carbon and hydrocarbon compounds. ethanol carbon dioxide organic inorganic starch carbon hydrogen petroleum natural gas calcium carbonate
Sebatian karbon ialah sebatian yang mengandungi unsur organik sebatian karbon, iaitu sebatian Contoh sebatian organik ialah kanji
dan kalsium karbonat contoh sebatian tak organik ialah dan organik berasal daripada benda hidup. Sebatian berasal daripada benda hidup.
. Terdapat dua jenis tak organik . etanol , manakala karbon dioksida tak organik . Sebatian
carbon Carbon compounds are compounds that contain element. There are two types of organic inorganic carbon compounds i.e. compound and compound. Example starch ethanol of organic compound is and , whereas example of inorganic compound is calcium carbonate and Inorganic carbon dioxide . Organic compounds originate from
CHAPTER
bukan
living things.
Sebatian hidrokarbon ialah sebatian yang mengandungi unsur karbon sahaja. Sumber asli sebatian hidrokarbon ialah gas asli , dan arang batu.
hidrogen petroleum
dan ,
compounds do not originate from living things. hydrogen Hydrocarbon compounds are compounds that contain only carbon petroleum elements. Natural sources of hydrocarbon compounds are natural gas and coal.
BAB
and ,
4
4.1
4.2 INKUIRI
TUJUAN BAHAN RADAS
EKSPERIMEN
4.2 Menganalisis alkohol dan kesannya terhadap kesihatan
Learning Objective
Proses penghasilan etanol

2007
Inkuiri-penemuan
4.2
INQUIRY Process of producing ethanol P

EXPERIMENT
2007
4.2 Analysing alcohol and its effects on health
Inquiry-discovery
Str. teori soalan 7(b)
Str. theory question 7(b)
Menghasilkan etanol melalui proses penapaian Larutan glukosa, yis, air kapur Kelalang kon 250 ml, tabung uji, penyumbat bersama salur penghantar, bikar, spatula
AIM MATERIALS APPARATUS PROCEDURE Glosari

Alkohol: Sebatian kimia yang terdiri daripada unsur karbon, hidrogen, dan oksigen yang terdapat di dalam minuman keras. Etanol: Sejenis alkohol yang digunakan untuk membuat minuman keras.
To produce ethanol through the fermentation process Glucose solution, yeast, lime water 250 ml conical flask, test tube, stopper with delivery tube, beaker, spatula
LANGKAH
Glossary
Alcohol: A chemical compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen elements. Normally found in hard liquor. Ethanol: A type of alcohol used to make hard liquor.
kelalang kon
salur penghantar
conical flask
delivery tube beaker
larutan glukosa + yis
bikar air kapur
glucose solution + yeast
lime water
4.1 HP
Menyatakan maksud sebatian karbon Menyatakan maksud sebatian karbon organik dan tak organik Memberikan contoh sebatian organik dan tak organik
58
Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 5, Aktiviti makmal 4.1, hlm. 92
4.1 LO
State what carbon compounds are State what organic and inorganic compounds are Give examples of organic and inorganic compounds
58
Refer to Essential Science Form 5, Laboratory Activity 4.1, p. 92
Analysing various carbon compounds

1 Name the compound that contains carbon elements. (Carbon compound) 2 State two types of carbon compounds. (Organic compounds and inorganic compounds) 3 Name the carbon compound that originates from living things. (Organic compound) 4 Give two examples of organic compounds. (Carbohydrate and protein/fat) 5 State one organic compound that can be used as fuel. (Petroleum/natural gas/coal/weed)
RESEARCH 4.1ACTIVITY LIBRARY
6 State three elements contained in an organic carbon compound other than carbon element. (Oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen/sulphur) 7 Give two examples of inorganic compounds. (Carbon dioxide and calcium carbonate) 8 State the type of carbon compound that produces carbon dioxide when burning in the air. (Organic compound) 9 Name the compound that only contains hydrogen and carbon elements. (Hydrocarbon compound) 10 Give three examples of hydrocarbon compounds. (Petroleum, natural gas and coal)
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Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
1 2 3 4
Sediakan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di atas. Masukkan kira-kira 100 cm3 larutan glukosa ke dalam kelalang kon. Tambahkan dua spatula yis ke dalam larutan glukosa. Pasangkan penyumbat bersama salur penghantar pada mulut kelalang kon. Hujung salur penghantar yang satu lagi dimasukkan ke dalam air kapur. 5 Biarkan susunan radas pada suhu bilik selama satu hingga dua hari. 6 Catatkan pemerhatian anda tentang keadaan larutan dalam kelalang kon dan air kapur. 7 Simpan hasil penapaian untuk kegunaan bagi Eksperimen 4.3. 1 Radas yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah tersebut disediakan. 2 Kira-kira 100 cm3 larutan glukosa dimasukkan ke dalam kelalang kon. 3 Dua spatula yis ditambahkan ke dalam larutan glukosa. 4 Penyumbat bersama salur penghantar dipasangkan pada mulut kelalang kon. Hujung salur penghantar yang satu lagi dimasukkan ke dalam air kapur. 5 Susunan radas dibiarkan pada suhu bilik selama satu hingga dua hari. 6 Pemerhatian tentang keadaan larutan dalam kelalang kon dan air kapur dicatat. 7 Hasil penapaian disimpan untuk kegunaan bagi Eksperimen 4.3.
Prepare the apparatus as shown above. Add approximately 100 cm3 of glucose solution into the conical flask. Add two spatula of yeast into the glucose solution. Install a delivery tube to the stopper at the mouth of the conical flask. The other end of the delivery tube is inserted into the lime water. 5 Leave the set-up at room temperature for one to two days. 6 Record your observation on the condition of solution in the conical flask and the lime water. 7 Keep the product of fermentation for use in Experiment 4.3. 1 2 3 4
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
CARA KERJA
STEPS
1 The apparatus as shown in the diagram is prepared. 2 Approximately 100 cm3 of glucose solution is added into the conical flask. 3 Two spatula of yeast are added into the glucose solution. 4 A stopper with a delivery tube is installed at the mouth of the conical flask. The other end of the delivery tube is then submerged in the lime water. 5 The set-up is left at room temperature for one to two days. 6 Observations on the condition of the solution in the conical flask and lime water are recorded. 7 The product of fermentation is kept for use in Experiment 4.3.
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4
OBSERVATION
PEMERHATIAN
Eksperimen
Pemerhatian Larutan dalam kelalang kon Air kapur
Observation Experiment Solution in the conical flask Lime water
Awal eksperimen
Larutan
jernih
tanpa bau
Jernih
Beginning of the experiment
Clear odourless
solution
Clear
Akhir eksperimen
Larutan alkohol
keruh
dan berbau
Keruh
End of the experiment
Cloudy alcoholic
solution with an smell
Cloudy
ANALISIS
1 Apakah proses yang berlaku di dalam kelalang kon? Penapaian 2 Bagaimanakah yis bertindak ke atas larutan glukosa? Enzim zimase menguraikan dalam yis
ANALYSIS
1 What process occurs inside the conical flask? Fermentation 2 How does yeast act on the glucose solution? Zymase enzymes in the yeast 3 What gas causes the changes in the lime water? Carbon dioxide 4 What type of alcohol is produced? Ethanol decompose
glukosa
glucose
3 Apakah gas yang menyebabkan perubahan yang berlaku ke atas air kapur? Karbon dioksida 4 Apakah jenis alkohol yang terhasil? Etanol
4.2 HP Menyatakan unsur dalam alkohol Memberi contoh alkohol Menghuraikan proses pembentukan alkohol
59
4.2 LO
State the elements found in alcohol Give examples of alcohol Describe the process of producing alcohol
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4.2
Analysing alcohol and its effects on health

1 State the process that produces alcohol. (Fermentation) 2 State the substance that is added into the carbohydrate in the process of fermentation. (Yeast) 3 Write a word equation to represent the fermentation process on glucose. (Glucose : ethanol + carbon dioxide) 4 Name the enzyme in yeast that reacts on carbohydrate during the fermentation. (Zymase)
4.3 EXPERIMENT
INQUIRY
4.2 EXPERIMENT
INQUIRY
5 Name processes X and Y below. Glucose X Ethanol X Pure ethanol
(X: Fermentation; Y: Distillation)

4.4 EXPERIMENT
INQUIRY
6 Give two properties of alcohol. (Soluble in water and is a colourless liquid/Low boiling point/ Burns to produce soot-free blue ame) 7 Write a word equation to represent the process of esterication. (Alcohol + organic acid : ester + water)
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Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
5 Daripada jawapan anda di 3 dan 4, lengkapkan persamaan kimia dalam perkataan untuk mewakili tindak balas kimia yang berlaku di dalam kelalang kon. yis etanol + karbon dioksida Glukosa 6 Cadangkan dua bahan lain yang boleh digunakan untuk menggantikan larutan glukosa dalam eksperimen ini. Jus nanas dan jus tebu (atau sebarang karbohidrat yang lain) 7 Cadangkan cara untuk mengasingkan campuran bahan dalam kelalang kon bagi memperoleh alkohol tulen. penyulingan Melalui proses
KBSB
Mensintesis
5 From your answer in 3 and 4, complete the chemical equation in words to represent the chemical reaction that occurred in the conical flask. Glucose yeast ethanol + carbon dioxide
TSTS
Synthesising
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
KBSB
Menjana idea
6 Suggest two other substances that can be used to replace glucose in this experiment. Pineapple juice and sugarcane juice (or any other carbohydrate) 7 Suggest a way to separate the contents of the conical flask to obtain pure alcohol. distillation Through process .
TSTS
Generating ideas
KBSB
Menjana idea
TSTS
Generating ideas
KESIMPULAN APLIKASI IDEA REFLEKSI
Etanol dapat disediakan melalui tindakan Etanol membuat ubat
yis
ke atas
larutan glukosa
CONCLUSION APPLICATION oF IDEA REFLECTION
Ethanol can be prepared through the action of Ethanol medicine
yeast
on
glucose solution
yang dihasilkan melalui proses penapaian boleh digunakan untuk perisa tiruan dan .
produced through the distillation process can be used to produce and
artificial flavouring
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BAB
Proses penapaian sesuai dijalankan pada suhu bilik kerana suhu bilik pertumbuhan adalah suhu optimum bagi dan pembiakan yis (kulat).
Fermentation is carried out at room temperature because room growth temperature is the optimum temperature for the
and
Bir biasanya mengandungi kira-kira 3% alkohol.
reproduction
of yeast (fungi).
Beer normally contains approximately 3% of alcohol.
4
TUJUAN BAHAN RADAS
4.3 HP
4.3 INKUIRI
EKSPERIMEN
Penghasilan etanol tulen melalui proses penyulingan

1995
Inkuiri-penemuan
4.3
INQUIRY Production of pure ethanol through the distillation

EXPERIMENT
P
process
Inquiry-discovery
Str. teori soalan 4
1995
Str. theory question 4
Menghasilkan etanol tulen melalui proses penyulingan Hasil penapaian (campuran air dan etanol), air pili, serpihan porselin Kelalang penyulingan, kasa dawai, tungku kaki tiga, penunu Bunsen, termometer, kondenser Liebig, bikar 100 ml, salur getah, kaki retort
termometer air keluar kondenser Liebig turus penyulingan
AIM MATERIALS APPARATUS
To produce pure ethanol through the distillation process Fermentation product (mixture of water and ethanol), tap water, porcelain pieces Distillation flask, wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen burner, thermometer, Liebig condenser, 100 ml beaker, rubber hose, retort stand
Perhatian!
Jangan hidu sebarang bahan kimia di dalam makmal kecuali diarahkan oleh guru.
thermometer water outlet Liebig condenser distillation column
Dont smell any chemical in the laboratory unless instructed by your teacher.
Be Alert!
kukus air hasil turasan penapaian serpihan porselin
air masuk
water bath filtered fermentation product porcelain pieces heat
water inlet
xxxxxxxxxxxx
etanol (hasil sulingan)
xxxxxxxxxxxx
ethanol (distilled product)
panaskan
Menghuraikan proses pembentukan alkohol
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Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 5, Aktiviti Makmal 4.1, hlm. 92
4.3 LO
Describe the process of producing alcohol
60
8 State the catalyst used in esterication. (Concentrated sulphuric acid) 9 State two uses of alcohol. (As fuel and to make medicine/cosmetics/solvent)
RESEARCH 4.5ACTIVITY ICT
10 State one effect of alcohol on stomach. (Causes gastritis)
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LANGKAH
1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti dalam rajah di atas. 2 Masukkan hasil penapaian daripada eksperimen yang sebelumnya ke dalam kelalang penyulingan. 3 Panaskan hasil penapaian dan kutipkan cecair jernih yang terkeluar daripada kondenser Liebig. 4 Catat suhu pada termometer ketika cecair jernih tersuling keluar. 5 Perhatikan warna hasil penyulingan dan hidu baunya. 6 Catat pemerhatian anda tentang ciri-ciri hasil sulingan. 1 Susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah disediakan. 2 Hasil penapaian daripada eksperimen yang sebelumnya dimasukkan ke dalam kelalang penyulingan. 3 Hasil penapaian dipanaskan dan cecair jernih yang terkeluar daripada kondenser Liebig dikumpul. 4 Suhu pada termometer dicatat ketika cecair jernih tersuling keluar. 5 Warna hasil penyulingan diperhatikan dan baunya dihidu. 6 Pemerhatian tentang ciri-ciri hasil sulingan dicatatkan.
PROCEDURE
1 Prepare the apparatus as shown above. 2 Add the fermentation product from the previous experiment into the distillation flask. 3 Heat up the fermentation product and collect the clear liquid that comes out from the Liebig condenser. 4 Record the temperature as the clear liquid is distilled out. 5 Observe the colour and odour of the distilled product. 6 Record your observation on the characteristics of the distilled product. 1 The apparatus is prepared as shown in the diagram. 2 The fermentation product from the previous experiment is added into the distillation flask. 3 The fermentation product is heated and a clear liquid that comes out from the Liebig condenser is collected.
CARA KERJA
STEPS
CHAPTER
4 The temperature is recorded when the clear liquid is distilled out. 5 The colour and odour of the distilled product are recorded. 6 Observation on the characteristics of the distilled product is recorded.
BAB
PEMERHATIAN
1 Cecair jernih tersuling keluar pada julat suhu tidak berwarna 2 Hasil penyulingan adalah
7882 C dan berbau alkohol
. .
OBSERVATION ANALYSIS
ANALISIS
1 Apakah nama proses yang digunakan dalam eksperimen ini? Penyulingan 2 Apakah fungsi serpihan porselin? Untuk memecahkan dalam cecair campuran. 3 Apakah peranan kondenser Liebig? menyejukkan Untuk dan kepada cecair. 4 Mengapakah air memasuki kondenser Liebig dari bahagian bawah tetapi bukan di sebaliknya? diisi penuh (a) Untuk memastikan kondenser Liebig dengan air. (b) Supaya haba tidak terperangkap di dalam kondenser. 5 Namakan hasil penyulingan itu. Etanol 6 Apakah prinsip sains yang digunakan untuk memisahkan bahan di 5 daripada air? Takat didih berbeza etanol dan air adalah .
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KBSB
Mengkonsepsikan
1 Clear liquid is distilled out at the temperature range of colourless 2 The distilled product is and smells like 1 What is the name of the process used in this experiment? Distillation 2 What is the function of the porcelain pieces? air bubbles To break in the mixture.
7882 C alcohol
. .
KBSB
gelembung udara
Menjana idea
TSTS
Generating idea
mengkondensasikan
wap
KBSB
Menjana idea
3 What is the role of the Liebig condenser? cool condense To and
TSTS
vapour into liquid.
Generating idea
KBSB
Menjana idea
4 Why does water flow into the Liebig condenser from the bottom and exit at the top? fully filled (a) To ensure that the Liebig condenser is with water. (b) So that the heat is not 5 Name the distilled product. Ethanol 6 What is the scientific principle used to separate the substance in 5 from water? boiling point different The of ethanol and water are .
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TSTS
Generating idea
trapped
in the condenser.
TSTS
Conceptualising
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7 Carta aliran di bawah menunjukkan bagaimana etanol tulen dapat diperoleh daripada larutan glukosa. Apakah proses X dan Y? X Y X: Penapaian Larutan Etanol Etanol glukosa tulen Yis Y: Penyulingan
7 The flow chart below shows how the pure ethanol can be obtained from a glucose solution. What are processes X and Y? X Y X: Fermentation Glucose Pure Ethanol solution ethanol Yeast Y: Distillation
Etanol tulen dapat diperoleh melalui proses hasil penapaian.
penyulingan
ke atas
Pure ethanol can be obtained through the product. Distillation
distillation
process on the fermented
penyulingan Proses dapat digunakan untuk memperoleh air suling di dalam makmal untuk menyediakan larutan bahan kimia. Etanol yang diminum akan meresap ke dalam dan boleh menyebabkan seseorang menjadi salur darah mabuk .
Glosari
Penyulingan: Proses pemanasan cecair menjadi wap (gas) diikuti dengan pengkondensasian wap itu untuk memperoleh cecair tulen.
Glossary
Distillation: The process of heating liquid into vapour (gas) and followed by the condensation of the vapour to get pure liquid.
process can also be used to obtain distilled water used in the laboratory to prepare chemical solutions.
Ethanol that is consumed will be absorbed into the drunk and can cause a person to be .
blood stream
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BAB
4.4 INKUIRI
TUJUAN BAHAN RADAS
EKSPERIMEN
Sifat-sifat alkohol
2001
Inkuiri-penemuan
4.4
INQUIRY
EXPERIMENT
Characteristics of alcohol
2001
Inquiry-discovery
4
Mengkaji sifat-sifat alkohol Tabung uji, mangkuk penyejat, bikar 100 ml, kasa dawai, tungku kaki tiga, penunu Bunsen 1 Jalankan eksperimen seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam jadual di bawah. 2 Catat pemerhatian anda dalam jadual yang sama.
Str. teori soalan 4
To study the characteristics of alcohol Liquid ethanol, water, wooden splinter, filter paper, ethanoic acid, concentrated sulphuric acid, matches Test tube, evaporating dish, 100 ml beaker, wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen burner 1 Carry out the experiment as shown in the following table. 2 Record your observation in the same table.
Dont smell any chemicals unless instructed by your teacher.
Cecair etanol, air, kayu uji, kertas turas, asid etanoik, asid sulfurik pekat, mancis
Perhatian!
Jangan hidu sebarang bahan kimia kecuali diarahkan oleh guru.
Be Alert!
LANGKAH
PROCEDURE
PEMERHATIAN
Eksperimen (a) Masukkan sedikit cecair etanol ke dalam tabung uji yang berisi air.
Pemerhatian
OBSERVATION
Experiment (a) Add a little liquid ethanol into a test tube filled with water.
Observation
Etanol dengan air.
terlarut campur
Ethanol in water.
dissolves
(b)
mudah terbakar Etanol dalam udara dengan nyala biru tanpa jelaga
mangkuk penyejat cecair etanol
(b)
.
evaporation dish liquid ethanol
easily combustible Ethanol is in the air. The combustion produces blue sootless flame.
1 Masukkan sedikit cecair etanol ke dalam mangkuk penyejat. 2 Nyalakan cecair etanol. 3 Letakkan sekeping kertas turas di atas nyalaan dan alihkannya dengan cepat.
4.4 HP Menyatakan sifat umum alkohol Menyenaraikan kegunaan alkohol Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 5, Aktiviti Makmal 4.2, hlm. 93 4.4 LO
1 Add a little liquid ethanol into the evaporation dish. 2 Light up the ethanol. 3 Put a piece of filter paper on top of the flame and remove it quickly.
State the general characteristics of alcohol List the uses of alcohol Refer to Essential Science Form 5, Laboratory Activity 4.2, p. 93
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Eksperimen (c)
etanol + asid etanoik + asid sulfurik pekat panaskan
Pemerhatian
Experiment (c)
ethanol + ethanoic acid + concentrated sulphuric acid
Observation
Bau wangi
terhasil.
fragrant smell
is produced.
heat
1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti di atas. 2 Masukkan kira-kira 10 cm3 etanol dan 10 cm3 asid etanoik ke dalam bikar. 3 Titiskan beberapa titik asid sulfurik pekat ke dalam campuran itu. 4 Panaskan campuran dalam bikar sehingga mendidih. 5 Hidu bau yang terhasil.
1 Prepare the above apparatus. 2 Add approximately 10 cm3 of ethanol and 10 cm3 of ethanoic acid into the beaker. 3 Add a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid into the mixture. 4 Boil the mixture in the beaker. 5 Describe the smell produced.
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BAB
ANALISIS
1 Mengapakah etanol terbakar dengan nyalaan tanpa jelaga dalam udara? lengkap Etanol terbakar dengan dalam udara. 2 Apakah hasil pembakaran etanol dalam udara? Karbon dioksida air dan 3 Lengkapkan persamaan kimia dalam bentuk perkataan bagi tindak balas pembakaran etanol dalam udara. karbon dioksida air Etanol + oksigen + 4 Apakah fungsi asid sulfurik pekat dalam eksperimen (c)? mangkin Sebagai 5 Apakah bahan yang berbau wangi itu? Ester 6 Apakah nama proses yang berlaku dalam eksperimen (c)? Pengesteran 7 Tulis satu persamaan kimia yang umum bagi tindak balas yang berlaku. Alkohol asid organik ester air + +
KBSB
Menjana idea
ANALYSIS
1 Why does ethanol burn without producing any soot? completely Ethanol burns in the presence of air. 2 What are the products of burning ethanol in the presence of air? carbon dioxide water and
TSTS
Generating idea
KBSB
Mensintesis
3 Complete the chemical equation in words to represent the burning of ethanol in the presence of air. carbon dioxide water Ethanol + oxygen + 4 What is the function of concentrated sulphuric acid in experiment (c)? catalyst As a 5 What is the name of the substance that produces the smell? Ester 6 What is the name of the process in experiment (c)? Esterification
TSTS
Synthesising
KBSB
Menjana idea
TSTS
Generating idea
KBSB
Mensintesis
7 Write a general chemical equation for the reaction that occurred. Alcohol organic acid ester water + +
TSTS
Synthesising
KESIMPULAN
Alkohol
dalam air, mudah ester dengan asid organik untuk menghasilkan Ester biasanya digunakan untuk membuat makanan. Ester juga digunakan untuk membuat
terlarut campur
terbakar . perisa minyak wangi
, dan bertindak balas
CONCLUSION
Alcohol
dissolves ester
in water, is easily .
combustible
, and reacts with organic
acid to produce dalam industri .
REFLEKSI
REFLECTION
Ester is usually used to make Ester is also used to make perfume
artificial flavouring .
in the food industry.
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4.5 PENYELIDIKAN
AKTIVITI
ICT
Kesan alkohol ke atas kesihatan manusia

2003 Esei soalan 2(a) 2007
Kontekstual
4.5
ACTIVITY
RESEARCH
ICT
Effects of alcohol on human health

2003 Essay question 2(a) 2007
Contextual
Str. teori soalan 7(b)
Str. theory question 7(b)
Petikan di bawah telah diubah suai daripada laman web yang berikut: http://home.howstuffworks.com/alcohol.htm Alkohol adalah salah satu jenis bahan yang paling kerap digunakan dalam pelbagai bentuk seperti wain, bir, dan spirit. Penagih alkohol menyalahgunakan alkohol. Dalam keadaan tersebut, alkohol bertindak sebagai satu depresan. Dalam kuantiti yang kecil, alkohol adalah tidak berbahaya. Namun demikian, meminum dalam kuantiti yang banyak akan menyebabkan muntah, kekeringan badan (dehydration) dan sebagainya. Baca petikan di atas dengan teliti. Kemudian, kumpulkan maklumat daripada laman web yang lain dengan kata kunci alcohol dalam enjin gelintar tentang kesan buruk alkohol ke atas kesihatan. pemikiran parut penglihatan lambat sirosis hati mengantuk pendengaran kehilangan haba menghakis ulser gastritis keseimbangan badan mengembang tindakan terkawal
The excerpt below is adapted from the website below: http://home.howstuffworks.com/alcohol.htm
Alcohol is a common substance that is used in various forms such as wine, beer and spirit. An alcoholic abuses alcohol. In that condition, alcohol acts as a depressant. In small quantities, alcohol is harmless. However, in large quantities, it can cause vomiting, dehydration and so on. Read the above excerpt carefully. Then, gather relevant information on the effects of alcohol on the health of humans from various websites, using the keyword alcohol in the search engine. thinking sight scarred slower liver cirrhosis heat loss sleepy erodes hearing ulser gastritis expand body balance voluntary action
CHAPTER
BAB
1 Kesan ke atas otak Kesan terhadap serebelum Koordinasi otot terganggu menyebabkan keseimbangan badan turut terjejas. Kesan terhadap serebrum Mengganggu pemikiran tindakan terkawal . pendengaran Deria dan penglihatan dan menjadi kurang baik.
1 Effects on the brain Effects on cerebellum Coordination of muscles is disturbed, affecting body balance . Effects on cerebrum thinking Disturbs and voluntary action Hearing sight impaired and become
2 Kesan ke atas sistem saraf dan organ badan Kesan terhadap hati Merosakkan sel-sel hati menyebabkan sirosis hati , iaitu kemerosotan tisutisu hati menjadi tisuparut tisu yang berbahaya. Kesan terhadap perut menghakis Alkohol permukaan dalam perut dan gastritis . menyebabkan Dalam keadaan teruk, ulser terjadi.
4.5 HP Menghuraikan dengan contoh kesan alkohol ke atas kesihatan manusia
2 Effects on the nervous system and body organs. Kesan terhadap sistem saraf Peminum kurang peka terhadap rangsangan menyebabkan gerak lambat balasnya Peminum berasa mengantuk Kesan terhadap kulit Arteri kulit mengembang dan mengakibatkan kehilangan haba yang banyak dari badan. . Effects on the liver Damages the liver cells liver causing cirrhosis . where liver tissues degenerate into damaging scarred tissues. Effects on the stomach erodes Alcohol the internal surface of the stomach to cause gastritis . ulcer In serious cases, is formed.
4.5 LO Explain with examples the effects of alcohol on health
Effects on the nervous system The reflexes of a drunkard become slower . He feels sleepy .
Effects on the skin The arteries in the skin expand and cause massive heat loss from the body.
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Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
4.6 PERBINCANGAN
AKTIVITI
4.3 Menganalisis lemak dan kesannya ke atas kesihatan
Learning Objective
Perbandingan antara lemak tepu dan lemak tak tepu
Masteri
4.6
DISCUSSION Comparison between saturated fats and unsaturated fats

ACTIVITY
4.3 Analysing fats and their effects on health
Mastery
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
Bandingkan dan bezakan lemak tepu dengan lemak tak tepu. Lemak tepu Persamaan Terbina daripada unsur karbon hidrogen oksigen , dan Perbezaan Lemak haiwan Pepejal Lebih tinggi Lebih tinggi Kesan buruk Lemak ayam Sumber Keadaan pada suhu bilik Takat lebur Kandungan kolesterol Kesan ke atas kesihatan Contoh Minyak tumbuhan , Lemak tak tepu
Compare and contrast saturated fats with unsaturated fats. Saturated fats Similarity Consist of carbon , hydrogen , oxygen and elements Differences Animal fats Source Condition at room temperature Melting point Cholesterol content Effect on health Example Vegetable oils Liquid Lower Almost nil Good effect Palm oil Unsaturated fats
CHAPTER
BAB
Cecair Lebih rendah Hampir tiada Baik kepada kesihatan Minyak sawit
Solids Higher Higher Negative effect Chicken fats
Pengambilan lemak tepu yang berlebihan boleh menyebabkan serangan penyakit jantung dan
tekanan darah tinggi . Excessive consumption of saturated fats can cause high blood pressure and heart attack .
4.7 PENYELIDIKAN
AKTIVITI
ICT
Kolesterol dalam makanan
Kontekstual
4.7
ACTIVITY
RESEARCH
ICT
Cholesterols in food
Contextual
Petikan di bawah diubah suai daripada laman web berikut. Baca dengan teliti dan jawab soalan-soalan yang diberikan. http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/fats-full-story/index.html Kolesterol terdapat di dalam semua bahagian badan seperti sistem saraf dan hati. Kolesterol dapat dibina di dalam badan. 1 Namakan tiga bahagian badan lain di mana kolesterol boleh ditemui. Kulit, otot, dan jantung 2 Nyatakan dua contoh makanan lain yang kaya dengan kolesterol. Daging haiwan dan makanan laut 3 Pada pendapat anda, makanan yang manakah baik untuk kesihatan kita? Makanan yang berasal daripada tumbuhan
4.6 HP Memberi contoh lemak Menyatakan sumber lemak Menyatakan unsur dalam lemak Menyatakan maksud lemak tepu dan lemak tak tepu
The following excerpts are adapted from the following websites. Read carefully and answer the following questions. http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/fats-full-story/index.html Cholesterols can be found in all parts of the body such as the nervous system and liver. Cholesterols can be made in the body. 1 Name three other parts of the body that contain cholesterols. Skin, muscle and heart 2 State two other examples of food that is rich in cholesterols. Animal meat and seafood 3 In your opinion, which food is best for our health? Food originating from plants
4.6 LO Give examples of fats State the sources of fats State the elements found in fats State what saturated fats and unsaturated fats are
.
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4.7 LO Compare and contrast saturated fats and unsaturated fats Explain with examples the effects of consuming food rich in saturated fats on health
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4.7 HP
Membanding dan membezakan lemak tepu dengan lemak tak tepu Menghuraikan dengan contoh kesan memakan makanan yang kaya dengan lemak tepu ke atas kesihatan
4.3
Analysing fats and their effects on health

1 What are the elements of fat? (Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) 2 Name the liquid state of fat. (Oil) 3 State two examples of fats in solid state. (Chicken fat and cow fat) 4 State two types of fats. (Saturated and unsaturated fats) 5 State the type of animal fat. (Saturated fat)
6 State the type of plant fat. (Unsaturated fat) 7 Compare the hydrogen content in saturated fat molecules and in unsaturated fat molecules. (The saturated fat molecules contain more hydrogen atoms as compared to unsaturated fat molecules) 8 Give two examples of saturated fat. (Chicken fat and cow fat) 9 Give two examples of unsaturated fat. (Groundnut oil and coconut oil/palm oil) 10 Explain briey how to change an unsaturated fat (palm oil) to a saturated fat (margarine). (By adding hydrogen atoms to the unsaturated fat in a hydrogenation reaction)
4.6DISCUSSION ACTIVITY
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4.8 PROJEK
Carbon Compounds
AKTIVITI
KOLABORATIF
Kesan memakan makanan yang mengandungi lemak tepu dan lemak tak tepu ke atas kesihatan
Masteri
4.8
PROJECT
COLLABORATIVE
ACTIVITY
Effects of consuming food rich in saturated and unsaturated fats on health
Mastery
Chapter 4
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
TUJUAN
Menimbulkan kesedaran pelajar untuk memilih makanan yang sihat dalam gizi harian
AIM
To create awareness among students on choosing healthy food in their daily diet
1 Jalankan projek dalam kumpulan yang terdiri daripada dua atau tiga orang. 2 Setiap kumpulan dikehendaki mengumpulkan maklumat tentang kesan memakan makanan yang kaya dengan lemak tepu dan lemak tak tepu ke atas kesihatan.
Contoh-contoh makanan yang kaya dengan lemak tepu Contoh-contoh makanan yang kaya dengan lemak tak tepu Kesan memakan makanan yang kaya dengan lemak tepu dan lemak tak tepu ke atas kesihatan badan
1 Carry out the project in groups of two to three persons. 2 Each group is required to collect information on the effects of consuming food rich in saturated and unsaturated fats on health.
Effects of consuming food rich in saturated and unsaturated fats on health
Examples of food rich in saturated fats
Examples of food rich in unsaturated fats
CHAPTER
BAB
3 Satu pelan tindakan bagi aktiviti pengumpulan maklumat dicadangkan di bawah.

Peringkat I Aktiviti Mengumpulkan maklumat tentang contohcontoh makanan yang kaya dengan lemak tepu Mengumpulkan maklumat tentang contohcontoh makanan yang kaya dengan lemak tak tepu Mengumpulkan maklumat tentang kesan memakan makanan yang kaya dengan lemak tepu dan lemak tak tepu ke atas kesihatan badan Tempoh (Tarikh) Tindakan
3 An action plan for the gathering of information is proposed below.

Stage I Activity Collect information on examples of food rich in saturated fats Collect information on examples of food rich in unsaturated fats Collect information on the effects of consuming food rich in saturated and unsaturated fats on human health Period (Date) Action
II
II
III
III
4 Pelajar dikehendaki mengumpul maklumat yang relevan mengikut pelan. Pelan tindakan ini dibahagikan kepada tiga peringkat untuk memastikan pengumpulan maklumat tindakan dijalankan secara sistematik. 5 Maklumat boleh dikumpulkan daripada pusat sumber atau daripada Internet. 6 Kemudian, satu folio yang mempunyai kira-kira 10 muka surat disediakan. Folio anda perlu mengandungi perkara-perkara berikut. (a) Tajuk (b) Senarai nama ahli kumpulan (c) Pendahuluan dan penghargaan (d) Objektif projek (e) Pelan tindakan projek Apakah sikap saintifik dan nilai murni anda pelajari (f) Isi kandungan semasa menjalankan projek (g) Kesimpulan ini? (h) Refleksi (i) Lampiran (Bahan rujukan) 7 Anda boleh memasukkan foto atau rajah yang sesuai di dalam folio anda. 8 Folio perlu dibuat dengan menggunakan perisian komputer seperti Microsoft Word. 9 Masa selama seminggu diberi untuk menyiapkan folio ini. 10 Setiap kumpulan dikehendaki membentangkan hasil projek di dalam kelas.
4.8 HP Menghuraikan dengan contoh kesan memakan makanan yang kaya dengan lemak tepu dan lemak tak tepu ke atas kesihatan
4 You are required to gather the relevant information according to the action plan. The action plan is divided into three stages to ensure that the information are gathered systematically. 5 The information can be collected from the resource centre or through the Internet. 6 Then, an approximately 10-page folio must be prepared. It must contain the following: (a) Title (b) List of members names (c) Introduction and acknowledgement (d) Projects objective What scientific and moral (e) Projects action plan values have you learnt (f) Contents while carrying out this project? (g) Conclusion (h) Reflection (i) Bibliography 7 You may insert suitable photos or diagrams in your folio. 8 Your folio must be prepared using software such as Microsoft Word. 9 The time given to complete your folio is one week. 10 Each group is required to present the outcome of the research to the whole class.
4.8 LO Explain with examples the effects of consuming food rich in saturated fats and unsaturated fats on health
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RESEARCH 4.7ACTIVITY ICT
11 Which type of fat is not good for health? Explain your answer. (Saturated fat. It is rich in cholesterol.) 12 Which type of fat is good for health? Explain your answer. (Unsaturated fat. It will lower the cholesterol content in the blood.)
13 State three diseases that a person may suffer from if he/she consumes excessive saturated fats. (Stroke, high blood pressure and heart attack) 14 State the type of fat that is able to eliminate cholesterol in saturated fat and carries it to the liver to be decomposed. (Unsaturated fat)
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4.4 Menganalisis minyak sawit dan kepentingannya kepada perkembangan negara
Learning Objective
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
4.9 PERBINCANGAN
AKTIVITI
Struktur buah kelapa sawit dan pengekstrakan minyak sawit

2004 Str. teori soalan 2 2005
Masteri
4.9
DISCUSSION Structure of an oil palm fruit and extraction of palm oil

ACTIVITY
2004 Str. theory question 2 2005
4.4 Analysing oil palm and its importance to the national development
Mastery
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
Str. teori soalan 8
Kaji keratan rentas buah kelapa sawit yang diberikan di bawah. Kemudian, jawab soalan yang diberikan.
Study the cross-section of the oil palm fruit given below. Then, answer the questions given.
Glosari
Kelapa sawit: Buah yang dapat menghasilkan minyak masak yang berwarna jingga.
Sabut (mesokarp) Isirung (kernel)
Glossary
Oil palm: The fruit that can produce an orange coloured cooking oil.
Husk (mesocarp) Core (kernel)
Tempurung
Shell
CHAPTER
1 Label keratan rentas buah kelapa sawit dengan menggunakan perkataanperkataan berikut. Isirung (kernel) Sabut (mesokarp) Tempurung
Hampir 90% daripada hasil minyak sawit digunakan dalam industri makanan.
BAB
1 Label the cross-section of the oil palm fruit with the following words. Core (kernel) Husk (mesocarp) Shell
Almost 90% of the palm oil product is used in the food industry.
2 Bahagian manakah pada buah kelapa sawit yang menghasilkan minyak yang paling banyak? Sabut/Mesokarp 3 Apakah jenis lemak yang terkandung di dalam minyak sawit? Lemak tak tepu 4 Bahagian lain yang manakah pada buah kelapa sawit dapat membekalkan minyak? Isirung 5 Apakah bahan yang memberi warna jingga minyak sawit? beta-karotena Pigment 6 Anda diberikan kaedah pengekstrakan minyak sawit. Padankan kaedah itu dengan proses yang betul. Kaedah Pensterilan Pemisahan Pencernaan Pengekstrakan Penapisan Penulenan Proses Minyak diperah daripada sabut oleh penekan Memisahkan buah daripada tandan Menyingkirkan bendasing daripada minyak Memisahkan sabut daripada tempurung Membunuh bakteria dan kulat dan melembutkan buah Stim dialirkan melalui minyak untuk menghilangkan bau. Minyak dialirkan menerusi karbon yang diaktifkan untuk menyingkirkan warna.
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2 Which part of the oil palm fruit produces the most oil? The husk/mesocarp 3 What type of fats is contained in the palm oil? Unsaturated fats 4 Which other part of the oil palm fruit produces oil? Core 5 What substance provides the orange colour in plam oil? Beta-carotene pigment 6 You are given the palm oil extraction methods. Match the methods to its corresponding process. Method Sterilisation Separation Digesting Extraction Filtration Purification Process Oil is pressed from the husk by presser Separates fruits from bunch Removes oil impurities Dehusking of fruit Kills bacteria and fungi and softens the fruit
Steam is flowed through the oil to eliminate its smell. Oil is flowed through activated carbon to eliminate its colour.
4.9 HP
Menghuraikan struktur buah kelapa sawit Menghuraikan proses pengekstrakan minyak sawit daripada buah kelapa sawit
4.9 LO
Describe the structure of an oil palm fruit Describe the process of extracting palm oil from the oil palm fruit
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4.4
Analysing oil palm and its importance to the national development

1 State the part in an oil palm fruit which supplies a lot of oil. (Mesocarp) 2 State the part in an oil palm fruit which produces a little oil but of high quality. (Kernel) 3 Name the process of obtaining oil from oil palm fruit. (Extraction) 4 Name the process where oil palm fruits are steamed in hot vapour to kill bacteria and fungi. (Sterilisation) 5 Name the process where oil palm fruits are removed from the bunches. (Threshing)
6 What is the purpose of owing palm oil through activated carbon? (To remove its colour)
4.10THINKING ACTIVITY
4.9DISCUSSION ACTIVITY
7 State two uses of palm oil. (As cooking oil and to make soap/candle/condensed milk/ margarine) 8 State two types of vitamins that palm oil contains. (Vitamins A and E) 9 What is the advantage of consuming palm oil as cooking oil? (Palm oil does not contain cholesterol.) 10 State one potential use of palm oil in transportation. (To produce a type of fuel to replace diesel for heavy vehicles)
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4.10 BERFIKIR
AKTIVITI
Kegunaan minyak sawit dan nutriennya

Kontekstual
Str. teori soalan 8
4.10
THINKING
ACTIVITY
Uses of palm oil and its nutrients

Contextual
Buah kelapa sawit mempunyai banyak kegunaan. Kaji foto yang berikut dengan teliti dan jawab soalan di bawah. Hasil minyak sawit
Oil palm fruits have many uses. Study the photos below carefully and answer the following questions. Oil palm products
CHAPTER
BAB
sabun
marjerin
soap
margarine
4
Lilin Minyak masak Susu pekat Krim rambut 1 Namakan barang yang dibuat daripada minyak sawit dalam rajah di atas. 2 Nyatakan tiga kegunaan minyak sawit yang lain. minyak pelincir (a) Membuat (b) Membuat (c) Membuat dakwat bahan kosmetik 3 Minyak sawit digunakan sebagai minyak masak. Nyatakan dua kelebihannya. tidak berbuih (a) Minyak sawit apabila dididihkan. (b) Minyak sawit tidak mengandungi kolesterol . 4 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan vitamin yang terkandung dalam minyak sawit dan fungsinya.
Vitamin A E Untuk mencegah Untuk mencegah Fungsi
4
candle cooking oil condensed milk hair cream 1 Name the things that are made from palm oil in the diagram above. 2 State three other uses of palm oil lubricant (a) To make (b) To make (c) To make ink cosmetics 3 Palm oil is used as cooking oil. State two advantages of such a use. does not foam (a) Palm oil while boiling. (b) Palm oil does not contain cholesterol . 4 Complete the table below with vitamins that are contained in palm oil and its function.
Vitamin A E To prevent To prevent Function
rabun malam penyakit jantung
night-blindness heart attack
5 Minyak sawit mengandungi beta-karoten. Apakah jenis penyakit yang dapat dicegah oleh beta-karotena? Penyakit kanser
4.10 HP Menyenaraikan kegunaan minyak kelapa sawit
5 Palm oil contains beta-carotene. What type of disease can be prevented by beta-carotene? Cancer
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4.10 HP Menyenaraikan bahan berkhasiat dalam minyak kelapa sawit
4.10 LO List the uses of palm oil
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4.10 LO List the nutritional substances found in palm oil
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Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
4.11 INKUIRI
TUJUAN BAHAN RADAS
EKSPERIMEN
4.5 Menganalisis proses pembuatan sabun daripada minyak dan tindakan pencucian sabun
Learning Objective
Proses pembuatan sabun

1996
Inkuiri-penemuan
INQUIRY Process of making soaps P 4.11

EXPERIMENT
4.5 Analysing the process of making soap from oil and the cleansing action of soap Inquiry-discovery
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
Str. teori soalan 5
1996
Mengkaji proses pembuatan sabun melalui tindak balas minyak dengan larutan natrium hidroksida Minyak sawit, larutan natrium hidroksida pekat (4 mol dm3), serbuk natrium klorida, kertas litmus merah, air suling Bikar 250 ml, tungku kaki tiga, kasa dawai, penunu Bunsen, rod kaca, spatula, silinder penyukat 10 ml dan 100 ml, tabung uji
To study the process of making soap from the reaction of oil with sodium hydroxide solution Palm oil, concentrated sodium hydroxide solution (4 mol dm3), sodium chloride powder, red litmus paper, distilled water 250 ml beaker, tripod stand, wire gauze, Bunsen burner, glass rod, spatula, 10 ml and 100 ml measuring cylinders, test tube
EKSPERIMEN
LANGKAH
PROCEDURE CHAPTER BAB

rod kaca glass rod
minyak sawit + larutan natrium hidroksida pekat panaskan
palm oil + concentrated sodium hydroxide solution heat
4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 Masukkan kira-kira 5 cm3 minyak sawit ke dalam sebuah bikar. 2 Tambahkan kira-kira 30 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida ke dalam bikar yang sama. 3 Didihkan dan kacaukan campuran itu selama lima minit. Elakkan campuran itu daripada berbuih. 4 Tambahkan 50 cm3 air suling dan dua spatula serbuk garam biasa (natrium klorida). 5 Didihkan dan kacau campuran selama beberapa minit. 6 Biarkan campuran dalam bikar menyejuk dan turaskan pepejal putih yang terhasil. 7 Jalankan ujian yang berikut ke atas pepejal putih itu. (a) Gosok pepejal putih di antara dua jari. (b) Goncang sedikit pepejal putih bersama-sama air dalam tabung uji. (c) Uji dengan kertas litmus merah lembap. 8 Catat pemerhatian anda tentang ciri-ciri hasil yang diperoleh.
Put approximately 5 cm3 of palm oil into a beaker. Add approximately 30 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution into the same beaker. Boil and stir the mixture for five minutes. Avoid the mixture from foaming. Add 50 cm3 of distilled water and two spatulas of common salt (sodium chloride) into it. Boil the mixture. Stir it for several minutes. Let the mixture in the beaker cool before filtering the white solid that is produced. Carry out the following tests on the white solid. (a) Rub the white solid between your fingers. (b) Shake a little white solid together with water in a test tube. (c) Test the white solid with a moist red litmus paper. 8 Record your observation on the characteristics of the product obtained.
CARA KERJA
1 Kira-kira 5 cm3 minyak sawit dimasukkan ke dalam sebuah bikar. 2 Kira-kira 30 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida pekat ditambahkan ke dalam bikar yang sama. 3 Campuran itu dididihkan dan dikacau selama lima minit. Campuran itu dielakkan daripada berbuih. 4 50 cm3 air suling dan dua spatula serbuk garam biasa (natrium klorida) ditambahkan. 5 Campuran dididihkan dan dikacau selama beberapa minit. 6 Campuran dalam bikar dibiarkan sejuk dan pepejal putih yang terhasil dituraskan.
STEPS
1 Approximately 5 cm3 of palm oil is put into a beaker. 2 Approximately 30 cm3 of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution is added into the same beaker. 3 The mixture is boiled and stirred for five minutes. Foaming of the mixture is prevented. 4 50 cm3 of distilled water and two spatulas of common salt (sodium chloride) are added. 5 The mixture is boiled and stirred for several minutes. 6 The mixture in the beaker is left to cool before the white solid that is produced is filtered.
4.11 HP Menghuraikan proses pembuatan sabun Menyatakan minyak terdiri daripada asid lemak dan gliserol Menyatakan sabun ialah garam hasil daripada tindak balas antara natrium hidroksida dengan asid lemak
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Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 5, Aktiviti Makmal 4.3, hlm. 102
4.11 LO Describe the process of making soap State that oils contain fatty acids and glycerol State that soap is a salt produced by the reaction between sodium hydroxide and fatty acids
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4.5
Analysing the process of making soap from oil and the cleansing action of soap
1 State two substances that made up fats or oils. (Fatty acids and glycerol) 2 State two types of oil that can be used in the manufacture of soap. (Palm oil and coconut oil/olive oil) 3 Name the soap making process. (Saponication)
4 Name the process where an alkali is boiled together with vegetable oil during the process of making soap. (Hydrolysis) 5 State the purpose of adding sodium chloride powder in the mixture of palm oil and concentrated sodium hydroxide during the soap making. (To lower the solubility of soap in water) 6 State a washing agent that is used to remove dirt or grease from organic materials. (Soap)
4.11 EXPERIMENT
INQUIRY
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7 Ujian yang berikut dijalankan ke atas pepejal putih itu. (a) Digosok di antara kedua jari. (b) Sedikit pepejal putih digoncang bersama-sama air dalam tabung uji. (c) Diuji dengan kertas litmus merah lembap. 8 Pemerhatian tentang ciri-ciri hasil yang diperoleh dicatat.
7 The following tests are carried out on the white solid. (a) Rubbed between the fingers (b) A little white solid is mixed with water in a test tube and shaken (c) The white solid is tested with moist red litmus paper 8 Observation on the characteristics of the product are recorded.
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
PEMERHATIAN
Ujian ke atas pepejal putih Rasa dengan jari Goncang dengan air Kertas litmus merah lembap Licin
Pemerhatian
OBSERVATION
Test on the white solid Feel with your fingers Smooth
Observation
Banyak
buih
terhasil biru
Shake in water Moist red litmus paper
A lot of Turns to
bubbles blue
are produced
Berubah kepada warna
CHAPTER
BAB
ANALISIS
1 Apakah nama pepejal putih yang terhasil? Sabun 2 Namakan satu bahan lain yang dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan larutan natrium hidroksida. Larutan kalium hidroksida 3 Apakah tindak balas yang berlaku antara larutan natrium hidroksida dengan minyak sawit? Hidrolisis 4 Cadangkan satu contoh minyak lain yang dapat menggantikan minyak sawit. Minyak kelapa 5 Apakah fungsi natrium klorida? keterlarutan Untuk mengurangkan
ANALYSIS
1 What is the name of the white solid produced? Soap 2 Name one other substance that can be used to replace the sodium hydroxide solution. Potassium hydroxide solution 3 What is the reaction that occurs between sodium hydroxide solution and palm oil? Hydrolisis 4 Suggest one example of another oil that can replace palm oil. Coconut oil 5 What is the function of sodium chloride? solubility To reduce the of soap in water. 6 Based on your observation, what is the chemical characteristic of soap? Alkaline 7 Oil is a natural ester and its molecules are made up of a combination of two substances. What are they? Fatty acids glycerol and 8 Complete the following chemical equation in words to represent the reaction of soap making in this experiment. sodium fatty acid salt glycerol Palm oil + sodium hydroxide +
4
sabun dalam air.
6 Berdasarkan pemerhatian anda, apakah sifat kimia sabun? Beralkali 7 Minyak adalah ester semula jadi dan molekulnya terdiri daripada gabungan dua bahan. Apakah bahan itu? Asid lemak gliserol dan 8 Lengkapkan persamaan kimia di bawah untuk mewakili tindak balas pembentukan sabun dalam eksperimen ini. gliserol Minyak sawit + natrium hidroksida garam natrium asid lemak + Sabun dapat disediakan melalui tindak balas minyak dengan hidroksida . Air tidak dapat menyingkirkan kotoran berminyak. Oleh itu, digunakan untuk membersihkan kotoran berminyak. Sabun tidak mencemarkan alam terbiodegradasikan , iaitu dapat
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Soap can be prepared through the reaction between oil and Water cannot eliminate oily dirt. Therefore, oily dirt.
sodium hydroxide solution
larutan natrium
soap
is used to clean up biodegradable
sabun
Soaps do not pollute the environment because they are decomposed i.e. it can be by bacteria.
sekitar
kerana diuraikan
sabun
ialah
bahan
oleh bakteria.
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4.12DISCUSSION ACTIVITY 7 State two parts that made up a soap molecule. (Ionic head and hydrocarbon tail)
8 State the part of soap molecule that dissolves in water. (Ionic head/Head part/Hydrophilic part) 9 State the part of soap molecule that dissolves in oil or grease. (Hydrocarbon tail/Tail part/ Hydrophobic part)
10 How do the soap molecules act on the surface tension of water during the cleansing action? (The soap molecules reduce the surface tension of water.)
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4.12 PERBINCANGAN
AKTIVITI
Tindakan pencucian sabun

2003
Kontekstual
4.12
DISCUSSION Cleansing action of soap

ACTIVITY
2003
Contextual
Esei soalan 2(b)
Essay question 2(b)
Kaji molekul sabun dengan teliti. Lukis dan lengkapkan maklumat tentang tindakan pencucian sabun.
Study the soap molecules carefully. Draw and complete the information on the cleansing action of soap.
Molekul sabun Sabun mula dibuat oleh orang Rom pada 2 000 tahun dahulu.
Soap molecule
Soap was first made by the Romans 2 000 years ago.
Bahagian ekor (hidrokarbon/organik) Larut dalam minyak atau gris
Bahagian kepala (ion) Larut dalam air
Tail portion (hydrocarbon/organic) Dissolves in oil or grease
Head portion (ionic) Dissolves in water
CHAPTER
kepala
ekor
air
pergerakan
tertanggal
gris
head
tail
water
movement
removed
grease
BAB
Tindakan pencucian sabun
Cleansing action of soap
4
water
air
gris permukaan surface
grease
ekor Bahagian molekul sabun larut dalam gris manakala bahagian kepala larut dalam air.
Pergerakan
air
menyebabkan bahagian kepala molekul sabun yang larut dalam air dibawa bersama oleh air. Seterusnya, ekor bahagian yang larut dalam ditarik. Kotoran gris tertanggal .
tail The portion of the soap molecules dissolve in grease whereas the head portion dissolves in water.
The
movement
causes the portion of the soap molecules water dissolved in the
of water head
to be carried upwards. So, the tail portion dissolved in pulled. The dirt is grease removed is .
4.12 HP Menyatakan ciri-ciri komponen dalam satu molekul sabun
71
4.12 HP Menerangkan tindakan pencucian oleh molekul sabun
4.12 LO State the characteristics of the components of a soap molecule
71
4.12 LO Explain the cleansing action of soap molecules
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Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
4.13 PERBINCANGAN
polimer asli polimer sintetik
AKTIVITI
4.6 Memahami polimer asli
Learning Objective
Polimer
Konstruktivisme
4.13
DISCUSSION Polymers
ACTIVITY
4.6 Understanding natural polymers Constructivism
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
1 Lengkapkan peta konsep tentang polimer berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi. protein glukosa isoprena plastik nilon monomer politena pempolimeran
1 Complete the concept map on polymers based on the given information. natural polymer synthetic polymer protein glucose isoprene plastic nylon monomers polythene polymerisation
terbentuk daripada penggabungan
Polimer Pempolimeran dikelaskan kepada
are formed from the combination of
Polymers Polymerisation classified into
Monomer
Polimer asli
Polimer sintetik
dibentuk melalui
CHAPTER
Monomers
Natural polymer
Synthetic polymer
is formed through
BAB
4
contoh dibahagi kepada Getah Protein Kanji Plastik Getah sintetik Gentian sintetik terbentuk daripada terbentuk daripada terbentuk daripada contoh contoh contoh Isoprena Asid amino Glukosa Politena Neoprena Nilon 2 Label rajah berikut tentang proses pempolimeran dan penyahpolimeran. penyahpolimeran monomer pempolimeran Pempolimeran
Satu rantai panjang molekul polimer mungkin mengandungi 5 000 hingga berjutajuta monomer.
4
example is divided into Rubber Protein Starch Plastic Synthetic rubber Synthetic fibre formed from formed from formed from example example example Isoprene Amino acid Glucose Polythene Neoprene Nylon 2 Label the following diagram on polimerisation and depolymerisation. depolymerisation monomer polymerisation Polymerisation
A long-chained polymer molecules may contain 5 000 to millions of monomers.
Monomer
Penyahpolimeran
Polimer Monomer
Depolymerisation
Polymer
4.13 HP Menyatakan maksud polimer dan monomer Berikan contoh polimer dan monomer Menghuraikan pempolimeran dan penyahpolimeran
72
4.13 HP Menyatakan maksud polimer asli dan polimer sintetik Berikan contoh polimer asli dan polimer sintetik
4.13 LO State what polymers and monomers are Give examples of polymers and monomers Describe polymerisation and depolymerisation
72
4.13 LO State what natural polymers and synthetic polymers are Give examples of natural polymers and synthetic polymers
4.6
Understanding natural polymers

2 State the small molecules that combine to form polymers. (Monomer) 3 Name the type of polymer that is produced naturally by living things. (Natural polymer) 4 Name the type of polymer that is made by humans through chemical reactions. (Synthetic polymer) 5 State two examples of natural polymer. (Starch and protein) 6 State two examples of synthetic polymer. (Plastic and nylon)
4.14 EXPERIMENT
INQUIRY
4.13DISCUSSION ACTIVITY 1 State the long molecule chains that consist of smaller molecules (monomers). (Polymer)
7 Name the process of combining small molecules (monomers) together to form a long chain of molecules (polymer). (Polymerisation) 8 Name the process of splitting a polymer molecule into its monomers. (Depolymerisation) 9 State the monomer of the following natural polymers. (a) Starch (Glucose) (b) Protein (Amino acid) (c) Fat (Fatty acid and glycerol) (d) Natural rubber (Isoprene)
72
72
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4.14 INKUIRI
Carbon Compounds
EKSPERIMEN
Proses pempolimeran dan penyahpolimeran
Inkuiri-penemuan
4.14
INQUIRY Polymerisation and depolymerisation processes P

EXPERIMENT
To study the polymerisation and depolymerisation processes
bead
Inquiry-discovery
Chapter 4
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
TUJUAN BAHAN RADAS LANGKAH
Mengkaji proses pempolimeran dan penyahpolimeran Benang, manik Gunting

benang manik
AIM MATERIALS APPARATUS PROCEDURE OBSERVATION
Thread, beads Scissors 1 Thread the beads to form a long chain. 2 Cut the chain at the centre and record your observation. 1 A long chain of beads is formed. detach from each other when the thread is cut.
thread
1 Masukkan benang ke dalam manik-manik untuk membentuk rantai yang panjang. 2 Gunting rantai tersebut di bahagian tengah dan catatkan pemerhatian anda. 1 Satu rantai manik yang terpisah panjang dibentuk.
PEMERHATIAN
2 Manik-manik akan
dari satu sama lain apabila benang digunting.
2 The beads will
CHAPTER
ANALISIS
1 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah untuk membentuk analogi. Bahan/Proses Manik Rantai manik yang panjang Proses merantaikan manik-manik Proses memisahkan manik-manik 2 Apakah itu polimer? besar Molekul Analogi Monomer Polimer Pempolimeran Penyahpolimeran
KBSB
Membuat analogi
ANALYSIS
BAB
1 Complete the table below to form an analogy. Material/Process Analogy Monomer Polymer Polymerisation Depolymerisation
TSTS
Making analogy
Bead Long chain of beads Process of threading beads Process of separating the beads
yang terdiri daripada gabungan molekul-molekul 3 Namakan proses penggabungan monomer-monomer membentuk polimer. Pempolimeran Glosari 4 Namakan proses penguraian polimer kepada monomer-monomer. Penyahpolimeran
kecil
KESIMPULAN
Polimer mononer-monomer
terhasil daripada gabungan .
Pempolimeran: Penyambungan molekulmolekul kecil menjadi rantai molekul yang besar.
2 What are polymers? Large smaller molecules that are made up of many molecules. 3 Name the process where monomers combine to form polymers. Polymerisation Glossary 4 Name the process where polymers break down into monomers. Polymerisation: Combination Depolymerisation of smaller molecules to form a
large molecular chain.
CONCLUSION
polymer monomers
is produced from the combination of .
4.15 INKUIRI
TUJUAN BAHAN RADAS LANGKAH
EKSPERIMEN
Sifat-sifat getah asli
Inkuiri-penemuan
4.15
INQUIRY Characteristics of natural rubber

EXPERIMENT
Inquiry-discovery
Mengkaji sifat-sifat getah asli Gelang getah Penyepit, penunu Bunsen, sel kering, wayar penyambung, klip buaya, mentol, suis 1 Jalankan eksperimen seperti yang disenaraikan dalam jadual muka sebelah. 2 Catat pemerhatian dalam jadual yang sama.
73
Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 5, monomer, polimer, pempolimeran dan penyahpolimeran, hlm. 104
AIM MATERIALS APPARATUS PROCEDURE
To study the characteristics of natural rubber Rubber band Tongs, Bunsen burner, dry cell, connection wire, crocodile clips, bulb, switch 1 Carry out the experiment as listed in the table given in the next page. 2 Record your observation in the same table.
73
Refer to Essential Science Form 5, Monomers, polymers, polymerisation and depolymerisation, p. 104
4.14 HP Menerangkan proses pempolimeran dan penyahpolimeran
4.14 LO Describe polymerisation and depolymerisation
10 State the monomer of the following synthetic polymers. (a) Polythene (Ethene) (b) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (Chloroethene)
4.15 EXPERIMENT
INQUIRY
GUIDED 4.16EXPERIMENT PEKA 13 State one substance that can coagulate latex. (Ethanoic acid/Any acid)
14 State one substance that can prevent the coagulation of latex. (Ammonia solution/Any alkali) 15 How does alkali react with latex to prevent the coagulation of latex? (Hydroxide ions in ammonia solution neutralise the acid produced by bacteria in the latex) 16 Name the process where sulphur is added to natural rubber to strengthen it. (Vulcanisation)
11 State three properties of natural rubber. (Soft, elastic and non-heat resistant/does not conduct electricity) 12 What made up rubber particle? (Rubber molecules that are covered by protein membranes with negative charges)
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PEMERHATIAN
Eksperimen 1 Regangkan gelang getah dan kemudian lepaskannya.
Pemerhatian Gelang getah menjadi apabila ditarik dan kembali kepada bentuk asal apabila
OBSERVATION
Experiment 1 Stretch the rubber band before letting go.
Observation
panjang
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
dilepaskan melebur melekit
. dan 2
tongs rubber band
long The rubber band becomes when stretched and recovers its original released shape when it is . The rubber band melts
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
2
penyepit penunu Bunsen
gelang getah
Gelang getah
menjadi . Apabila pembakaran diteruskan, gelang getah
terbakar
berjelaga.
dengan nyala kuning

Bunsen burner
sticky and becomes . If the burning continues, the rubber band burns with a sooty yellow flame.
Panaskan gelang getah seperti dalam rajah di atas.
Heat the rubber band as shown in the above diagram.
CHAPTER
3
gelang getah
Mentol
tidak menyala
3
rubber band
The bulb
does not light up
BAB
4
ANALISIS
(b) Getah melebur alam sekitar apabila terbakar.
Sediakan susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan. Hidupkan suis dan catat pemerhatian anda.
Prepare the apparatus as shown above. Turn on the switch and record your observation.
KBSB
Membuat inferens
1 Berikan inferens kepada pemerhatian anda dalam eksperimen di atas. kenyal (a) Getah adalah . dan melekit rendah arus elektrik. mempunyai takat lebur yang tidak mengkonduksikan (c) Getah .
ANALYSIS
1 Give inferences to your observations on the above experiment. (a) Rubber is elastic . (b) Rubber has a (c) Rubber melts low and becomes melting point. does not conduct soot sticky
TSTS
Making inference
apabila dipanaskan kerana
when heated because it
electricity. that will pollute
2 Adakah getah sesuai digunakan sebagai bahan api? Berikan alasan anda. Tidak jelaga mencemarkan . Getah menghasilkan banyak yang 3 Getah asli merupakan satu polimer semula jadi. Apakah monomer bagi getah asli? Isoprena 4 Berikan definisi secara operasi bagi getah asli. kenyal Getah asli ialah bahan yang dan menjadi melekit
2 Is rubber suitable as a fuel? Explain your reason. No . Rubber produces too much
the environment when it is burnt. 3 Natural rubber is a natural polymer. What is the monomer of natural rubber? Isoprene 4 Give an operational definition for natural rubber. elastic Natural rubber is an substance that becomes sticky
apabila dipanaskan.
when heated.
KESIMPULAN
Apakah kesimpulan yang dapat dibuat daripada eksperimen ini? kenyal , mudah melebur , dan menjadi melekit Getah adalah apabila dipanaskan, serta tidak mengkonduksikan arus elektrik.
CONCLUSION
Pada tahun 1770, Joseph Priestley menjalankan eksperimen dengan suatu bahan yang dapat memadamkan tanda pensel. Beliau menamakan bahan itu 'Pemadam' (Rubber).
What conclusion can be made from this experiment? elastic Rubber is , melts easily and become when heated, and does not conduct
sticky electricity.
In 1770, Joseph Priestley carried out an experiment with a substance that can erase pencil marks. He called it Rubber.
APLIKASI IDEA
Getah mentah boleh diproses kepada bahan yang dapat digunakan untuk membalut dawai elektrik kerana getah merupakan penebat elektrik .
APPLICATION oF IDEA REFLECTION
Raw rubber can be processed into materials that can be used to wrap electrical insulator electrical wires because rubber is an . Natural rubber is not suitable for making car tyres because it is soft temperatures , and unable to withstand high
74
REFLEKSI
Getah asli tidak sesuai digunakan untuk membuat tayar kereta kerana sifatnya yang kenyal lembut suhu tinggi. , , dan tidak tahan kepada
74
Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 5, Aktiviti makmal 4.4, hlm. 105
elastic .
4.15 HP Menyatakan sifat-sifat getah asli
4.15 LO State the characteristics of natural rubber
17 Name the rubber obtained through the vulcanisation. (Vulcanised rubber) 18 How do the suphur atoms act on the rubber polymers during the process of vulcanisation? (Form cross linkages among rubber polymers) 19 State three properties of vulcanised rubber compared to unvulcanised rubber. (Stronger or harder, more elastic and more heat resistant)
74
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4.16 TERBIMBING
TUJUAN PERNYATAAN MASALAH BAHAGIAN A HIPOTESIS PEMBOLEH U BAH
Asid
EKSPERIMEN
PEKA
Tindakan asid dan alkali ke atas lateks

2004
Inkuiri-penemuan
4.16
AIM PROBLEM STATEMENT SECTION A HYPOTHESIS
Acid
Actions of acid and alkali on latex

2004
Inquiry-discovery
Str. esei soalan 1
Str. Essay question 1
Mengkaji penggumpalan lateks oleh tindakan asid dan pencegahan penggumpalan lateks oleh alkali Bagaimanakah lateks dapat digumpalkan dan dicegah daripada tergumpal? Glosari
Lateks: Susu getah yang berwarna putih dan melekit yang diperoleh daripada pokok getah.
To study latex coagulation by the action of acid and the prevention of latex coagulation by alkali How does latex coagulate and how can it be prevented from coagulating?
Glossary
Latex: White and sticky rubber milk obtained from the rubber tree.
dapat menggumpalkan lateks can coagulate latex
(a) yang dimalarkan (b) yang dimanipulasi (c) yang bergerak balas
: Isi padu lateks : Kehadiran asid
VARIABLES BAB
(a) that is kept constant : Volume of latex (b) that is manipulated : Presence of acid (c) that responds : Latex coagulation
CHAPTER
: Penggumpalan lateks
BAHAN RADAS LANGKAH
Lateks, asid etanoik
MATERIALS APPARATUS PROCEDURE
Latex, ethanoic acid 100 ml beaker, glass rod, 10 ml measuring cylinder 1 Pour approximately 20 cm3 of latex into a beaker. 2 Add approximately 5 cm3 of ethanoic acid into the latex. 3 Stir the mixture in the beaker and record your observation on the condition of latex (after 10 minutes). 1 Approximately 20 cm3 of latex is poured into a beaker. 2 Approximately 5 cm3 of ethanoic acid is added into the latex.
Bikar 100 ml, rod kaca, silinder penyukat 10 ml 1 Tuang kira-kira 20 cm3 lateks ke dalam sebuah bikar. 2 Tambahkan kira-kira 5 cm3 asid etanoik ke dalam lateks. 3 Kacau campuran dalam bikar dan catat pemerhatian tentang keadaan lateks (selepas 10 minit). 1 Kira-kira 20 cm3 lateks dituangkan ke dalam sebuah bikar. 2 Kira-kira 5 10 minit. cm3
C2P4
asid etanoik
ethanoic acid glass rod
rod kaca
STEPS
lateks
CARA KERJA
C2 P 1 2 3 4 S
latex C2P4
C2 P 1 2 3 4 S
asid etanoik ditambahkan ke dalam lateks.
3 The mixture in the beaker is stirred and the observation on the condition of the latex is recorded after 10 minutes.
3 Campuran dalam bikar dikacau dan pemerhatian tentang keadaan lateks dicatat selepas
BAHAGIAN B HIPOTESIS PEMBOLEH U BAH

Alkali (a) yang dimalarkan (b) yang dimanipulasi dapat mencegah penggumpalan lateks : : Isi padu lateks Kehadiran alkali Pencegahan penggumpalan lateks
SECTION B HYPOTHESIS VARIABLES

Alkali (a) that is kept constant (b)that is manipulated (c) that responds can prevent latex coagulation : Volume of latex : Presence of alkali : Prevention of latex coagulation
(c) yang bergerak balas :
BAHAN RADAS
Lateks, larutan ammonia Bikar 100 ml, rod kaca, silinder penyukat 10 ml
75
Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 5, Eksperimen 4.5, hlm. 107
MATERIALS APPARATUS
Latex, ammonia solution 100 ml beaker, glass rod, 10 ml measuring cylinder

75
Refer to Essential Science Form 5, Experiment 4.5, p. 107
4.16 HP Menerangkan tindakan asid ke atas lateks Menerangkan tindakan larutan ammonia ke atas lateks
4.16 LO Explain the action of acids on latex Explain the action of ammonia solution on latex
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LANGKAH CARA KERJA

C2 P 1 2 3 4 S
Eksperimen di Bahagian A diulang dengan menggunakan larutan ammonia bagi menggantikan asid etanoik. 1 Kira-kira 20 cm3 lateks dituangkan ke dalam sebuah bikar. 2 Kira-kira 5 cm3 larutan ammonia ditambahkan ke dalam lateks. 3 Campuran dalam bikar dikacau dan pemerhatian tentang keadaan lateks dicatat selepas 10 minit.
PROCEDURE STEPS
C2 P 1 2 3 4 S
The experiment in Section A is repeated using ammonia solution to replace ethanoic acid. 1 Approximately 20 cm3 of latex is poured into a beaker. 2 Approximately 5 cm3 of ammonia solution is added into the latex. 3 The mixture in the beaker is stirred and the observation on the condition of the latex is recorded after 10 minutes.
PEMERHATIAN
C3 P 1 2 3 S
Eksperimen Lateks + asid etanoik Lateks + larutan ammonia
Penggumpalan lateks Lateks menggumpal Lateks tidak menggumpal

C3P1 C3P2 C3P3
OBSERVATION
C3 P 1 2 3 S
Experiment Latex + ethanoic acid Latex + ammonia solutuion
Coagulation of latex Latex coagulates Latex does not coagulate

C3P1 C3P2 C3P3
CHAPTER
BAB
ANALISIS
1 Label struktur zarah getah di bawah.

cas negatif membran protein
ANALYSIS
4
1 2 3 S
F5MR-ch4.indd 76
1 Label the structure of a rubber particle below.

negative charge
molekul getah membran protein
protein membrane
rubber molecule protein membrane
zarah getah
molekul getah
cas negatif
rubber particle
rubber molecule
negative charge
2 Mengapakah lateks dalam keadaan semula jadi tidak akan menggumpal? Zarah-zarah getah menolak antara satu sama lain kerana mempunyai cas yang
sama
2 Why latex does not coagulate naturally? repel The rubber particles one another as they carry the
same
electrical charge.
3 Berikan inferens kepada pemerhatian anda apabila asid dicampurkan kepada lateks. hidrogen Asid etanoik mengandungi ion-ion yang bercas yang dapat meneutralkan cas negatif pada membran protein getah. Zarah-zarah getah berlanggaran getah bergabung menyebabkan membran protein antara satu sama lain. pecah dan molekul-molekul
C4P1
3 Give an inference to your observation when the acid is added to the latex. hydrogen positive The ethanoic acid contains ions with charges, which neutralise the negative charges on the rubber protein membrane. The rubber particles collide causing the protein membranes to combine with one another. break
C4P1
and the
TSTS
Making inference
KBSB
Membuat inferens
rubber molecules to
4 Berikan inferens kepada pemerhatian anda apabila alkali (larutan ammonia) dicampurkan kepada lateks. hidroksida Larutan ammonia mengandungi ion-ion yang bercas negatif yang dapat meneutralkan sebarang asid yang dihasilkan oleh bakteria
C4 P
4 Give an inference to your observation when alkali (ammonia solution) is added to the latex. hydroxide negative Ammonia solution contains ions with bacteria C4P1 charges, which neutralise any acid produced by in the latex.
C4 P 1 2 3 S
dalam lateks.
C4P1
5 Cadangkan dua bahan lain yang dapat digunakan dalam makmal untuk menggantikan hidroklorik sulfurik (a) asid etanoik : Asid dan asid (b) larutan ammonia : Larutan natrium hidroksida kalium hidroksida
76
5 Suggest two other substances that can be used in the laboratory to replace Hydrochloric sulphuric (a) ethanoic acid : acid and (b) ammonia solution : Sodium hydroxide potassium hydroxide
acid
solution and solution
dan larutan
76
7/3/08 10:35:55 AM
6 Namakan jenis asid yang digunakan di ladang getah untuk menggumpalkan lateks. Asid formik (asid metanoik) 7 Bolehkah hipotesis yang dibuat diterima? Ya
C4P2
6 Name the type of acid used in rubber estates for latex coagulation. Formic acid (Methanoic acid) 7 Can this hypothesis be accepted? Yes
C4P2
KESIMPULAN
Apakah kesimpulan yang dapat dibuat daripada eksperimen ini? menggumpalkan Asid dapat lateks manakala alkali dapat penggumpalan lateks.
CONCLUSION
mencegah
C4P3
What is the conclusion that can be made from this experiment? Acid cause latex to coagulation. coagulates whereas alkali prevent latex
C4P3
APLIKASI IDEA REFLEKSI
Asid formik larutan ammonia dan masing-masing digunakan untuk menggumpalkan lateks dan mencegah penggumpalan lateks dalam industri getah. Lateks yang dibiarkan semalaman akan menggumpal kerana bacteria di
APPLICATION oF IDEA REFLECTION
ammonia solution and prevent latex coagulation, in the rubber industry.
Formic acid
are used to coagulate latex and
bacteria Latex that is left overnight will coagulate because acid produce that causes latex coagulation.
in the latex will
4.17 PERBINCANGAN
AKTIVITI
Pemvulkanan getah
STM
4.17
DISCUSSION Vulcanisation of rubber

ACTIVITY
CHAPTER
BAB
STS
Str. teori soalan 4
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan proses pembuatan getah tervulkan daripada lateks. Lateks dicampur dengan bahan X Pepejal getah proses Y Getah divulkan
The diagram below shows the process of making vulcanised rubber from latex. mixed with substance X 1 Name the monomer for natural rubber. Isoprene 2 What is substance X? Formic acid (or any acid) 3 (a) What is process Y? Vulcanisation Solid rubber process Y Vulcanised rubber
Latex
1 Namakan monomer bagi getah asli. Isoprena 2 Apakah bahan Y? Asid formik (atau sebarang asid yang lain) 3 (a) Apakah proses Y? Pemvulkanan (b) Terangkan secara ringkas bagaimana proses Y boleh dijalankan. dipanaskan Pepejal getah dengan 4 Apakah yang terjadi kepada molekul getah semasa proses Y? atom-atom sulfur Molekul getah bergabung dengan 5 Lukiskan rajah untuk menunjukkan struktur molekul getah tervulkan. sulfur
(b) Explain briefly how process Y can be carried out. heated Solid rubber is with 4 What happens to the rubber molecules during process Y? The rubber molecules are linked to sulphur atoms
sulphur
5 Draw a diagram to show the structure of vulcanised rubber molecules.
S S S
S S atom sulfur S molekul getah S
sulphur atom rubber molecule
6 Nyatakan dua kelebihan getah tervulkan jika dibandingkan dengan getah asli. (a) Lebih kuat/keras (b) Lebih tahan kepada haba
4.17 HP Menerangkan proses pemvulkanan getah Menghubungkaitkan sifat getah tervulkan dengan struktur molekulnya
6 State two advantages of vulcanised rubber as compared with natural rubber. (a) Stronger/Harder (b) More heat resistance
77
4.17 HP Menyenaraikan kegunaan getah tervulkan
4.17 LO Describe the vulcanisation of rubber Relate the characteristics of vulcanised rubber to the structure of its molecule
77
4.17 LO List the uses of vulcanised rubber
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M P S CI K N KU
Glukosa + yis Enzim zimase
AA Y A EJ
Soalan-soalan berikut melibatkan konsep atau fakta yang kerap ditanya dalam peperiksaan SPM. Pastikan anda boleh menjawab semua soalan berikut.
ES S M C C U P OS S T KEY
Questions in this section contain concepts and facts that are frequently tested in the SPM M exam. Make sure you can answer all the questions correctly.
1 Lengkapkan persamaan penapaian di bawah dan isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai. etanol + karbon dioksida (mengeruhkan air kapur) Proses yang berlaku disebut penapaian
1 Complete the fermentation equation below and fill in the blanks with the correct words. Glucose + yeast ethanol + carbon dioxide (clouds limewater) Zymase enzyme The process that occurs is called fermentation .
yis dalam menguraikan glukosa.
in decomposes glucose.
yeast
Proses penapaian Glukosa etanol
Proses penyulingan etanol tulen
Fermentation process Glucose ethanol
Distillation process pure ethanol
2 Nyatakan tiga sifat alkohol dan tiga kegunaan alkohol (contoh: etanol). Sifat Kegunaan (a) Larut dalam air (a) Membuat ubat (b) Cecair tidak berwarna (c) Mudah terbakar 3 Lengkapkan persamaan pengesteran di bawah. (b) Membuat bahan kosmetik (c) Sebagai bahan api Kegunaan: (a) Membuat minyak wangi (b) membuat perisa Mangkin: asid sulfurik pekat Alkohol + asid organik panaskan Ciri-ciri: (a) Berbau wangi (b) Tidak larut dalam air ester + air
2 State three characteristics and three uses of alcohols (example: ethanol). Characteristics (a) Dissolves in water (b) Colourless liquid (c) Burns easily 3 Complete the esterification equation below. Uses (a) Manufacturing of medicine (b) Manufacturing of cosmetics (c) As fuel Uses: (a) manufacturing of perfume (b) manufacturing of flavouring Catalyst: concentrated sulphuric asid Alcohol + organic acid heated Reaction that takes place is called esterification . Characteristics: (a) Pleasant smell (b) Not soluble in water 4 Label the structure of the oil palm fruit below and state three uses and three nutritional substances of palm oil. Mesocarp/Husk Produces oil but it is of quality. little high ester + water
Tindak balas yang berlaku disebut pengesteran .
4 Labelkan struktur buah kelapa sawit dan nyatakan tiga kegunaan serta tiga bahan berkhasiat dalam minyak sawit. Mesokarp/Sabut menghasilkan paling banyak minyak. Kegunaan minyak sawit (a) Membuat minyak sawit (b) Membuat lilin (c) Membuat marjerin Sabut Tempurung Isirung/Kernel Menghasilkan sedikit
minyak tetapi berkualiti tinggi .
husk The produces the most oil.
Shell Kernel
Bahan berkhasiat dalam minyak sawit (a) Mengandungi lemak tak tepu (tanpa kolesterol) (b) Mengandungi vitamin E (c) Mengandungi vitamin A
Uses of palm oil (a) Manufacturing of cooking oil (b) Produces candles (c) Manufacturing of margarine
Nutritional substances of palm oil (a) Contains unsaturated fats (cholesterol free) (b) Contains vitamin E (c) Contains vitamin A
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5 Lengkapkan proses pembuatan sabun di bawah.

rod kaca
5 Complete the process of soap production, as shown below. hidrolisis

glass rod
Proses
Hydrolysis garam asid lemak (sabun) + gliserol

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
process + alkali fatty acid salt (soap) + glycerol
Minyak sawit
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
alkali
Palm oil
Natrium klorida dalam air.
ditambah untuk mengurangkan keterlarutan sabun

heat
Sodium chloride in water.
is added to reduce the solubility of soap
haba
6 Lengkapkan tindakan pencucian sabun dibawah. Ekor hidrokarbon larut dalam gris.
gris kain gris
6 Complete the cleansing action of soap, as shown below. Semasa membilas , gris akan tertanggal. Hydrocarbon tail dissolves in grease.
grease cloth grease cloth
Grease will be removed rinsing . during
Kepala ion larut dalam air.

kain
Ionic head dissolves in water. .
7 Padankan polimer semula jadi dengan monomernya. Polimer semula jadi Kanji Protein Getah asli 8 Isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai tentang lateks. (a) Penggumpalan lateks :
lateks Tambahkan
7 Match the natural polymers with its monomer. Monomer Isoprena Glukosa Asid amino Natural polymer Starch Protein Natural rubber 8 Fill in the blanks with correct words regarding latex. (a) Latex coagulation: asid formik
latex
Add
Monomer Isoprene Glucose Amino acid
Asid
, contoh:
Acid
, example:
formic acid
(b) Latex tidak menggumpal:

lateks Tambahkan
(b) Latex does not coagulate: Alkali , contoh: larutan ammonia

latex
Add
Alkali
, example:
ammonia solution
(c) Getah tak tervulkan
panaskan bersama
sulfur Getah tervulkan (sedia digunakan untuk membuat tayar) (c) Unvulcanised rubber
heated with
sulphur vulcanised rubber (ready to be made into tyres)
Proses pemvulkanan (d) Lukiskan struktur getah tervulkan.

S S S S molekul getah atom sulfur
Vulcanisation process (d) Draw the structure of vulcanised rubber.

S S S S rubber molecules sulphur atom
(e) Bandingkan getah tervulkan dengan getah tak tervulkan Getah tervulkan Kuat dan keras Kenyal Tahan haba Lembut Kurang kenyal Menjadi lekit apabila dipanaskan Getah tak tervulkan
(e) Compare vulcanised rubber with unvulcanised rubber. Vulcanised rubber Tough and hard Elastic Heat resistant Soft Less elastic Sticky when heated Unvulcanised rubber
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M P EN S P T U SU D
Kertas
AN H U G UK
4
Paper
M EN P M E S NC A H EN
1
Apakah yang diwakili oleh bahagian X dan Y pada molekul sabun? X Y A Ekor organik Kepala ion B Kepala ion Ekor organik C Ekor organik Bahagian molekul D Kepala ion Bahagian molekul A 9 Rajah 3 menunjukkan lateks yang tidak membeku walaupun dibiarkan beberapa minggu.
lateks + larutan Y
R NE O C T
4
X
Tiap-tiap soalan yang berikut diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik.
Each question is followed by four options A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.
1 Bahan di bawah dibuat daripada bahan X. Sabun Lilin Perapi rambut Apakah bahan X? A Alkohol B Minyak sawit C Petrol D Kerosin
KLON 2003
5 Rajah 1 menunjukkan rentas buah kelapa sawit.
keratan
1 The products below are made from substance X. Soap Candle Hair conditioner What is X? A Alcohol B Palm oil C Petrol D Kerosene
CLONE 2003
5 Diagram 1 shows the cross-section of an oil palm fruit.
X Z Y
What do X and Y represent? X Y A Organic tail Ionic head B Ionic head Organic tail C Organic tail Molecular section D Ionic head Molecular section A 9 Diagram 3 shows that latex does not coagulate even after a few weeks.
Rajah 1 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah mewakili X, Y, dan Z? X Y Z A Tempurung Mesokarp Sabut B Mesokarp Tempurung Kernel C Kernel Tempurung Mesokarp D Mesokarp Kernel Tempurung B 6 Apakah monomer untuk getah asli? A Politena B Isoprena KLON 2003 C Neoprena D Kloroetena B 7 Persamaan perkataan di bawah menunjukkan proses pembuatan sabun. Lemak + X sabun + gliserol Apakah X? A Ester B Asid organik C Yis D Alkali
KLON 2006 KLON 2007
panaskan
Diagram 1 Which of the following represents X, Y and Z? X Y Z A Shell Mesocarp Husk B Mesocarp Shell Kernel C Kernel Shell Mesocarp D Mesocarp Kernel Shell B 6 What is the monomer of natural rubber? A Polythene CLONE B Isoprene 2003 C Neoprene D Chloroethene B 7 The word equation below shows the process of making soap. Fat + X soap + glycerol What is X? A Ester B Organic acid C Yeast D Alkali
CLONE 2006 CLONE 2007
heated
2 Persamaan kimia di bawah menunjukkan tindak balas antara asid organik dan alkohol. Asid organik + alkohol X + air Didapati sebatian X yang dihasilkan A larut dalam air KLON B mempunyai pH 2001 kurang daripada 7 C berbau sedap seperti buah D terbakar dengan nyalaan C biru dalam udara 3 Persamaan perkataan di bawah menunjukkan suatu tindak balas kimia. Glukosa X + karbon dioksida
yis
2 The chemical equation below shows the reaction between organic acid and alcohol. Organic acid + alcohol X + water Compound X CLONE 2001 A dissolves in water B has a pH less than 7 C has a fragrant fruity smell D burns with a blue flame in air C 3 The word equation below shows a chemical reaction. Glucose X + carbon dioxide Which of the following correctly describes the process and substance X formed? Process Substance X A Esterification Ester B Oxidation Ethene C Fermentation Ethanol D Extraction Antibiotic C CLONE CLONE
2003 2006 yeast
latex + solution Y
Rajah 3 Apakah larutan Y ? KLON A Asid etanoik 2007 B Air suling C Larutan plumbum(II) nitrat D Larutan ammonia D 10 Rajah 4 menunjukkan perubahan kimia.
X Y
Diagram 3 What is solution Y? A Ethanoic acid B Distilled water C Lead(II) nitrate solution D Ammonia solution
CLONE 2007
sejenis
KLON 2004
10 Diagram 4 shows a type of chemical CLONE change.

2004
X Y
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan proses dan bahan X yang terbentuk? Proses Bahan X A Pengesteran Ester B Pengoksidaan Etena C Penapaian Etanol C D Pengekstrakan Antibiotik
KLON 2003 KLON 2006
Rajah 4 Apakah proses X dan Y? X Y A Pempolimeran Pemvulkanan B Penyahpolimeran Pempolimeran C Pempolimeran Penyahpolimeran D Pemvulkanan Pembakaran C 11 Maklumat di bawah menunjukkan kesan pengambilan X yang berlebihan terhadap kesihatan. Gastritis Sirosis hati Menjejaskan keseimbangan badan Antara yang berikut, yang manakah X? A Lemak C Alkohol B Morfin D Garam biasa KLON C
2007
Diagram 4 What are processes X and Y? X Y A Polymerisation Vulcanisation B Depolymerisation Polymerisation C Polymerisation Depolymerisation D Vulcanisation Combustion C 11 The information below shows the effects of excessive consumption of X on health. Gastritis Liver cirrhosis Affecting body balance Which of the following is X? C2007 A Fat C Alcohol B Morphine D Table salt C
LONE
4 Apakah yang akan berlaku jika beberapa titik asid sulfurik pekat ditambahkan pada campuran asid organik dan alkohol dan kemudian dipanaskan? A Cecair berbau harum terhasil B Larutan menjadi berbuih C Cecair berwarna kuning terhasil D Gas berbau sengit terbebas A KLON
2004
8 Rajah 2 menunjukkan penyingkiran kotoran minyak daripada suatu permukaan oleh molekul sabun.
molekul sabun minyak X Y
4 What will happen if several drops of concentrated sulphuric acid are added to a mixture of organic acid and then heated? A A fragrant liquid is produced B The solution turns frothy C A yellow liquid is produced D A pungent gas is released A
CLONE 2004
8 Diagram 2 shows the elimination of oily filth from a certain surface by soap molecules.
soap molecule oil
X Y
Rajah 2
Diagram 2
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12 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah kaya dengan lemak tak tepu? A Minyak sawit B Minyak sapi KLON 2007 C Minyak lembu D Lemak ayam A
13 Antara bahan berikut, yang manakah terkandung di dalam minyak sawit? A Vitamin C B Vitamin E KLON 2007 C Kolesterol D Gliserol B
12 Which of the following is rich in unsaturated fat? A Palm oil CLONE B Ghee 2007 C Cow fat D Chicken fat A
13 Which of the following substances is contained in palm oil? A Vitamin C CLONE B Vitamin E 2007 C Cholesterol D Glycerol B
Kertas
2
KLON 1995
Paper
2
CLONE 1995
Bahagian A
Section A
Str. teori soalan 4
Answer all the questions in this section.

Diagram 1 shows the apparatus used to prepare a type of chemical in the laboratory.
Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini. 1
Rajah 1 menunjukkan radas yang digunakan untuk menyediakan sejenis bahan kimia di dalam makmal.
jus tebu + yis
air kapur
sugarcane juice + yeast
lime water
Diagram 1 Rajah 1 (a) Name the chemical. Ethanol
(a) Namakan bahan kimia itu. Etanol (b) (i) Apakah yang dapat diperhatikan pada air kapur? Air kapur menjadi keruh (ii) Berikan inferens kepada pemerhatian anda. Karbon dioksida terbebas (c) Tulis satu persamaan dalam perkataan bagi tindak balas kimia yang berlaku. yis Jus tebu etanol + karbon dioksida (d) Berikan satu contoh lain yang dapat menggantikan jus tebu dalam eksperimen ini. Glukosa/Jus nanas (e) Bagaimanakah hasil yang dikutip dapat ditulenkan? Melalui proses penyulingan
(b) (i) What is your observation of the lime water? It turns cloudy (ii) Give an inference to your observation. Carbon dioxide is released (c) Write one equation in words for the chemical reaction that occurred. yeast Sugarcane juice ethanol + carbon dioxide (d) Give one other example that can replace sugarcane juice in this experiment. Through distillation (e) How do we purify the product collected? Glucose/Pineapple juice
Bahagian B
Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini. 2
Rajah 2 menunjukkan keratan rentas buah kelapa sawit.
Section B
KLON 2004 KLON 2005
Answer all the questions in this section.

Str. teori soalan 2
CLONE 2004 CLONE 2005
Str. theory question 2 Str. theory question 8
2
Str. teori soalan 8
Diagram 2 shows a cross-section of an oil palm fruit.
P: X
Tempurung X
P:
Shell
Q:
Kernel
Q:
Kernel
Diagram 2 Rajah 2 (a) Labelkan bahagian P dan Q dalam Rajah 2. (b) Labelkan bahagian yang menghasilkan paling banyak minyak dengan huruf X dalam Rajah 2. (a) Label parts P and Q in Diagram 2. (b) Label with letter X the part which produces the most oil in Diagram 2.
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(c) Apakah nama proses untuk menghasilkan minyak daripada buah kelapa sawit? Pengekstrakan (d) Namakan peringkat di (c) yang mikroorganisma pada buah kelapa sawit dimusnahkan. Pensterilan (e) Apakah kelebihan minyak sawit kepada kesihatan? Tiada kolesterol/Mengandungi vitamin E (f) Namakan satu vitamin yang terkandung dalam minyak sawit. Vitamin A/Vitamin E (g) Tandakan ( ) bahan yang diperbuat daripada minyak sawit.
(c) What is the process to produce palm oil from the fruit? Extraction (d) Name the stage in (c) where the microorganisms in the oil palm fruit are destroyed. Sterilisation (e) What is the advantage of palm oil to health? Cholesterol free/Contains vitamin E (f) Name one vitamin found in palm oil. Vitamin A/Vitamin E (e) Tick ( ) the items which are made from palm oil.
Bahagian C
Jawab soalan yang berikut.
3 (a) Terangkan secara ringkas bagaimana ester dapat disediakan daripada suatu alkohol dan asid organik dalam makmal. Namakan alkohol dan asid organik yang digunakan. [4 markah] (b) Seorang pelajar ingin menukarkan getah asli kepada getah tervulkan dalam makmal. Terangkan bagaimana pelajar itu boleh mendapatkan getah tervulkan daripada cecair lateks yang dibekalkan. Penerangan anda mestilah mengandungi perkara berikut: Tujuan pelajar Namakan kaedah yang digunakan Langkah-langkah yang perlu dilakukan dalam kaedah itu [6 markah]
Section C
Answer the following questions.
3 (a) Explain briefly how ester can be prepared using an alcohol and an organic acid in the laboratory. [4 marks] (b) A student plans to convert natural rubber to vulcanised rubber in the school laboratory. Explain how the student can produce a vulcanised rubber from the latex that is provided to him. Your explanation must include: The aim of the student The name of the process involved The steps involved in carrying out the above process [6 marks]
Jawapan: 3 (a) Kira-kira 10 cm3 cecair etanol (alkohol) dan 10 cm3 asid etanoik (asid organik) dimasukkan ke dalam suatu bikar. Titiskan beberapa titis asid sulfurik pekat ke dalam campuran bahan. Didihkan campuran bahan. (b) Tujuan Menukarkan getah asli kepada getah tervulkan Nama kaedah Pemvulkanan Langkah-langkah Asid etanoik (atau sebarang asid) ditambahkan ke dalam cecair lateks Campuran dikacau Pepejal lateks dicelupkan ke dalam larutan sulfur monoklorida Getah tervulkan yang terhasil dikeringkan
Answer: 3 (a) Approximately 10 cm3 of liquid ethanol (alcohol) and 10 cm3 of ethanoic acid (organic acid) are added into a beaker. Add several drops of concentrated sulphuric acid into the mixture. Boil the mixture. (b) Aim To change natural rubber to vulcanised rubber Name of the process involved Vulcanisation Steps A little ethanoic acid (or other acids) is added into the latex The mixture of latex and acid is stirred The solidified (colligated) latex is dipped into some sulphur monochloride solution The vulcanised rubber is left to dry
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04 Carbon Compounds

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04 Carbon Compounds

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Konsep PENTING!

The BIG Picture!

4.1 Menganalisis pelbagai sebatian karbon PUSTAKA

4.1 Analysing various carbon compounds Konstruktivisme

Sebatian karbon dan hidrokarbon

Carbon and hydrocarbon compounds

Str. teori soalan 7(a) & 7(c)

Str. theory question 7(a) & 7(c)

4.2 Menganalisis alkohol dan kesannya terhadap kesihatan

Proses penghasilan etanol

INQUIRY Process of producing ethanol P

4.2 Analysing alcohol and its effects on health

Str. teori soalan 7(b)

Str. theory question 7(b)

AIM MATERIALS APPARATUS PROCEDURE Glosari

delivery tube beaker

larutan glukosa + yis

bikar air kapur

glucose solution + yeast

Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 5, Aktiviti makmal 4.1, hlm. 92

Refer to Essential Science Form 5, Laboratory Activity 4.1, p. 92

Analysing various carbon compounds

RESEARCH 4.1ACTIVITY LIBRARY

Pemerhatian Larutan dalam kelalang kon Air kapur

Observation Experiment Solution in the conical flask Lime water

Beginning of the experiment

End of the experiment

solution with an smell

Analysing alcohol and its effects on health

5 Name processes X and Y below. Glucose X Ethanol X Pure ethanol

(X: Fermentation; Y: Distillation)

KESIMPULAN APLIKASI IDEA REFLEKSI

Etanol dapat disediakan melalui tindakan Etanol membuat ubat

CONCLUSION APPLICATION oF IDEA REFLECTION

Ethanol can be prepared through the action of Ethanol medicine

produced through the distillation process can be used to produce and

Bir biasanya mengandungi kira-kira 3% alkohol.

Beer normally contains approximately 3% of alcohol.

Penghasilan etanol tulen melalui proses penyulingan

INQUIRY Production of pure ethanol through the distillation

Str. teori soalan 4

Str. theory question 4

AIM MATERIALS APPARATUS

thermometer water outlet Liebig condenser distillation column

kukus air hasil turasan penapaian serpihan porselin

water bath filtered fermentation product porcelain pieces heat

etanol (hasil sulingan)

ethanol (distilled product)

Menghuraikan proses pembentukan alkohol

Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 5, Aktiviti Makmal 4.1, hlm. 92

Describe the process of producing alcohol

Refer to Essential Science Form 5, Laboratory Activity 4.1, p. 92

10 State one effect of alcohol on stomach. (Causes gastritis)

7882 C dan berbau alkohol

3 What is the role of the Liebig condenser? cool condense To and

vapour into liquid.

KESIMPULAN APLIKASI IDEA REFLEKSI

Etanol tulen dapat diperoleh melalui proses hasil penapaian.

CONCLUSION APPLICATION oF IDEA REFLECTION

Pure ethanol can be obtained through the product. Distillation

process on the fermented

Str. teori soalan 4

Str. theory question 4

AIM MATERIALS APPARATUS