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358-365.
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Sudduth, Michael, Reformed epistemology and Christian apologetics, Religious Studies 39, 299-321.
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Plantinga and Nicholas Wolterstroff, University of Notre Dame Press, (first printed 1983) 2004, pp. 16-93.

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:
Plantinga, Alvin, Warranted Chritian Belief, Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. Ch. II.
Also, Plantinga, Alvin, Reason and Belief in God, in Faith and Rationality: Reason and Belief in God, Alvin
Plantinga and Nicholas Wolterstroff, (eds), University of Notre Dame Press, first printed 1986, pp. 16-93.
:
Wolterstorrf, Nicholas, Can belief in God be rational if it has no foundations? in Faith and Rationality: Reason and
Belief in God, Alvin Plantinga and Nicholas Wolterstroff, (eds), pp. 164-172.
:
Sudduth, Michael, Reformed epistemology and Christian apologetics.
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Alston, William P., Belief, Acceptance, and Religious Faith, in Jordan and Howard-Synder (eds.), Faith and
Rationality, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 1996, Ch. 1, pp.3-12.
:
Audi, Robert, Faith, Belief, and Rationality, Philosophical Perspective. Vol. 5, Philosophy of Religion (1991), pp.
213-239.
Audi, Robert, Belief, faith, and acceptance, International Journal of Philosophy of Religion (2008) 63:87-102.
:
Vahid, Hamid, Alston on Belief and Acceptance in Religious Faith,The Heythrop Journal, (2009), pp. 23-30.


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Plantinga, Alvin, Warrant and Proper Function, Oxford University Press, 1993, Ch.1, pp.3-21.

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Clark, David, Faith and foundationalism, in The Rationality of Theism, Paul Copan and Paul K. Moser (eds.),
Routledge, 2003, Ch. 2, pp.35-54.
Also:
Alston, William P., Religious Experience and Religious Belief, Nous 16 (1982).
Plantinga, Alvin, Is Belief in God Properly Basic?, Nous XV (1981).
Pargetter, Robert, Experience, Proper Basicality, and Belief in God, Philosophy of Religion 27 (1990).

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Reid, Thomas, Inquiry and Essays, R. Beanblossom and K. Lehrer (eds.), Indianapolis: Hackett, 1983, pp. 94-95.
16
:
Plantinga, Alvin, Warrant and Proper Function, Oxford University Press, 1993, pp.83-86.
:
Audi, Robert, Testimony, Credulity, and Veracity, in Epistemology of Testimony, Jennifer Lackey and Ernest Sosa
(eds.),Oxford University Press, 2006, pp.25-49, see esp. pp. 28-31.

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( )knowledge ( )justification :
Plantinga, Alvin, Warrant and Proper Function, pp. 86-87.
:
Audi, Robert, Testimony, Credulity, and Veracity, pp.31-32, and also,
Audi, Robert, Epistemology: A contemporary introduction to the theory of knowledge, Routledge, 1999, Ch. 5,
pp.135-137.

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http://www.jesus-for-all.net/hewar_adyan/pdf_236.pdf :
http://ia600409.us.archive.org/14/items/fasl_khtab_nakd/fasl_khtab_nakd.pdf :
. :

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:
Hischfeld, Hartwig, New Researches into the Composition and Exegesis of the Quran, Royal Asiatic Society, London,
1902, pp. 139-140.

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22

Nldeke, The History of the Quran, pp. 36-37.

23

24

.
:
Schoeler, Gregor, A Comment on the hypotheses of Burton and Wansbrough, in The Quran in Context: Historical
and Literary Investigations into the Quranic Milieu, ed. By Angelika Neuwirth, Nicola Sinai, and Michael Marx, Brill,
2010, pp. 779-795.

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27
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:
Nldeke, The History of the Quran, Ch. The Other Pre-Uthmanic Collections, pp. 235-231.
28
" " :
Nldeke, The History of The Quran, Ch. The (First) Collection of Zyd B. Thabit, pp. 222-234.
29
Nldeke, The History of The Quran, p. 237.
30
Nldeke, The History of The Quran, pp. 251-253.
:
Nldeke, The History of The Quran, pp. 253-263.
31
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Nldeke, The History of The Quran, esp. pp. 209-267.
:
Bell, Richard, A Commentary on the Quran, C. E. Bosworth and M. E. J. Richardson (eds), Manchester: University
of Manchester, 1991.
And, Bell, Richard, Bells Introduction to the Quran, Revised by W. Montgomeray Watt, Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press, 1937.
:
http://www.deenresearchcenter.com/LinkClick.aspx?link=Bells+Introduction+to+the+Quran.pdf&tabid=93&mid=8
69
32
:
Motzki, Harald, The Collection of the Quran: A Reconsideration of Western Views in Light of Recent
Methodological Developments in Der Islam, 78(1)- Jan1, 2001, pp.1-34.
:
" : " .
32 .132-133
33

:
Grohmann, Adolf, The Problem of Dating Early Qurans, in Der Islam 33 (1958), pp. 213-231.
34
. :
Hischfeld, New Researches into the Composition and Exegesis of the Quran, pp. 139- 140.

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:
Rippin, Andrew, Muhammad in the Quran: Reading Scripture in the 21 Century, in The Biography of
Muhammad: The Issue of the Sources, Harald Motzki (ed.), Brill Academic Publishers, 2000, pp. 298-309.
36
( )John Wansbrough . :
Wansbrough, John, Quranic Studies: Sources and Methods of Scriptural Interpretation, Forwarded, Translations,
and Expanded Notes by, Andrew Rippin, Prometheus Books, 2004, pp. 1-52.
37
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Goldziher, Ignaz, Muslim Studies II, Trans. C. R. Varber nd S. M. Stern, London, George Allen & Unwin, 1971, p.19.
Goldziher, Muslim Studies II. p.19.
42
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" " " " :
Brown, Daniel W., Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought, Cambridge University Press, 1999, esp. Ch. 2, 5,
and 6.
43
:
Goldziher, Muslim Studies II, pp.38-59.
:
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:
Goldziher, Muslim Studies, 59-77.

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Goldziher, Muslim Studies II, 77-85.
46
Goldziher, Muslim Studies II pp. 89- 103.
47
:
Motzki, Harald, Dating Muslim Traditions, Arabica, T. 52, Fasc. 2 (Apr., 2005), pp. 209-210.
45

48

"" " " "" .

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Goldziher, Muslim Studies II, pp. 34-37
"" :
Goldziher, Muslim Studies II, pp. 132-134.
49
Goldziher, Muslim Studies, pp. 35-37.
50
Goldziher, Muslim Studies, pp. 38-40.
51
Goldziher, Muslim Studies, p.40.

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)Schacht, Josef, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence, Oxofrd, Oxford University Press, (first published
1950.
. :
.1331
53
Schacht, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence, p. 165.
54
Schacht, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence, pp. 161, 171-172.
55
Schacht, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence, p. 50.
56
Schacht, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence, p. 166.
57
Schacht, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence, pp. 164-169.

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Schacht, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence, pp. 171-172.

Schacht, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence, p. 171.
60
Wansbrough, John, Quranic Studies:Sources and Methods of Scriptural Interpretation, Forwarded, Translations,
and Expanded Notes by, Andrew Rippin, Prometheus Books, 2004.
61
Burton, John, The Collection of the Quran, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1979.
62
:
Wansbrough, John The Collection of the Quran by John Burton, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African
Studies, University of London, Vol. 41, No. 2 (1978), pp. 370-371.
63

. :
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Burton, The Collection of the Quran, pp. 162-163.

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:
Cobb, Paul, John Wansbrough, Quranic Studies: Sources and Methods of Scriptural Interpretation, Journal of
Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 68, No.2 (april 2009), p. 157.
Uullendorff, Edward, Quranic Studies: Sources and Methods of Scriptural Interpretatioin by John Wansbrough,
Bulletin of The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 40, No. 3 (1977), pp. 609-612.
68

Wansbrogh, Quranic Studies, p.44.

Wensinck, A. J. , The Muslim Creed: Its Genesis and Historical Development, (first published 1932), first published
by Routledge in 2008, 102-124.
70
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71
Nldeke, The History of The Quran, Section on The Non-Uthmanic Orthographic Variants and Readings: The
Sources, esp. Pp.423-470
72
Wansbrough, Quranic Studies, p. 202.
69

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76
Wansbrough, Quranic Studies, pp.117-118.
77
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80
Wansbrough, Quranic Studies, p. 47.
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Wansbrough, Quranic Studies, pp. 38-43.
81
Wansbrough, Quranic Studies, p. 50.
:
Wansbrough, John, The Sectarian Milieu: Content and Composition of Islamic Salvation History, Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1978, p. 147.
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84
Wansbrough, Quranic Studies, pp. 225-226.
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86
Wansbrough, Quranic Studies, pp. 85-118.
87
Wansbrough, Quranic Studies, xxiii.

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Motzki, Harald, The Origins of Islamic Jurisprudence: Meccan Fiqh before the Classical Schools, Translated from
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