CHNG II VT LIU THIN NHIN 2.1. Khi nim v phn loi 2.1.1.

. Khi nim thin nhin c hu ht khp mi ni trong v tri t, l nhng khi khong cht cha mt hay nhiu khong vt khc nhau. Cn vt liu thin nhin th c ch to t thin nhin bng cch gia cng c hc, do tnh cht c bn ca vt liu thin nhin ging tnh cht ca gc. Vt liu thin nhin t xa xa c s dng ph bin trong xy dng, v n c cng chu nn cao, kh nng trang tr tt, bn vng trong mi trng, hn na n l vt liu a phng, hu nh u cng c do gi thnh tng i thp. Bn cnh nhng u im c bn trn, vt liu thin nhin cng c mt s nhc im nh: khi lng th tch ln, vic vn chuyn v thi cng kh khn, t nguyn khi v cng cao nn qu trnh gia cng phc tp. 2.1.2. Phn loi Tnh cht c l ch yu cng nh phm vi ng dng ca vt liu thin nhin c quyt nh bi iu kin hnh thnh v thnh phn khong vt ca thin nhin. Cn c vo iu kin hnh thnh v tnh trng a cht c th chia t nhin lm ba nhm: mc ma, trm tch v bin cht. mc ma mc ma l do cc khi silicat nng chy t lng tri t xm nhp ln phn trn ca v hoc phun ra ngoi mt t ngui i to thnh. Do v tr v iu kin ngui ca cc khi mc ma khc nhau nn cu to v tnh cht ca chng cng khc nhau . mc ma c phn ra hai loi xm nhp v phn xut. xm nhp th su hn trong v tri t, chu p lc ln hn ca cc lp trn v ngui dn i m thnh. Do c to thnh trong iu kin nh vy nn mc ma c c tnh chung l: cu trc tinh th ln, c chc, cng cao, t ht nc. phn xut c to ra do mc ma phun ln trn mt t, do ngui nhanh trong iu kin nhit v p sut thp, cc khong khng kp kt tinh hoc ch kt tinh c mt b phn vi kch thc tinh th b, cha hon chnh, cn a s tn ti dng v nh hnh. Trong qu trnh ngui lnh cc cht kh v hi nc khng kp thot ra, li nhiu l rng lm cho nh. trm tch trm tch c to thnh trong iu kin nhit ng hc ca v tri t thay i. Cc loi t khc nhau do s tc ng ca cc yu t nhit , nc v cc tc dng ha hc m b phong ha v vn. Sau chng c gi v nc cun i ri lng ng li thnh tng lp. Di p lc v tri qua cc thi k a cht chng c gn kt li bng cc cht keo kt thin nhin to thnh trm tch.
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Do iu kin to thnh nh vy nn trm tch c cc c tnh chung l: C tnh phn lp r rt, chiu dy, mu sc, thnh phn, ln ca ht, cng ca cc lp cng khc nhau. cng, c v cng chu lc ca trm tch thp hn mc ma nhng ht nc li cao hn. Cn c vo iu kin to thnh, trm tch c chia lm 3 loi: trm tch c hc: L sn phm phong ha ca nhiu loi c trc. V d nh: ct, si, t st v.v... trm tch ha hc: Do khong vt ha tan trong nc ri lng ng to thnh. V d: thch cao, lmit, magiezit v.v... trm tch hu c: Do mt s ng vt trong xng cha nhiu cht khong khc nhau, sau khi cht chng c lin kt vi nhau to thnh trm tch hu c. V d: vi, vi s, iatmit. bin cht bin cht c hnh thnh t s bin tnh ca mc ma, trm tch do tc ng ca nhit cao hay p lc ln. Ni chung bin cht thng cng hn trm tch nhng bin cht t mc ma th do cu to dng phin nn v tnh cht c hc ca n km mc ma. c im ni bt ca phn ln bin cht (tr mc ma v quczit) l qu na khong vt trong n c cu to dng lp song song nhau, d tch thnh nhng phin mng. 2.2. Thnh phn, tnh cht v cng dng ca 2.2.1. mc ma Thnh phn khong vt Thnh phn khong vt ca mc ma rt phc tp nhng c mt s khong vt quan trng nht, quyt nh tnh cht c bn ca l thch anh, fenspat v mica. Thch anh: L SiO2 dng kt tinh trong sut hoc mu trng v trng sa. cng 7Morh, khi lng ring 2,65 g/cm3, cng chu nn cao 10.000 kG/cm2, chng mi mn tt, n nh i vi axit (tr mt s axit mnh). nhit thng thch anh khng tc dng vi vi nhng trong mi trng hi nc bo ha v nhit to=175-2000C c th sinh ra phn ng silicat, t0 = 5750C n th tch 15%, t0 = 17100C s b chy. Fenspat : Bao gm : fenspat kali : K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2 ( octocla ) . fenspat natri : Na2O.Al2O3.6SiO2 (plagiocla ) fenspat canxi : CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2 . Tnh cht c bn ca fenspat: Mu bin i t mu trng, trng xm, vng n hng v , khi lng ring 2,55-2,76 g/cm3, cng 6 - 6,5 Morh, cng 1200-1700 kG/cm2, kh nng chng phong ha km, km n nh i vi nc v c bit l nc c cha CO2. Mica: L nhng alumsilict ngm nc rt d tch thnh lp mng. Mica c hai loi: mica trng v mica en. Mica trng trong sut nh thy tinh, khng c mu, chng n mn ha hc tt, cch in, cch nhit tt.
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Mica en km n nh ha hc hn mica trng. Mi ca c cng t 2 - 3 Morh, khi lng ring 2,76 - 2,72 g/cm3. Khi cha nhiu Mica s lm cho qu trnh mi nhn, nh bng sn phm vt liu kh hn. Tnh cht v cng dng ca mt s loi mc ma thng dng granit ( hoa cng): Thng c mu tro nht, vng nht hoc mu hng, cc mu ny xen ln nhng chm en. y l loi rt c, khi lng th tch 2500 - 2600 kg/m3, khi lng ring 2700 kg/m3, cng chu nn cao 1200 - 2500 kG/cm2, ht nc thp (HP < 1%), cng 6 - 7 Morh, kh nng chng phong ha rt cao, kh nng trang tr tt nhng kh nng chu la km. granit c s dng rng ri trong xy dng vi cc loi sn phm nh: tm p, lt, khi xy mng, tng, tr cho cc cng trnh, dm ch to b tng v.v... gabr : Thng c mu xanh xm hoc xanh en, khi lng th tch 2000 - 3500 kg/m3, y l loi c, c kh nng chu nn cao 2000 - 2800 kG/cm2. gabr c s dng lm dm, tm lt mt ng v p cc cng trnh. bazan: L loi nng nht trong cc loi mc ma, khi lng th tch 2900-3500 kg/m3 cng nn 1000 - 5000 kG/cm2, rt cng, gin, kh nng chng phong ha cao, rt kh gia cng. Trong xy dng bazan c s dng lm dm, tm lt mt ng hoc tm p. Ngoi cc loi c trn, trong xy dng cn s dng tro ni la, ct ni la, bt, tp dung nham, v.v... Tro ni la thng dng dng bt mu xm, nhng ht ln hn gi l ct ni la.Thnh phn ca tro v ct ni la cha nhiu SiO2 trng thi v nh hnh, chng c kh nng hot ng ho hc cao. Tro ni la l nguyn liu ph gia dng ch to xi mng v mt s cht kt dnh v c khc. bt l loi rt rng c to thnh khi dung nham ngui lnh nhanh trong khng kh. Cc vin bt c kch thc 5 - 30 mm, khi lng th tch trung bnh 800 kg/m3, y l loi nh, nhng cc l rng ln v kn nn ht nc thp, h s dn nhit nh (0,12 - 0,2 kcal/m.0C.h). Ct ni la v bt thng c dng lm ct liu cho b tng nh. 2.2.2. trm tch Thnh phn khong vt Nhm oxyt Silic bao gm: pan (SiO2. 2H2O ) khng mu hoc mu trng sa. Chan xedon (SiO2) mu trng xm, vng sng, tro, xanh. Nhm cacbonat bao gm : canxit (CaCO3) khng mu hoc mu trng, xm vng, hng, xanh, khi lng ring 2,7 g/cm3, cng 3Morh, cng trung bnh, d tan trong nc, nht l nc cha hm lng CO2 ln . lmt [CaMg(CO3)2] c mu hoc mu trng, khi lng ring 2,8g/cm3, cng 3-4 Morh, cng ln hn canxit.
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Magizt (MgCO3) l khong khng mu hoc mu trng xm, vng hoc nu, khi lng ring 3,0 g/cm3, cng 3,5 - 4,5 Morh, cng kh cao. Nhm cc khong st bao gm: Caolinit (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O) l khong mu trng hoc mu xm, xanh, khi lng ring 2,6 g/cm3, cng 1 Morh. Montmorialonit ( 4SiO2.Al2O3.nH2O) l khong ch yu ca t st. Nhm sunfat bao gm : Thch cao (CaSO4.2H2O) l khong mu trng hoc khng mu, nu ln tp cht th c mu xanh, vng hoc , cng 2 Morh, khi lng ring 2,3 g/cm3. Anhyrt (CaSO4) l khong mu trng hoc mu xanh, cng 3 - 3,5 Morh, khi lng ring 3,0 g/cm3. Tnh cht v cng dng ca mt s loi trm tch thng dng Ct, si: L loi trm tch c hc, c khai thc trong thin nhin s dng ch to va, b tng v.v... t st: L loi trm tch c do cao khi nho trn vi nc, l nguyn liu sn xut gch, ngi, xi mng. Thch cao: c s dng sn xut cht kt dnh bt thch cao xy dng. vi: Bao gm hai loi - vi rng v vi c. vi rng gm c vi v s, thch nh, loi ny c khi lng th tch 800- 1800 kg/m3 cng nn 4 - 150 kG/cm2. Cc loi vi rng thng dng sn xut vi hoc lm ct liu cho b tng nh. vi c bao gm vi canxit v vi lmit. vi can xt c mu trng hoc xanh, vng, khi lng th tch 2200 2600 kg/m3, cng nn 100-1000 KG/cm2. vi c thng dng ch to khi xy tng, xy mng, sn xut dm v l nguyn liu quan trng sn xut vi, xi mng. vi lmit l loi c, mu p, c dng sn xut tm lt, p hoc ch to vt liu chu la, sn xut dm. 2.2.3. bin cht Thnh phn khong vt Cc khong vt to bin cht ch yu l nhng khong vt nm trong mc ma v trm tch. Tnh cht v cng dng ca mt s loi bin cht thng dng gnai ( phin ma) : c to thnh do granit ti kt tinh v bin cht di tc dng ca p lc cao. Loi ny c cu to phn lp nn cng theo cc phng cng khc nhau, d b phong ha v tch lp, c dng ch yu lm tm p lng h, b knh, lt va h. hoa: c to thnh do vi hoc lmt ti kt tinh v bin cht di tc dng ca nhit cao v p sut ln. Loi ny c nhiu mu sc nh trng, vng, hng, , en xen k nhng mch nh v vn hoa, cng nn
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1200 - 3000 kG/cm2, d gia cng c hc, c dng sn xut p lt hoc sn xut dm lm ct liu cho b tng, xay nh ch to va granit. Dip thch st: c to thnh do t st b bin cht di tc dng ca p lc cao. mu xanh sm, n nh i vi khng kh, khng b nc ph hoi v d tch thnh lp mng. c dng sn xut tm lp. 2.3 . S dng 2.3.1. Cc hnh thc s dng Trong xy dng vt liu thin nhin c s dng di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau, c loi khng cn gia cng thm, c loi phi qua qu trnh gia cng t n gin n phc tp. Vt liu dng khi hc: Thu c bng phng php n mn, khng gia cng gt o, c dng xy mng, tng chn, mng cu, tr cu, nn ng t v tu ha hoc lm ct liu cho b tng hc. gia cng th: L loi hc c gia cng th cho mt ngoi tng i bng phng, b mt ngoi phi c cnh di nh nht l 15 cm, mt khng c lm v khng c gc nhn hn 600, c s dng xy mng hoc tr cu. gia cng va ( ch) : Loi ny c gia cng phng cc mt, c hnh dng u n vung vn, thng c kch thc 10 x 10 x 10cm, 15 x 20 x 25 cm, 20 x 20 x 25cm. ch c dng xy mng, xy tng. gia cng k : L loi hc c gia cng k mt ngoi, chiu dy v chiu di ca nh nht l 15 cm v 30 cm, chiu rng ca lp mt ph ra ngoi t nht phi gp ri chiu dy v khng nh hn 25 cm, cc mt phi bng phng vung vn. gia cng k c dng xy tng, vm cun . Kiu: c chn lc cn thn v phi l loi c cht lng tt, khng nt n, gn, h , phong ha, t yu cu thm m cao. Vt liu dng tm Vt liu dng tm thng c chiu dy b hn nhiu ln so vi chiu di v chiu rng. Tm p lt trang tr c b mt chnh hnh vung hay hnh ch nht. Cc tm p trang tr c x ra t nhng khi c v c mu sc p, nh bng b mt ri ct thnh tm theo kch thc quy nh. Tm c dng p v lt cc cng trnh xy dng. Ngoi chc nng trang tr n cn c tc dng bo v khi xy hay bo v kt cu. Kch thc c bn ca cc tm c TCVN 4732 :1989 quy nh trong 5 nhm (bng 2.1). Nhm tm p cng dng c bit: nhng tm p c sn xut t cc loi c c kh nng chu axit (nh granit, sinit, irit, quczit, bazan, iabaz, sa thch, silic...) hay c nhng kh nng chu kim (nh hoa, vi, magiezit...). Vic gia cng loi tm p ny ging nh gia cng trang tr song kch thc cc cnh khng vt qu 300mm.
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Bng 2.1 Nhm I II III IV V Chiu rng Ln hn 600 n 800 Ln hn 400 n 600 Ln hn 300 n 400 Ln hn 200 n 300 T 100 n 200 Kch thc (mm) Chiu di T 600 n 1200 T 400 n 1200 T 300 n 600 T 200 n 400 T 100 n 200 Chiu dy T 20 n 100 T 15 n 100 T 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 5, 10, 15, 20 5, 10, 15, 20

Cc tm p cng dng c bit c s dng lt nn v p tng cho nhng ni thng xuyn c tc dng ca axit, hay kim . Tm lp mi c gia cng t dip thch st bng cch tch ra v ct cc phin theo hnh dng kch thc quy nh. Thng thng tm lp c kch thc hnh ch nht 250 150 mm v 600 300 mm. Chiu dy tm tu thuc chiu dy phin c sn (4 -100mm). y l vt liu bn v p. Vt liu dng ht ri Ct, si thin nhin l loi trm tch c hc dng ht ri rc thng nm trong lng sui, sng hay bi bin. Chng c khai thc bng th cng hay c gii. Ct thin nhin: c c ht t 0,14 - 5 mm, sau khi khai thc trong thin nhin c dng ch to va, b tng, gch silicat, knh v.v Si: c c ht t 5 - 70 mm, sau khi khai thc trong thin nhin c phn loi theo c ht, dng ch to b tng. dm v ct nhn to: c sn xut bng cch khai thc, nghin v sng phn loi thnh cc c ht, dm c c ht t 5 - 70 mm, ct c c ht 0,14-5 mm, c ht nh hn 0,14 mm gi l bt . Tnh cht ca vt liu dng ny ph thuc vo tnh cht ca gc. Vt liu dng ri nhn to c dng ch to b tng, va, granit. Ngoi ra cn c dng lm cht n cho sn v plyme. 2.3.2. Hin tng n mn thin nhin v bin php bo v Hin tng n mn dng trong xy dng t b ph hoi do ti trng thit k m thng b ph hoi do n mn. S ph hoi do mt s nguyn nhn chnh nh sau : Mi trng nc cha hm lng kh cacbonic ln (hn 35mg/l) s xy ra phn ng ha hc: CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 = Ca(HCO3)2 Ca(HCO3)2 l hp cht d tan nn dn dn b n mn. Mi trng nc c cha cc loi axit cng xy ra phn ng ha hc: CaCO3 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O . CaCl2 l hp cht d tan nn b n mn. Cc dng n mn trn thng xy ra i vi cc loi cacbonat. c cha nhiu thnh phn khong vt khc nhau th cng c th b ph hoi nhanh hn do s gin n nhit khng u.
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Cc loi bi bn ngun gc v c v hu c t cc cht thi cng nghip hoc i sng tch t trn b mt hoc trong cc l rng ca l mi trng cho vi khun pht trin v ph hoi bng chnh axit ca chng tit ra. Bin php bo v bo v vt liu thin nhin cn phi ngn cn nc v cc dung dch thm su vo . Thng thng l florua ha b mt vi, lm tng tnh chng thm ca bng cc cht kt ta mi sinh ra theo phn ng: 2CaCO3 + MgSiF6 = 2CaF2 + SiO2 + MgF2 + 2CO2. Cc hp cht CaF2, MgF2 v SiO2 khng tan trong nc s bt kn l rng cc khe nh lm tng c b mt . Ngoi ra c th dng gurng hay bi tum qut ln b mt , gia cng tht nhn b mt vt liu v thot nc tt cho cng trnh, cc bin php ny cng gp phn gim bt s n mn cho vt liu thin nhin. Gn y ngi ta cn dng cc dung dch trong nc hay trong dung mi hu c bay hi ca cc hp cht silic hu c c tnh k nc nh: hydrxilxan, mtinsilicol-natri v.v... lm c b mt vt liu thin nhin.

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