,

.
.

2006
1

 (
)

.
,
, ,

.


.

. , , 2006
ISBN-10: 954-9681-23-8
ISBN-13: 978-954-9681-23-9




,
,


.

,
.
,

, ,
.

, :
. - . ,
. . . .




1.1.

1.1.1. ()


.
,
.
,
, ..
I = I 1 = I 2 = I 3 = ... = I n
(1.1)


, ..
U = U1 +U 2 +U 3 +... +U n = R1.I + R2 .I + R3 .I +... + Rn .I =
(1.2)
= ( R1 + R2 + R3 +... + Rn ). I = R.I

(1.2)
R :
n
U
= R = R1 + R2 + R3 + ...Rn = Rk
I
k =1
R (1.3)

(1.3)

I2

:
R1.I 2 + R2 .I 2 + R3 .I 2 +... + Rn .I 2
(1.4)
n

P = P1 + P2 + P3 + ... + Pn = Pk
k =1

,
, ..
U = U1 = U 2 = U 3 = ... = U n
(1.5)
,
,
, ..

(1.6)

I = I1 + I 2 + I 3 + ... + I n =

1
1
1
1
= U .
R + R + R + ... + R
2
3
n
1

U
U
U
U
+
+
+ ... +
=
R1 R2 R3
Rn

= R

(1.6) U
1
R

R , :
(1.7)

n
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+ ... +
=
R R1 R2 R3
Rn k =1 Rk

R=

1
n

R
k =1

,

R G ,
(1.7) :
n

(1.8)

G = G1 + G2 + G3 + ... + Gn = Gk
k =1

(1.7)

U 2 , ..
(1.9)

U2 U2 U2 U2
U2
=
+
+
+ ... +
R
R1
R2
R3
Rn

P = P1 + P2 + P3 + ... + Pn = Pk
k =1

(1.4) (1.9) ,

() .

.
,
,

.
-
,
(
),
.
1.1
. 1.1 ,
U = 240 V , R1 = R2 = 0,5 ; R3 = R5 = 10
; R4 = R6 = R7 = 5 .

:
,
.
,

:
RBC =

R AB =

( R6 + R7 ).R5

R6 + R7 + R5

( RBC + R4 ).R3
RBC + R4 + R3

( 5 + 5).10 = 5

5 + 5 + 10

( 5 + 5).10 = 5

5 + 5 + 10

Re = R1 + R AB + R2 = 0,5 + 5 + 0,5 = 6

:
I1 =

U
240
=
= 40
Re
6

:
U AB = R AB .I 1 = 5.40 = 200 V,
U AB = U ( R1 + R2 ).I 1 = 240 ( 0,5 + 0,5).40 = 200 V.
I 3 I 4
I3 =

U AB 200
=
= 20 A
R3
10

I 4 = I1 I 3 = 40 20 = 20

A
I 5
, ..
I
20
I5 = I6 = 4 =
= 10 A
2

I6

U BC

U AC

U BC = R5 .I 5 = 10 .10 = 100
U AC = R4 .I 4 = 5.20 = 100

V
V

U AB = U BC +U AC = 100 +100 = 200

V.

1.2.
. 1.2., I 5 = 20 A ; R1 = R3 = 8 ;
R2 = R4 = 4 ; R5 = R6 = 2 ; R7 = 3 .

: :
U ed = R5 .I 5 = 2.20 = 40 V
U ce = R1 .I 1 = R3 .I 3 =

R1 .R3
8.8
.I 5 =
.20 = 80 V
R1 + R3
8+8

V
:
U cd = U ce +U ed = 40 + 80 =120

U ce 80
=
= 10 A
R1
8
U cd
120
120.8
I6 =
=
=
= 30
A
R 2 .R 4
4. 4
32
2+
R6 +
4+4
R2 + R 4
I1 = I 3 =

R2 = R4 = 4

, I 2 = I 4 =

U cf = R2 .I 2 = 4.15 = 60

120

I 6 30
=
= 15 A
2
2

cd
I 7 = R = 3 = 40 A
7


I = I 5 + I 6 + I 7 = 20 + 30 + 40 = 90 A

 1.3. . 1.3. ,
R5 =12 ; R6 = 9
: R1 = 10 ; R2 = 5 ; R3 = 15 ; R4 = 6 ;
. U12
a b U ab =100 V.

U 12 = 300

V.

1.1.2.
,

, ..
Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = ... = Qn
(1.10)


:
(1.11)

U = U1 + U 2 + U 3 + ... + U n =

1
1
1
1
= Q.
C + C + C + ... + C
2
3
n
1

Q
Q
Q
Q
+
+
+ ... +
=
C1 C2 C3
Cn

=C

Q
C

(1.11)

C :
(1.12)

n
U
1
1
1
1
1
1
= =
+
+
+ ... +
=
Q C C1 C2 C3
Cn k =1 Ck

C=

1
n

C
k =1

,
, ..
U = U1 = U 2 = U 3 = ... = U n
(1.13)



, , ..
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + ... + Qn = C1 .U + C 2 .U + C 3 .U + ... + C n .U =
(1.14)
= U .( C1 + C 2 + C 3 + ... + C n ) .
(1.14)
U :
(1.15)

n
Q
= C = C1 + C2 + C3 + ... + Cn = Ck
U
k =1

.
.


,
.

:
(1.16)

WE =

1
1
1 Q2
C.U 2 = Q.U =
2
2
2 C

:
(1.17)

C=

0 .r .S
l

:
(1.18)

C=

2 . 0 . r .l
R
ln 1 ,
R2

:
(1.19)

C=

4. 0 . r .R1 .R2
.
R2 R1

n
1.4.

C .

CV
(. 1.4).
C CV 0,01 ,
n = 10

U .

UV

1
n

:
(. 1.4.):
Ce =

CV

C
n

CV

(. 1.4.)
C1 = C + CV

C
n 1

, :

C
C.( C + CV )
C.( C + CV )
n 1 =
Ce ' =
=
C
C1 +
( n 1) C + CV + C ( n 1).CV + n.C
n 1
n 1

C1 .

(.1.4.) :
Uv =

C 'e
.U
C1

Qv = Q ' e

Uv =

U .C
=
(n 1).C v + n.C

U

1 C
n.1 + 1 . v .
n C

:
Uv =

U
n.(1 + )

10

Uv

Uv

1 Cv

=
1 .
n C

, ..
Cv
n.
=
C
n 1

:
Cv
10
10
1
= 0.01 .
=
=
= 90
C
10 1 100 .(10 1) 10 .(10 1)

1.5
,

F
C = 4
, .1.5.
U = 2 kV .
.

:

,
. ,
C ab = C 4 + C 5 = 4.10 6 + 4.10 6 = 8.10 6
C cb =

C 3 .C ab
4.10 6 .8.10 6
8
=
= .10 6
6
6
C 3 + C ab 4.10 + 8.10
3

8
20
C cd = C 2 + C cb = 4.10 6 + .10 6 =
.10 6
3
3

11

F
F

C .C
C e = 1 cd =
C1 + C cd

20
.10 6
3
= 2,5.10 6
20
+
.10 6
3

4.10 6 .
4.10 6

,
.
:
U1 =U.

Ce
2,5.10 6
= 2000 .
= 1250
C1
4.10 6

U 2 = U U 1 = 2000 1250 = 750

C cd
8.10 6
= 750 .
= 500
C3
3.4.10 6

U 4 = U 5 = U 2 U 3 = 750 500 = 250

U 3 =U 2 .

, ..
Q = C e .U = 2,5.10 6 .2.10 3 = 5.10 3

Q1 = Q = 5.10 3 C ; Q2 = Q1 .

C2
4.3.10 6
= 5.10 3.
= 3.10 3
C cd
20 .10 6

Q3 = Q1 Q 2 = 5.10 3 3.10 3 = 2.10 3

C4
4.10 6
= 2.10 3.
= 1.10 3
C ab
8.10 6

Q5 = Q3 Q4 = 2.10 3 1.10 3 = 1.10 3

Q 4 = Q3 .

:
W E1

Q1 .U 1 1 Q12 1
5.10 3.1250
2
=
= .
= .C1 .U 1 =
= 3,125 J .
2
2 C1
2
2

:
W E 2 =1,125

J;

W E 3 = 0,5

J;

W E 4 =W E 5 = 0,125

:
WE =

1
1
.Q.U = .5.10 3.2000 = 5
2
2

12

W E = W EK = 3,125 + 1,125 + 0,5 + 0,125 + 0,125 = 5 J

k =1

1.6.
C1 C 2 .
C 2 , n
- .
: C 2 = C1 .( n 1) .
1.1.3.

.1.6
(), 1.6.
.
.

:
( 1.20 )

R1 =

R12 .R31
R12 + R23 + R31

R .R

R .R

12
23
23
31
, R2 = R + R + R , R3 = R + R + R ,
12
23
31
12
23
31

:
( 1.21 )

R12 = R1 + R2 +

R1 .R2
R3

R .R3

2
, R23 = R2 + R3 + R
1

13

R .R

3
1
, R31 = R3 + R1 + R .
2

 ( 1.20 ) ( 1.21 )
.
,
.
1.7 .1.7,

, U AB = U BC = 220 V , R0 = 0,5 , R1 = R2 = R7 = 1 ,
R3 = R4 = 4 , R5 = 8 , R6 = R8 = 2 .

: .1.7 ,
R6 , R7 R8 ,
R3 , R4 R5 .
:
R9 = R6 + R7 +

R6 .R7
2.1
= 2 +1+
=4
R8
2

R10 = R7 + R8 +

R7 .R8
1 .2
=1+ 2 +
=4
R6
2

R11 = R8 + R6 +

R8 .R6
2.2
=2+2+
=8
R7
1

.1.8.

14

 ,
..
1
1
1
1 1
=
+
= + = 0,5
Rab
R3 R9 4 4
1
1
1
1 1
=
+
= + = 0,5
Rbc
R4 R10
4 4
1
1
1
1 1
=
+
= + = 0,25
Rca
R5 R11 8 8

( .1.9 )
Rab =

R3 R9 4
=
= =2
2
2 2

Rbc =

R4 R10 4
=
= =2
2
2
2

Rca =

R5 R11 8
=
= =4
2
2
2

15


(.1.10 ) :
Ran =

Rab .Rca
2.4
=
=1
Rab + Rbc + Rca 2 + 2 + 4

Rbn =

Rbc .Rab
2 .2
=
= 0,5
Rab + Rbc + Rca 2 + 2 + 4

Rcn =

Rca .Rbc
4.2
=
=1
Rab + Rbc + Rca 2 + 2 + 4

:
R An = R1 + Ran = 1 + 1 = 2

16

RBn = R0 + Rbn = 0,5 + 0,5 = 1

RCn = R2 + Rcn = 1 + 1 = 2

, I 1 , I 0 I 2 A, B C
n .
n :
I1 + I 0 + I 2 = 0

AnBA BnCB , ..
U AB + R Bn .I 0 R An .I 1 = 0
U BC + RCn .I 2 R Bn .I 0 = 0

:
I 1 = 100

A , I 0 = 0 I 2 = 100 A

I 2 ,
.
1.8
.1.11,
R A = 1 , E = 12 V ; R1 = 5,1 ; R2 = 40 ; R3 = 18 ; R4 = R5 = 30 .

R
R
,
R
2 4 5 .

17

 .
,
, .

O
:
Ra =

R 2 .R 4
40.30
1200
=
=
= 12
R2 + R4 + R5 40 + 30 + 30 100

Rb =

R2 .R5
40.30
1200
=
=
= 12
R2 + R4 + R5 40 + 30 + 30 100

Rc =

R4 .R5
30.30
900
=
=
=9
R2 + R4 + R5 40 + 30 + 30 100

.1.11
.1.12.

:
Re = R1 + Ra +

( Rb + R3 ).( Rc + Ra )
Rb + R3 + Rc + Ra

I1 =

= 5,1 + 12 +

(12 + 18).( 9 + 1)
12 + 18 + 9 + 1

E
12
=
= 0,488
Re
24 ,6

d
U od = Rod .I 1 =

( R + R3 )( RC + R A )
RB + R3 + RC + R A

.I 1 =

e:

(12 + 18)( 9 + 1) .0,488 = 3,66

12 + 18 + 9 + 1

18

= 24,6

3,66

od
: I A = R + R = 9 + 1 = 0,366 A
C
A
1.3.
(.1.13) , =15 V , R0 =1 , R1 = 50 ; R2 = 20 ;
R3 = 20 ; R 4 = 30 ; R5 = 40
RA = 0 .

:

R1 , R2 R4 R A = 0
.
: I A = I ba = 0,1 A

1.2

1.2.1.

(
R )
( J G ) .1.14.

19


(.1.14 ) :
(1.22)
(1.23)

E
R
J
E=
G
J =

,
,

1
R
1
R=
G

G=

J = G.E ,
E = R.J

a b .
, (1.22) (1.23) ,
, ..
R=0 G=0.

Rk
... E k

...
e ,
...
Re , ..
n

(1.24)

Ee = Ek
k =1

Re = R k
k =1

(1.24) + -
...
E1 E n .1.15 + , E 2

-.

20

 n ...
(.1.16)

(1.25)

Ge = Gk , Gk =
Rk
k =1
n

(1.26)

Ee =

E
k =1

...

.G k

G
k =1

(1.26) ... + - ,

. E1 E n + , E 2 3
-.

21

 ,
.1.16 n
J k = G k .E k ,

n

J e = E k .Gk .
k =1

(1.26).
1.2.2.

J k
G k (. 1.17)

(1.27)

J e = J k ,

(1.28)

Ge = G k

k =1
n

k =1

(1.27)
J e

22

(1.28)

(1.29)

Ee =

Je
= Re . J e
Ge

Re =

1
Ge

(1.27) (1.28) +
- ,
.
1.2.3.

J
J (.1.18).

J
(1.19).

J R0
E + R0 .J (.1.20) ,
.1.14
(1.23).

23


J
R0
E + R0 .J (.1.21).

E k
J k J e
E e (.1.22)

(1.30)

J e = E k .G k + J k
k =1

24

n
n
E

E e = Re . k + J k = Re . ( E k .G k + J k ) = Re .J e ,
k =1 R k
k =1

(1.31)
Re =

1
=
Ge

1
n

R
k =1

... ,
(.1.23) (.1.23 ).

... :
E12 = E 2 E1 , E 23 = E 3 E 2 , E31 = E1 E 3 ,a
(1.32)
R12 , R23 R31 (1.21).

, ...
1 =

R12 .E 31 R31 .E12

R12 + R23 + R31

R .E

R .E

R .E

R .E

23
12
12
23
31
23
23
31
, E2 = R + R + R
, E3 = R + R + R
12
23
31
12
23
31
R3
, R1 , R2
(1.20).


.

- .

(1.33)

25

 ...

... .

- .

( , ).

:
-
;
- ;
- .


,
.
(1.24 ) ,

,
.1.24

.1.25

26

 ...
() (.1.26 ) ,
,
... (.1.26 ) ,
... .

1.10. , . 1.27
, 6 =55 V; J e =1 A; R 1 =5 ; R 2 =10 ; R 3 =R 4 =R 6 =5 ; R 5
=10 .
U J ,
.

27

:
.
1.

( ... 6 R 6 )
( J e R 6 ) . 1.28.
6

J e 6 = G 6 .E 6 =

E 6 55
=
= 11
R6
5

A.

28

 J e J e
... J e , ..
J e = J e J e = 11 1 = 10 A.
3.
... J e R6
... 6 R6 , ..
E 6 = R6 .J e = E 6 R6 .J e = 5.10 = 55 5.1 = 50 V.
. 1.29.
2.

,
, R 1 , R 2 R 3
(. 1.30) :
R1 .R 2
5.10
50
=
=
= 2,5
R1 + R 2 + R3 5 + 10 + 5 20
R 2 .R 3
10.5
50
Rb =
=
=
= 2,5
R1 + R 2 + R3 5 + 10 + 5 20
R1 .R3
5.5
25
Rc =
=
=
= 1,25
R1 + R 2 + R3 5 + 10 + 5 20
Ra =

29

 . 1.30,
.
R e = R 6 + Rb +

( Ra + R4 ).( Rc + R5 ) ( 2,5 + 5).(1,25 + 10)

=
= 12
R a + R c + R 4 + R5

2,5 + 1,25 + 5 + 10

E 6 50
=
= 4,167 A
Re 12
R c + R5
1,25 + 10
11,25.4,167
I4 =
.I bd =
.4,167 =
= 2,5 A
R a + R c + R 4 + R5
2,5 + 1,25 + 5 + 10
18,75
I bd =

I 5 = I bd I 4 = 4,167 2,5 = 1,667

A
U a b
:
U ab Rb .I bd Ra .I 4 = 0
U ab = Rb .I bd + R a .I 4 = 2,5.4,167 + 2,5.2,5 =16 ,65 V
,

I2 =

U ab 16 ,65
=
= 1,665
R2
10

A.

, .. I 1 = I 4 I 2 = 2,5 1,665 = 0,835 A
I 3 = I 1 + I 5 = 0,835 + 1,667 = 2,5 A
I 6 = I 2 + I 3 = 1,665 + 2,5 = 4,165 A
U J
, ..
U J = R6 .I bd E 6 = 5.4,167 50 = 29,165 V
.. J e U J = U bd
.

30

 1.11. (. 1.31)
J e = 10 A, J e = 5 A, R1 = 3 , R2 = 10 R = 7 .

.
1

:
(. 1.32):

... :
E1 = R1.J e1 = 3.10 = 30 V
E2 = R2 .J e2 = 10 .5 = 50 V

31

 R :
I=

E 2 E1
50 30
=
=1
R1 + R 2 + R 3 + 10 + 7

I 1 I 2 ,

I1 = J e + I = 10 + 1 = 11 A
1

I 2 = J e2 I = 5 1 = 4 A.

U 1 = R1 .I 1 = 3.11 = 33 V U 2 = R 2 .I 2 = 10 .4 = 40 V
. 1.32 :
E1 = U 1 R1 .I U 1 = E1 + R1 .I = 30 + 3.1 = 33 V
E 2 = U 2 + R2 .I U 2 = E 2 R 2 .I = 50 10 .1 = 40 V
.

P = U 1 .J e = 33 .10 = 330 W P = U 2 .J e = 40 .5 = 200 W

P + P = R.I 2 + R1 .I 12 + R2 .I 22 ,


330 + 200 = 7.12 + 3.11 2 + 10.4 2 = 7 + 363 + 160 = 530 W.
,
2
P = E 2 .I = 50.1 = 50 W, 1
P = 1 .I = 30.1 = 30 W.

P + P = R.I 2 + R1 .I 2 + R2 .I 2 = ( R + R1 + R2 ).I 2
30 + 50 = 20 .12 = 20 W.
,

,
.
1

1.12. . 1.33
.
.

32

: :
1.
(. 1.34 ).
2.

(. 1.34 ) :
R1 =

R12 .R31
R12 + R23 + R31

R .R

R .R

12
23
23
31
; R 2 = R + R + R ; R3 = R + R + R ;
12
23
31
12
23
31

3. ,
. 1.35 .

33

4.
. ,
(. 1.35
).

5.
(.
1.36) :
R12 .E31 R31 .E12
R12 + R23 + R31
R .E R23 .E 31
= 31 23
R12 + R23 + R31

E1 = R1 .( J 31 J 12 ) =
E 3 = R3 .( J 23 J 31 )

R .E R .E

23
12
12
23
; E 2 = R2 .( J 12 J 23 ) = R + R + R
;
12
23
31

34