Painted Cave : A Review of The Surveying Method)

Department of Applied Geology Curtin University Miri,Sarawak,Malaysia Tajul ijal Annuar !adia" #unari !urul $ffa" $smail A%riaty A%manina A%man !ik D%"afri Adi Asokan Department of Applied Geology Curtin University Miri,Sarawak,Malaysia
AbstractA mapping project was conducted to map Painted Cave which situated in Niah National Park Sarawak. The surveying process is important to understand the formation of the cave and its features. Thus improvement were made from time to time during the mapping e!pedition to increase the "uality of the map.

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Cave mapping is t"e pro(ess of measuring (ave& ')servation and measurements were taken )etween one station to anot"er station using spe(ifi( instruments and e*uipments& T"e dire(tion and a%imut"+)earing were taken using (ompass& $n(lination or slope was measured using (linometers& ,"ereas distan(e were measured wit" tape meters or laser range finder& T"e surveying purpose is to produ(e traverse maps, transverse and longitudinal (ave (ross se(tions, (ave floor and (eiling-s maps and also .D (ave modeling &T"e teams "ad modified survey met"ods and (ustomi%ed e*uipment and devi(es to suit t"e (avernous environment& T"eodolite is a pre(ise instrument for measuring angles in t"e verti(al and "ori%ontal plane& T"e teams used t"e )uild/ up t"eodolite/like instrument to do t"e (losed traverse and to measure great distan(es of t"e (ave (eilings and walls&

Cave 0assages Surveying

Traversing was done from station to station6 wit" up, down, left and rig"t measurements were taken toget"er wit" slope 7Ta)le . and 8) to draw t"e ("am)er of (ave for (eiling and floor map plotting& Closed traverse met"ods was applied to (al(ulate t"e error of loops&

: met"ods were applied; A) adial measurement& Measurement of distan(e from station to (eiling or wall taken every <= radially around (entral station point 7from = to <>=)&

Cross Se(tion Surveying 7Transverse and 9ongitudinal)

After t"e improvement was made, t"en t"e met"od was applied to map t"e lower part of t"e (ave& Surveying were done twi(e at t"e upper part of 0ainted Cave& T"ere were two different loops produ(ed& Traverse maps and .D (ave modelling were done two times sin(e value for (losing error of first loop was too )ig& T"is se(tion mainly dis(uss on t"e mapping met"ods and error wit" t"e improvement of (ave surveying&

#) 4erti(al measurements& A "ori%ontal was (onstru(ted from station to wall& Ceiling and floor "eig"ts+dept"s measured verti(ally every <m along t"e "ori%ontal& 3or loop of (ross se(tion, t"e distan(e was measured for every =&:?m&

3loor Surveying

#ased on t"e same traverse station points, t"e position of )oulders, )lo(ks, (olumns and stalagmites si%es were measured using (ompass and metre tape&

Ceiling Surveying

Same as t"e (eiling surveying, a%imut" and lengt" of joints were re(orded& 0osition and lengt" of stala(tites were re(orded w"ere possi)le&

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T"e (ave was surveyed using (losed traverse met"ods& $t was mapped )y running a series of traverse legs in a loop, ending at t"e starting point& Measurement was done )y using t"e t"eodalite instead of using pa(es& During t"e traversing, stations were marked so t"at t"ey (an )e easily found again& After t"at, t"e traverses were plotted and t"e (losure error was (orre(ted& T"e (orre(ted traverse was re/ plotted to get t"e new traverse map& #& 2*uipments and devi(es $nstead of using measuring tape, digital mapping tools su(" as laser was used during traversing& T"is is to in(rease t"e a((ura(y of t"e (ave surveying met"od& T"is laser t"en was atta("ed wit" tripod, (linometers and (ompass to form laser t"eodolite/like devi(e& T"is t"eodolite/like devi(e was re(onstru(ted and improvised few times to in(rease t"e a((ura(y and pre(ision of t"e data taken& $4&MA00$!G 0
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3igure < ; 3irst surveying map

Surveying were done twi(e& 3irst survey was done on week 8 of t"e proje(t& Se(ond survey was done on week >& 5en(e, t"ere are two traverse maps (onstru(ted& T"is is due to t"e *uite )ig error value produ(ed )y first traverse map& 5en(e, resurveying was done using t"e improvised t"eodolite/like devi(es w"i(" will )e e@plained in detail in dis(ussion se(tion& T"ese traverse map were (onstru(ted in A. si%e 7s(ale <; 8==), as s"ows at Figure 1 and 2

After t"e traversing map was (onstru(ted, additional information from t"e field survey was added on t"e map to make it as a proper (ave map )ased on international speleologi(al so(iety guidelineA3igure .B&

3igure : ; Se(ond surveying map

3igure ?; 0rofile view .D map 3urt"er understanding of t"e (ave parti(ularly its stru(ture and its foration (ould )e done using )ot" :d and .d map&

:D map (ould easily give us t"e p"ysi(al o)servation of a (ave espe(ially t"e lo(ation,si%e and s"ape of speleot"em .D map in t"e ot"er "and (ould give us information a)out si%es of t"e (ave,lengt" from a point to anot"er, elevation of (ave and many more&
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3igure .; 3inal map A&2rror Comparison on :D map

T"e data from t"e survey was also input into t"e C'M0ASS Cave Software and .D map was automati(ally (onstru(ted& T"e C'M0ASS Software "elps a user to study t"e (ave from 0lan and 0rofile view A3igure 8 and ?B and "ave many interesting features to give information of a (ave&

3irst in(omplete map was plotted on wit" only <. stations and after adjustment of t"e traverse was made, t"e loop (losing error of <C&8 metres was found &T"is error would affe(t t"e up(oming produ(tion of t"e map6 "en(e resurveying (ave was done in week > using t"e re(onstru(ted and improvised t"eodolite/like devi(e wit" e@pe(ted )etter a((ura(y&

As a result, after adjustment of t"e traverse was made, t"e se(ond loop error was redu(ed to :&8 metres only& T"e (omplete (ave (losing error measured is 8 metres&

#&$mprovement on devi(es and surveying met"ods

T"e se(ond survey 7week >) was using t"e re(onstru(ted and improvised t"e t"eodolite/like devi(e& A few en"an(ements were made on t"e devi(e& Some of t"e

(auses of error "ave )een identified6 leading to noti(ea)le improvement on surveying met"ods and a((ura(y&

9aser was put rig"t in front of t"e platform6 t"e distan(e measured is from t"e edge of t"e platform, not from t"e laser )eam itself& So, t"e measured distan(es were less t"an it supposed to )e&

S"ot point was esta)lis"ed& Can easily determine t"e e@a(t measured distan(e )y putting t"e laser at t"e (entre of t"e platform6 e@a(tly <&. metres from t"e ground&

3igure 8; 0lan view .D map #irst Survey &' map 3igure 8; 0lan$%eek view .D (mprovement made on Second Survey $%eek )' 4$ &Con(lusion 0latform for laser was too small, and slig"tly in(lined w"en taking t"e measurements& T"is result to :/. degree of freedom, affe(ting t"e a((ura(y of data-s taken& 0latform was upgraded wit" leveller& 9eveller was made wit" t"e )u))le tu)es on it& Cali)ration was done )y finding normal point for t"e )u))le tu)es, )y making t"e )u))le to )e (entre to t"e platform& 3urt"er improvement (ould )e made& ,e found t"e only limitation for a valua)le (ave map is t"e met"od during mapping pro(ess due to "uman error and tools used during measurement&

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#arnes, D&,& and &D& 9isle& :==8& Basic geo ogica !a""ing# fourth edition& 2ngland; Do"n ,iley and Sons, 9td&