HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

MULTIMEDIA
(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa)
Lu hnh ni b










H NI - 2007




HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG







MULTIMEDIA

Bin son : PGS.TS. TRUNG TUN

LI NI U

Bi ging v Multimedia Truyn thng a phng tin dng cho sinh vin v cng ngh
thng tin vi 3 n v hc trnh. Ni dung ca bi ging Multimedia cp n:
(i) Khi nim v a phng tin v nhu cu s dng a phng tin;
(ii) Thc hin n a phng tin, tc l sn xut sn phm a phng tin, theo
qui trnh nh n cng ngh thng tin.
Trong phn u, ti liu dnh mt s trang lit k mt s thut ng a phng tin. Tuy
chim ch trong gio trnh, nhng cc thut ng v a phng tin l rt cn thit i vi sinh
vin bc u lm quen vi cc khi nim a phng tin. Vic qun tr n a phng tin lin
quan n mt s khi nim c bn, nn i ch trng lp v ni dung; tuy nhin c vai tr nhc
li, v nhn mnh trong ton b gio trnh.
Ti liu c nh s chng mc theo qui nh xut bn. Cc chng c cu trc:
(i) Gii thiu ni dung;
(ii) Ni dung chng;
(iii) Tm tt v ti liu tham kho.
(iv) Cui chng l mt vi cu hi n li kin thc.
Do c im ni dung gio trnh v a phng tin, cc bi thc hnh trong phn cui ti
liu cng c gi tr khng km ni dung l thuyt, trong phn u ti liu.
Mt s thut ng cn ch thch bng ting Anh s c t trong cui trang.
y l ln u bin son nn ti liu cha c hon thin, cn nhiu ln chnh sa. Tc gi
rt mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca cc ng nghip, cc bn sinh vin c th chnh l,
b sung ph hp vi chng trnh o to v trnh cng ngh hin ti.

Xin chn thnh cm n s ng gp kin!
H Ni, thng 06 nm 2007
Tc gi
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3
CHNG 1
GII THIU V QU TRNH A PHNG TIN
GII THIU
1. Khi nim v Multimedia
2. Hon cnh s dng Multimedia
3. Vn bn quyn i vi cc tc phm a phng tin
4. Tng quan v qu trnh pht trin Multimedia
5. Qu trnh pht trin mt sn phm Multimedia
6. Xc nh cc nt chnh ca sn phm a phng tin
i. Qu trnh vit n
ii. Thit b a phng tin
iii. Qui trnh a phng tin
iv. Mc tiu ca n a phng tin
v. Xc nh ch cho sn phm a phng tin
vi. Phn phi sn phm
vii. Kch bn (script)
viii. Chun b cc mu th:
ix. Thu thp d liu
x. Ln k hoch v d liu nh tnh
xi. K hoch v nh ng
xii. Ln k hoch v m thanh
7. Pha sn xut a phng tin
8. Chun b d liu
i. To v s ho nh ng
ii. Quay v s ho d liu video
9. Hp nht cc cng ngh
10. Cng ngh h tr cho a phng tin
i. Thit b
ii. Phn mm
iii. My tnh a phng tin
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iv. Gii thiu phn mm
11. To hnh
i. To hnh tnh
ii. To hnh ng
NI DUNG
I. KHI NIM V MULTIMEDIA
Trc tin ngi ta c th hi a phng tin
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l g ? a phng tin l tch hp ca vn
bn, m thanh, hnh nh ca tt c cc loi v phn mm c iu khin trong mt mi trng
thng tin s.
nh ngha v a phng tin s cp sau. D liu a phng tin gm d liu v :
Vn bn;
Hnh nh;
m thanh;
Hnh ng.
I.1. Khi nim v a phng tin
Con ngi c nhu cu din t cc trng thi ca minh; v h c nhiu loi hnh th hin.
Con ngi c nhu cu truyn thng, do cch th hin trn ng truyn rt quan trng. Trn
Internet thng dng vi mi ngi, ci p ca trang Web phi c th hin c ni dung v
hnh thc.
a phng tin c nhiu loi, nhng phng tin cng cng v a phng tin: Radio, v
tuyn, qung co, phim, nh...
Nhu cu v tng tc ngi-my lun t ra trong h thng thng tin. Vn chnh v
tng tc ngi-my khng l quan h gia con ngi vi my tnh m l con ngi vi con
ngi. Con ngi c vai tr quan trng trong h thng thng tin.
Thng tin ra
Phn hi
Mi trng
X l thng tin

Hnh. H thng thng tin

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multimedia
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I.2. nh ngha
nh ngha a phng tin (theo ngha rng) l bao gm cc phng tin: vn bn, hnh v
tnh (v, chp), hot hnh (hnh nh ng), m thanh
Cui cng ngi ta c th nh ngha a phng tin; a phng tin l k thut m phng
v s dng ng thi nhiu dng phng tin chuyn ho thng tin v cc tc phm t cc k
thut
Lin quan n nh ngha a phng tin, ngi ta cn lu nhng kha cnh sau:
Thng tin cn phi c s ho, ph hp vi xu th v r;
Phi dng mng my tnh, m bo truyn b, hay truyn ti tt;
S dng phn mm c tng tc, cho php ngi dng trao i vi phn mm v thay
i theo ngi dng;
Phi thit k giao din ngi my ph hp vi pht trin ca a phng tin, tc giao
din ngi dng a phng tin c lu nhiu trong cc nm gn y.
II. HON CNH S DNG MULTIMEDIA
II.1. ng dng ca a phng tin
Trong nhiu ti liu qung co, ngi ta khuych trng vai tr ca a phng tin. Chnh
do vy m ngi ta c th xem (i) a phng tin thuc v nhiu lnh vc; (ii) hoc ngc li, a
phng tin khng c kha cnh g ring, ng nghin cu. Tuy vy trong nhiu nm qua,
ngi ta khng th ph nhn vai tr ca a phng tin, tc (i) vn bn; (ii) hnh nh; (iii) m
thanh; v (iv) hnh ng trong :
Chng trnh video theo yu cu VOD
1
;
Tr chi in t, video;
Giao dch, thng mi in t;





Hnh. Phng hc v thit b v hin thc o
Th in t cao cp c km c hnh nh v m thanh;
Gio dc t xa
2
, dy hc vi tr gip ca my tnh, dy qua sng ca i pht thanh,
hoc trn TV, trn mng my tnh. Xu th v hc in t
3
c nhiu tc gi nhc

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video on demand
2
distance learning
3
e-learning
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n;
Cc hot ng tin n chnh quyn in t, v lm vic ti nh.
Vy, c th dng a phng tin trong cc ng dng sau:
1. o to trn my CBT
1
;
2. M phng, v d li my bay trong bung li m phng, gii phu t xa;
3. Hin thc o;
4. Vui chi, hc sng to;
5. Th hin cc a phng tin, chng hn lm trang WEB theo t hng;
6. Tr chi gii tr.
Mt lu khi trin khai a phng tin l tc ng ca a phng tin, gy nn nhiu thay
i, c bit l :
1. Thay i cu trc cng nghip: Trc y cn sn lng cng nghip cao, nay cn cht
lng quan trng hn v ng thi quan tm n tnh thm m ca sn phm
2. Thay i cch thc lin kt trong cng vic
3. Thay i cch sng
II.2. Tnh hin th
Vo nhng nm 1990, cc chng trnh son tho vn bn WYSIWYG
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tr thnh chun
mc. Microsoft Word thng tr th trng ny, tip theo sau l Lotus Word Pro v WordPerfect.
u im ca cc trnh son tho WYSIWYG l:
Hin th ton trang: hin th ng thi khong 20-60 dng vn bn gip ngi s
dng c thc r rng v ni dung ca mi cu, v d dng c cng nh r sot ti
liu. Ngc li, cc chng trnh son tho kiu tng dng mt chng khc no nhn
th gii qua tng dng k hp.
Hin th vn bn trn dng n s xut hin khi in.
Hin con tr: Nhn thy mi tn, du gch ngang hoc mt khi nhp nhy trn mn
hnh gip ngi s dng thc c v tr lm vic hin thi.
iu khin chuyn ng ca con tr mt cch trc quan v t nhin bng cc phng
tin vt l: cc thit b vt l nh chut, cn iu khin cung cp c ch di chuyn con
tr, n dn ti mt s khc bit hon ton vi iu khin bng cu lnh. , cc di
chuyn vt l c thay bng cc dng lnh (vi c php phc tp) kh hc v thiu
tnh gi nh, v thng th y l ngun gc ca cc nhm ln, sai st.

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computer based training
2
what you see is what you get
7
S dng cc biu tng gi nh thao tc: Hu ht cc chng trnh son tho u
t cc hnh tng ca cc thao tc hay dng ln thanh cng c. N c tc dng nhc
nh ngi s dng v chc nng n i din v gip h nhanh chng kch hot chc
nng .
Tr li kt qu ca hnh ng ngay lp tc: Khi ngi s dng di chuyn con tr
hoc cn l gia, kt qu phi c tr ln mn hnh ngay lp tc. Khi xo, cc k t,
dng ch b xo phi bin mt ngay, ng thi phn vn bn cn li phi c sp xp
li cho nht qun. Trong cc h thng dng lnh, xem li vn bn sau khi xo, ta
phi thc hin mt lnh.
p li v hin th nhanh chng: hu ht cc h son tho u lm vic tc cao;
hin th ton trang ch tnh bng phn nh ca giy. Kh nng p ng v hin th
tc cao to ra cm gic mnh m v tho mn. Con tr c th di chuyn nhanh
chng, ton b vn bn c th c r sot, hiu ng cc tc ng gy ra c hin th
gn nh tc th, nhng p ng nhanh nh vy gim nhng thao tc ph khng cn
thit v bi vy n gin ho vic thit k v hc.
D dng quay lui: Khi ngi s dng nhp mt dng vn bn, h c th sa cha
nhng k t nhm ln bng cch xo hoc vit . Quan im thit k to ra nhng
hnh ng ngc hoc lnh Undo, cho php hu b nhng hiu ng ca hnh ng
va thc hin, gim s cng thng ca ngi s dng trc mi thao tc.
III. VN BN QUYN I VI CC TC PHM A PHNG TIN
Nu khng hiu bit y v bn quyn tc gi, v s hu tr tu v s vi phm bn
quyn, nhiu ngi khng nhn thc c tc hai ca vic vi phm v v tnh cng vi phm bn
quyn. Bn quyn tc gi lin quan nhiu n kha cnh o c.
III.1. Bn quyn
Quc t qui nh tnh c bn quyn. K hiu bn quyn l k hiu quc t dng cho bit
tnh bn quyn ca tc phm. Vi mi sn phm ng k bn quyn, ngi ta bit cc thng tin v
bn quyn sau :
K hiu bn quyn;
Tn ngi s hu;
Nm a ra ln u;
Mc ch ca bn quyn;
Th hin c tng sng to ca sn phm;
T tng nguyn gc ca sn phm;
Quyn tc gi;
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Quyn tc gi, theo lut php...
Cc sn phm a phng tin sau c quc t qui nh cn bo v bn quyn tc gi :
1. Tc phm m nhc;
2. Tc phm vn hc;
3. Tc phm kch cm;
4. Tc phm ngh thut;
5. Tc phm kin trc;
6. To hnh v t nhin;
7. Tc phm in nh;
8. Tc phm nh;
9. Chng trnh my tnh;
Cc khun mu ti c quan qun l s hu tr tu cho php ngi ta khai bo sn phm
c bo v.
III.2. Vi phm bn quyn
Vi phm quyn tc gi s nh hng n tc gi v quyn li, tng ring, trch nhim v
sn phm... Cc dng vi phm c thng k nh :
Sao chp : vic li th hin r rng qua hin tng chp li c on vn vo ti liu
ca mnh, cha k n sao chp tng m on vn th hin;
Th hin li : mt s sn phm ly vic th hin l trng tm, nh ng tc kch cm,
vic th hin li b coi nh sao chp t tng. Th hin li cng nh l sp t, thit
k theo mu ca ngi khc... cng b coi l vi phm tng...
Truyn b : s dng tng ca tc gi sn phm trong vic chng minh, th hin ni
dung ca mnh, m khng xin php tc gi s b xem l truyn ti, truyn b khng
c php;
Trch dn : ngi ta khng cho php s dng sn phm trong vic th hin tng
ca mnh, cho d l trch sn phm nh l th d. Vic trch dn cn c xin php, v
i khi phi c chi ph;
Trin lm : sn phm a phng tin ti cc bui trng by, trin lm thuc v tc gi.
Vy nn dng tc phm trong trin lm phi c s ng ca tc gi sn phm;
Dch li : vic dch ti liu ra ngn ng khc cng nh th hin li tc phm lin quan
n s hu tr tu, khng nn vi phm;
Trnh by trc cng chng : Vic th hin li sn phm a phng tin trc m
ng cng nh truyn b l khng c php;
Suy din : suy lun l qu trnh rt ra thng tin mi t cc d liu c; vic dng
ca mt sn phm tc gi thu c sn phm khc cn coi nh tc gi sn phm
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u cng l mt phn ng gp trong sn phm sau. Vy suy din ni dung sn phm
l vi phm bn quyn.

Sao chp
Sn phm c
bn quyn
Th hin li
C quan s
hu tr tu
S dng sn phm hp l
m bo cp nht
gi tr sn phm
Vi phm bn quyn
Ph kho

Hnh. Vi phm quyn tc gi
III.3. Kt lun
Bn quyn c tn trng th mi pht trin c cc tng sng to. Ngoi phm tr o
c, cn c iu lut gi quyn tc gi, hn ch vi phm s hu tr tu. Mt s vi phm hay c
nhc n gn y nh s dng m nhc, ca t khng ca mnh; sao chp phn mm v m kho
s dng; s dng li kin trc trang tin ca n v khc.
Hi ngi tiu dng sn phm a phng tin, h thng truyn thng cng cng cng ng
gp nhiu vo vic gi bn quyn.
IV. TNG QUAN V QU TRNH PHT TRIN MULTIMEDIA
Lch s pht trin ca a phng tin
Mt s mc thi gian cho thy a phng tin c dng nh thut ng cha lu.
Nm 1965: Trong hi tho quc t v phim xut hin thut ng a phng tin
Nm 1975: Ngi ta gi a phng tin l tr, chi qung co, video
Nm 1985: xut hin cc ca s nhc POP dng gin nhc in t c h thng t
chnh m thanh nh sng... T ngi ta thy rng a phng tin l mt phn i
sng thng ngy
Nm 1995: Con ngi sng trong mi trng c y tin nghi v s dng nhiu
kt qu ca a phng tin
trin khai cc n a phng tin, ngi ta cn gii quyt mt s vn v nhn thc:
(i) Khi dng a phng tin, v cc phn mm a phng tin l cc phn mm dn dt ngi
dng nn cn c quan im no y v s dng a phng tin; (ii) Phn mm a phng tin
vit ra rt tn km, trong khi nhu cu lun lun thay i v th cn phi c mt s cng c sa
i nhanh, r; (iii) Trong lnh vc a phng tin cn phi lun sng to, v i hi ngi lp
trnh a phng tin phi c ci nhn tng th.
Thng tin a phng tin c vai tr ln trong x hi tri thc, gp phn chuyn ho sang
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quyn lc hay tin bc.
Thng tin,
tri thc
Tin bc Quyn lc

Hnh. Mi quan h theo A. Toffler
Tuy c mt vi kh khn, trc ht l u t cho a phng tin, ngi ta vn khuyn co
cc c quan, n v nn dng a phng tin, nhm (i) theo kp pht trin ca khoa hc
cng ngh; (ii) a phng tin gip to ra cc thng tin mi; (iii) a phng tin cho php th
hin thng tin tt hn, c nhiu cch th hin cho nhiu loi ngi; v (iv) Cho php dng hin
thc o.
Nhn nhn v tnh hnh p dng cng ngh a phng tin, ngi ta thy :
Ti nhiu nc khi Asean: c trung tm o to a phng tin, c cc cng ty
chuyn v a phng tin. Bn cnh i pht thanh v truyn hnh, a phng tin tr
thnh nhu cu trong i sng kinh t x hi (c bit trong qung co sn phm, nghe
nhn,...)
Ti Vit Nam: nhiu c quan, chng hn Tng cc du lch sn xut a CD-ROM
gii thiu v du lch Vit Nam; cc cng ty lin doanh v qung co vn ho to b
nh Vit Nam; hng phim hot hnh trung ng lm phim hot hnh qung co, lm
phim cho thiu nhi...
a phng tin c s dng nhiu trong cc lnh vc nh qung co, dch v, gio dc, y
t, ngn hng... V iu cn thit nhm pht trin a phng tin l gio dc mi ngi nhn
thc v a phng tin, c kh nng t chc cc nhm cng tc v a phng tin.
V. QU TRNH PHT TRIN MT SN PHM MULTIMEDIA
Th d v a phng tin trong giao din in khun dng
Ngi ta quen vi giao din thc n. Thc n t c hiu qu trong vic la chn mt
mc t danh sch, nhng vi mt s cng vic li tr thnh nng n. Nu d liu nhp vo l
nhng tn ngi hay cc gi tr s th vic nhp vo bng bn phm c hiu qu cao hn. Khi
nhiu trng d liu c ngha thit thc, v c tng tc vi nhau, c gi l in khun
dng
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. in khun dng l mt phn quan trng trong giao din vn bn, trn mn hnh thng l
80 ct x 24 dng v n tng pht trin trong th gii giao tip ho nh l s pht trin ca
WWW
1
.
Gii php in khun dng u im ch n th hin thng tin mt cch hon chnh, lm
cho ngi dng c cm gic ang iu khin hi thoi. Mt s ch dn cng cn thit v cch th
hin ging nh cc vn bn quen thuc. Bn cnh ngi s dng phi thng tho vic s dng

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form fillin, form filling in
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bn phm, phm TAB hay chut di chuyn con tr, sa li bng phm quay li, ngha ca tn
trng, ni dung ca cc trng, v s dng phm Enter.
S dng giao din in khun dng khng kh, nhng cng cn lu khi thit k giao din
ny. Cc kinh nghim lm vic vi in khun dng khng nhiu, nhng cng c mt s nguyn
tc ni bt rt ra t nhng ngi ang thc hnh vi loi giao din ny (Galtiz, 1993, Brown,
1988). Qua mt so snh ca c s d liu cp nht bng vic in khun dng v bng cu lnh
chng minh tc v s u vit thuc v in khun dng, Ogden v Boyle, 1982. Ngi ta c
cng c phn mm n gin, tr gip cht lng m bo... to iu kin bo tr giao din v
nng tc tng tc. Nhng thm ch ngay c vi cng c hon ho nht, ngi thit k vn
phi gii quyt nhiu cng vic phc tp.
1. Nguyn tc
Mt s nguyn tc dng trong thit k giao din in khun dng :
1. Tiu phi c ngha, cn gn lin vi ch , trnh vic dng thut ng chuyn
ngnh my tnh;
2. Ch dn y d hiu : m t cc mc cng vic ca ngi dng bng thut ng quen
thuc, tht ngn gn. Khi c nhiu thng tin cn thng bo th nn to mn hnh tr
gip cho ngi mi lm vic. H tr ngn gn , ch m t cng vic cn thit.
Chng hn ngi ta dng g vo a ch hay n gin ch l a ch v trnh dng
cc i t bn hy nh vo a ch hay lin quan ti cm t "ngi s dng hy
nhp a ch...
Mt nguyn tc hu dng khc l nhp thng tin v n cc phm c bit nh Tab,
Enter... con tr hin thi hoc s dng kho chc nng chng trnh. Do Enter thng
c cp n nh mt t kho c bit nn phi trnh vic s dng n trong cc ch
dn. Ng php dng trong cc cu ch dn cn phi dng ht sc cn thn;
3. Phn nhm v sp xp th t cc trng theo logic. Cc trng lin quan cn nn t
gn nhau trong mt khng gian ring phn bit vi cc nhm khc. Th t cc
trng d liu nn ph hp vi kin thc x hi, lut php, tm l nhn thc...
4. Trnh by khun dng nn bt mt. Nhm cc trng thch hp vo mt phn ca mn
hnh v cch bit vi cc phn khc bng nhng khong trng. S sp xp,cn chnh
to cho ta cm gic trt t ngn np v d hiu. Cch trnh by ny cho php ngi s
dng c thi quen tp trung vo cc trng nhp liu v khng cn qu ch tm vo
cc tiu . Nu ngi s dng dng vn bn giy t th mn hnh cng phi tng
ng nh vy;
5. S dng cc tiu quen thuc. Nn s dng cc thut ng quen thuc thng gp, th

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world wide web
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d nh nu thay a ch nh ring bng Ni c tr th ngi s dng s bn khon
hay khng dm chc mnh s phi lm g;
6. Nht qun v thut ng v cc t vit tt. Cn chun b trc mt danh sch cc thut
ng v nhng ch vit tt c th chp nhn c v s dng danh sch mt cch
thng xuyn. Ch thc hin vic b sung sau khi xem xt k;
7. Dng khong trng v ng bao cho cc trng nhp d liu. Ngi s dng cn
nhn thy kch c ca cc trng v lng trc c vic c cn vit tt hay s dng
cc chin lc sp xp khc hay khng. Ch ra s k t c th hin, kch thc hp
vn bn c th ch gii hn di trng d liu;
8. S dng con tr thm thun tin. S dng k thut bnh thng, n gin v trc
quan, i vi vic dch chuyn con tr th d nh vic dng TAB hay cc mi tn;
9. Sa li cho cc k t ring l v cho ton b trng. Cho php s dng phm quay lui
v ch ghi ngi s dng c th d dng sa cha hoc thay i c c
d liu ng;
10. Chn li. Ti nhng ni c th, thc hin bt li ngi dng ch c th nhp vo
cc gi tr ng, th d vi cc trng yu cu cc s dng th khng cho php nhp
vo cc k t, cc du m -, v cc du phy thp phn.
11. Cc thng bo li cho cc gi tr khng hp l. Nu ngi dng nhp vo cc gi tr
khng hp l, th cn c thng bo li. Thng bo ny phi ch ra cc gi tr chp nhn
c ca trng;
12. Ch thch r rng cc trng tu chn. Bt c ch no thch hp, trng tu chn hay
cc ch dn khc u cn phi c th hin. Cc trng tu chn nn theo cc trng
yu cu bt c khi no c th;
13. Gii thch r rng cc tn trng. Nu c th, bt c khi no con tr di chuyn ti cc
trng, thng tin gii thch v cc trng hay cc gi tr chp nhn i vi trng
c th xut hin nhng v tr chun, th d nh cc ca s pha di y;
14. Du hiu kt thc. Nn ngi s dng thc hin ng tc kt thc phn nhp thng
tin vo. Thng thng ngi thit k nn trnh vic hon thin cng vic mt cch t
ng, khi ngi s dng lm vic xong vi trng cui cng, bi rt c th ngi s
dng mun xem li hay thay th cc gi tr nhp vo cc trng trc ;
Nhng vn trn y dng nh l hin nhin nhng nhiu khi cc nh thit k giao din
in khun dng li thng c th mc cc li nh:
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B st tiu ;
Cc du hiu kt thc;
Tn file my tnh khng cn thit;
Cc k t l;
Cc ch dn kh hiu;
Nhm cc trng khng trc quan;
Cc th hin ln xn;
Cc tn trng khng r ngha;
Mu thun gia cc ch vit tt hay cc nh dng trng;
Con tr hin thi bt tin;
Cc th tc sa li phc tp;
Cc thng bo li khng thn thin.
Cc nguyn tc thit k chi tit nn phn nh bng cc thut ng v cc t vit tt ring.
rng, cao ca thit b hin th, cc c im ni bt nh o ngc hnh nh, gch chn, cc
mc cng , mu sc, phng ch, con tr hin thi, m cc trng cng c tc dng to nn s
thn thin i vi ngi s dng.
2. Danh sch v hp chn
C th gii thiu trong giao din in khun dng mt s cch tng tc ngi-my, nh
cc hp chn, danh sch la chn.
Trong mi trng ho v trn WWW cc nh thit k c th s dng cc hp danh sch
dng thanh cun lm gim gnh nng ca vic nhp d liu ca ngi s dng v gim cc li.
Danh sch vi thanh cun c th c di ti hng ngn mc nh ta c th thy trong nhiu ti
liu trn CD-ROM. Vic la chn nhanh mt danh sch di c th thc hin d dng bi hp chn
kt hp
1
.
Trong nhiu trng hp ngi s dng c th g vo mt s k t u v buc thanh cun
phi chy ti . c trng ca danh sch l sp theo trt t bng ch ci nhm h tr ngi dng
khi g vo cc k t u, nhng cc danh sch khng sp xp i khi cng c th c ch. S kt
hp gia cc thc n n hin, thanh cun v in khun dng c th h tr nhanh vic la chn
thm ch c cho c cc cng vic nhiu bc.

1
combo-box
14
3. nh dng d liu cho cc trng trong giao din in khun dng
Nhiu khun dng yu cu c bit i vi vic in d liu vo v th hin thng tin ra.
Thng thng qui c :
1. i vi cc trng k t, thng thng thc hin vic cn l tri c khi nhp vo v
hin th cc k t;
2. i vi cc trng s (i) thng khi nhp d liu vo s cn l tri, khi hin th th cn
l phi; (ii) trong nhiu trng hp cn trnh nhp v hin th cc s khng bn tri
nht ca cc trng s; (iii) cc trng s vi du phy thp phn, cn cn theo du
phy.
Sau y l mt s lu c bit i vi cc trng ph bin:
Cc s in thoi. Thng thng c dng s in thoi c m vng, s my ti a
phng... nn ngi ta c th sn mt s khong trng, hay ghi sn m vng Vit
nam (84)... Cn phng cc trng hp c bit nh thm vo cc my ph hay cn
thit cho cc nh dng phi chun ca cc s in thoi quc t;
S chng minh th, hoc s bo him x hi, cn c sp t cc ngi dng d
nhp, in s;
Thi gian. Mc d vic s dng h 24 gi l thun tin nht nhng rt nhiu ngi li
mun s dng mt cch trnh by gy nhiu rc ri l gi sng v chiu, km theo
k hiu AM, PM, nn giao din c th dnh sn khong trng ngi dng in;
Ngy thng. nh dng khun in cho ngy thng cng nh thi gian; c th t
sn../../.. hay cho bit ni in ngy, in thng, in nm;
K hiu tin t. Nn hin k hiu ng Vit nam hay la hin trn mn hnh, cho
php ngi dng nhp vo s lng. Nu s lng tin nhp vo l qu ln ngi s
dng phi thay i khun dng.
Mt iu ng lu khc trong thit k giao din in khun dng bao gm (i) nhiu dng
mn hnh, nhiu thc n v khun dng hn hp; (ii) s dng ho quan h ti cc khun dng
trn giy; (iii) s dng mu sc...
4. Cc hp thoi
Trong ho ngi dng c th thc hin vic la chn thng qua cc thc n ko th v
n hin. Nhng rt nhiu nhim v yu cu a la chn cng nh vic nhp d liu vo c th l
chui cc con s hay cc ch ci. a s cc gii php cho cc vn phc tp u cho php
ngi dng s dng hp thoi, chng hn ca s m file, ghi li kt qu... Cc hp thoi cng
15
c th gi chc nng c th
1
th d nh khi ta nhp tn v a ch khch hng khi cho thu xe t
hay ch r mu sc v kt cu cho cc h thng thng tin a l.

Hnh. Mt th d hp thoi Open ca Microsoft Word
Thit k hp thoi kt hp vi thc n la chn v in khun dng a ra nhiu iu cn
quan tm nh tnh nht qun qua hng trm mc hp thoi v c quan h ti cc khon mc khc
trn mn hnh (Galitz, 1994). Cn m bo tnh nht qun i vi cc hp thoi. Cc hp thoi
cn phi c tiu quen thuc xc nh chng v phi c cc thuc tnh nht qun, ph hp, th
d t vo trung tm, kt hp ch hoa v ch thng, c 12, mu en... Cc hp thoi thng c
hnh dng xc nh v kch c ph hp vi mi tnh hung, nhng vic s dng kch thc c
bit hay kha cnh t l c s dng thng bo li, xc nh, hay cc thnh phn ca ng
dng. Vi hp thoi cn c chun v t l v b cc hnh nh hp l, tiu biu nh t pha trn,
bn tri sang pha di, bn phi i vi nhng ngn ng c kiu c t tri qua phi.
Cu trc mng th hin ni dung v cu trc i xng c th p dng trong cc hp thoi.
Tp hp cc i tng c quan h vi nhau qua mt hp hay thc hin phn chia theo hng ngang
hng dc s gip cho ngi s dng hiu c ni dung. Vic nhn mnh c th s dng thm
mu sc, phng ch v kiu ch. Cc thnh phn ca hp thoi s b ph thuc vo b cng c h
tr hay cng c thit k, nhng thng thng chng bao gm (i) cc nt lnh; (ii) cc hp kim;
(iii) cc hp vn bn; (iv) cc hp danh sch; (v) cc hp chn; (vi) thanh cun. Cc nt lnh
chun vi cc tn, mu sc, kiu ch ph hp c th gip ngi s dng la chn chnh xc v
tng bc v cn d tnh trc khun dng b li.
Cc hp thoi c thit k cng lin quan ti mn hnh hin thi. Thng thng n xut
hin trn u ca mi phn, nhng cng l nhc im, do chng lm ti ngha cc thng tin
lin quan.
Hp thoi nn xut hin gn nhng khng nn ln cc i tng lin quan, th d khi
ngi s dng kch vo thnh ph trn bn , th mt hp thoi v thnh ph s xut hin ngay
bn cnh im c kch . Vic gy phin h ch yu l hp thoi vi chc nng nh l tm
kim thng tin, m khng lin quan n thng tin ang x l.

1
task-specific function
16
Hp thoi cn c s tch bit ngi dng c th phn bit c chng, nhng cng
khng nn qua th rp kht khe ti mc lm mt tnh hin th. Cui cng cc hp thoi cn bin
mt nhanh chng d dng.
Mt s nguyn tc thit k hp thoi :
1. Trnh by ni dung, dng cho c giao din thc n v in khun dng:
Tiu c ngha, kiu thng nht;
Sp xp t gc ty bc xung gc ty nam;
Tp hp v nhn mnh;
Nht qun trnh by, v l, khung,khong trng, ng k...
Nht qun v thut ng, kiu ch, ch hoa;
Cc nt chun, nh phm khng nh, hu b...
Chn li, bng cc giao din nh thao tc trc tip...
2. Quan h vi bn ngoi :
Xut hin v bin i mt cch nh nhng;
ng bao nh nhng phi d phn bit;
Kch thc nh hn ch vic che khut;
Hin th gn cc i tng tng ng;
Khng che khut cc khon mc bt buc;
R rng trong kt thc, hu b.
Khi c nhiu nhim v phc tp c th phi cn ti nhiu hp thoi, mt s nh thit k
hng u chn kiu hp tab, cho php chuyn t ny sang khc, trong mi hp thoi a
nng
1
s c khong t 2 n 20 tab. K thut ny c th mang li hiu qu nhng n cng i hi
qun l phc tp do vic chia ra qu nhiu phn nh. Ngi s dng c th phi mt nhiu thi
gian tm kim u l bn di m h cn tm. Mt s lng nh cc hp thoi ln c th c li
hn bi v ngi s dng thng thng thch tm kim mt cch trc quan hn l phi nh l tm
u.
5. Kt lun v in khun dng

1
multi dialog boxes
17
im tp trung chnh trong vic t chc v sp xp cc thc n l p ng cc nhim
v ca ngi dng, m bo mi thc n l mt n v y chc nng v to thnh cc i
tng ring bit v d hiu.
Cn m bo chc chn c s thc nghim yu t con ngi v phi c cc chuyn gia
trong qu trnh thit k. Khi h thng thc hin th vic thu nhn d liu, thng k li v cc tc
ng ph, phi c hng dn mt cch t nh.
Bt c khi no c th hy dng cc cng c phn mm to ra v hin th mt thc n,
in khun dng hay mt hp thoi. Qua vic s dng cc giao din in khun dng trn th
trng, ngi ta thy chng cho php (i) gim thi gian thi hnh cng vic; (ii) m bo s nht
qun v cch th hin; v (iii) n gin ho cng vic bo tr.
Mt s lu v cng tc nghin cu v giao din hng khun dng :
Ngi ta thy cn trao i kin vi nhiu ngi dng t c cu trc giao din
hp l v hng ngi dng;
Cc c hi nghin cu c rt nhiu. Vic cn bng cc yu t chiu rng v chiu su
vi cc iu kin khng ging nhau l cn thit cho vic nghin cu a ra nhng
nguyn tc cho cc nh thit k. Chin lc trnh by, t ng ca ch dn, cm t ca
cc i tng trong thc n, thit k ho, v thi gian p ng, l tt c nhng
kha cnh cn c th nghim. Kh nng pht trin ang m rng khi mn hnh ngy
cng rng v nhiu thit b mi;
Nhng ngi thc hin s c li t cc cng c phn mm tin tin, t ng khi to,
qun l, tp hp thng k, v ci tin. Tnh kh chuyn s c pht huy chuyn
i qua cc h thng mt cch thun tin v vn quc t ho cng s tr nn d
dng hn bi cc cng c h tr ti thit k a ngn ng.
VI. XC NH CC NT CHNH CA SN PHM A PHNG TIN
VI.1. Vit n
Ngi ta c th vit n theo khun mu nhn c. Tuy nhin trong khun mu khng
th th hin ht cc im mnh m ngi ta mun trnh by khi cn u t.
n c trang quan trng l mc ch, ni dung thc hin. K hoch n l kt qu cui
cng, cho php phn nh qu trnh thc hin n.
iu m ngi vit n a phng tin cn m t l :
Xut pht, cn c cho php xy dng n;
ch, mc tiu ca n;
D kin khn gi, tc ngi dng s dng sn phm a phng tin;
Cc khi nim, ch lin quan n n;
18
Phng tin phn pht sn phm, truyn ti sn phm;
Mi trng sn xut;
Ngn sch;
Lch sn xut.
Trong n ban u, ngi ta cn tr li c cc cu hi lin quan n tnh u vit khi s
dng a phng tin pht trin sn phm, bi v c rt nhiu la chn trong a phng tin
ch l mt la chn. Tip n l phi xc nh sn phm a phng tin l sn phm cng cng
hay dng ring v cn p ng yu cu v dng sn phm.
VI.2. Mi trng yu cu sn xut a phng tin
Mi trng cho vic sn xut gm h tng k thut, chnh sch pht trin, hnh lang php
l...
Cn c chun x l thng tin a ngnh, do n a phng tin lin quan n rt
nhiu dng thng tin;
Cn c mi trng truyn thng, h tng mng my tnh;
Phi m bo an ton cho n v cho sn phm;
C th trng cnh tranh lnh mnh v phn mm;
Cn hun luyn nng lc dng a phng tin;
Nh vy l s c dch v x l thng tin v truyn thng ph hp v s c cc dch v mi
m bo vn u t an ton v qu trnh sn xut c hon thnh.
VI.3. Mc tiu ca n a phng tin
Ngi sn xut s nhm mc tiu i vi sn phm a phng tin :
o c kt qu ca sn phm a phng tin;
Theo chun ca AIDA
1
dng cho truyn thng qung co. Theo chun ny sn
phm cn m t cng c, li ch, mong mun, th hin;
Theo chun ng gi sn phm, bn sn phm.
xy dng mc ch ca n, ngi ta cn t tr li cc cu hi, th d v cc cu hi v
phm vi ca n a phng tin.

Kinh nghim ca khch v a phng tin
Tn c quan:
a ch:
Tel: Fax Email
Web site:
Lin quan n n
Tn chc v

1
Abstract Interfaces for Data Analysis
19
ng dy trc tip
Kinh nghim tng tc a phng tin t trc:
Khng Mt cht Tm Tt Gii
Kinh nghim v phn mm a phng tin
Tn phn mm:
Xc nh loi n (gii tr, gio dc, tnh ton, web)
Nhu cu dng mng Internet
Intranet/Extranet
Mng LAN
My PC n
Xc nh khch hng c kh nng v WEB CD
Xc nh th trng ra sao?
Xc nh tiu ch quan trng trong sn phm a phng tin
Tng tc
Ti nguyn cng ngh thng tin (phn cng, phn mm)
Audio, video
Gi
Thi hn
Qui m xy dng qui m cng vic sn xut, xc nh nhm nh
C quan
Ni bo tr (bo hnh trong thi hn, sa cha)
Li nhun (li bao nhiu)
Truy cp sn phm qung co
Hng dn s dng
Tch hp, trn ln cc phng tin trong mt sn phm
Ni dung a phng tin
Thi gian pht trin (chnh l thi gian sn xut ra sn phm)


Mt s cu hi in hnh tp trung vo cc kha cnh sau :
H tng mng intranet/ internet/ extranet;
Hin trng v trang WEB v thit b CD;
Th trng s dng a phng tin;
Ngi ta c th phn hng c cc tiu ch quan trng ca sn phm a phng tin;
Qui m ca qu trnh sn xut a phng tin, hay ca cng vic sn xut;
Ni bo tr sn phm a phng tin;
Cc li nhun cn t c ca ch nhim n a phng tin;
Kh nng truy cp v s dng sn phm a phng tin;
Kh nng tch hp cc ngun a phng tin;
Ni dung a phng tin;
Thi gian pht trin, tc thi gian thc hin n a phng tin;
Cc ngun ngn sch, t (i) chnh ph; (ii) t nhn; (iii) vn vay...;
20
Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn xc nh cc kha cnh lin quan n qu trnh sn xut a phng
tin, ch yu tp trung vo :
Kinh nghim v pht trin sn phm a phng tin trc y;
Xp loi n s thc hin;
Cn chun b thit b trnh din, qun co cho sn phm a phng tin;
o to, hun luyn ngi dng, ngi pht trin sn phm a phng tin;
Xc nh ni phn phi sn phm, tc a im bn hng;
t cc ni thng bo, thng tin v sn phm ca n;
C chin dch qung co sn phm;
Mt s quan tm v (i) xut bn; (ii) gio dc; (iii) cng nghip gii tr; v (iv) quc
t ho phm vi ca n.
VI.4. Cc xut ca n a phng tin
n c th ngh, hay xut cho ngi dng thng qua sn phm a phng tin. Vy
cn xc nh (i) Ni dung xut; v (ii) M t cc thnh phn xut. iu ny c ngha n
a ra :
Gii thiu tng quan v n v khi qut v vic iu hnh n;
Cc xut, cc khng nh m n dnh cho khch hng;
Cc khuyn co cho ngi dng, nh l kh nng ng dng ca sn phm a
phng tin;
M t gii php v l do la chn sn phm a phng tin.
Vic cn i ngun lc m bo n a phng tin thnh cng dn n vic cn i
cc kha cnh :
Kha cnh chnh ca mc tiu n vi cc kha cnh ph, lin quan ca mc tiu
n;
La chn dng x l ph hp trong s nhiu kh nng x l;
Chn cu trc lc trnh din trong nhiu loi lc (i) tun t; (ii) song song; (iii)
tng tc; hay (iv) t hp ca cc loi cu trc;
Cn i v ngun ti nguyn con ngi;
Xp sp lch trnh, v dnh thi gian v kinh ph th nghim sn phm a phng tin;
Cn i gia gi thnh v gi c sn phm;
Cn i cc rng buc cn tun theo.
VI.5. Cc rng buc ca hp ng thc hin n a phng tin
Ngi ta xc nh nhng iu khon cn thc hin i vi hai bn k kt hp ng thc
hin n, xem nh cc rng buc ca hp ng. Lc ny cc xut s c lm tinh a
21
vo vn kin hp ng. Th d
Ngi ta c th t ra mc chi cho tng cng vic, theo bng k

Cng vic Xut
x
Mc chi /
ngy
S
ngy
Thnh tin
Ngi qun l, qun tr
1. Trng n, trng trang Web
2. Tr l n
3. Tr l sn xut chung
4. B phn th k

Sn xut video
1. Gim c
2. Ngi sn xut
3. Tr l sn xut
4. Ngi quay video
5. Ph trch nh sng
6. Ph trch m thanh
7. Trang phc, trang im
8. Theo di kch bn
9. ho video
10. Lu tr phim, nh

Sn xut m thanh
1. Trng nhm
2. Theo di kch bn
3. Bin tp m thanh
4. Ngh thut v m
5. Nhc cng

Sn xut ho, nh tnh
1. Trng sn xut
2. Sn xut ho
3. Lu tr nh
4. Hot hnh
5. Chp nh
6. M hnh 3 chiu
7. Thit k ho, thit k trang Web
8. Qut nh, s ho nh
9. Gim c ngh thut
10. Ngh s
11. nh my

Pht trin c s d liu
1. Qun l, thu thp d liu
2. Pht trin, tch hp
3. Ch s ho

Thit k, lm t liu
1. Thit k tng tc
2. Thit k hng dn s dng

22
3. Thit k giao din
4. Son tho trang Web, kch bn
5. Chuyn gia chuyn mn
Tnh ton v tch hp
1. Lp trnh, lp trnh Web
2. Trng k thut
3. Trng mng my tnh


i vi n a phng tin, do tc ng ln ca d liu a phng tin, nhng thay i,
tc ng a phng tin cn c tnh n. Do vy, mt kha cnh qun tr trong h thng cn t
ra l qun tr s thay i. Ngi ta c th xt n cc thay i trong tng pha ca n. Phn trn
nu mt s pha ca n. Tuy nhin c th xem xt s thay i trn cc pha sau (i) xc nh
cu trc chung v xc nh ni dung; (ii) c t v sn phm a phng tin v c s h tng ca
qun tr sn xut; (iii) xc nh ni dung chi tit; (iv) sn xut v ch ra cc chc nng chnh ca
h thng; (v) hon thin sn phm, kt thc hp ng.
VI.6. Ni dung n a phng tin
Ni dung n cn c vo mc tiu n. Vai tr ca ni dung thy r trong lc chun b
n, cng nh thc hin n.
Cu trc ni dung
Ni dung
Thng tin c chn
Cu trc
bn trong
Phng tin
s dng
X l


Hnh. Vai tr ni dung n
Ni dung n a phng tin c th hin qua kch bn a phng tin. Kch bn s
c m t trong phn sau, c nhiu dng.
Ngi ta thy c vi yu t nh hng n vic la chn ni dung, l (i) nh hng n ni
dung do phng thc phn phi sn phm a phng tin, bn s hoc bn l; (ii) mi trng s
dng sn phm trong ng dng o to; (iii) cc hn ch, rng buc ca n.
Trong bng k ni dung n, ngi ta cn lit k cc chi tit sau :
1. Tn ng dng a phng tin; thuc dng s dng trc tip hay gin tip;
2. H tng cho php ng dng a phng tin;
3. Mc ch ca vic ng gi sn phm; dng cho vic thng bo, gii tr, o to hay
bn. Bn cnh mc ch ny, c th b sung mc ph hp;
23
4. Bao b, nhn mc cho sn phm a phng tin;
5. Nhn nhn chung, v rng hay su, i vi sn phm;
6. Mc ph hp ca cc on chnh trong sn phm so vi ni dung;
7. Mc ph hp i vi khn gi, i vi mc ch chung;
8. Khi lng ca tng on sn phm;
9. Cch thc truy cp thng tin ti mi on sn phm a phng tin; v cch thc truy
cp qua nhiu on sn phm.
Ni dung tc ng n s hun luyn v o to. Ngi ta xc nh tc ng v o to ti
cui qu trnh sn xut sn phm a phng tin, qua cc cu t hi :
Ngi dng cn thit k nng v tri thc khng ?, khi hc s dng sn phm;
Ngi dng t n mc k nng no ?;
C thng tin phn hi v hiu nng khng t ca sn phm khng ?;
C nhiu cch th hin ni dung ?;
C thng tin ph i vi mc tiu quan trong ?;
Ngi dng c c hi s dng k nng, tri thc ca h ?;
S dng c cc thit b ?.
i vi ton b sn phm, cn khuyn co iu g nhm tng cng ni dung n, v
mt thit b, phng tin, hay truyn ti a phng tin ?
Bn cnh nhng yu cu nhm xc nh ni dung n a phng tin, cn c (i) cng
ngh, hay cch thc cho php t c ni dung nht tr, v ngi ta tun theo (ii) cc nguyn tc
c bn thit lp ni dung.
VI.7. Kch bn
Vit kch bn l sng tc. Cng tc sng tc l hot ng tr tu. Mt sn phm ngh thut l
tch c ci ring trong nhng ci chung.
Kch bn l cu chuyn vin tng, c nhn vi cc c tnh, s kin, sn phm v mi
trng. N gip ngi thit k khai thc tng v chia quyt nh thit k ra cc tnh hung c
th. Mt hnh l th hin n, nh hnh hot hnh, mang mt ngha trong tng tc. Cu chuyn
l dy cc hnh n, tp trung vo cc hnh ng chnh trong mt hon cnh. Bng cch s dng
k thut ny, ngi thit k c th chuyn t tng tc ny sang tng tc khc. Ngi dng trong
h thng cn p ng cc cnh ng, tun theo mu th vi nhiu nhn t.
C nhiu dng kch bn s dng trong n a phng tin, t kch bn vn hc, kch bn
ph hp vi a phng tin, kch bn chi tit, kch bn phn cnh...
Phn tch,
nghin cu
Tip cn
theo xu s
kin
Vit kch
bn
Bt
u
Pht trin
tng on
Kt
thc

Hnh. Vit kch bn i vi phng tin s dng tun t, hay tuyn tnh
24
Ch trong n hay ch ca kch bn qun trit mt s (i) xc nh c khi nim,
ch ca kch bn a phng tin; (ii) sn phm a phng tin c cu chuyn xuyn sut; (iii)
ch cho sn phm vi qui m ln cn c thng tin iu tra nhu cu; (iv) ch tt c th dng
nhiu phng tin, nhiu cch th hin vi nhiu loi hnh trnh din.
nh ngha: Kch bn
1
l phng tin lin kt cc vn bn, nh... theo ch , nhan ca
sn phm a phng tin.
Nhng nt chnh ca kch bn gm :
1. Chi tit v cu chuyn v cu trc cu chuyn;
2. Chi tit v cc s kin v nhng g xy ra khi c s kin;
3. Kh nng tnh tng tc gia ngi dng v h thng a phng tin;
4. Kh nng thao tc cho php i vi ngi dng;
5. Theo phng chm chia sn phm ra nhiu on khc nhau, mt cu chuyn chia ra lm
nhiu cnh
2
. Danh sch cc cnh c t chc theo bng, ghi r (i) s cnh; (ii) tn
cnh; (iii) tnh hung ca cnh.

Nhnh 2 Nhnh 1
Vit kch
bn (theo
vi cch)
Tr gip
kch bn
Phn tch,
nghin cu
Tip cn
theo xu s
kin, theo
vi cch
Nhnh 3
Chp nhn Chp nhn Chp nhn Chp nhn
Pht trin theo
cc mc v
cc tu chn
Video, vn bn
v ho
m thanh, vn
bn v ho
m thanh v
vn bn

Hnh. Vit kch bn cho a phng tin
Vic vit kch bn cn thu c bn vit, thnh li vn, c cu chuyn. Cu chuyn ny c
th c th hin theo vn bn dng (i) vn bn hin th; (ii) vn bn trn phm bm; (iii) trong
thn cu chuyn; (iv) di dng m thanh xen k. Cn lu kch bn phi th hin ng
ngi t hng.
S kin xy ra trong kch bn c chi tit ho. Cc s kin c t trong mt danh sch,

1
script
2
scene
25
tin theo di, c gi l danh sch cc s kin. Danh sch cc s kin l danh sch tng hp cc
ni dung theo cc tnh hung, trong cha c gi thit phc v ngi dng. Cc thng tin v cc
s kin gm (i) ch s ca cnh cha s kin; (ii) tn s kin; (iii) ch con ca s kin; (iv) yu t
cho php kch hot s kin; (v) m t s kin v kch tnh trong s kin.
VI.8. K hoch thc hin n
Vic t chc n a phng tin cn tun theo phng php khoa hc v qun l n
cng ngh thng tin, v qun l n u t ni chung. Ngoi vic t chc n, qun l n,
cc d liu a phng tin cn c t chc tt. Phn sau s cp mt s yu cu i vi d
liu a phng tin phc v qu trnh sn xut a phng tin.
Mt s k hoch c nu ra l :
Lch trnh thc hin;
K hoch v thu thp d liu a phng tin. Thu thp d liu: Mt cch th hin a
phng tin l lit k cc d liu thu thp c. Mt s thnh phn c bn trong mt
th hin a phng tin c lit k, gm (i) vn bn; (ii) hnh nh; (iii) m thanh;
(iv) hnh ng v phim (movie);
K hoch v mu th sn phm. Mu th cho php kim tra tnh khp ca kch bn vi
ni dung t ra. Cn trnh din mu cho cc thnh vin nhm a phng tin xem ly
kin nh gi bnh lun. Nn v cu trc iu khin v ho v m thanh;
Ln k hoch v d liu nh tnh : nh tnh l hnh nh c s ho hay nh chp, nh
my qut hay my nh s. Mun ln k hoch v nh tnh i hi t chc nu ln cc
nhu cu v nh... Cc chi tit trong danh sch nh tnh l (i) ch s ca nh; (ii) tn file
nh; (iii) ch s cnh; (iv) kch thc file d liu nh; (v) mu sc; v (vi) ghi ch i
km nh;
Ln k hoch v d liu nh ng, d liu video. Cng nh nh tnh, nhng k hoch v
d liu nh ng cn c thm chi tit dng nn hay dng m ho cc khung hnh trong
on nh ng;
Ln k hoch v m thanh: m thanh c th l ting ngi, m thanh nhc c hay m t
hp. D liu m thanh c s ho trn a quang t, x l trn phn mm m thanh, s
dng micro, my tnh a phng tin, ba m thanh.
VI.9. Kt lun
Vic vit n xin u t khng n gin bi l ngi ta d cho rng mc ch, ni dung v
k hoch thc hin n , hon thin. Mt khc, do c nhiu n thnh cng, ngi
vit sau thng tham kho v chp li mt s on trong bn vit ca n khc, nn mt i tnh
c th ca n ca ring mnh.
Quan nim n a phng tin ch rt gn trong bng xut kinh ph v danh sch cc
thit b xin u t cng khng ng.
Trong n a phng tin, kch bn hay v kh thi cho php qu trnh thc hin n hiu
qu. u t vo kch bn v khu chun b trc khi thc hin s quyt nh phn ln thnh cng
ca n.
26
VII. PHA SN XUT A PHNG TIN
Hnh. Cc pha sn xut a phng tin

VIII. CHUN B D LIU
Chun b d liu a phng tin nhm c d liu, thng tin tch hp thnh sn phm
a phng tin. Do ngi ta chia ra 4 loi d liu chnh, nn vic chun b d liu a phng tin
theo 4 loi d liu, l (i) vn bn; (ii) hnh nh; (iii) hnh ng; v (iv) m thanh.
VIII.1. To v s ho nh ng
Hnh ng i hi nhiu cng sc ca ngi sn xut. Ngi ta c th dng nhiu hnh tnh
to ra hnh ng. Vic dng cc phn mm to hnh ng l mt xu hng; tuy nhin mt s
hnh ng c dng trc tip t cc on video.
VIII.2. Quay v s ho d liu video
Vic to d liu ng s c trnh by trong phn sau. Trong phn u, cn lu n tnh
phc tp ca hnh ng v yu cu v k thut trong vic x l d liu hnh ng.
c on video trn my, cn :
Quay ti hin trng;
a on video vo my tnh; cc d liu tng t c chuyn sang dng s;
Chn chun nn cho file d liu hnh ng, ph hp vi yu cu tch hp sau ny.
IX. HP NHT CC CNG NGH
Thut ng a phng tin
Trong phn ny l cc thut ng ting Anh, s dng trong n a phng tin. tin i
chiu, cc thut ng c gii thch bng ting Anh.
Lp k hoch
Vit kch bn
Tch hp d liu
Thu thp d liu
In ln CD ROM
27
V gi (above-the-line cost) l gi khng tr nh chi ph bnh thng ca cng ty. Do vy
lng khng thuc loi gi ny. Gi i xe taxi thuc loi ny. Gi v ti nguyn trong nh
c xem l below the line cost nhng chi ph a sn phm ra cng chng thuc loi
ny.
A AD DP PC CM M Adaptive delta (or difference) pulse code modulation l phng php m ho m
thanh, cho php gim tn sut d liu bng cch ch lu tr cc thay i v mu, ch
khng lu cc gi tr thc s ca mu.
Aliasing xy ra khi i tng c ghi sinh ra sai st. Khi d liu sai b coi l d liu
thc. Vi m thanh s ho, iu ny xy ra khi tn sut ly mu khng nhanh th
hin chnh xc sng m.
Knh alpha (alpha channel). Bn cnh cc knh , xanh, xanh dng i vi hnh nh,
cho php xc nh mu pixel, cn c knh cho php th hin s trong ca pixel; l knh
alpha. Tc ng ca knh ny bnh thng, ch khc su l hon ton, cho php trong
(hay c) hon ton. Trn TV, iu ny c gi l keying.
alpha disc. l a dng cho th h sn phm alpha.
Th alpha (alpha test). Trc tin, th bn trong khi kt thc hay gn kt thc sn phm.
Thut ng ny xut pht t khoa hc tnh ton, ch khng t cc cng ty a phng tin.
Tng t (analogue). ni v loi th hin. Trong a phng tin, tng t c dng
phn bit vi s ho. Theo kiu s, tn hiu c chuyn ra dy cc s; s c lu tr v
truyn. Theo kiu tng t, tn hiu c lu v truyn trc tip, do vy hay b bin dng,
n.
Animatic. ng dng th hin, th ng dng cui cng.
Hot hnh (animation). chuyn ng c m phng ca cc i tng s dng my tnh
hay hiu ng video.
anti-aliasing. Trong ho, hnh khng c mn, c ra, do phn gii khng cao,
khng ph hp vi i tng. khc phc ngi ta c th x l mu st ra, v mu ca
i tng v mu nn. K thut ny khng p dng i vi hnh en trng; mt vi mn
hnh khng x l iu ny i vi vn bn.
applet. l ng dng tnh ton nh, thng trong ngn ng Java, c ti t mng my tnh
s dng nh mt phn trang Web ca mnh.
ng dng (application). l thut ng dng cho nhan , hay n a phng tin.
lp trnh ng dng ( application-based programming). lp chng trnh t chy trong mi
trng.
Artefacts. lm nhiu lon, sai khc i hnh nh hay m thanh, do th hin hay s ho.
Assets. l cc thnh phn a phng tin ca ng dng, nh m thanh, video, ho, hnh
ng, vn bn, kt hp to nn ni dung.
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Cng c c php (authoring tool). chng trnh my tnh c thit k n gin ho
vic xy dng ng dng. Tuy khng yu cu v tri thc lp trnh, nhng cn logic lp
trnh.
rng ca bng ( bandwidth).khi lng d liu truyn qua cp hay knh truyn thng.
Thng cc knh d liu, ng ng c coi l bo khi c thng lng cao, hay gy nu
thp. rng bng truyn c n v l baud, bit trn giy.
BCPL. L ngn ng lp trnh, tin thn ca C, C++.
Beta. Nu ng dng qua beta th n kt thc, nhng cn c th. Th nghim ny
c th yu cu ngi ta ra ngoi nhm cng tc, hay cng ty.
bit depth. Cng dng nhiu bit, cng th hin c nhiu mu. Hnh 8 bit c th c 256
mu, colours, nhng ngi ta thng chn vi triu mu. Khi dng 256 mu ch vi mc
xm, hnh nh n sc nh nh chp en trng c th c x l tt. Hnh 16 bit c hng
nghn mu, cho php nhn nh theo nhiu gc khc nhau. Ngi ta cn dng loi 24, 32
bit.
Bitmap. hnh ho th hin nh bng ma trn cc pixel, thng xp trn xung, tri sang
phi. Hnh bitmap thng c phn gii tnh theo pel trn inch, v kch c pixel.
Gim t l bit (bit rate reduction). cc k s v m thanh, video thng dng thut ng ny
ch mc nn d liu.
im nh du (bookmark). l chc nng ca ng dng m ngi dng c th xc nh v
tr i li n nhanh. Do vy phn mm cn lu li cc ch nh du.
Trnh duyt (browser). l phn ca phn mm cho php duyt qua cc ti nguyn. cc
dng d liu khc nhau. Trnh duyt Web dng duyt cc trang Web.
Vng m ( buffer). vng b nh ph lu d liu, cn thit iu ho tc trong khi
nhp xut d liu.
Build. qu trnh tt c cc thnh phn ca ng dng a phng tin to nn sn phm
cui cng.
bump mapping. trong ho my tnh, l k thut to b mt cho i tng bng cch
bin dng bng .
buy-out. Tr tin cho tt c cc quyn trong mt ln mua.
C, C++. Ngn ng lp trnh cho php vit chng trnh hon ho. Loi ny c thit k
cho lp trnh hng i tng. Java da trn C.
B nh bay, b nh nhanh (cache). l b nh my tnh hay khng giuan a c cha d
liu trung gian tng tc lm vic ca qu trnh.
Cartogram. l loi m t theo bn cc thng tin thng k theo lc .
CD burner. L thit b cho php ghi a CD. Cc a ny thng c gi l CD-R, ghi
29
mt ln, v loi ghi c nhiu ln c tn l CD-RW.
CD-i. a CD tng tc l nn a phng tin ph hp vi Tv hay u c CD. a ny
c hng Philips pht trin u tin, cho php dng cc phng tin trn my tnh.
CD-ROM. B nh ch c, cho php ghi d liu a phng tin, t m thnah n hot
hnh. a tun theo chun m t k thut Yellow Book v ISO 9660. Ngi ta quan tm
n tc c d liu trn a. Ngi ta c c DVD-ROM.
CD-TV. L h thng s dng a phng tin ngn hn trn my tnh Commodore Amiga.
cellular radio. l h thng lin lc radio dng nhiu b pht nng lc thp, trong vng hn
ch. in thoi di ng dng h thng ny.
CGI. Common gateway interface: chun Internet truyn thng tin gia ng dng v
my tnh ch.
Qun tr thay i ( change management). h thng do ngi pht trin thit lp, dng
gim st v iu khin mt s dng thay i trong lc pht trin phn mm
Knh ( channel). knh phn phi
character generator. mt phn phn mm hay phn cng c thit k to d liu trong
video hay trong nh.
Clearances. l thut ng lin quan n quyn tc gi.
coincident needles. thc o a knh ch ra m lng, gm hai kim, ng vi tn hiu bn
tri, bn phi.
K nng (competencies). xc nh mc kho lo v thc hnh. Thut ng c dng
trong o to gn vi NVQs (National Vocational Qualifications). C cc cht lng kiu
mi lin quan n mc hc ca hc vin.
Dch (compile). cng vic chuyn m ngun sang chng trnh my tnh ri chuyn sang
m my.
Thnh phn (component). l hnh nh video c thng tin v mu, tch bit vi thng tin v
sng. Thng c hai tn hiu th hin thng tin mu. Ci ny tng t nh RGB, c
tch t 3 thnh phn.Cc thnh phn c xc nh mt hp vi cc mu khc nhau.
Composite. l hnh nh video m mu sc v sng c m ho cng nhau. PAL v
NTSC l cc h thng truyn hnh h hp.
composite (image). Trong video, l hnh nh m mu v sng c m ho cng trong
mt tn hiu. Trong ho, hnh nh c to nn t vi hnh nh k nhau.
compressed but lossless. tn hiu nn t tn hiu ban u c th c khi phc nguyn
trng, khng sai st.
compressed with loss. nn d liu nhng khng th khi phc v tn hiu ban u. Tuy
nhin n p ng mc ch khc, nh ngn gn...
30
compression. khi tnh ton, vic gim khi lng d liu l cn thit. Vi d liu video,
iu ny cng c ngha, dng chun MPEG v Cinepak. Vi m thanh, nn l vic gim
mc ng ca vic ghi m thanh.
computer based training. phng php o to s dng my tnh, c h thng tng tc.
concept testing. vic th nghim tng trc ngi dng c thc hin vi th trng
mu, vi mc ch kim tra tnh kh thi ca tng trc khi tin hnh n. Cc
phng php c th s dng tng tc, nhng khng nht thit. Th khi nim xut pht
t th trng, tp trung vo nhm cng tc.
Contingency. trong qun tr n, on trc nhu cu, d tr ngn sch, ti nguyn
khng nh hng n thc hin n a phng tin. Vic qun tr n a phng tin
c mi trng rng, nn cn lu hn.
Contouring. l khi cnh trong sn xut ho, thay i nh nhng sng ca mu. i
khi c gi l posterization, quantisation.
Copyright. bn quyn ca ngi sng to i vi tc phm ngh thut, m nhc... v iu
khin c li nhun i vi sn phm.
Credit. l lin kt con ngi vi nhim v h thc hin. Thng thng, ngi ta lit k tn
v chc nng thc hin, nh cui chng trnh TV.
critical path.tn ca xu ti u thc hin nhim v v ngn sch v thi gian trong qu
trnh lm n.
cross platform. m t pht trin ca ng dng trn nhiu nn phn phi khc nhau.
custom palette.l bng mu c chn ring cho th hin hnh nh, c chn t mu ca
hnh nh .
DAT. Digital audio tape, l loi bng 4 mm thit k cho m thanh s, vi mu 48 kHz, 16
bit, nhng c th dng ghi d liu tun t.
Debug. l nghin cu loi b li trong ng dng.
Decompile. s dng m my tnh ca chng trnh, th hin dng ngi dng hiu
c.
Decryption. Gii m d liu c m ho, ngi dng thy dng ban u.
delivery medium. h thng dng phn phi ng dng. Trang Web, CD l phng tin
phn phi sn phm a phng tin.
delivery platform. l h thng a phng tin hay h thng ngi dng tng tc vi ng
dng. c t y v nn a phng tin l quan trng ng dng c pht trin.
development platform. l h thng a phng tin dng pht trin sn phm. H tng
ny khng nh h tng phn phi sn phm. iu quan trng l ng dng cui cng c
th nghim trong h thng phn phi ph hp vi nn c bit.
31
diaphragm. l mng rung trong micro, to nn tn hiu in th hin m thanh.
Digital (s ha). tn hiu s l cc tn hiu c chuyn sang dng xu s, tin lu tr v
truyn.
direct competitors. cc cng ty cng hng kinh doanh, cnh tranh v sn phm, bun
bn.
discovery learning. l cch hc c cu trc cho php ngi hc t khm ph v tr li
cc cu hi.
distance learning. l vic hc m nghin cu ca hc vin theo cc gio trnh khng theo
mi trng dy hc trc tip, m theo ng phn phi t xa.
distribution channel. h thng chuyn ti sn phm gia ngi sn xut v ngi dng.
Dither. l vic tc ng n tn hiu theo cch nu nhin, nh la tai, mt ngi dng,
hc tng cht lng tn hiu tt hn thc. Trong ho, l phn ngu nhin gm cc
chm mu, cho php thy phm vi mu ln hn. Khi s ho tn hiu, n cho php gim sai
st do qu trnh s ho gy nn.
Dolby. L hng ni ting v h thng gim n khi ghi m thanh, trong nhiu knh.
domain name. a ch trang tin c th l dy cc con s hay tn gn vi dy cc con s .
Ngi ta dng tn min d gi hn.
dot pitch. khong cch gia cc im photpho ca TV mu hay n mn hnh.
Dpi. mc m c ca chm trong hnh nh. Hu ht mn hnh my tnh dng 72 hay
75 dpi (dots per inch), ng vi phn gii 640x480 trn mn 14 inch v 800x600 trn
mn 17 inch.
draw objects (cc i tng v). trong ho, mt hnh c xc nh theo thut ng s
khai nh ng, im, t mu...
dub. sao chp, thng dng vi m thanh hay video. Theo thut ng s ho, bn sao
khng khc bn chnh, nn bn sao c gi l clone phn bit vi bn chnh.
dumb terminal (thit b u cui cm). thit b u cui c bn phm v mn hnh cho
php th hin thng tin tnh ton ca my xa v chuyn iu khin v .
DVD. Digital versatile disc thng c gi l a video s, l pht trin ca a CD, c
dung lng ln nh h thng nn d liu, cho php ghi thng tin trn c hai mt a.
DVD-ROM. S dng DVD lu thng tin, n 18 gabytes.
Extranet. L mng ring ca cng ty ny, cho php cng ty khc chia s d liu thng qua
intranet, c kim sot.
fair dealing or fair use. l vic s dng bn quyn mt cch hn ch, trong hon cnh c
bit, c l do.
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field trials. s dng sn phm trong hon cnh pht hin ra li sa.
fixed term contract. l hp ng khng c ko di thi hn.
force majeure. l iu kin trong hp ng, khng bn k no c xm phm.
formative. thut ng ch qu trnh nh gi trong chu trnh pht trin. iu ny khc vi
vic nh gi tng th cui qu trnh sn xut.
frames. trong on video c nhiu phn chuyn ng, c to bng cc hnh tnh, l
khung. Ngi ta thng ch s ho cc khung tm li cho thun tin.
functional specification. l t liu m t cch ng dng lm vic. ng dng s c vit
theo t liu ny.
gallows arm. l kiu gi micro, c thanh ngang ni thanh ng.
Gamma. l quan h gia sng ca nguyn bn v cch m tn hiu c th hin qua
mn hnh hay my in.
GIF. Graphics Interchange Format: l chun ho 8 bit, dng rng ri trn Web. N c
mt phn chun dnh cho hnh nh nn, trong sut.
Gigabyte. 1024 megabytes.
golden master. th h cui cng ca ng dng. Mt trong th h c phn phi.
grabber board. l phn ca phn cng, chuyn tn hiu tng tc sang tn hiu s v lu
trong my tnh.
graduated mask. trong ho, mt n xc nh cch m hnh nh th hai th hin trn hnh
th nht. Ngi ta thy s trn hai hnh nh..
graphical structure editor. trong lp trnh, l mi trng lp trnh m ngi ta c th hin
mi quan h gia cc on ca ng dng theo cch ho, nh s khi.
Hacker. l ngi s dng k nng cng ngh thng tin sinh ra virus, hay xm nhp my
tnh khng c php.
half-toning. trong ho, l phng php to bng mu xm bng cch dng chm en
vi kch thc khc nhau.
Hardware. l thit b my tnh, cho php phn mm hot ng.
high-level design. l u tin xc nh cu trc tng tc v ni dung ca chng
trnh. Thut ng c t cng ngh phn mm.
hits, hit rate. hoc l s cc yu cu cc nhn v d liu m trang Web nhn, hoc l s
khch truy cp.
host machine. l my tnh m trn chng trnh chy.
33
hot-spot. mt phn hnh nh trn mn hnh, kch hot hnh ng khi tc ng vo.
HTML. Hypertext mark-up language.
HTTP. Hypertext transfer protocol: l giao thc truyn thng Internet, dng trong WWW.
hybrid Web/CD. l ng dng a phng tin, cn ni Web v CD. CD-ROM s cp nht
t trang Web, hay trang tin dng CD-ROM lu thng tin.
Hypertext (siu vn bn). l vn bn khng tuyn tnh, c c bng cch nhy theo cc
mi lin kt, gi l siu lin kt.
Icon (biu tng). l k hiu dng hnh nh, dng th hin trn mn hnh, gn vi min
hnh ng. Ngi ta qua n kch hot phn mm. N c th i vi on vn bn minh
ho.
Indemnity. s m bo rng nu gi tng do ai lm, ngi chu.
indirect competitors. cc cng ty lin quan n kinh doanh v l khch hng tim nng.
instructional design. l vic nghin cu phng php dy v hc, s dng a phng tin,
ni dung tr gip o to.
instructional designer. l ngi n dng cc nguyn tc v thit k gio dc.
insubstantial portions. trong bn quyn, l phn nh nh tnh ca sn phm, c th c
sn xut m khng vi phm.
integrity (of moral rights). quyn tc gi i vi cng vic, khng c thay i.
intellectual property rights (IPR). thut ng chung ch quyn s hu hay bn quyn.
interactive design. xc nh cch cu trc hoa sni dung v cch tng tc thng qua h
tng ca ng dng tng tc.
interactive television. l cch tng tc thng qua sng TV.
interactive video. l tng tc s dng video, phn phi m thanh, video. T 1980 n
c dng nhiu trong o to.
interface (giao din). gm thit k mn hnh, tng tc... trong giao din thn thin ngi-
my.
Interlaced. m t hnh trn TV to nn bi hai na, ci rng lc vi nhau, v cc khong
cch.
internal clients. l ngi trong t chc, xc nh mt phn cng vic cng lm.
Internet. L lin kt ton th gii, ni my tnh vi mng. Lin mng ni cc LAN v
WAN. Trong lin mng c Internet, dng cho khoa hc, gio dc.
Intranet. l LAN, s dng giao thc v h thng ca Internet.
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Ionising. qu trnh tch in bng cch thm hay bt in t.
ISP. Internet service provider: t chc cho php ni ngi dng ti Internet, theo ng
in thoi.
Jaggies.l loi tc ng lm mn ng v.
Java.Ngn ng da trn C, pht trin trn Sun.
JavaScript. L ngn ng chy trong trnh duyt, cho php iu khin trang Web v tng
tc, thay cho HTML.
JPEG. L phng php chun nn hnh nh. JPEG : Joint Photographic Experts Group.
layer (of graphics). vi tng hnh nh c kt hp vi nhau trong ho to nn hnh
mi. Mi quan h gia cc tng do knh alpha iu khin.
leadership. ngi lm vi cc phong cch qun l ph hp, m bo qu trnh sn xut a
phng tin n ch.
learning styles. l mt phn ca l thuyt hc, ch ra cch pht trin s hc.
letters patent. t liu xc nh bn quyn.
limiter. mch trong m thanh, iu khin t ng m lng khng qu ngng xc nh.
Link. l cu, hay ho trn trang Web, th hin mi lin kt vi trang khc. Kch hot
mi ni ny s chuyn hot dodng sang trang khc.
look and feel. tn thng dng ca giao din trong ng dng.
Luminance. l sng, phn n sc, en v trng ca tn hiu TV hay hnh nh.
machine code. chng trnh gm 0, 1, cho php khai thc c ngay.
magneto-optical disc. l loi a lu tr d liu, s dng tia laser hay nh sng.
Mainframe. Mt loi my tnh kch thc trung bnh, nng lc nh my tnh ln.
market research. thng tin v thay i hnh vi ca ngi dng v thi quen, thu c bng
nhiu phng php, dng phn tch tip th sn phm.
master tape. bn ghi gc v ni dung no .
mechanical right. quyn c ghi thng tin.
Megabyte. 1024 kilobytes d liu.
Menu (thc n). loi giao din ngi dng, cho php chn nhiu la chn.
MHEG-5. L phn trong h MPEG; MHEG l chun ISS xc nh cc i tng a
phng tin. MHEG-5 l giao din ng dng cho TV tng tc ti chu u.
Micon. l biu tng c hnh chuyn ng.
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Milestone (mc). l cc im chnh trong pht trin n. N lin kt ti cui cc pha
n, v gn vi vic thanh ton n.
mirror (site). th hin vic sao chp y ht ti ni khc.
Modelling (m hnh ha). l vic dng cnh bng cch xc nh cc i tng trong
cnhv sp xp chng trong ho 3 chiu.
Montage (dng). l ho n to nn t nhiu ngun d liu.
moral rights. quyn, lin quan n bn quyn, bo v cng vic khi cc thay i khng
c php.
Morph. thay i mt hnh dng sang dng khc theo chuyn ng m .
MPEG. Motion Picture Experts Group; nhm chun ISO nn i tng a phng
tin.
MPEG audio. L chun MPEG c ba mc m thanh, trong mc 2 l thng dng.
standard includes three levels of audio, of which level 2 is the most common. Mc 1 dng
cho DCC (digital compact cassette), v mc 3 cho php nn tt, nhng phc tp. MPEG
m thanh mc 2 dng thng dng khi truyn file m thanh cht lng cao trn Internet.
MPEG-1. L th h MPEG cho php nn video vi tn sut khong 1 megabit trong 1
giy. Cht lng nh l S-VHS.
MPEG-2. L th h MPEG cho php truyn b video cht lng cao vi tn sut bit n 8
megabits trong 1 giy. Chun chu u i vi TV s; a video DVD v Betacam-SX ca
hng Sony s dng MPEG-2.
MPEG-4. L m rng ca MPEG vi cu trc hng i tng i vi m thanh v
video, vi tn sut m ho bit thp.
multi-scan. tham chiu n mn hnh, nhiu kiu th hin.
multi-session disc. l CD-ROM cho php ghi nhiu ln.
multitasking (a nhim). l kh nng lm nhiu nhim v cng lc.
needs analysis (phn tch nhu cu). l giai on s khi ca n o to, trong xc
nh cc tiu ch thc hin. Ngi ta phn tch mc sai khc gia ch ngi dng vi li
nhun thu c ca n.
network analysis (phn tch mng my tnh). lin quan n phn tch ng gng; xc
nh nhim v chnh v cc nhim v h tr hon thnh n.
non-exclusive rights. quyn s dng c th cho php ngi khc s dng.
NTSC (chun NTSC). L t hp h thng TV mu dng Bc M v Nht, 525 dng
trong 1 khung v khong 30 khung/ giy.
object oriented programming (lp trnh hng i tng). l lp trnh nh l tng tc
36
gia cc chng trnh con v i tng.
Objective. l thut ng cho php kt qu o c; nh ngha chnh xc khng d. Ngi
ta thng ln ln vi mc ch (aim). Mc ch l khng nh tng qut hn v phng
hng, ch khng phi khng nh o c.
objective evaluation. nh gi c thc hin vi ch tiu xc nh, o c kt qu.
Offline. ng dng a phng tin lm vic c lp trn my tnh, khng cn mng my
tnh. S dng CD l dng ny.
offline editing. l son tho video vi bn sao ca bng thc, trn thit b cht lng thp,
trc khi online-editing.
on-demand services. l phng php m bo gii tr thng qua yu cu.
online (trc tuyn). ng dng thc hin trn mng.
on-line editing. son tho video vi bng thc s, trn thit b cht lng cao.
Open Learning Centres. L cc trung tm tch hp nhiu thit b a phng tin, cho php
ngi hc theo cc cch a dng. Cn c nhiu thit b tng tc.
open plan. l s sp xp vn phng, t khng gian theo yu cu.
operating system (h thng iu hnh). phn mm my tnh mc thp trong my tnh. N
qun l phn cng v phn mm ng dng.
option bars. l phn ho cho thy im nng, cc , cc biu tng... cho php ngi
dng la chn.
OS (h thng iu hnh). Operating System. H thng iu hnh.
outline design. l u tin nhm xc nh cu trc tng tc v ni dung ca chng
trnh. Thut ng ny c t thit k o to tng tc.
Palette (bng mu). l cc mu c th dng trong ho.
PAL. L t hp h thng TV mu dng ti a s cc nc chu u, nhng khng dng
Bc M v Nht. PAL c 625 dng i vi 1 khung v 25 khung/ giy.
Pan. l s chuyn ng im nhn ca my nh.
Pareto method. L th hin li theo phn tch d liu dng ho, cho php nh tn sn
phm.
Patent. quyn ci t qu trnh thc hin iu g .
patent agent. l lut s vch ra quyn s dng.
Paternity. l quyn c nh ra tc gi, sng tc, theo phm tr o c.
peer review. c ngi khc thc hin cng cng vic. chia s kinh nghim.
37
perceptual map. th hin phn tch v kt qu iu tra.
perceptual matrix. perceptual map.
performance monitoring. l qu trnh qun l m con ngi nht tr vi tiu ch, gim st
cho n cui k n.
performing right. l quyn trnh din mt phn m nhc cho ngi nghe.
Perl. L ngn ng dng nhiu trn Web, to nn trang tin ng.
Picon. l biu tng cho thy hnh nh thc, ch khng phi ho theo k hiu.
pilot projects. l cc n c kinh nghim c thit k nh pht trin run-up to full-
blown.
Pixels. im nh, l c s to khi ca nh; i khi gi l pels.
Placeholders. l vic s dng tm thi cc nh, vn bn, m thanh, cho thy cm gic i
n th h cui cng ca ni dung.
plug-ins. l cc m rng nh v chc nng ca mt phn phn mm, nh trnh duyt Web.
port (to and a). l vic chuyn chng trnh my tnh t nn my tnh ny sang nn my
tnh khc.
Posterization. l vic gim mc bin ng v mn v mu ca hnh nh sang cc bc
ri rc. Vic ny cn c gi l lm tng cht lng, hay lm ng vin.
pre-alpha. l th h hon ton cha hon thin ca chng trnh.
pricing policy. l quyt nh to nene gi sn phm da trn hiu bit v th trng, v
cnh tranh, v v kh nng mua ca ngi dng.
Primitives. ch cc khi c bn ca h thng my tnh.
prior art. l hin tng pht hnh trc, khin cho quyn li v bn quyn b vi phm.
programming language. ngn ng chng trnh dng cho ngi hiu ting Anh, tahy v
dng chng trnh gm cc s 0,1.
project management (qun tr n). l c t, k hoch, iu khin thi gian, gi, cht
lng v ti nguyn, lin quan n hon thnh n.
project manager. l ngi thc hin qun tr n, nhm vo lnh o n.
Proposal ( n trnh). l t liu m ngi pht trin ra ni dung ng dng, lch pht
trin, gi n.
Prototype. l mt th h lm vic hn ch ca ng dng, c dng trong n thu
thp phn hi v thit k tng th v giao din ngi dng.
psycho-acoustics. l khoa hc v nghe, d quan im ca tm l hc, lin quan n
38
vic tip nhn m thanh ca con ngi.
psychometric tests. l cc th nghim v tm l hc, s dng cc nhn t o c h tr
vic th nghim vi ngi dng.
pushing the envelope. l s c gng lm g , thiu kinh nghim.
qualitative evaluation. l nh gi tnh n din rng cc nhn t nh hng n kt qu
ca n. Mt s nhn t nh tnh nh thi ,...
quantitative evaluation. l vic nh gi lin quan n vic o kt qu theo cc ch tiu
cn t. Giao din ngi dng cng cn c kim tra.
Quantising. s khng chnh xc khi s ho tn hiu gy nn bi khong cch nguyn gia
cc mc ly mu.
RAM. Random Access Memory, b nh c bn trong my tnh.
ray tracing. l k thut dng trong ho my tnh cho ra cc hnh hin thc.
refractive index. lng cho bit nh sng thay i tc khi tryn qua cc phng tin,
thng l khng kh, nc.
relational database. c s d liu theo m hnh quan h, lu tr d liu trong cc bng d
liu.
render. l vic dng hnh, trong ho my tnh.
Residuals. l quyn cao v bn quyn, khng hi n ban u m hi v sau.
return on investment (ROI). o hiu qu u t ti chnh trong n, tnh theo li
nhun trung bnh.
RGB. Red, green, blue: ba mu s cp cho php xy dng cc mu theo cch o.
Rights. l s cho php sn xut hay bn sn phm.
RISC. Tp lnh my tnh thu gn Reduced instruction set computer: b vi x l s dng
cc php ton to sn cho php chy nhanh hn.
role play. l k thut dng trong o to v tm l hc, m mi ngi gi mt v tr, ra
quyt nh.
Royalties. vic chi tr da trn s bn sao phn phi.
run-length encoding. l dng nn, lu mu ca pixel theo cch ghi li s cc mu pixel
tun t.
run-time. l vic khai thc chng trnh.
sample rate. l tn s m tn hiu tng t c ly mu khi s ho. th hin chnh xc,
tn sut ly mu t nht phi ln hn hai ln tn s tn hiu.
39
scan. chuyn hnh nh phng nh bn in nh sang dng s bng cch o cc tham s hin
ca cc phn nh theo th t, trn xung.
Scanner. l thit b chuyn nh phng sang dng s.
screen resolutions. l s pixel trn mn hnh. phn gii thng dng cho a phng tin
l 640 pixel x 480 pixel.
scripting languages. l cc ngn ng my tnh dnh cho ngi t hiu bit v lp trnh.
Chng c dng cho cc nhim v c bit.
segment. l phn c tn ca dn dng, cho bit nhu cu tc ng n cc sn phm.
server. Trong mng LAN, my tnh ch s dng cho khng ring mt my tnh, m nhiu
my tnh; vy c th l a cng. My tnh ch lin quan n cu hnh khch ch.
session fee. chi tr cho vic trnh din khi ghi m nhc.
set-top box. l h thng my tnh c thit k nh thit b gii tr ti nh.
Severance. l thut ng ch cng vic kt thc.
Sibilance. x l m x trong ting ni, tng cht lng.
sign-off. l ch k ca ngi c quyn kt thc cng vic; thng i vi cc mc cng
vic.
simulation. l k thut dng to ra hon cnh nh thc, ngi ta pht huy k nng.
N thng c dng trong hun luyn. Mt loi c nhc n l hin thc o.
site log. l bn ghi v cc yu cu qua giao thc HTTP, ghi li trm my tnh ch.
Slippage. lng thi gian b mt do lch trnh v hin trng ca n.
Software (Phn mm). l chng trnh my tnh.
source code (m ngun). l th h chng trnh ngi c c.
staircasing. s xut hin ca cc dng thng khng hon ton nm ngang.
standards conversion. l vic chuyn tn hiu video gia PAL v NTSC, trong TV.
standing waves. s t tc ng ca sng m khi phn x vo cui tng hay cui n in
t.
storyboards. m t theo cu chuyn, c hnh nh, dng trong sn xut video, trong n
a phng tin.
streamer tapes. l bng t, dng bng cassette hay bng cartridges, dng ghi sao lu.
Streaming. th hin cc file m thnah hay video trn mng ngi dng nghe c nh
thc, cn c cch ti ra hp l.
40
Stylus. l bt c bit trong ho my tnh, khng c mc m dng bn c bit v.
Subcarrier. l tn s ph thm vo tn hiu ti thng tin iu khin.
subjective evaluation. l nh gi da trn cc quan st v phn tch cc nhn t non-
quantifiable, vfa chu tc ng ca kinh nghim ca ngi nh gi.
Summative. thut ng dng m t qu trnh cui khi pht trin n. Do vy cn th
nghim, tm tt.
synchronisation license. l quyn s dng m nhc v gn n vi hnh nh trong phim hay
video.
synchronisation pulse. l mt phn ca video hay tn hiu s cho php xc nh v tr trong
tn hiu, chng hn ni bt u khung.
Take. l nh thu thp g , khi ghi d liu.
task analysis (phn tch nhim v). dng cho tt c cc qu trnh v qu trnh nh cn thit
hon thin n.
technical specification. l t liu m t nhim v lin quan n thit b k thut.
telephony. l giao dch in thoi bnh thng.
Teletype. l my in, my telex t xa, cho php ni vi my tnh.
Testing. qu trnh s dng cc phng php v thr tc nhm kim tra hiu nng ca ng
dng theo cc tiu ch xc nh trc. N thng b ln vi evaluation. N l mt phn
ca nh gi.
texture mapping. l vic b sung b mt ca i tng 3 chiu.
time and materials contract. l hp ng lm vic m gi lin quan trc tip n chi ph v
thi gian v vt liu.
time code. thng tin thm vo video hay m thanh trong video, ng b cc khung.
time-lapse photography. k thut chp nh m my chp c nh v ghi chi tit trong tt c
khong thi gian.
time-based media. l phng tin thay i theo thi gian, nh m thanh, video.
Uncompressed. m t dng nguyn s ca hnh nh, d liu.
Universal Disc Format (UDF). L chun cho cu trc th mc, xc nh khong khng
gian cho a DVD-ROM.
Universal Mobile Telecommunications Services (UMTS). L chun tng lai cho in
thoi di ng, tn sut d liu cao v dng a phng tin.
UNIX. H thng iu hnh my tnh.
41
usability laboratories. l phng c kin thit c bit, trong c th quan st ngi ang
dng ng dng v phn ng ca h c ghi vo bng video. Thng tin ny c phn
tch cho thy hiu qu ca chng trnh c cc khuyn co chnh sa.
usability testing. qu trnh ghi v din gii s s dng h thng ca ngi dng, thng qua
t hp cc phng php, gm ghi, quan st.
user requirements. nhu cu ca ngi dng; c nghin cu quyt nh cch cu trc
ho v thao tc trn ng dng.
Validation. l phng php dng kim tra tnh bn vng ca kt qu.
version tracking. l vic theo cc ng thay i vic pht trin c bnh thng,
trong cng ngh phn mm.
vertical blanking interval (VBI). l mt phn ca tn hiu video gia cui mt hnh nh
v u hnh tip theo.
video CD. l a CD, theo CD-ROM kiu 2, theo chun video v m thanh MPEG-1.
video compression. l vic gim khi lng d liu cn thit chuyn ti.
video on demand. l h thng ti nh, cho php truy cp d liu video ti my tnh ch xa.
video-conferencing. v c bn l t hp ca vic gi in thoi, v s dng video ti hi
ngh.
Videodisc. interactive video.
virtual machine. l mt tng phn mm v my tnh, nh l giao din gia chng trnh v
phn mm thc s chy trn my tnh.
voice-over. l bnh lun m thanh i km video hay ho.
Waveform. th hin hin th ca tn hiu, v bn cht l in t, thay i theo thi gian.
web browser (trnh duyt WEB). l phn mm cho php tm thng tin ti my ch v th
hin trn mn hnh my khch.
Web pages. L t liu c nhn, s dng HTML.
Web site. L tp hp cc trang tin, v ti nguyn ca my tnh khc trn mng, to nn ni
mang mc ch c th.
Web surfer. L ngi try cp WWW, XEM trang Web.
Web television. Th hin trang Web trn TV.
wide area networks. l mng my tnh din rng.
wide latitude. v phim nh, l kh nng ghi di rng cc mc sng trong mt cnh.
World Wide Web (WWW). L lin kt cc trang tin, lin kt nhiu siu vn bn. Dng
42
giao thc HTTP, truyn file theo giao thc FPT.
WORM. Trong lu tr d liu, Write Once Read Many, l loi a my tnh ch ghi ln ri
khng thay i c.
WYSIWYG. What You See Is What You Get. L yu cu v tng tc ngi-my.
Zoom. thay i di tiu c ng knh my nh hay my video. C loi phng to, thu
nh.
X. CNG NGH H TR CHO A PHNG TIN
X.1. Thit b
Cc thit b s dng trong n a phng tin c nh gi, mc khu hao ti sn, xp
theo chng loi thit b cung cp d liu a phng tin.
Cc nh chp, hnh nh : xut x t bo tng hay chp c; c th tm trn th trng;
gi trong 3 nm;
on video : lu trong th vin video; di on bng thng l 10 pht; thi gian
gi l 3 nm; gi c thng cao;
m nhc : lu theo nhan , trong th vic nhc vin; thng ghi khong 3 pht, lu tc
phm 3 nhc s; c th thy trn th trng; c th lu gi mi;
Ting ni : ghi ting ngh s chuyn nghip; thng ghi cho 2 ngh s, khong 35 pht;
c lu gi trong 3 nm; bn quyn v li ca ngh s theo (i) c ghi li; (i) c
quyn s dng.
V vic s hu tr tu theo lut php i vi cc d liu a phng tin :
Cc iu khon php lut v s hu tr tu;
Trch nhim v quyn s dng, mc thanh ton ti sn;
C cu mua bn quyn, tr n, s hu d liu a phng tin;
Thit lp quyn trnh din v khuyn mi sn phm;
Xc nh quyn v tr tu.
V thit b, ch yu l my tnh, ngi ta cn c la chn theo gii php tng th. Mt phn
cc thit b l c th tng hp nhau, mt khc tin cho ci t cc phn mm chuyn dng.
Cc chng loi my vi tnh c chn c b vi x l Motorola hoc Intel. Ngoi ra cn c (i) my
tnh ch; (ii) my in; (iii) my qut; (iv) ba m thanh, hoc trn my tnh c chc nng nh ba
m thanh; (v) thit b ghi CD
1
; (vi) thit b MIDI
2
.
X.2. Phn mm
Km theo phn cng l nhng phn mm :

1
Compact Disc
2
Musical Instrument Digital Interface
43
Cc phn mm vn phng, son tho vn bn nh MS WORD trong MS Office;
Phi c cc cng c a phng tin, chng hn Macromedia DIRECTOR,
AUTHORWARE, PRO...;
Phn mm chnh sa video, dng hay tch hp d liu a phng tin nh Adobe
PREMIERE, Ulead Video Studio;
Cc phn mm son tho ho, quen c gi l phn mm v, nh PaintShop PRO,
Paint, Designer, Picture Publisher;
Cc phn mm son tho 3D
1
, nh Bryce 3D, INFINI-D, D4.5, Maya...
X.3. My tnh a phng tin
Vo nm 1995, ngi ta phn loi cc mc my vi tnh a phng tin. Nay cc my
tnh u kh hn rt nhiu.
Hnh. Mng LAN gn vi my tnh a phng tin

My mc 1: 386SX/2MRAM/30M HDD c loa;
My mc 2: 486SX/25 MHZ/ 8MRAM/CD v loa;
My mc 3: Pentium 75MHZ/ 8MRAM;
C th dng Laptop (notebook) thc hin qu trnh a phng tin.
XI. TO HNH
To hnh cn tun theo cc nguyn tc m thut. Cho d d liu a phng tin dng hnh
nh, to nn bng phn mm v hay bng chp nh, hay dng video, gm nhiu nh tnh, mi
khung hnh cn c (i) b cc; (ii) ni dung...
XI.1. To hnh tnh
Hnh tnh nhm vo cc nh chp, tranh v, ha. Cn quan tm n chun nn thu gn
dung lng d liu; kch thc, xc nh khung hnh xut hin; nn th hin nh tnh...

1
3 dimensions
Trm ch
Mng d liu
B tp trung
Trm ch
Trm ch
Trm ch
Thit b mng,
nh cu, dn
ng...
Thit b mng,
nh cu, dn
ng...
44
Bc u c th s dng phn mm v to nn cc d liu nh tnh.
XI.2. To hnh ng
Hnh ng c xc nh gm nhiu hnh tnh. Ty theo thit k, c th chn 30 nh tnh
cho 1 giy th hin ca nh ng.
Ngi ta to hnh ng nh :
Phn mm to hnh ng, t cc hnh tnh. Cn lu cc phng php to hnh ng,
hoc to tng khung hnh ri ghp lai, hoc to mt s hnh chnh, ri t ng suy
din nh hiu ng, k xo video;
Thu c hnh ng nh my quay video. Cn quan tm n chun th hin video.
TM TT CHNG
Chng ny nu mt s khi nim ban u v a phng tin v n a phng tin.
Mt s kha cnh cn c trao i k trc khi xt cc chng tip theo.
1. Tuy c nhiu nh ngha v a phng tin, ngi ta vn cho l a phng tin gm
nhiu loi d liu trn cc phng tin v s dng nhiu cng ngh khc nhau;
2. Sn xut a phng tin c tin hnh theo n. Cn c k nng sn xut sn
phm a phng tin;
3. Cn lu n nng lc ca phn mm, qu trnh thit k a phng tin, lm ch c
gi c sn phm, hay c gi l iu khin gi, k nng qun tr ca nhn vin. Khch
hng l ngi c quyn iu khin thi gian v kinh ph, hay can thip n thit k;
4. n tp trung vo khch hng theo cc giai on : khi u v nh ngha, ri sn
xut. Pha sn xut c nhiu mc lin quan ln nhau, khng tun t.
Chng 1 trnh by mt s khi nim tng qut v qu trnh a phng tin. Trong
chng c phn tra cu v t tm hiu cc thut ng v a phng tin; vic ny cn thit i vi
ngi dng cha quen vi khi nim a phng tin v cn thit tham kho cc ti liu cng
ngh bng ting Anh.
Tuy mt s kha cnh nu trong chng ny s c chi tit ha trong cc chng sau,
ngi dng vn cn nm c nhng nt khi qut v qu trnh a phng tin, v h tng a
phng tin v qu trnh sn xut a phng tin.
CU HI V BI TP
Cu hi 1.
a phng tin l g ? cho th d ?
Cu hi 2.
Hy nu ng dng ca a phng tin trong cng tc gio dc, y t, sn xut... ?
Cu hi 3.
45
Kch bn l g ? C cc loi kch bn no ? So snh cc loi kch bn v cho th d minh ha
v kch bn chi tit cho sn phm a phng tin ?
Cu hi 4.
L do cn cp thut ng a phng tin ?
Cu hi 5.
B cc c vai tr quan trong th no trong thit k sn phn a phng tin ?
Cu hi 6.
Hy b cc bn lm vic, c my tnh, mn hnh, vn phng phm v ti liu ?
Cu hi 7.
Th no l qu trnh sn xut a phng tin ? Khu no l c bit quan trng ?
Cu hi 8.
Hy cho bit mt s khi nim n gin v bn quyn v vi phm bn quyn ?
Cu hi 9.
Vai tr ca ni dung a phng tin ?
Cu hi 10.
Hy cho bit mt s mc pht trin chnh ca nghin cu, ng dng v a phng tin?
Cu hi 11.
Hy lit k mt s kt qu v nghin cu, ng dng v a phng tin m cc c s trong
nc t c, trong thi gian 5 nm gn y ?
Cu hi 12.
Hy ly th d v tnh cht a phng tin trong giao din ngi dng trong mi trng
Windows, vi loi giao din ca s ?
Cu hi 13.
Hy ly th d v tnh cht a phng tin trong giao din ngi dng trong mi trng
Windows, vi loi giao din thc n ?
Cu hi 14.
Thit k sn phm a phng tin c nguyn tc khng ? Khi thit k giao din in khun
dng, ngi ta tun theo nhng nguyn tc no ?
Cu hi 15.
Vai tr ca con ngi trong tng tc vi h thng s dng a phng tin ?
Cu hi 16.
Mt s thit b dng trong a phng tin, hay trong a hnh thi, nh gng in t, thit b
hin thc o... c gi tr g trong tng tc a phng tin ?
46
TI LIU THAM KHO CHNG
http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/Multimedia/node1.html
http://www2.hawaii.edu/~ogden/com337/index.html
http://borkweb.com/story/an-introduction-to-multimedia
John Villamil Casanova, Louis Molina, An interactive guide to Multimedia, QUE
E&T Ed., 1998
47
CHNG 2
QUN L A PHNG TIN
GII THIU
1. Ni dung
2. Mt vi khi nim
i. Xc nh phm vi
ii. Bc khi ng
iii. Qun tr mt n a phng tin
3. Phm vi ca n
4. Cc xut
i. Mc ch ca cc xut
ii. Ni dung xut
iii. M t cc thnh phn
iv. Kt lun
5. Rng buc th nht
i. Nn chung cho cc rng buc hp ng
ii. Lm tinh cc xut a vo vn kin hp ng
iii. Qun tr s thay i
iv. Cc giai on ca n
v. Kt lun
6. iu khon ni dung
i. Nhng vai tr quyt nh ni dung
ii. Kch bn cho a phng tin
iii. Cc yu t nh hng n vic la chn ni dung
iv. Cch thc t c ni dung nht tr
v. Nguyn tc c bn thit lp ni dung
vi. Kt lun
7. Chn iu kin thc hin
i. Gii thiu
ii. Cc iu kin phn phi
48
iii. Phng tin phn phi
iv. Phn phi trn WEB
v. Nn cho pht trin v th nghim
vi. Kt lun
8. Chn phng tin v cc k thut. Cc gii php
i. Th d
ii. Cc rng buc
iii. Ngn sch
iv. Khp phng tin vi cc thng bo
v. Cc nhn t v video
vi. Audio
vii. My tnh v ho
viii. Vn bn
ix. Kt lun
9. Thit k giao din
i. V giao din
ii. Thit k giao din
iii. Kt lun
10. iu khon rng buc th hai
i. Gii thiu
ii. Quyn nh gi v thanh ton
iii. iu khon lut php
iv. Kt lun
11. La chn nhm cng tc
i. Xc nh k nng cn thit
ii. K nng v ht nhn ca nhm
iii. Nhm m rng: cc k nng
iv. Tr gip chung
v. Tr gip k thut
vi. Kt lun
12. Nguyn tc qun l nhm cng tc
13. Sn phm audio
i. Qun tr sn phm
49
ii. Qun tr sn phm audio
iii. Phng thu
iv. S ho
v. Lm vic vi a cng
vi. Sa cha
vii. Kim chng cht lng
viii. Th d
ix. Kt lun
14. Sn phm video
i. Qun l sn phm video
ii. Nguyn tc c bn ca video
iii. Cc chun truyn hnh video
15. Sn phm ho
16. Tch hp
i. Cc cng c lp trnh
ii. Cc giai on
17. Bn quyn, s hu tr tu
18. Th nghim
i. a phng tin v th nghim
ii. Khi nim v th nghim
iii. Chin lc th
iv. Phn mm th nghim
v. Kt lun
19. Lm t liu
i. Cn thit ca t liu
ii. Kt thc n
iii. Kt lun
20. Tip th v nghin cu tip th
50
NI DUNG
I. MT VI KHI NIM
I.1. Gii thiu
Vic sn xut ra sn phm a phng tin qua nhiu pha, hay nhiu bc. Ngi ta thc
hin qu trnh sn xut theo dng n cng ngh thng tin, hay c gi l n a phng
tin.
Bng nu bn cho thy mt s loi cn b, gi cc vai tr khc nhau trong n v mt s
pha sn xut.

Websize trn
mng truyn
thng
Sn phm video Tnh ton Xut bn Gio dc, o
to c tng tc
Vai tr Qun tr Web
Son tho Web
Thit k Web
Lp trnh Web
Ngi sn xut
Gim c
Ngi vit kch
Ngh s ho
Qun l n
Phn tch
Lp trnh
Ngh s
ho
Tc gi
Ngi bin tp
Ban bin tp
Phn tch o
to
Thit k tng
tc
Pha sn
xut
Phn tch
Thit k
Th hin
Sn xut
Kch bn nghin
cu
Phn phi sn
phm
Quay
Phn tch
Th nghim
Lp trnh
Th hin
Pht hnh
Sn xut
Phn tch
Thit k
Th nghim
T liu
(Khch
hng kt
qu)
xut
Kch bn
Th hin
Story Board
Cu chuyn
Th hin
c t chc
nng
c t k
thut, th tc
qun l v
thay i
Bn nhp
Cc xut
Thit k tng
th
Thit k chi tit
Nhng qui nh

n a phng tin c thng tin qua bng cn ch trng vo (i) tnh a dng ca n;
(ii) tnh a dng ca khch hng; v (iii) tng quan v vng i ca n a phng tin tp
trung vo li ch ca khch hng.
51
Khi ng xc nh cng vic
Phm vi n n
Mc 1. Qun tr
Vch ra cc iu khon n
v cch thc lm vic
iu khon
chi tit
K tt hp
ng
Ni dung tho thun Nn chung Phng tin v k thut Giao din, thit k giao din
Lp nhm Qun l nhm
m thanh Vn bn Video Tch hp
Qun l quyn truy cp Tr gip h thng
Th tch hp Th pht trin
Lm t liu
Th t kt qu
Mc 2. c t chi tit
Mc 3. Qun tr
Mc 6. Th nghim
Mc 5. Qun tr
Mc 4. Thu thp d liu
Mc 7. Hon thin
Mc 8. Hon thin h s
hon thin ti liu

Hnh. Phn loi mc sn xut trong n a phng tin
I.2. Xc nh phm vi
Xc nh phm vi ca n a phng tin to iu kin xc nh ng yu cu cn thc
hin.
Do cng vic a phng tin c nhiu nhim v v d pht sinh nhim v mi theo yu cu
ca ngi t hng, n a phng tin cn lit k y cc nhim v v ch cn t c.
Vic xc nh ch khng hn l d dng, do qu trnh a phng tin a s l qu trnh
sng to; ngi ta cha xc nh r rng ch.
I.3. Bc khi ng
Trin khai n a phng tin cng nh n cng ngh thng tin khc : c (i) nhm
cng tc; (ii) trng nhm; (iii) iu kin thit b; phn mm (iv) cc rng buc n
Mt khc, c sn phm nh sn phm cng ngh thng tin, ngi ta cn thc hin bc
phn tch, tm hiu thc t, nhm xc nh nhu cu ngi dng cng nh chnh l cc rng buc
n.
Vic tip xc c s thc t, ly thng tin lin quan n n v chnh l nhim v s
c thc hin theo qui trnh. Qui trnh ny tr thnh chun.
I.4. Qun tr mt n a phng tin
Qun tr n a phng tin trong ti liu ny khng ch nhm vo cng tc qun tr n
cng ngh thng tin, lin quan n qun tr ti nguyn n; qun tr kinh ph; qun tr ri ro;
qun tr v thi hn, nhn lc; qun tr v chng trnh v kim tra sai st chng trnh...
Vic qun tr n a phng tin thc hin theo cc bc, bt u t phn tch nhu cu
n, kt thc bng sn phm trn a CD ROM, cho php phn phi, trnh chiu.
Trong phn tip theo, tng bc c trnh by. Tuy ni dung khng qu phc tp, nhng
52
th hin cc yu cu ca cc bc trong n c th khng d dng. Cc n a phng tin
thng pht sinh kinh ph v khng hon thnh ng thi hn yu cu.
II. PHM VI CA N
Mt s kha cnh trong vic xc nh phm vi ca n a phng tin gm :
Xc nh nhu cu ngi dng khi phn tch n. Ngi ta xc nh nng lc ca ngi
thc hin n nh gi kh nng thc hin n; xc nh kinh nghim ngi dng
lng trc sn phm cui cng;
Nhng iu ngi dng cn;
Loi n : n thc hin trn Internet hay Web/ CD, hay Intranet;
Th trng i vi sn phm a phng tin l thng mi, hay cho cng ty, hay cho c
quan chnh ph, hay s dng cho mi trng gio dc;
Qui m n v phm vi th hng n, cn n cng tc bo tr, pht trin mt s
kt qu sau n;
Ni dung n v cch s dng thng tin a phng tin;
Xc nh thi gian pht trin n, tnh theo n v thng dng trong qun tr n
cng ngh thng tin, tc ngi * thng, v t ra mc thi hn bt u, kt thc tng
cng on n;
Kinh ph thc hin, theo gi tr qui i;
thc hin cc kha cnh nu trn, ngi ta c th thm d, kho st ngi dng, theo
mt s cu hi, lin quan ti :
Kho st v kinh nghim ngi dng v a phng tin;
Loi n, lin quan n (i) trnh chiu a phng tin; (ii) o to ngi dng; (iii)
im phn phi sn phm; (iv) cng tc qung co; (v) xut bn; (vi) hun luyn s
dng; (vii) pht trin n vi qui m rng hn;
Xc nh mu in ni dung n;
Xc nh h tng cng ngh cho php thc hin n a phng tin.
III. CC XUT
III.1. Mc ch ca cc xut
xut s tng qut ha cc quyt nh pht trin, da trn nhng thng tin nhn c t
pha khch hng, theo kinh nghim bn thn v kinh nghim ca nhng ngi tham gia n.
Mc ch lit k cc xut l cho khch hng thy mt cch r rng, sng sa v cc tip
cn ca n, bn cht ca cc gii php, a im thc hin n
III.2. Ni dung xut
Cc xut n a phng tin gm :
53
Gii thiu chung v tm tt v thc hin;
Cc qui nh m ngi dng mun, trn kt qu trang Web hay trong ng dng;
Yu cu ca ngi dng;
M t tng qut v gii php v la chn;
Cc phng n x l tnh hung;
Lc v cu trc cc xut;
M t cc ti nguyn cn thit cho vic thc hin n a phng tin;
Lch trnh v mt s im kim tra, gim st vic thc hin trong sut qu trnh n a
phng tin;
Cu trc v chi ph v thanh ton ti chnh;
Qui nh ca n v thc hin n v mt s hn ch.
III.3. M t cc thnh phn
Khi chun b sn xut, chn tn sn phm a phng tin l vn cn u t, suy ngh.
Mt sn phm c th mang nhiu tn, tu theo i tng ngi ta cn gii thiu sn phm. Thng
thng mt sn phm a phng tin c cc tn :
1. Tn sn phm;
2. Tn mang thng tin;
3. Tn gii tr;
4. Tn sng tc;
5. Tn gio dc.
III.3.1. Khn gi ca sn phm
Khng nh cc sn phm cng ngh khc, sn phm a phng tin khng th sn xut ra
m khng c ngi tip nhn. Khu xc nh s lng ngi dng i vi sn phm a phng
tin quyt nh s lng sn phm cn sn xut. Vy nn vic xc nh khn gi quyt nh thnh
cng v gi sng tc cho sn phm s c pht trin.
Khn gi l mt kha cnh quan trng cn ch v khn gi l i tng m a phng tin
nhm vo. Phi lun lun ch v yu t ny l ng, thay i. Khi s dng cc d liu iu tra
nn dng d liu hin ti, khng nn da trn d liu iu tra trong qu kh. Th d mt chic
my khng bn c ngy nay c th s bn c ngy hm sau, nhng khng th bn t bo
hm nay cho ng khch ngy mai.
III.3.2. Nhn lc
Xc nh nhm n cn c theo loi sn phm. Nhn lc chnh gm (i) Ch nhim n;
(ii) o din, ch o sn xut sn phm; (iii) mt s cn b mi; v (iv) mt s cn b c kinh
nghim t nhm, n khc.
II.3.3. Chun b cho qu trnh sn xut v sau sn xut
54
Qu trnh sn xut gm nhiu cng vic nh, c phn chia r rng. Vic tch bch cc
cng vic nh to iu kin qun l tt theo sn phm. C th chun b cho qu trnh sn xut vi
cc tng v :
Chia cc cng vic lin quan;
Tp hp cc vn bn;
Tp hp hnh v, nh;
Tp hp cc hnh ng.
Sau qu trnh sn xut, cn chun b hon thin sn phm a phng tin theo hng :
Chnh l sn phm theo c ch phn hi v (i) ngh thut v (ii) ni dung;
Chn ra ngi th nghim, nh gi sn phm. Cho ngi dng kim tra v bit r yu
cu, cho ngi thit k kim tra kim tra li mnh;
Ln lch nh gi theo qui trnh.
III.4. Kt lun
Cn thit nu ln cc xut v gii php thc hin n a phng tin.
Nhng iu khon trong xut s c chi tit ha i vi tng loi d liu a phng
tin, trong tng cng vic c th ca qu trnh thc hin n a phng tin.
IV. RNG BUC TH NHT
IV.1. Nn chung cho cc rng buc hp ng
a s cng ty mun sn phm a phng tin mng nhng nt hin i, mi trong cc iu
khon thc hin n a phng tin.
Tuy nhin, kh c th xc nh c mt s iu lin quan n a phng tin, m thng
cn n kinh nghim v thu hiu vn a phng tin. Nhiu ngi mun hiu r v qu trnh
thc hin trong n a phng tin, nh l c xng vi tin h b ra khng.
Do cc l do trn m cn xc nh cc iu khon sao cho d hiu, th hin c cch thc
thc hin n, v tin li thy c qu trnh thc hin n.
IV.2. Lm tinh cc xut a vo vn kin hp ng
Cn thit lit k cc xut trong bng, chng hn s dng bng tnh EXCEL. Khi xc nh
c cc cng vic, ngi ta d dng tho thun, m phn c cc iu khon chi tit.
55

Hnh. Lit k nhn lc
Trong bng k, nn c thi hn, chi ph, ngun nhn lc, k nng
Khi lm tinh cc xut, ngi ta cn tin hnh cc iu tra, thu thp d liu v ti nguyn
tham gia n a phng tin.

Hnh. Lit k cng vic
Mt s cng vic chnh gm :
Qun tr;
Sn xut video;
Sn xut audio;
Sn xut ho;
Pht trin c s d liu;
Lm t liu;
Tch hp v s dng my tnh.
IV.3. Qun tr s thay i
Nhiu l do dn n thay i. Vic thay i tc ng khng nh n thc hin n a
phng tin.
Cng nghip cng ngh thng tin c nhiu cch iu khin vic thay i, hay gi l
qun tr thay i.
Mt vi cch da trn s tin cy, tp trung x l mi quan h vi khch hng. Cng ngh
56
phn mm cho thy qun tr thay i cn c iu khin v gim st cn thn, theo qui trnh.
Qun l vic ny thng qua cc vn bn, theo khun dng, c cc mc :
Tn n;
Thi im thay i;
M t thay i;
Cc yu cu thay i;
Tc ng i vi chng trnh; vi h thng; vi ti nguyn;
Ph duyt.
Gii php dung ho l cn thit, trnh gy tng nhiu kinh ph n.
IV.4. Cc giai on ca n
n a phng tin ni chung tun theo cc giai on pht trin sau :
1. Tho thun v cu trc v lnh vc chnh v ni dung;
2. Tho thun v h tng cho n, nng lc k thut ca h thng trc tip, v cc c t
n;
3. iu khon chi tit v : vn bn, phng php tip cn, thc n, m thanh, ho,
video;
4. Tho thun v thc hin pha 1;
5. iu khon hon thnh sn phm v c t sn phm.

Hnh. Cc giai on pht trin n a phng tin
IV.5. Kt lun
Trch nhim ca ngi qun l n, tc lnh o n, v trch nhim ca khch hng
cn c lit k.
Trch nhim ca qun l n l :
Lm vic khch hng, thc hin iu khon n;
Ln lch chi tit;
57
Gim st v dnh thi gian cho n;
Thng tin cho khch hng v qu trnh n, hot ng, xut thay i, nhn t
m bo k thut;
Tun theo thit k k thut;
m bo ni dung k vi khch hng;
Theo thi hn xc nh vi khch hng, c bit thi hn cui;
Hon thnh n a phng tin.
Trch nhim ca khch hng l :
Chun b m t ngn gn vi ngi pht trin;
Lm vic vi cc c t;
Lm vic vi cc chuyn gia m bo thi hn theo lch;
Tho thun v thay i;
Gip ngi pht trin truy cp ti nguyn.
V. IU KHON NI DUNG
V.1. Nhng vai tr quyt nh ni dung
Khu t chc thc hin n cng ngh thng tin cng quan trng nh h tng sn xut,
nhn lc n. Ngi ta c th t vn v (i) qun l theo th cng, kinh nghim; (ii) qun l
theo qui trnh cng nghip. Du sao vn phi xc nh:
Xut x ca a phng tin;
Qun tr n a phng tin thch hp vi nhng ni u ?
Vic so snh qun tr n a phng tin ang c thc hin vi cc qu trnh qun tr
cc n khc cng cn thit, thy c :
Cc hn ch ca cc phng php qun tr n;
Cht lng ca phng tin tng tc;
Gi sn xut, thi gian, cht lng ca sn phm a phng tin.
Khi tin hnh ti a phng tin, ngi ta thng cho rng c th d dng thay i thit
k ban u. iu ny khng ng vi vi qun tr n a phng tin. L do khng nn thay i
cc thit k ban u ca n a phng tin da trn cc hiu bit :
1. Thay i ng ngha vi vic tng gi qun tr v sn xut;
2. Thay i lm tng thi gian lm li;
3. Thay i i khi thnh cng nu iu khin c; ngc li vic thay i thng lm
chm qu trnh;
4. Nu vic thay i m khng gy ko di thi gian th chi ph, gi c s tng;
58
5. Cht lng sn phm c th thay i ph hp vi rng buc thi gian;
6. Mt s quan nim cho rng ch thay cht t v thit k khng gy nh hng; iu ny
i khi dn n cc thay i khc, v khi nim khng ln l khi nim m.
V.2. Kch bn cho a phng tin
Xy dng kch bn theo tng mc, m bo cc :
1. Quyt nh v vt liu;
2. Loi phng tin v mc ch th hin;
3. Tng hp vi lc , th loi, cu trc;
4. Hiu nhu cu ngi dng, ngi lp trnh;
5. Gi ci nhn tng th v chi tit.
Phn
tch
Quyt nh,
vch hng
Vit kch bn,
lin kt cc
on
on 1
Pht trin cc
mc, theo
nhiu dng
on 2 on 3 Tr gip
video, vn
bn, ho
audio, vn
bn, ho
audio, vn bn

Hnh. Kch bn a phng tin
V.3. Cc yu t nh hng n vic la chn ni dung
Cn xt n cch tc ng ca bn cht a phng tin ln qu trnh qun tr n, ch yu
l tc ng ca c cu t chc. V vn ny cn lu :
Ngi qun tr n l ngi c nng lc v quyn lc iu khin qu trnh; ngi
ta xem h l ngi lnh o;
Ngi qun l cc b phn trong n cng c vai tr khng nh; h trc tip lin
quan n qu trnh thc hin n.
Chn ni dung lin quan n :
1. Cng tc kinh doanh;
2. ng dng o to;
3. Mt s hn ch, v hiu bit, thit lp tnh hung
V.4. Cch thc t c ni dung nht tr
Mt s cch t ni dung nht tr :
59
1. Nht tr v chnh;
2. Xt n nhu cu ngi dng;
3. Xt n kh nng lp trnh;
4. Hc hi thm.
V.5. Nguyn tc c bn thit lp ni dung
Mt s nguyn tc cho php thit lp ni dung :
1. Cn c vo loi n, thuc vo lnh vc gio dc, hay gii tr, hay tuyn truyn;
2. tui ca ngi dng;
3. Xu th th trng a phng tin;
4. Thoi gian n;
5. Mc su, rng ca n a phng tin, phm v tc ng;
6. Kh nng cp nht ni dung.
V.6. Kt lun
Ni dung n l cc thng bo v ng dng;
X l n gm cc phng tin la chn, cc k thut, giao din s dng;
Cht lng ni dung n l dy cc la chn, su, rng, mc ph hp trong
th hin kt qu a phng tin;
Cng c s ln ln gia vai tr ca ni dung, cht lng ni dung v tnh ton
vn n;
Kch bn n a phng tin cho phng tin mi i hi k nng phc tp.
cng dng nhiu phng tin, cng tng mc phc tp;
iu khin qu trnh l kh v hay gp ri ro trong cng tc qun tr n a
phng tin.
VI. CHN IU KIN THC HIN
VI.1. Gii thiu
iu kin thc hin
1
lin quan n phn cng, tc my tnh. Tuy nhin iu kin ny c m
t phn mm, c bit phn mm h thng, phn mm ng dng.
Ngi ta c th trao i v iu kin (i) h tng phn phi; (ii) phng tin phn phi; (iii)
pht trin v th nghim cc iu kin.
VI.2. Cc iu kin phn phi
Cc iu kin phn phi lin quan n :

1
Platform
60
1. Cc my tnh v h thng iu hnh;
2. Cc tiu chun la chn : (i) nh sn xut, loi my; (ii) tc my tnh; (iii) dung
lng nh; (iv) a cng; (v) h thng iu hnh; (vi) mn hnh v phn gii;
(vii) m thanh;
3. Trn nhiu loi iu kin, nhiu loi my. Khuynh hng s dng trn cc thit b
m phng, trn cc my tnh o, cc thit b thay th;
VI.3. Phng tin phn phi
Phng tin phn phi sn phm l cch thc, hnh thc th hin sn phm cho ngi dng,
tc khch hng ca n a phng tin.
C mt s loi :
1. a mm my tnh;
2. a CD hay DVD
1
;
3. Trang tin;
4. Kt hp cc loi.
VI.4. Phn phi trn WEB
Vic phn phi trn trang tin lin quan n my tnh ch, my tnh khch, v cc phn mm
trn my tnh khch/ ch. Phn mm trong cch phn phi theo trang tin c xt theo :
Phn mm trn trang tin;
Phn mm my tnh ch;
Trnh duyt;
CGI dng chung.
VI.5. Nn cho pht trin v th nghim
Ngi ta chn nn th hin sn phm theo a s ngi dng. Tuy nhin mt s khch hng
c cc yu cu ct may h thng. Do vy, c th la chn nn chun, th hin sn phm. Khi
c yu cu ct may, ngi ta th hin li.
Cc tham s s thay i v sau l :
1. Loi hnh my tnh;
2. Dung lng RAM;
3. Dung lng nh ngoi;
4. S lng mn hnh, phn gii;
5. H thng iu hnh

1
Digital Versatile Disc/ Digital Video Disc
61
VI.6. Kt lun
Vic phn phi sn phm ca n a phng tin lin quan n khch hng ca n.
Vic tip th sn phm l cn thit.
C nhiu cch khc nhau th hin sn phm; vy nn c th s dng loi phng tin
chun, ri ct may theo ca khch hng.
VII. CHN PHNG TIN V CC K THUT
VII.1. Th d
Ngi ta c th thy phng tin s dng trong n a phng tin tc ng n sn
phm thu c.
i vi khch hng ca n, hnh thc phn phi c nh hng khc nhau.
VII.2. Cc rng buc
Cn c vo cc rng buc trong hp ng thc hin n a phng tin, ngi ta xc nh
cc iu kin chnh v iu kin h tr thc hin n. V vn ngn sch n, cn xc nh
(i) ngn sch chnh; (ii) ngn sch huy ng, b sung; (iii) cc ti nguyn.
Trc khi la chn cc thit b, phng tin dng trong n, ngi ta lp bng thng k
v trang b kin thc v gi v ch s k thut ca thit b.
Thnh
phn
Loi, cht lng Gi c Thi hn sn
xut
Ghi
ch
Video Sn khu
Phng vn
Lm t liu
Cao
Thp, trung bnh
Thp, trung bnh
Di
Ngn
Di

m thanh Sn khu
Phng vn
m nhc
Trung bnh
Thp
Thp, trung bnh
Di
Ngn
C th rt lu

ho
video

Hnh ng 3D, cht lng cao
Hnh ng 3D, cht lng thng
Cng c l tng
ho tnh
Cao
Cao
Cao
Cao
Ngn, t.bnh
Ngn, t.bnh
Ngn
Ngn

ho
my tnh
Hnh ng 3D, cht lng cao
Hnh ng 3D, cht lng thng Hnh
ng 3D, cht lng thp
ho tnh, cht lng cao
ho tnh, cht lng cao
ho tnh, cht lng cao
Cao
Trung bnh
Trung bnh
Thp, trung bnh
Thp, trung bnh
Thp
Di
Di
Di
Trung bnh
Ngn
Ngn

Nhip
nh
Dng phim
Dng s ho
Th vin nh
Thp, trung bnh
Thp, trung bnh
Thp, trung bnh
Ngn, t.bnh
Ngn
C th lu

Vn bn Thp Nhanh
Dch Trn cc ng video
Vn bn
Trung bnh
Trung bnh
Trung bnh
Ngn


62





Hnh. Mt s vn v tm l nhn bit trong vic th hin trn phng tin
Mt s lu khi chn thit b :
Khp phng tin vi cc thng bo trong giao din ngi dng;
Cc thng s lin quan n video;
Cc nguyn tc th hin a phng tin (i) im mnh trong trang th hin; (ii)
im nt ca s kin; (iii) tm l nhn bit;
Vai tr ca video v cc ng dng v gio dc, o to;
Vai tr ca m thanh;
Nng lc ca my tnh v kh nng ho;
Cc phng hng, c hi cho php dng ho trong gio dc v o to;
Vai tr ca vn bn trong th hin a phng tin.
VII.3. Ngn sch
V kinh ph n a phng tin, quan tm :
1. Phn bit kinh ph n (i) trc tip; (ii) gin tip;
2. Xc nh cc ti nguyn cho n a phng tin;
Ngi ta xc nh ngn sch theo cc loi d liu a phng tin, theo phng tin th hin
sn phm.
VII.4. Khp phng tin vi cc thng bo
Giao din ngi dng cn l giao din tng tc, thn thin. Ngoi kh nng tng tc
ngi-my, giao din cho php ngi dng d dng thao tc, iu khin cc chc nng.

nh gi
Phn tch nhim v,
chc nng
Thit k khi nim, thit k hnh
thc
Th mu c t yu cu
Ci t

Hnh. Cc pha thit k giao din hng ngi dng, theo m hnh hnh sao
63

Cc thit b trong giao din p ng mt s yu cu. Cc yu cu ny c nu khi thit k
giao din.
Biu tng, th hin sn phm a phng tin;
i nt v thit k biu tng;
Hiu bit v khn gi a phng tin;
Th nghim tnh ng n ca thit k giao din;
Xc nh mi trng tng tc;
Kh nng dng m thanh;
Vic dng mu sc;
Vic ng gi cc t liu lin quan.
VII.5. Cc nhn t v video
Ngy cng tin s dng, video cng tr nn thng dng. Trong n a phng tin, c th
xem thut ng video gm c hnh ng v cc on video. Mt s nhn t lin quan n loi d
liu a phng tin ny :
Chun nn d liu; MPEG1, MPEG2;
t sn phm trn CD hay DVD;
Phng php ch s ho d liu video, chn cc khung hnh chnh;
Phng tin cho php th hin video trc tuyn.
VII.6. Cc nhn t v Audio
i vi d liu audio :
Nh video, cn xt chun th hin m thanh;
Xt m thanh, ting ng, li ni, m nhc
Xt m thanh t radio v TV nh nhau;
m thanh dng trong trang tin.
VII.7. My tnh v ho
Cng ngh thng tin l khoa hc v x l thng tin. Ngi ta c cc nh ngha v (i) d
liu; (ii) thng tin; (iii) tri thc. My tnh quen vi d liu c cu trc. Tuy nhin vi s pht trin
ca ng dng cng ngh thng tin m cc loi d liu khng c cu trc, hay t c cu trc c
xem xt x l trn my tnh.

64
Thng tin nhp vo my tnh
D liu
Tri thc

Hnh. D liu, tri thc nhp vo my tnh
V d liu a phng tin, ngi ta ngh ngay n tnh a dng ca d liu v kch thc
ln ca d liu v sn phm. Chnh v vy m cn c cch t chc d liu a phng tin. Thng
thng nhng vn lin quan n t chc d liu a phng tin s c nghin cu ring trong
phn trnh by v cu trc d liu a phng tin, c s d liu a phng tin.
i vi d liu ln, cn c cu trc d liu ph hp v hp l. Nhng vn cp y l
(i) d liu c sp xp; (ii) t chc d liu theo tun t; (iii) t chc d liu theo ch s; (iv) t
chc d liu theo cch ngu nhin. Mt s cu trc lu tr d liu c trng i vi d liu a
phng tin s c nghin cu sau.
VII.7.1. T chc tun t

Bn ghi 1 Bn ghi 2 Bn ghi 3 Bn ghi 4

Hnh. V tr ca cc bn ghi trong cch t chc d liu tun t
VII.7.2. T chc theo ch s
Bng ch s
bn ghi 1
bn ghi 2
bn ghi 3
bn ghi 4
...
Bn ghi 1
Vng nh lu tr
Bn ghi 2 Bn ghi 3 Bn ghi 4
Bn ghi 3

Hnh. Lu tr cc bn ghi da trn phn b ca bng ch s
VII.7.3. T chc theo ngu nhin
Hm a ch
Tnh ton a
ch trn phng
tin lu tr
Bn ghi 1
Vng nh lu tr
Bn ghi 2 Bn ghi 3
Bn ghi 3

Hnh. Vai tr ca hm a ch trong cch t chc d liu theo a ch trc tip, ngu nhin
Vic t chc d liu v lu tr d liu theo cch khoa hc l khu quan trng trong (i) h
qun tr file; (ii) h qun tr c s d liu. Khi lp chng trnh, cc kiu t chc d liu c ngi
65
lp trnh xem xt, nhng khi s dng h qun tr c s d liu, h c h qun tr m bo.
Tuy nhin vic hi d liu a phng tin c quan tm, v l cng vic ly kt qu v
a phng tin t h thng a phng tin.

H thng d liu a phng tin
Kt qu ra
My in
Hi v vn bn "tm ti liu v in Bin Ph"
Mn hnh
Hi v video "tm on video c Bc H"
Hi v m thanh "tm ghi m theo tn, theo ln iu..."
Hi cu hi tch hp v d liu a phng tin
"hnh ca nhn vt c ging ni..."

Hnh. Hi d liu a phng tin
VII.8. Vn bn
Lin quan n vn bn trong sn phm n a phng tin, ngi ta thy cn cp :
Con ch v cc c tnh;
Phn mm son tho vn bn v x l vn bn;
Vn bn thuyt minh cho cc d liu audio, video
VII.9. Kt lun
Phn trn xt n mt s yu cu i vi d liu a phng tin. Mt n a phng tin
s tch hp nhiu loi d liu ny, tun theo cc yu cu v thit k k thut ca n.
tin theo di, c th s dng cc th d trc quan v cc d liu a phng tin tin
theo di, trnh chiu.
VIII. THIT K GIAO DIN
VIII.1. V giao din
Phn ny cp (i) nhn thc vi giao din ngi-my, HCI
1
; (ii) tri gic v th hin; (iii)
ch v vic nh; (iv) tri thc v m hnh thn kinh; (v) n d giao din v m hnh khi nim;
(vi) hc theo ng ngha; (vii) kha cnh x hi; (viii) kha cnh t chc.
Cc ch lin quan n con ngi trong HCI thng l s tp trung, thay i kiu, tnh
cm, s hi, nhm ln... Theo D. Norman, yu t con ngi trong HCI thch thc l yu t v tnh
x hi v thi , hnh vi ca con ngi.
VIII.2. V giao din a phng tin
Vic xt ni dung v nhn thc nhm (i) c trng ho HCI theo ngha qu trnh nhn thc;
(ii) m t cch s dng x l thng tin nh l m hnh tng tc ngi dng; (iii) gii thch l do
khng tho mn vi m hnh v ci m tip cn nhn thc mun lm; (iv) xc nh lc ngi ta
thy nhn thc l quan trng trong thit k h thng.
66
Vic x l thng tin c vai tr c bn trong HCI do m bo c s l thuyt i vi m hnh
nhn bit ca ngi dng. Trong nhn thc phn tn, qu trnh nhn thc c thc hin trong th
gii thc.
VIII.2.1. Vin cnh nhn thc
Qu trnh x l thng tin ca con ngi: Khong nm 60, 70 ca th k trc, hng chnh
ca tm l hc nhn bit l c trng ho con ngi nh b x l thng tin; mi th c cm
nhn, chng hn nh nhn, nghe, s, ngi, nm... c thng tin ho trong qu trnh suy ngh.
Theo Lindsay v Norman, 1977, t tng c bn v nhn thc l thng tin n v i t suy ngh
con ngi qua mt lot giai on c th t.
Nhp thng tin
hoc m phng
m ho
So snh
la chn
tr li
thc hin
tr li
Xut thng tin
hoc tr li

Hnh. Cc giai on x l thng tin ca con ngi (Barber, 1988)
M rng m hnh x l thng tin mang tnh ngi : hai m rng chnh ca m hnh x l
thng tin c bn l (i) qu trnh ch v (ii) b nh. Trong m hnh m rng, nhn thc c
nhn theo dng : (i) cch thng tin c nhn bit bng b x l cm nhn; (ii) cch thng tin c
lu ; (iii) cch thng tin c x l trong b nh.

S ch
Nhp thng tin
hoc m phng
m ho
B nh
So snh
la chn
tr li
thc hin
tr li
Xut thng tin
hoc tr li

Hnh. Cc giai on x l thng tin m rng dng trong m hnh x l thng tin
M hnh nhiu ngn ca b nh m t r hn cch ni kt ba qu trnh. c trng chnh ca
b nh ny l cc dng khc nhau ca ngn nh : (i) ngn thu nhn; (ii) ngn nh ngn hn; (iii)
ngn nh vnh cu. Ngn nh ngn cn c gi l b nh lm vic.
b mt khi
lu tr
Nhp t ngoi
lu tr iu
nhn bit
Lu vo b nh
tm thi
lu vo b nh
vnh cu
b mt khi
lu tr
din gii, suy din, v
b mt ti b nh vnh
cu

Hnh. Cc m hnh nhiu ngn (Atkinson v Shiffrin, 1968)
X l thng tin v HCI : Nn tng l thuyt cung cp ngha ca khi nim ho hnh vi

1
Human Computer Interaction
67
ngi dng, lin quan n hiu sut ngi dng. Theo Card et al., 1983, b x l mang tnh ngi
c m hnh gm 3 h thng tng tc : (i) h thng cm nhn; (ii) h thng gim st; (iii) h thng
nhn bit. B x l ny c trng c qu trnh nhn bit a dng. Ngi ta tru tng ho h
thng ny v thu c m hnh GOMS
1
. Mt trong nhng vn v tru tng ho m hnh nh
lng t cc m t nh tnh v hiu nng ngi dng l m bo hai kha cnh nh lng v
nh tnh c lin kt vi nhau.
Vic ch tp trung gii thch : (i) cch th hin tri thc; (ii) cch pht trin m hnh v
dng cho HCI; (iii) cch con ngi s dng tng tc v trng thnh trong h thng my tnh.
1. tay g phm
2.mt nhn mn hnh
3. tai nghe loa
4. tr li qua
bn phm


Hnh. M hnh x l thng tin mang tnh ngi
V vic p dng tri thc ny thit k HCI, ngi ta pht trin cc nghin cu : (i) n
d giao din khp cc yu cu ca ngi dng; (ii) cc m hnh khi nim cho php thit k
giao din ph hp.
Nghin cu mi trong tm l hc nhn bit ng gp cho vic thit lp m hnh HCI gm (i)
tip cn tnh ton : x l thng tin trn my tnh, quan tm khng phi khi lng thng tin m l
x l thng tin mi; (ii) tip cn lin kt : m hnh thn kinh, m hnh song song, m t hnh vi
qua m hnh chng trnh, khc tip cn tnh ton ch khng xem n d my tnh nh nn
nghin cu l thuyt.
VIII.2.2. Lan truyn nhn thc
1. T con ngi l nhn t n con ngi l ngi din : khi xt vai tr ca tm l hc trong thit
k h thng my tnh, ngi ta tip cn theo cch mi, hiu v khi nim ho quan h gia
cng vic, con ngi, cng ngh v t chc. Ngi ta thay con ngi nhn t bng con ngi
ng vai din.
2. Nhn thc phn tn. Nhn thc phn tn l hp nht ca nn l thuyt, vi ch l cho ra li
gii thch i km con ngi, khi nim c cc hot ng nhn thc c trong cng vic
(Hutchins, 1990, 1992).
VIII.3. Tri gic v th hin
Mc ch mc ny l (i) hiu l do vic xem xt cch con ngi tip nhn giao din; (ii) vn

1
Goals, Operations, Methods and Selection rules
68
ra sao khi i tng c th hin trn mn 2D
1
; (iii) cch th hin m hnh 3D trn mn 2D
v trong mi trng o; (iv) dng khc nhau ca chng trnh ho ho.
VIII.3.1. Nhn thc nhn
H thng nhn cho php nhn thc cc i tng theo sng, nhn bit chuyn ng ca
i tng. C vi l thuyt tnh ton cho php gii thch vic nhn, chia lm hai lp : tip cn cu
trc v tip cn sinh thi.
Theo Gregory 1970, Marr 1982, ngi theo tip cn cu trc tin rng qu trnh nhn l
do th gii c to nn t thng tin trong mi trng v tri thc c lu t trc;
Theo Gibson, 1979 th ngi theo l thuyt sinh thi tin rng nhn thc i hi qu
trnh nht thng tin t mi trng v khng cn x l.
VIII.3.2. Tip cn cu trc
Gi thit trong tip cn ny l vic nhn thc i hi s can thip ca vic th hin v vic
nh. iu con ngi thy khng l bn sao ca th gii nh my chp hnh ghi li; m h thng
nhn xy dng m hnh th gii bng cch chuyn, tng cng, xoay v loi b thng tin. Theo
Gregory, 1978, l do h thng nhn thc c cc hot ng ny do ngi ta quen vi nhn, ri tip
ngay ti vic gii vn , nhng qut hnh t trn xung, nhn theo bin, nhn xt i tng
theo mu m phng.
Vic nhn theo cu trc m bo cho thy hnh khi ngi ta nhn thong qua hay nhn xa,
khng nht thit ng v t l kch thc.
Hnh. T chc nhn thc theo lut ca nh tm l hc Gestalt







Hnh. Di sng ph hp vi ngi dng

1
2 dimensions
69







Hnh. C ch nhn ca con ngi






Hnh. C ch nghe m thanh ca tai con ngi





Hnh. C th to nn hnh nh 3 chiu trn mt 2 chiu







Hnh. Tm l nhn bit v mc an ton




70







Hnh. Gii thch v sai khc th gic





Hnh. phc tp ca hnh v xu th nhn thc hnh.
Tip cn sinh thi
Tip cn sinh thi theo Gilsbon, 1979, cho rng nhn thc l qu trnh trc tip, trong
thng tin c pht hin n gin hn l c cu trc. Qu trnh hiu iu ta lm khi ta nhn
bit, ch khng c hiu cch c th lm hay cch ghi nhn i tng. Tip cn sinh thi lin quan
ti cch i x vi cc s kin lin tip theo thi gian. Vy nn cn hiu mi trng tin hnh
cc hot ng v cch thc hiu.
iu quan trng l c tip cn sinh thi v cu trc u nhn thc ng. Bn cu trc ngi
ta nhn bit theo cch t v li hnh nh qua mt, cn bn sinh thi ngi ta khai ph i tng
trong mi trng, bng cch nghe, nhn, nm...






Hnh. Tnh qui lut trong vic m hnh ho nhn thc
71





Hnh. Hnh ng yn v hnh chuyn ng.
VIII.3.3. Th hin ho trong giao din
Ngi ta mong mun th hin thng tin trn mn nh nh cc c tnh ca i tng nhn
bit c trong mi trng. Thit k v ng dng sn xut s li khi dng hnh thc t trong thit
k v to i tng.
M hnh ho ho v th hin 3D
Cc m hnh ho th hin trn my tnh cn c thit k hin trn mt 2D.

Hnh. M hnh ho i tng 3 chiu

Hnh. Hnh 2D c nhn thc nh c su
72
Mt nt su quan trng l th sai chuyn ng. Khi u ngi ta di chuyn th nhn cng
theo tn sut khc nhau.
Hnh. Th sai chuyn ng

Cc m hnh 3D c th c cu trc bng cch dng nhn lp th
1
hay dng su ng
nhm, trong c hai hnh ca cng i tng c th hin tch bit trong mt ngi. K thut
lp th c dng trong ng dng hin thc o.
Hai k thut thng dng nht i vi m hnh my tnh 3D l (i) m hnh ho i tng c;
(ii) m hnh ho khung si. Chng c u v nhc im khc nhau. M hnh i tng c m
bo thng tin v dng i tng thy r b mt v hnh ngoi. t khi khng hiu v hnh trong
m hnh i tng c, nhng cn tn thi gian my x l. M hnh khung si khng cn tnh
ton nhiu nh m hnh i tng c, c ch cho vic cm nhn khng phi bn ngoi, m l bn
trong.

Lp trnh ho
M hnh th hin i tng 3D c th dng trong lp trnh giao din. Bng cc kiu lp
trnh ho khc nhau, ngi ta c th th hin qu trnh h thng tru tng, cc i tng d
liu, cc kha cnh khc trong giao din. Vi i tng phc tp, c th cn :
Hnh. Hai m hnh khung si v m hnh c th hin i tng 3D
Chng trnh th hin vi m phc tp;
Th hin thng qua video, thm ch quay ngc bng;

1
stereoscopic
73
Hnh dng tru tng cho php th hin i tng khc nhau;
Tu chn khc nhau v mu sc;
B ch th hin i tng.
Mt s lu :
1. M ho i vi d liu nh lng. Cc th c th th hin thng tin nh lng,
c quan h vi nhau. u im chnh ca th hin th l cho php ngi ta d nhn
bit v (i) mi quan h v d liu a chiu; (ii) xu th d liu trong s thay i; (iii)
khim khuyt ca mu d liu thc;
2. M ho v mu. M ho v mu to iu kin cho vic lp trnh v cu trc ho thng
tin ti giao din, cng nh cho php con ngi nhn tt hn. Tuy nhin cn trnh lm
bn mu khi lm dng.
3. M ho theo mu so vi m ho n sc. Mt s nghin cu cho rng s dng mu
trong mt s trng hp khng tt bng dng n sc. Vic th hin vn bn c
ngm nh l n sc.
4. Biu tng. Biu tng l hnh nh c dng th hin i tng, cng c ng dng
nh hnh v, tin ch, cu lnh. Vic dng biu tng qu to s gy kh khn cho vic
phn bit.
Mt s nguyn tc s dng mu sc
Mt s kinh nghim tm l hc c dng quyt nh tnh hiu qu ca vic dng mu
khi nhn bit. Davidoff, 1987, tng kt nhng ngm nh :
Phn on mu l cch hiu lc chia i tng cn th hin ra cc vng khc nhau;
S lng mu nhiu s lm tng thi gian x l;
Cng vic i hi mu l hiu lc i vi vic tm cng vic; t hiu lc i vi vic
phn loi v nh i tng;
Kinh nghim ca ngi dng khi so snh m khng mu, tc en trng, c dng
nhiu trong vic tm kim cng vic i vi ngi t kinh nghim.
Nm 1991, Travis ngh phng hng s dng mu trong giao din nh sau:
1. Da trn nguyn tc mu c dng trong c ch to nhm, hy dng cc mu khc
nhau phn bit cc tng;
74
2. Da vo nguyn tc mu lm ni i tng, hy dng mu i vi cc nt ni bt, hot;
3. Da vo nguyn tc hnh/ nn, hy lm ti, m nn m bo su, sng...
VIII.4. Vic ch v nh
B nh con ngi cn hn ch, nn cn (i) hiu c tm quan trng ca thit k i vi
vic gy ch , iu kin nh; (ii) giao din nh; (iii) p dng vi k thut cu trc ho giao
din.
VIII.4.1. Tp trung ch
1. Ch c tp trung v c chia nh. Nh c nhiu chi tit cng lc c xp vp
tp trung chia nh;
2. Tp trung ch ti giao din. (i) cu trc thng tin : cu trc tm li d hn; (ii) cc
k thut hng vic ch : khng gian v thi gian/ mu sc/ k thut cnh bo.
3. Hot ng a nhim v v c c ch ngt. Cng vic th nht ang c thc hin c
th b gin on bi tn hiu ca cng vic tip theo... do vy cn c kh nng x l a
nhim. Cn tch cc nhim v v chn nhim v s cp, th cp...
4. X l t ng. Qu trnh nhn thc t ng c coi l : (i) nhanh; (ii) i hi ch ti
thiu v khng nh hng n cc hot ng khc; (iii) khng th khng c thc.
VIII.4.2. Cc iu kin v nh
B nh cn trong cc hot ng hng ngy, nh nhn thc v ch ; thiu b nh ngi ta
khng th thc hin cc hot ng n gin nht.
1. Cc mc ca l thuyt x l. Nh li tu theo tnh c ngha. Mc ca l thuyt x
l c pht trin phc v vic ny, theo Craik, 1972. V mt l thuyt, thng tin c
x l theo cc mc khc nhau, tri t phn tch l ca m phng n phn tch ng
ngha su hn. Ngi ta nghin cu mt s nhn t nh tnh quen, hnh nh.
2. ngha ca cc giao din. S kin cng c ngha cng c nh su. Ngi ta xc
nh tip (i) thit k cc tn ra lnh c ngha; (ii) thit k biu tng c ngha. Nhn t
xc nh ngha ca biu tng l ng cnh s dng/ nhim v thc hin/ b mt ca
dng th hin/ bn cht ca khi nim c th hin; (iii) Dng th hin c phn loi
theo khi nim : biu tng nh nhau, tng t, nh cnh bo ri/ biu tng th d,
nh tha, da i vi khch sn/ biu tng k hiu, c tru tng, nh cc v i vi
d v/ biu tng tu ; (iv) loi tt nht l biu tng kt hp v hot hnh.
3. Nhn dng vi gi li : tri thc trong u v trong th gii thc. Vic nhn dng i
tng u im hn vic tm li, gi li i tng trong b nh. i vic nhn thc,
75
ngi ta dng iu d nh dng trong nhn thc, tr gip vic nh, th d dng ca
dao gi li tri thc. Tri thc trong th gii thc v trong giao din cn c s dng.
VIII.5. Tri thc v m hnh thn kinh
Mc ch phn ny l : (i) hiu s khc nhau gia cc dng chnh ca th hin tri thc v
cu trc tri thc; (ii) hiu l do khi nim m hnh thn kinh quan trng i vi HCI; (iii) hiu s
khc nhau gia m hnh cu trc v m hnh chc nng; (iv) c th ngh cch p dng khi nim
m hnh thn kinh vo thit k giao din.
VIII.5.1. Cc dng th hin
Tri thc th hin trong b nh theo ba dng chnh (i) th hin tng t, nh l chp li
hnh; (ii) th hin theo mnh , tru tng v dng cu ca ngn ng; (iii) th hin phn tn,
dng mng cc nt.

Hnh. Cc i tng quay
Vic t chc tri thc : tri thc ca i tng c t chc cao v gn vi nhiu s kin v
cha nhiu ngn b nh. C mt s khi nim nh mng ng ngha, lc , cu chuyn...
tn ngi
Hnh thnh mng thn kinh
M
Mn
o
IBM Compatible
Workstation
Laptop computer
Mac Classic
a mm
a
cng

Hnh. Mng lin kt lu tri thc con ngi.
VIII.5.2. Cc m hnh thn kinh
im chnh ca cc l thuyt tri thc da trn lc l khng mm do. Do vy m hnh
thn kinh c cu trc mm do, theo thi gian. Theo cc nh tm l hc, l m hnh con
ngi t c, mi trng, v nhng th tng tc; con ngi to nn m hnh thn kinh thng qua
kinh nghim, hun luyn v khuyn bo...
So snh cc m hnh cu trc vi m hnh chc nng, ngi ta thy :
76
1. M hnh cu trc. Trong HCI, m hnh cu trc c dng m t c ch bn trong
ca thit b, theo cc thnh phn. C cch m t khc l thay th, do chng hnh ng
nh l th nhau. Loi ny c dng d don hnh vi thit b. M hnh cu trc rt
hiu lc khi thit b hng, v cn lm vic ngay.
2. M hnh chc nng. Thng thng, con ngi s dng my tnh b ti nh nhau, t phi
hc, do hc theo c ch chc nng. M hnh chc nng cn c gi l m hnh tng
ng theo thc hin nhim v, c phn bit min nhim v v min hnh ng. Ngi
thit k c gng m t kt ni gia hai min theo cch n gin.
VIII.5.3. u im ca m hnh thn kinh trong giao din a phng tin
Nhiu nghin cu tin hnh pht hin vic con ngi dng m hnh thn kinh khi
tng tc vi thit b v h thng khng. Gi thit chung l con ngi dng loi m hnh no ,
nhng khng hon thin v cn rng. Kha cnh ca m hnh thn kinh kh pht hin ra, m
thng thy t hp cc cu trc tri thc khc nhau.
Giao din cn c thit k gip ngi dng s dng m hnh thn kinh ph hp vi cc
kha cnh thc s ca h thng.
VIII.5.4. M hnh thn kinh trong iu khin qu trnh
Li ch ca m hnh thn kinh c pht hin vo nhng nm 60, 70 ca th k trc. Jens
Rasmussen, 1986, lm vic vi h thng phc tp, cp cch thc gim sai st trong iu khin
h thng, c trng ho tri thc thao tc iu khin qu trnh :
Da trn k nng;
Da trn lut;
Da trn tri thc.
VIII.6. n d v m hnh khi nim
Ngi ta thy lin quan n n d trong giao din a phng tin c :
M t s khc nhau gia n d bng li v n d o;
Gii thch l do pht trin n d giao din hn hp;
Cc vn v u im ca vic s dng n d;
S dng n d a phng tin.
77
n d
a phng tin
n d
tri ma, my
n d
cng tin

Hnh. Th d s dng n d

VIII.6.1. n d bng li
Khi tip cn cng ngh mi, con ngi thng hiu iu mi theo cch n d, nh son
tho trn my nh nh my ch. Chnh lin kt ny m bo cho m hnh thn kinh ca h thng
my tnh. Tri thc v min quen thuc c nhn di thut ng phn t v quan h.
VIII.6.2. n d o
Thay v pht trin n d bng li ngi dng hiu giao din, hng Xerox thit k giao
din n d, da trn vn phng vt l, sau ny l giao din ngi dng hnh sao. Khi nim
chnh ca n d giao din l to i tc in t i vi i tng in t trong vn phng. iu
ny i hi th hin i tng nh biu tng trn mn hnh, th mc, giy... Thay v dng thc
th tru tng, ngi ta dng tn bt k.
V m hnh thn kinh bi v n d hn hp, ngi ta thy :
Cc nh thit k pht trin n d hn hp trong giao din. Theo Carroll, 1988, hnh
thn kinh bi cho php n d my tnh c kt hp vi n d khc s dng mm
do cc hot ng;
M con ngi tin lm vic vi n d hn hp; lin quan n file v cc ca s hnh ng.
VIII.6.3. Phn loi n d giao din i vi ng dng
n d my tnh v cc thnh phn l n d thnh cng nht. Th d v ng dng v n d
lin quan c nu trong bng.
Lnh vc p dng n d Tri thc quen thuc
Mi trng iu hnh My tnh Nhim v vn phng, qun tr file
Trang tnh Trang gp Bng c cc ct
Mi trng hng i
tng
Th gii vt l Hnh vi th gii thc
Siu vn bn T ghi chp T chc uyn chuyn v cu trc vn bn
Mi trng hc Chuyn i Hng dn, thm d
Lu tr file Cc file, chng h s Phm tr cc i tng theo ngha cp thit, n...
Mi trng a phng
tin
Cc phng (lin kt vi
phng tin)
Cu trc khng gian ca ngi nh
My tnh tr gip nhim
v hp tc
a tc nhn Tc nhn du lch, dch v...
78
VIII.6.4. Tnh ton khp ni
Weiser 1991 a ra thut ng tnh ton khp ni tng cng mt cch khng thy th
gii tn ti, vi ch l lm n d giao din ra khi tm nhn ca ngi dng theo cch nh h
thng my tnh khng hin i vi ng dng ti nh.






Hnh. Tnh tin ti siu th
VIII.6.5. M hnh khi nim
M hnh khi nim l thut ng chung m t cc cch a dng m h thng c con ngi
khc nhau hiu, bao gm (i) cch ngi dng khi nim ho v hiu h thng; (ii) cch nh thit
k khi nim ho v nhn h thng. Tip cn thnh cng trong thit k giao din l to kh nng
trn tri thc ngi dng v dng n d. Cn xc nh n d ph hp v c m hnh thn kinh cho
h thng.
T liu
b
b
hnh nh
ca h
thng
H thng
m hnh
thit k
Ngi thit k
m hnh
ngi dng
Ngi dng

Hnh. M hnh ngi dng trong m hnh thit k (Norman v Draper, 1986)
Cc m hnh ngi dng, m hnh thit k v hnh nh v h thng c nhn nhn nh sau
:
iu quan trng ca m hnh khi nim l mi quan h gia m hnh ca ngi thit
k, tc m hnh thit k, v m hnh thn kinh ca ngi dng, tc m hnh ngi
dng;
M hnh thit k l sn phm chnh xc ca nhm, khng ca c nhn. M hnh ngi
dng t tng ng theo m hnh thit k, cho php ngi dng s dng ht kh nng
ca h thng nh nh thit k nhm vo. Do th gii thc thay i, ngi dng ch
pht trin m hnh thn kinh ring ca m hnh thit k;
Nhn chung, ngi dng pht hin m hnh thit k qua giao din, hnh vi v vn bn;
l hnh nh h thng.
79
VIII.7. Vic hc trong mi trng a phng tin
Thnh cng ca h thng my tnh tu thuc vo iu ngi dng m rng v hc thm. V
vic hc trn my, c mt s vn lin quan nh : (i) kh khn ca vic hc s dng my tnh;
(ii) hiu cc chin lc khc nhau ca con ngi khi hc; (iii) xut cch h tr ngi dng hc
dng my tnh; (iv) m t tm quan trng ca hc theo ng cnh.
Hc l qu trnh phc tp, i hi mt s nhn t ph thuc ln nhau. N c xem nh c
qu trnh c nhn ln qu trnh cng tc. Cn hiu c qu trnh nhn thc c nhn v qu trnh
x hi trong khi hc. i khi s dng phn mm, ngi ta phi hc lp trnh; l k nng
kh.
VIII.7.1. Hc l qu trnh ng
Vic ngi trc my tnh v ngi trc tay li l nh nhau, nhng ngi ta c kch thch
tp li ngay. Khc nhau chnh l cch thc ta c hc; sau khi hc li, ngi ta c li thc.
Cn i vi my tnh, c qu nhiu ti liu cm nang, kh tip thu. Mt khc, cc hng dn tin
hc thng i tng bc, gy cho con ngi cm thy ngp thng tin.
khc phc, cn u t vo thit b hng dn hc. Ngi dng c kinh nghim thng
min cng hc phng php, thao tc mi t cc sch tra cu. Mt s vn t ra :
Hc l kh;
Ngi hc thiu kin thc c s;
Ngi hc c l gii ph, theo ci h lm v ci h hiu;
H tng qut ho iu h hc c;
Ngi ta kh theo khuynh hng nh sn;
Tng tc c vn ;
Giao din khng r rng;
Tin nghi tr gip khng tin.
Mt vi cch hc :
Hc thng qua s tng t;
Hc bng gii thch;
Hc theo li sai; (i) nm c li; (ii) m t li; (iii) li do d liu; (iv) li do hnh
ng tng tc; (v) li do mt tng tc; (vi) li v kiu;
Ngi ta cn (i) gim v nhn dng li ca ngi dng; (ii) pht hin li h thng.
VIII.7.2. Thu thp kin chuyn gia
80
Mt s vn :
1. Chuyn gia. Tri thc chuyn gia l quan trng; tuy nhin khc nhau gia h chuyn
gia v chuyn gia;
2. K nng ly tri thc. Tri thc m t/ tri thc th tc...;
3. To iu kin thu thp k nng tng tc my tnh.
VIII.7.3. Tm l hc lp trnh
Mt kha cnh cn thu thp tri thc cho HCI l tm l lp trnh. L do cn thit tm l hc l
lp trnh theo yu cu thng kh hc. Mayer, 1998, pht trin cng trnh v tri thc ca ngi
lp trnh, c trng chi tit nhng khc nhau chnh gia th hin v chuyn gia. C 4 loi tri
thc lp trnh: (i) c php; (ii) ng ngha; (iii) lc , tc phm tr trnh con; (iv) chin lc, tc
cc k thut gim st.
Ngi ta dng khi nim chuyn giao m/ dng trong lp trnh :
Chuyn giao m : hiu tri thc mi lp trnh theo quan h ngn ng t nhin, ch
khng theo ngha ca ngn ng lp trnh;
Chuyn giao dng : xy ra khi ngi dng i mt vi nhim v tng t nh ci
c lm trc .
V k nng lp trnh, nn cn s dng k thut cho vic thit k v lp trnh :
Pht trin tip cn ti thiu; do Rosson a ra 1990 dng dy ngi dng hc
SmallTalk, ngn ng lp trnh hng i tng;
Dng phn mm hin th;
Kin thit ngn ng lp trnh ho;
Pht trin h thng hc thng minh.
VIII.7.4. Hc theo tnh hung v cng tc
Bn cnh vic hc c nhn v k nng my tnh, quan trng l xem xt ng cnh hc. Khi
nghin cu v cu trc tri thc trong khoa hc nhn thc, ngi ta t ra vic hc theo tnh hung
v hc cng tc.
1. Hc cng tc. Cng hc v trao i t tng, tho lun. H thng my tnh dng
chung tin cho vic hc cng tc;
2. Hc theo tnh hung. Ngi ta quan st chuyn gia ri hc theo; h a ra tnh hung
tham gia, tng vai tr thc hnh. Tri thc cng ng c gi di nhiu dng
tng tc x hi. K thut lu tr hin nay cho php ngi dng s dng li cc tnh
81
hung hc.
VIII.8. Kha cnh x hi trong tng tc a phng tin
m t qu trnh lin lc v tng tc gia con ngi v my tnh, con ngi, c mt s
vn lin quan : (i) cch hiu hi thoi nh c s ca ng dng lin lc; (ii) so snh ngm nh
v nguyn tc rt ra t phn tch x hi v nhn thc v hnh vi con ngi; (iii) vn lin lc v
tng tc i vi ngi thit k.
VIII.8.1. Phn tch hi thoi
Tri vi m hnh ho cc hnh ng nhn thc c nhn, cc tip cn x hi mun lm sng
t cc cu trc bt bin v cc mu trong t chc ca tng tc con ngi. Cc nh tm l hc x
hi, x hi hc, ngn ng hc, nhn chng hc, trit hc pht trin nn l thuyt nghin cu
cc mu v cc cu trc nh vy. iu ny nh hng n HCI v ngn ng/ hnh ng.
Tip cn ngn ng/ hnh ng xem ngn ng nh phng tin con ngi th hin, da trn
l thuyt hnh ng ni rt ra t trit hc v ngn ng.
VIII.8.2. Lin lc theo nhm
Thng thng ngi ta lin lc hai ngi, v ngi thit k da vo cuc hi thoi ny
ly tri thc th khng thch hp, do my tnh cn tng tc nhiu ngi. Lin lc theo nhm cn
thit i vi vic xc nh kha cnh chnh ca lin lc nhiu phn, c trong trng hp c hay
khng phng tin cng ngh.
Hi thoi i mt, nhiu phn : tun theo giao thc giao tip;
Lin lc nhiu phn vi my tnh. C th dng cng ngh vi kiu lin lc nhiu phn.
Cc h thng hin ti : hi thoi in thoi, hi tho my tnh, hi tho video, tr
chuyn qua mng, th in t.
VIII.8.3. Lm vic theo nhm theo ng cnh
Ngi ta cn hiu t v phng tin dng cho tng tc nhm. Mt s nghin cu tp trung
vo thc hnh tng tc, quan st lm vic theo nhm trong hin tng vn ho, x hi. Vn l
c trng ho qu trnh khng hnh thc v tm cc thuc tnh quan trng cho s thnh cng, cho
php nhm lm vic cng nhau.
VIII.9. Kha cnh t chc trong tng tc a phng tin
Kha cnh t chc lin quan n HCI : (i) tip cn chnh v t chc; (ii) tc ng cng ngh
ln t chc; (iii) m t u nhc im ca phng php chnh m cc nh khoa hc dng tng
cng cht lng cng vic trong t chc; (iv) gii thch tm quan trng ca t chc trong HCI;
(v) vn v tch hp tri thc trong HCI vi thit k h thng.
VIII.9.1. Bn cht ca t chc
T chc l rt phc tp, thc th nhp nhng gm nhiu nhn t :
Con ngi trong t chc;
82
Cng ngh c dng v c to;
T chc cng vic;
Vn ho t chc.
VIII.9.2. Nhn chung v n d
Morgan, 1986 cho rng mt cch hiu t chc hot ng ra sao l khi nim ho n theo
n d. Lin quan n pht trin tng lai ca cu trc t chc, ngi ta a ra vi nt n d :
Vn phng khng giy t;
Vn phng t ng ho;
Ngi nh in t;
Lng ton cu, trong tch hp my tnh v truyn thng lin kt x hi.
VIII.9.3. Con ngi trong t chc
Tip cn c trng cho t chc khc l nhn cch thc thnh vin ca t chc l gii v cu
trc v qu trnh trong t chc khi h lm vic. Hi thoi khng hnh thc c coi nh to nn
dng t chc mi.
VIII.9.4. Tc ng ca cng ngh thng tin n t chc
Mt trong nhng lin quan chnh l tc ng ca cng ngh n cng vic. Hai cch nhn c
ha hn (Eason, 1988) :
1. H thng k thut nh iu khin : cng ngh thng tin gim lao ng lp li, n iu;
2. H thng k thut nh cng c : cng ngh thng tin cho php cc chng trnh lu
trong my tnh, cho php con ngi s dng.
VIII.9.5. Cc phng php thay i t chc
Mt vi tip cn khc nhau dng thay i ci thin t chc. ch chnh l (i) hoc t
hiu qu tt hn; (ii) hoc tng cng iu kin lm vic v tr gip nhu cu x hi.
1. Qun l theo khoa hc. F. Taylor, 1911 l k s M i u trong qun l khoa hc.
Cng vic tun theo lut khoa hc; vy nn c phn tch theo phng php khoa
hc. Taylor ra cc nguyn tc n gin t hiu qu ti a : (i) tch k hoch v
cng vic; (ii) chn ngi tt nht cho cng vic ln k hoch, thit k; (iii) xc
nh cch thc hin nhim v hiu qu nht (dng phng php khoa hc); (iv) o
to cng nhn lm nhim v theo hng nh ra; (v) xc nh hnh thc thng tt
nht cho cc nhim v khc nhau; (vi) gim st hiu sut cng nhn m bo
phng php dng c tun th v t ch. Taylor gi thit cc nguyn tc c
83
p dng thng qua nghin cu ng thi v thi gian;
2. Tip cn h thng v k thut x hi ho. H thng k thut x hi c a ra ti Vin
quan h con ngi Tavistock ch ra cch cc h thng con k thut v x hi trong
t chc tc ng nhau ra sao. Thit k h thng k thut lun tc ng ti kha cnh
con ngi. Nguyn tc thit k k thut x hi nhm t cng vic theo nhm t tr :
(i) r sot s b; (ii) nh tn thao tc n v; (iii) nh tn ci bt bin; (iv) phn tch
h thng x hi; (v) nhn thc ca cng nhn v vai tr ca h; (vi) h thng bo tr;
(vii) h thng cung cp v ngi dng; (viii) mi trng hp tc v k hoch pht
trin; (ix) xut thay i;
3. L thuyt v hot ng. Mt l thuyt dng thng tin vic phn tch v ci t h
thng dng trong cng vic l l thuyt hot ng. Xut pht t Lin x c, n c
pht trin nh phng php phn tch giao din con ngi (Bodker, 1991), v h
thng lao ng hp tc vi tr gip ca my tnh CSCW
1
(Kuutti, 1991).
L thuyt phn bit v khi nim (i) cc hot ng
2
hng n cng vic tp th ca
nhm, nh CAD
3
; (ii) hnh ng
4
hng n hot ng c thc ca c nhn theo hng
ring; (iii) thao tc
5
l cch ca c nhn thc hin hnh ng c v thc no ;
4. Dn tc hc. Dng nghin cu nh hng ca cng ngh n loi hnh cng vic
a dng.
thao tc
1
hot ng
hnh
ng 1
hnh
ng 2
hnh
ng n
thao tc
1
thao tc
n

Hnh. Mi quan h gia hot ng c nhn, hnh ng v thao tc (Boker, 1991)
VIII.9.6. CSCW v suy xt v t chc
Cng hnh thc
Cng khng hnh thc
Ln k hoch trc
Khng k hoch
Tham gia c th t
Tham gia tu , ngu nhin
C lch t trc
Khng ln lch

1
computer service cooperative worker
2
activities
3
computer aided design
4
action
5
operation
84
Mt cch xc nh
Tng tc
Ni dung kh khan
Ni dung phong ph
Ngn ng hnh thc
Ngn ng phi hnh thc
VIII.10. Kt lun
Con ngi l i tng chnh trong giao din ngi-my. Ngi ta khng nh nghin cu
v giao din ngi-my tc l nghin cu giao din gia con ngi v con ngi.
Mt trong cc khoa hc c cp nhiu khi nghin cu v con ngi trong HCI l tm l
hc nhn thc. Vic nghin cu v tri thc con ngi, v c ch nh, c ch thu nhn thng tin...
l cc vn chnh.
Mt vi cu hi c th tr li ngay :
1. Ngi ta dng g th hin su ca hnh 3D ?
2. u nhc im ca m hnh ho theo khung si, theo i tng c ?
IX. IU KHON RNG BUC TH HAI
IX.1. Gii thiu
Trong phn trc xt n mt s yu cu i vi thc hin sn xut a phng tin, theo
dng cc rng buc hp ng n a phng tin. l vic thit lp cch lin h gia n v
khch hng.
Tip theo, phn ny chi tit ho mt s rng buc, nh gi nng lc thu c tho thun
cui cng v n a phng tin.
IX.2. Quyn nh gi v thanh ton
Ngi thc hin n cn nm c (i) kinh ph c cp ca n; (ii) nh gi c gi
ca cng vic. Lnh o n chu trch nhim v gi tr v gi c.
Vic nh gi thc hin theo cc loi cng vic trn d liu a phng tin :
i vi nh tnh;
i vi m nhc;
i vi m thanh;
i vi video.
IX.3. iu khon lut php
Vic qun l ti chnh tun theo cc ngh nh, iu lut, thng t hng dn. Tu theo
quc gia, phm vi hot ng ca n a phng tin, m ngi ta xc nh r hnh thc thanh
ton, k kt hp ng nh trong n.
Cn lu n :
85
Tnh minh bch ca xt duyt v nh gi;
Cu trc chi tr;
Lut nh v phm tr o c trong vic chi tr;
Khun mu hp ng thu khon.
IX.4. Kt lun
C n a phng tin, cn c vic s dng tin, thanh ton. Ngi ta ng chm n lnh vc
chuyn mn khng h lin quan n a phng tin, l lnh vc ti chnh, ngn hng, kho bc.
Tuy nhin, trong n vn phi c b phn lin quan n cng vic ny, lm chc nng
thanh ton, trang tri ph tn tiu hao trong n.
Vic kim ton do n v c lp thc hin.
X. LA CHN NHM CNG TC
X.1. Xc nh k nng cn thit
Nhn lc v thit b trong n a phng tin :
1. Ngun nhn lc bao gm: Ngi sn xut, ngi qun l n, ngi thit k giao din,
ngi pht trin, gim c ngh thut, ngi lp trnh, k s;
2. Thit b a phng tin:
Cc thit b c/ ghi a CD-ROM, dng in sn phm;
Loa v ba m thanh, dng th hin m thanh. Cn c my ghi m thanh, gi l MIDI;
My qut, dng qut vn bn, nh...;
My nh
1
s. Tuy vy cng nn c my nh bnh thng, s dng my nh v tm hiu
mt s khi nim lin quan n my nh;
My quay video
2
s.
Hnh. Cc vai tr trong sn xut a phng tin

1
still camera
2
video camera
Ngi sn xut, theo sut n
qun l tin, iu phi nhn lc
Ch nhim, chu trch nhim pht trin k hoch
qun l lung d liu, trang hot hnh, loi d liu, phn phi cng vic
Ngi vit kch bn, to cc cnh theo
kch bn
Nhng ngi sng to, i vi nh, vi
m thanh, vi chng trnh a phng
tin
86
3. Cc phn mm a phng tin
Cc phn mm a phng tin c phn thnh (i) phn mm v; (ii) phn mm to nh
ng; phn mm x l m thanh; v (iv) phn mm dng, hay tch hp d liu a phng tin.

Hnh. Cc pha sn xut a phng tin
X.2. K nng v ht nhn ca nhm
Ht nhn ca nhm n a phng tin l :
1. Chuyn gia ho my tnh;
2. Chuyn vin lp trnh;
K nng ca ngi ny c khng nh qua phng vn, kt qu th nghim, qu trnh cng
tc v kinh nghim ca h.
X.3. Nhm m rng: cc k nng
Ngoi mt s ngi c coi l ht nhn, cn c mt s ngi vi cc k nng khc. Ngi
ta xt n :
1. Ngi chuyn v video;
2. Ngi chuyn v m thanh;
X.4. Tr gip chung
Mt s vai khc trong n a phng tin, c chc nng tr gip cc cng vic chnh ca
n. Tuy nhin vai tr ny khng km quan trng. l :
1. Th k nhn s;
2. Ban th k tr gip;
X.5. Tr gip k thut
Cc tr gip k thut c kt ra l :
1. Tr gip k thut;
Lp k hoch
Vit kch bn
Tch hp d liu
Thu thp d liu
In ln CD ROM
87
2. Ngi theo di kch bn;
3. Chuyn gia v o to;
4. Thit k tng tc, s phm;
5. Chuyn gia v ch , nhn vt trong kch bn.
X.6 Kt lun
Cng tc qun tr n cn xc nh cc k nng cn thit cho n, ri pht trin
nhm;
Vic chun b n a phng tin l chuyn nghip, khng d dng;
Tri thc v k nng l quan trng i vi n, cn cho vic ra quyt nh;
Mi vai tr c k nng ring;
Gn trch nhim cho mi vai l quan trng.
XI. NGUYN TC QUN L NHM CNG TC
XI.1. Yu cu i vi vic thnh lp nhm cng tc
Vic qun l nhn s tc ng n hiu sut n. Ngi ta c th chn cn b theo nng
lc hin ti hay bng cp th hin s hc ca cn b. Mt s nguyn tc dnh cho cn b qun l
nh :
1. Chn lnh vc hot ng mt cch cn thn;
2. Tuyn dng cn thn v sn sng thi hi;
3. To ra mi trng hot ng hiu qu;
4. nh ngha r rng v s thnh cng;
5. Phi bit thng yu; cn c k nng giao tip;
6. Hun luyn nhn vin lm vic tt hn mnh;
7. Xy dng tinh thn lm vic;
8. T mnh tham gia thc hin d n;
9. Khng a ra quyt nh hai ln;
10. Cho nhn vin bit h phi lm theo yu cu ca ai
XI.2. La chn cn b
la chn cn b ph hp, nn xc nh trc (i) k nng cn thit i vi cn b cn
tuyn dng; (ii) mt s tiu ch phng vn tuyn cn b. Mt s khuyn co i vi vic la
chn cn b :
Nn xc nh k nng v thnh phn ht nhn ca nhm, gm (i) ngh s ho my
tnh; (ii) ngi lp trnh;
Xc nh nhm m rng, m bo mt s k nng (i) ph trch video; (ii) ph trch m
88
thanh;
C thnh phn tr gip chung, thuc v (i) tr gip nhn s; (ii) tr gip th k;
Xy dng b phn tr gip k thut, v (i) k thut; (ii) vit kch bn; (iii) chuyn gia
o to; (iv) thit k tng tc; (v) chuyn gia v ch .
XI.3. Nguyn tc qun l nhm cng tc
qun l nhm cng tc, c th theo (i) qun l theo sn phm, nng sut lao ng; (ii)
qun l hnh chnh, theo thi gian; (iii) qun l theo xu th x hi, phong tc. Du sao ngi ta cn
cp cc vn :
Vai tr ca ngi qun l nhm v vn ho qun l nhm;
Xc nh phong cch qun l;
Xy dng nhm cng tc m bo lm vic lu di;
Xc nh ngi qun l thnh cng v xc nh tnh sng to trong qu trnh cng tc;
Cc c tnh cho php thnh cng;
Nm c tc ng ca vn t chc i vi vic qun l nhm cng tc n a
phng tin.
Ngh s ho
Qun l v mt t chc
Trng n
Gim c video
Ngi lp trnh
Tr l n

Hnh. Cc vai tr trong n a phng tin
XII. SN PHM AUDIO
XII.1. Qun tr sn phm
D liu m thanh gm (i) m nhc; (ii) ting ni; (iii) ting ng... thu thp d liu v
m thanh, trng nhm m thanh cn chun b vi trch nhim :
Ln lch v phng thu v lch lm vic vi ngh s;
C kch bn sn sng;
Sn sng cc thit b ghi m;
m bo c y cc yu cu cn t;
c trang b cc hiu bit v qu trnh sn xut sn phm chung v a phng tin v
sn xut v m thanh;
89
Nng lc qun tr sn phm ni chung v qun tr sn phm audio
XII.2. Qun tr sn phm audio
Mt s vn lin quan n vic thu thp d liu v m thanh :
Phng thu : (i) lm vic vi ngh s; (ii) yu cu i vi phng thu; (iii) cht lng
mono, stereo v m thanh rng khp;
Vic s ho m thanh, chun nn d liu m thanh;
T chc d liu m thanh trn a cng, trong th mc ring;
Chnh l, kim chng cht lng m thanh.
Hnh. Th d v sng m
XII.3. Phng thu
Phm vi
Phm vi
MICRO
Phm vi
MICRO
Phm vi
MICRO

Hnh. Phm vi ca micro thng dng
XII.4. S ho
Ghi v s ho m thanh
m thanh cho video l ng dng ph dng nht ca m thanh trong a phng tin;
Nhiu phn mm cho php ghi m thanh trc tip vo my tnh, qua micro, bng v
CD nh phn mm Adobe Premiere;
Cc yu cu v phn cng m thanh l (i) Loa gim st; (ii) Micro; (iii) Ba m thanh/
ba a phng tin.
XII.5. Mt s vn lin quan n m thanh
Mt s vn khc lin quan n d liu m thanh trong n a phng tin l :
m thanh mono hay stereo, hay m ni;
Yu cu i vi phng thu, m bo cht lng, kh nhiu, chng n;
Mt s k xo vi d liu audio;
S ho d liu m thanh; cc phng tin ghi m thanh chuyn dng;
90
Chnh sa kt qu.
XII.6. Kt lun
D liu m thanh l mt trong cc loi d liu chnh ca sn phm a phng tin. Phn
ny cp mt vi kha cnh v m thanh. Tu theo nng lc ca phn mm x l m thanh,
ngi ta c th vn dng cc c im ca d liu ny trong sn phm tch hp.
XIII. SN PHM VIDEO
XIII.1. Qun l sn phm video
D liu hnh ng c to ra do my quay video hay phn mm to nh ng. Ngi ta c
th s dng k thut lm phim hot hnh xy dng on phim. Ri ghi li di dng nh ng.
Phn mm to nh ng
T liu chun b
cc on nh ng,
video t liu
C s d
liu video
My quay

Hnh. Cc ngun thu thp d liu hnh ng
Trc khi tch hp d liu trn my tnh, ngi ta cn chuyn i cc dng d liu sang
dng s ho. Vi d liu hnh ng nh d liu video, cn xem xt chun video, kch thc khun
hnh, s hnh c th hin trong mt giy...


Hnh. Phn mm Macromedia Director cho php to hnh ng
Phn mm Macromedia Director ca cng ty hng Macromedia cho php
To ra chuyn ng nh hng, to nn thnh phn a phng tin, gm c hot hnh, m,
video s hay bt k phng tin khc. V d ngi ta c th to ra Logo, tr chi in t;
To nn sn phm hon chnh, di dng file *.exe, c th khai thc trc tip khng qua
phn mm ca hng.
Vic to v s ho nh ng i hi ngi dng thc hin nhiu bc, trang b nhiu k
91
nng. Cng vic ny bao gm c m hnh ho 3 chiu v xy dng hot hnh. Hot hnh 2
chiu biu din cc i tng theo trc X v Y; cn hnh 3 chiu dng thm trc th ba Z.

Hnh. To hnh ng trong phn mm v PaintShop PRO
Cc bc to v s ho hnh 3 chiu :
M hnh ho i tng : to v dng i tng 3 chiu;
Hot hnh : di chuyn nhiu hnh theo dy cc khung hnh;
To li
1
: thit lp nn v nh sng ph hp.
Hot hnh thng l sn phm sng to ca mt nhm, khng phi l sn phm ca c nhn.




Hnh. i tng c qun l s ho
XIII.2. Nguyn tc c bn ca video
Video l mt dng hnh ng trong s cc d liu a phng tin. C th xem hnh ng v
video nh mt loi d liu. Ngun d liu video nhp vo my tnh tch hp sn phm a
phng tin t my quay video. Lin quan n vic quay v s ho d liu video, c khi nim :
Video l hnh nh thc c ghi li v th hin nh my ghi video, phn mm video v
cc cng c phn cng;
File video gm mt lot cc hnh tnh c biu din nhanh;
Dng nn thng dng cho video l MPEG.
V to hnh, cn quan tm (i) to hnh tnh; (ii) to hnh ng, vi cu trc ng; (ii) nn c
th hin tng sng tc trong to hnh, tuy mt i tnh thc ca i tng. V b cc hnh,
khng th khng nm cc qui lut hnh ho; vy nn lun lu n kin thc v (i) phi cnh; (ii)
ng chn tri; (iii) cu trc hnh. Chng hn khi v ngi phi ch v t l ca b xng, v
phi nh mt s c im ring, nh l ngi chu chn ngn hn ngi chu u.

1
rendering
92



Hnh. V tr tng i gia cc i tng 3D




Hnh. Quan nim v hnh vng chi
XIII.3. Cc chun truyn hnh video
Vi d liu video, mt s cng vic c quan tm l :
1. Nguyn tc qun l sn phm video;
2. Hiu bit cc nguyn tc c bn ca video;
3. Cc chun truyn hnh video (i) NTSC; (ii) PAL; (iii) SECAM;
4. Cc thnh phn video;
5. Chun b phng quay v ghi phng vn;
6. Phn loi thi lng ghi : (i) ghi di; (ii) ghi trung bnh; (iii) ghi ngn; phn loi cnh
ghi (i) cn cnh; (ii) ton cnh;
7. Phng tin cho php sa d liu;
8. My quay video; bng ghi hnh; a hnh;
9. La chn phng php s ho d liu video;
10. Bng sao lu dng cho qu trnh a phng tin;
11. Cc k thut nn;
12. Kim tra cht lng.
XIV. SN PHM HA
Ngi ta to v s ho cc ho chun b t liu nh tnh cho vic tch hp d liu, to
sn phm a phng tin.
1. Vic s ho s chuyn cc ho sang dng im nh hai chiu, ho Bitmap, gi l
nh RASTER;
2. Cc ho c to ra s dng cc ng cong ton hc thay v dng im nh c
gi l ho vect.
Cc cch s ho nh ho gm (i) qut t my qut; (ii) nhp vo t a CD; (iii) nhp
vo t ngun khc.
93
Phn mm
v
My qut
C s d
liu nh
nh c

Hnh. Ngun d liu v nh tnh
Mt s vn lin quan n sn phm ho :
Vai tr ca hnh nh so vi t ng;
Khi nim v mu sc, v hnh v;
nh bitmap, hay bc tranh;
Cc hnh 3D;

Hnh. Phn mm PaintShop PRO
DPI v su bit
Kh nng xem trc nh trc khi s dng k so nh;
Lin kt ho my tnh v ho video;
ho hot hnh trn Web;
Vic qun l ti sn v hnh nh tnh;
S tng thch v hnh v cht lng nh.






Hnh. Tm l v to hnh
94
B cc bc tranh, s mu sc v s lng phng ch dng trong bc tranh cn c iu
tit hp l. Ngi lm n a phng tin c hiu bit v nguyn tc c bn v hnh ho, v
mu. Trn mt trang tin, ngi ta khuyn co khng qu ba mu, khng qu bn phng ch...





Hnh. Mt s b cc (i) hnh th; (ii) nh sng; (iii) hnh khi; (iv) mu sc
Lc b cc khc nhau cha cc gi tr th hin khc nhau. Lc ch T ngc cho
thy xu th, khuynh hng i ln; lc ch U cho php th hin s i xng, yn n; lc
hnh thp th hin s vng chi, yn tm; lc ch L gi s bt i xng, ht vo su, gn vi
s chuyn ng; lc ng cho gc to nn ci tnh c, c tnh ng; v lc i xng bn
pha coi trng nn ca hnh, cc i tng to thnh tia.






Hnh. Mt s lc b cc (i) ch T ngc; (ii) ch U; (iii) hnh thp; (iv) ch L; (v) cho
gc; (vi) i xng cc pha.
XV. TCH HP
XV.1. Cc cng c lp trnh
Vic thu thp d liu a phng tin thuc v cc pha u ca qu trnh sn xut a phng tin.
Cc yu t sn xut v cng c thu thp d liu a phng tin (i) tu theo cc la chn
cng c phn cng v phn mm v a phng tin; (ii) tu theo cc quyt nh v ngn sch c
th; (iii) tu theo phm vi ca n, nng lc ca cn b.
C nhiu phn mm cho php tch hp d liu. Ngi ta khuyn co s dng phn mm
Premiere ca hng Adobe. Tuy nhin vi phn mm thu thp d liu video, ngi ta c th tch
hp sn phm a phng tin.

Hnh. Mt s phn mm tch hp khuyn co
95
XV.2. Cc giai on
Trc khi tch hp d liu, to nn sn phm a phng tin, ngi ta tin hnh :
1. Thu thp d liu vn bn;
2. Thu thp d liu ho;
3. Thu thp d liu video;
4. Thu thp d liu m thanh.


Hnh. Phn mm x l vn bn MS Word

V d liu vn bn : D liu v vn bn c th hin c lp hoc i km cc d liu a
phng tin khc, nh hnh nh, hnh ng.
Cn quan tm n (i) b m cc k t cho php x l vn bn, truyn vn bn trn h thng
truyn d liu; (ii) phng ch; (iii) phn mm cho php g phm.

Phn mm nhn
dng t ng
Phn mm
x l vn bn
My qut
Cc file vn
bn
file c


Hnh. Ngun d liu nhp vn bn





96

Hnh. Qu trnh tch hp d liu a phng tin
Sau khi tch hp d liu a phng tin, ngi ta c sn phm a phng tin. C th
thy mt s th d v sn phm a phng tin nh :
KARAOKE trn h thng mng my tnh, truyn thng qua ng truyn s, tc
cao;
H thng nh v dng trn t, hay nh du xe trn ng cho php tm xe tht lc;
H thng truyn hnh tng tc;
in thoi c hnh nh.
C nhiu cch tch hp d liu d liu. Mt s cch thng dng c s dng
Thit b dng phim, c gi m my dng. Ngi ta c php a nhiu knh vo
my thu c sn phm cui cng;
Phn mm dng a phng tin, chng hn Adobe Premiere;
Phn mm sn xut sn phm a phng tin i km ba ho, hay ba video chuyn
dng. i km ba video c th l phn mm iu khin qu trnh thu thp d liu video,
chnh l cc on video v sn xut sn phm a phng tin.

Hnh. Phn mm Adobe Premiere cho php tch hp d liu a phng tin
97
Phn mm Adobe Premiere cho php (i) to phim s ho trn my tnh; (ii) to file, ghi v
xem file chng trnh video; (iii) c th ghi li dng bng video, file MPEG, file GIF. Phn
mm ny c nhiu phn mm nh tr gip sn xut sn phm cui cng di cc dng nn
khc nhau.
Cng vic tch hp d liu a phng tin cn quan tm n mt s kha cnh sau :
1. Xc nh vai tr ca ngi qun tr
Tp hp cc cng ngh, cc phn mm cn thit thc hin ng dng;
m bo m t n theo dng c th ci t c trong phn mm;
C c ch gim st s pht trin v lp trnh, nht l khi khng hiu nhau gia
lp trnh vin v khch hng;
Xc nh qui trnh th nghim;
Nm c c s ca logic lp trnh cng nh hiu vn i vi lp trnh vin;
2. Chun b cc cng c lp trnh;
3. Ln lch v qu trnh sn xut sn phm;
4. M t cc yu cu ca ngi dng;
5. Chnh sa cc on sn phm;
6. Chun b cc nhn t m bo trnh din sn phm a phng tin;
7. Lng ht cc ri ro v kinh doanh;
8. To mi lin kt gia sn phm a phng tin, phn mm v khch hng.
XVI. BN QUYN, S HU TR TU
Bn quyn p dng cho nhiu lnh vc vn ho, khoa hc, tr tu
C c quan chng nhn bn quyn s hu tr tu, v c quan php lut gii quyt cc tranh
chp v quyn s hu tr tu i vi sn phm.
Vi phm quyn tc gi c m t vi qui nh cht ch. Ngay vic trch dn, trnh din li,
khi cha c ng ca tc gi, cng b coi l vi phm quyn tc gi.

Hnh. Th d v chng nhn bn quyn
98

Hnh. Th d v chng nhn bn quyn v sn phm nghe nhn
XVII. TH NGHIM
XVII.1. a phng tin v th nghim
Vic th sn phm a phng tin l cn thit, bi l :
kin ca ngi ngoi n a phng tin;
nh gi gi tr ca sn phm;
Ngi ta thng e ngi th nghim sn phm, nht l hc sinh nh gi.
Cng vic ny c thc hin vi hai nhim v khc nhau (i) th; (ii) nh gi. Hia nhim
v cng chung mt im l kim tra cc tham s sn phm c p ng cc yu cu t ra nh thit
k, rng buc ban u ca n a phng tin.
XVII.2. Khi nim v th nghim
Vic th nghim sn phm a phng tin cn tin hnh theo tng kha cnh th :
Th v khi nim;
Kim tra mu;
Xem xt mc p ng cc rng buc;
Th tnh s dng c
Th ph hp vi lnh vc ng dng a phng tin;
Th kt lun v tnh chp nhn c ca sn phm.
XVII.3. Chin lc th
Ngi ta thc hin
1. xc nh mc ch ca qu trnh th sn phm;
2. ln k hoch, gm cc giai on th;
3. c chin lc th nghim. Vic th sn phm c th thng qua (i) phn mm th
99
nghim; (ii) kin chuyn gia; (iii) nhn xt ca ngi dng.
XVII.4. Phn mm th nghim
Vic c b mu th v phn mm t ng kim tra cht lng sn phm l nhu cu ca qu
trnh th nghim. Tuy vy khng phi lc no cng c phn mm .
Th nhng cc tiu chnh nh gi, iu kin th nghim cn t ra cng khai, c lp vi
sn phm c nh gi.
XVII.5. Kt lun
Khu th nghim sn phm, nh gi kt qu l cn thit. Vy m khng phi n no
cng thc hin tt nhim v ny; mt phn ngi ta qu thi gian thc hin n; mt khc
vic th nghim cho thy hiu qu thc ca n a phng tin; v nhim v ny i hi c
chuyn gia v chi ph cn thit.
Qu trnh sn xut a phng tin l qu trnh chnh trong n a phng tin. Vic sn
xut sn phm c chia ra nhiu giai on, t phn tch qu trnh sn xut n thu thp d liu,
tch hp d liu v th sn phm.
Mi giai on u cn s chun b v nh gi theo quan im ngi dng.
XVIII. LM T LIU
XVIII.1. Cn thit ca t liu
Vic lm t liu p ng (i) ti liu nghim thu n; (ii) kt qu n dng vn bn.
Trong t liu n cn c :
Cc bo co di dng vn bn v kt qu n;
Kch bn v cc ti sn ca n;
Thng tin v ngn sch, chi tiu trong n.
T liu c chun b khng phi cui k thc hin n a phng tin, m ngay t khi
chun b, bt u n. Cc nh chp v nhn s tham gia n, hot ng ca n cn c
lu ngay t u. Ngoi ra, cn b lm t liu lun lun ngh n cc t liu dng trong nghim
thu, kt thc n.
XVIII.2. Kt thc n
n a phng tin kt thc vi cc t liu v :
T liu chnh thc;
Kch bn v cc yu cu;
Thng tin v ngn sch.
Xt n vic trnh chiu sn phm a phng tin nhm hai nhu cu (i) trnh chiu kim
tra mc t yu cu phc v ngi dng ca sn phm a phng tin; (ii) trnh chiu th hin
sn phm ca ngi dng a phng tin.
Khi trnh chiu kim tra, s lng ngi tham d khng nhiu, nhng thnh phn cho
100
php nh gi c (i) cht lng ngh thut ca sn phm a phng tin; (ii) mc p ng
mc tiu v ni dung m n nu ra; (iii) kh nng kt thc hp ng sn xut sn phm a
phng tin.
V my chiu th hin sn phm a phng tin, c bit dng cho cng tc o to,
ngi ta a ra mt s mu sau :
S dng mt my chiu, hay hai my chiu gn trn trn cao, chiu xung bng hay chiu
ln tng i din;
S dng my chiu t bn, chiu ln phng mn i din. Mt s my cho php iu
chnh mo khi t my khng theo phng thng gc vi mn chiu.
mn chiu


Hnh. Dng mt my chiu
mn chiu 2 mn chiu 1
my chiu gn trn trn nh

Hnh. S dng hai my chiu
bn
mn chiu

Hnh. My chiu t trn bn
XVIII.3. Kt lun
Khu kt thc cn thit, thy kt qu ca n a phng tin, thy sn phm a phng
tin. Do nhiu l do m vic lm t liu khng c trn vn, khng c kinh nghim cho cc qu
trnh sn xut a phng tin tng t, cng nh khng rt ra c nhiu bi hc cn thit.
101
XIX. TIP TH V NGHIN CU TIP TH
XIX.1. Qu trnh phn phi sn phm
Vic phn phi sn phm a phng tin c nhiu bc, nhng u m bo phc v ngi
dng, coi ngi dng l quan trng. Trong tip cn hnh sao, hng ngi dng, cc kin ngi
dng c coi trng.
Cc dch v i km vic phn phi sn phm c k ra la :
Dch v tip th sn phm. Lu vic tip th phi c thc hin i vi ngi dng
hin ti;
Dch v sau bn hng, m bo bo tr v sa cha nh i vi sn phm a phng
tin.
Nn, mi trng phn
phi sn phm Nn pht trin
sn phm
Ngi pht trin
Khch hng
Phng tin
phn phi sn
phm
C ch bo tr


Hnh. Qu trnh phn phi sn phm a phng tin

XIX.2. Tip th sn phm
Ngi qun tr n a phng tin cn c trch nhim :
Hiu khi nim v tip th v phn phi sn phm a phng tin;
Gi n pht cht thng tin kinh doanh;
Ghi nhn cc ngm nh v sn phm tng tc;
Tp trung u t cho nhm n tip th khi cn thit;
Tc ng n thit k ca sn phm tu theo thng tin th trng;
Gi lin lc vi nhn vin tip th.
p ng nhu cu
Tiu ch v
khch hng
Chnh tr
Kinh t
X hi
Vn ho
Lut php
Thng tin
Cng ngh
Xc nh
cc nhu cu
Ngi cung cp
sn phm


Hnh. Cc dch v p ng nhu cu
102

thy l do khin cho vic tip th tr nn quan trng, ngi ta lu mt s kha cnh v
(i) tip th v phng tin tip th mi; (ii) xc nh ngi tiu dng sn phm a phng tin ca
n.
Hiu bit v cnh tranh s gip ngi ta :
Hiu thm v sc mnh ca chnh mnh;
Hiu v th trng;
Hiu cch tip cn khch hng vi thng tin v sn phm;
Phng php phn tch th trng.
n ang thc hin,
chp nhn cnh tranh
Cnh tranh trc tip
t cc sn phm tng t
Cnh tranh gin tip
t cc sn phm tng t
Cnh tranh tng lai
do cng ngh mi

Hnh. Chp nhn cnh tranh
Ngi ta khng ph nhn rng nhiu sn phm c tip th, cao qu vi gi tr thc cht
ca sn phm. Tuy vy vn l vic hay xy ra, v sau thi gian di, gi tr chn thc ca sn
phm mi c nhn nhn ng.
XIX.3. Phng tin phn phi
C ba thnh phn lin quan l (i) phn cng; (ii) phn mm; (iii) ngi tham gia. Cc thnh
phn ny ph thuc vo ch ca n, mc tiu xc nh.
C th phn phi theo cc knh (i) cho s dng c nhn; (ii) cho s dng cng cng. Cn c
vo c im ca hai knh s dng ny, ngi ta chn cc cch phn phi sn phm a phng
tin :
Cc a CD-ROM, dng trong s dng cc nhn, tin ci t h thng. Cc loi a
khc nh a mm, a loi khc... khng phi khng cn tc dng;
Trang tin lin kt vi WWW, dng trong s dng cng cng;
Phng tin truyn b cng cng nh truyn thanh, truyn hnh, trin lm, hi
ngh...;
Cc i l bn hng, c gi l kios, thun tin cho lng sn phm khng ln;
Cc tr chi video.
iu kin phn phi sn phm a phng tin l thuc nhiu vo h tng thit b cng ngh
thng tin, tc cc my tnh v h thng iu hnh my tnh; cc tiu ch la chn v nn th hin
a phng tin; mng my tnh v mng truyn thng. Mt kha cnh khc l s thay i i
103
tng phc v ca n a phng tin cng tc ng n qu trnh phn phi sn phm.
XIX.4. Kt lun
Vic phn phi sn phm a phng tin l khu cui ca qu trnh sn xut a phng
tin, trc tip gn vi khch hng, em li nhun v n a phng tin. Ngi phn phi cn
qun trit:
1. Vic chn iu kin phn phi tu vo khch hng hay th trng tiu th;
2. Khng pht trin h thng da trn mt iu kin phn phi, tr phi qu trnh sn xut
a phng tin phc v ring mnh;
3. C th pht trin h thng trn nhiu nn iu kin khc nhau, nhng vic chuyn t
nn ny sang nn khc s yu cu cc thay i, i hi cc k nng pht trin;
4. Cn tnh n s sai khc gia h tng k thut gia ni sn xut a phng tin v ni
ng dng a phng tin. Vic m bo iu kin th hin sn phm a phng tin
pha ngi dng lm tng hiu qu truyn b sn phm a phng tin. Khi lp trnh
cho cng WEB, cn tnh n s cn i gia trnh duyt v my ch.
TM TT CHNG
Phn chnh ca qun tr n a phng tin l qu trnh sn xut sn phm a phng
tin, theo cc bc, t phn tch thc t, n in sn phm ra a CD-ROM.
Mt s kha cnh khc nh (i) bn quyn s hu tr tu; (ii) qun l n; (iii) cc thit b
trong n a phng tin... khng phi khng quan trng, m c tc ng ln n qu trnh sn
xut sn phm a phng tin.
Cc d liu a phng tin (i) vn bn; (ii) m thanh; v (iv) hnh ng, video l d liu
chnh cho qu trnh sn xut a phng tin. Vic chun b cc d liu ny l kha cnh khng th
khng tp trung u t, cn c k nng. Mt s thc hnh v to d liu a phng tin thng qua
(i) s dng cc thit b thu thp d liu, nh my nh, my quay video, my qut...; (ii) s dng
phn mm a phng tin, nh phn mm v, phn mm to hnh ng, l hot ng h tr cho
ni dung trnh by trong cc chng.
Vic dng sn phm a phng tin, hay tch hp cc d liu a phng tin cn c thc
hin trn my dng, hay phn mm cho php dng, tch hp thu c sn phm cui cng.
Chng 2 cp mt s kha cnh qun l n a phng tin :
Mt vi khi nim v n a phng tin;
Phm vi ca n a phng tin;
Mt s rng buc gia khch hng v nhm thc hin n a phng tin. Vic thay
i yu cu tho thun c xem l quan trng, lin quan n thi hn thc hin n
v chi ph;
Ni dung n a phng tin, vi kch bn v cc nguyn tc thit k n a phng
tin;
104
Vic thu thp d liu a phng tin v tch hp d liu a phng tin;
Qung co, tip th sn phm a phng tin, vfa cc hnh thc phn phi sn phm a
phng tin;
Vai tr ca bn quyn v hin tng vi phm quyn tc gi;
Thit k giao din ngi dng, lin quan n tm l hc nhn thc.
CU HI V BI TP
Cu hi 1.
Cc loi d liu a phng tin c cch thu thp khc nhau ra sao ?
Cu hi 2.
Chun b thit b g thu thp d liu a phng tin ?
Cu hi 3.
Vai tr ca lnh o n a phng tin trong vic (i) xy dng n; (ii) qun l ti
chnh ?
Cu hi 4.
Vai tr ca ngi dng trong vic xy dng cc iu khon thc hin ca n a phng
tin ?
Cu hi 5.
Vai tr ca bn quyn i vi (i) ngi dng a phng tin; (ii) ngi sn xut a phng
tin ?
Cu hi 6.
Vic t chc nhm cng tc trong n a phng tin theo nguyn tc g ?
Cu hi 7
Mt s vai tr trong n a phng tin ?
Cu hi 8.
Vic thay i nhn s, c bit cc vai ch cht s nh hng n qu trnh thc hin
n a phng tin kha cnh no ?
Cu hi 9.
Tch hp d liu a phng tin theo mt s phn mm khuyn co p ng c cc
nguyn tc tch hp no ? Ly th d ?
Cu hi 10.
D liu m thanh thu thp khc vi m thanh trong video u ?
Cu hi 11.
D liu video c m t di dng nn, theo chun th hin, v c d liu meta ra sao?
105
Cu hi 12.
Phn bit tip th sn phm a phng tin vi sn phm tin hc thng thng ?
Cu hi 13.
B cc hnh nh, vn bn trn giao din ngi-my c mt s loi chnh no ?
Cu hi 14.
Ngi ta to hnh i tng 3 D theo m hnh no ?
Cu hi 15.
Mt s yu cu t ra i vi phng thu m, m bo cht lng m thanh trong sn
phm a phng tin ?
Cu hi 16.
Th nghim v nh gi sn phm a phng tin c nhng lu g ?
Cu hi 17.
Khi lm t liu v n a phng tin, cn c m t cc kha cnh no ?
TI LIU THAM KHO CHNG
http://www.cs.fiu.edu/~chens/PDF/dms03.pdf, qun tr a phng tin phn tn
Elaine England, Andy Finney
Managing Multimedia, Addison Wesley Ed., 2 ed., 1999
Tay Vaughan
Multimedia. Making it work, Osborne MacGrawHill Ed., 1998


106
CHNG 3
THC HNH A PHNG TIN
GII THIU
Yu cu ca chng thc hnh l :
T thit k mt n a phng tin. Do vy cng vic phi trin khai l :
Lp nhm, c th thnh lp nhm 4 n 6 sinh vin;
Phn cng cc vai tr trong nhm, nh n a phng tin yu cu;
Xy dng kch bn a phng tin;
Th hin trn phn mm Paintshop Pro.
quen vi cc khi nim c bn v a phng tin v ng dng c, ngi ta cn theo
tng bi hng dn thc hnh. Tuy nhin, i vi ngi dng c nng lc, kinh nghim v a
phng tin, c th thc hin n a phng tin ngay. Thi gian thc hnh khng nhiu c
th hon thnh sm so vi ngi bnh thng.
Cc bi thc hnh yu cu lm quen vi :
Hnh;
Mu sc;
Mt s k so ha;
Cc th nghim c th hin trong Paintshop Pro.
CC BI THC HNH
Bi tp 1.
Chn HELP bit thng tin v phn mm ny

107




Bi tp 2. Chn trang v mi
Ngi dng thay i cc thng s v tranh kt qu

Quan st cc thc n ca phn mm. Lu :
Nn v;
Ca s LAYER (cc lp v khc nhau...);
Cc chc nng iu khin.

108


Bi tp 3. Lm vic vi bt v
1. Chn dng bt (bt ch, bt v, bt mc...);
2. Chn u bt (u trn, u bt...);
3. Chn mu v (trn bng mu k bn);
4. V th


Bi tp 4. Lp
Chn lp (tng) ca bn v. Chn thc n LAYER


M t thuc tnh lin quan n lp v
109


Bi tp 5. ZOOM
Phng to tranh v, dng tinh chnh
S dng knh lp trn thanh cng c;
Quay tr li bng cch chn t l ZOOM




Bi tp 6. ct
Ct ly mt phn tranh v
S dng cng c ct hnh;
Chn vng (hnh ch nht) trn hnh v, bng cch va n va di chut;
110
Chn CROP trong trang iu khin.





Bi tp 7. nh du
nh du vng lm vic. Lu rng khi chn mt vng, cc chc nng v, thay i mu...
ch tc ng ln cc i tng nm trong vng c nh du.
C hai cch chn hnh dng vng c nh du :
(i) chn theo ng v t nhin (ci thng lng);
(ii) (ii) chn theo hnh.
Ngi ta cho php chn hnh theo ca s iu khin.



111


Bi tp 8. Di chuyn
Di chuyn vng nh du. Trc tin nh du vng, sau dng cng c di chuyn, va
n va di chuyn.

Bi tp 9. Sao chp
Sao chp mu v vo mt vng ang c nh du.
Chn mt vng, theo ng vin t do hay ng vin
khun mu;
Chn cng c sao cho mu v, hnh hai nt bt;
Di chuyn con chut v nhn phm chn mu v, ti
bt k ni u ca hnh v;
Quay v hnh ang nh du v nhy chut sao chp.
Bi tp 10. Vn bn
S dng cng c nhp mt on vn bn. Sau khi chn cng c, nh v trn hnh v, cn
lm vic vi ca s g vn bn, cho php chn phng ch, kch thc, mu sc...

112




Khi ra khi ca s, ngi ta xc nh li v tr vn bn v khng nh bng phm chut phi.

Bi tp 11. Dn hnh mu
Dn mt s hnh mu vo tranh :
Chn cng c dn;
Chn hnh nh li trong ca s iu khin; chn cc tham s khc;
Dn vo tranh.


113

Bi tp 12. Ty xa
S dng hn ty. Lu ty theo mu nn, khng theo mu la chn trong thanh mu sc.


Bi tp 13. Bnh xt mu.

Chn cng c xt hnh v;
Chn mu hnh v xt ln tranh;
Va n chut va di chuyn.
Bi tp 14. T
T mu cc i tng trn tranh. Tranh v c to nn bi cc nt v,
bng cc cng c khc nhau; ngi ta thu c nhiu i tng khc nhau.
Khi t, mu kn nn ca i tng.
Chn cng c mu;
Chn mu cn ;
nh v i tng cn t, ri mu.
114



Bi tp 14. Nhiu lp
Lm vic vi nhiu lp trn cng mt bc tranh. Quan st s khc nhau ca vic ty xa
hnh v trn cc lp khc nhau.


1. To ba lp v, bng thc n LAYER, chn NEW;
2. Trn ca s LAYER c chc nng (i) chn lm vic vi mt lp; (ii) kha lp khc;
(iii) ON/ OFF lp v;
3. Bt lp 1, g ch; bt lp 2 v kha cc lp kia, v ch lp 2; bt lp 3, kha lp
khc, v ch lp 3;
4. Dng ty ty cc ch vit. Ngi ta ch xa c nt v ca lp no ang c
xc nh v lp cn ch khng b kha.

115



Bi tp 15. V ng
V cc ng thng, hnh ch nht bng cng c.
Chn cng c ng thng;
chn loi ng, hoc ng thng, hoc ng BEZIER;
chn m ca ng k;
Chn tng t vi cng c hnh ch nht (chn loi hnh;
chn nt v; chn mu; v theo chu vi hay hnh c...).



Bi tp 16. V bng ngn tay
S dng cng c day hnh v bng ngn tay c thc hin nh day
mu k bn sang mt nt v...

116
Bi tp 17. Ch v trn nn
Ngi ta c th v trn hnh v, vi iu kin nt v ch tc ng n nn cha c v, tc
hnh v khng nt v mi xa, ln...

Bi tp 18. La chn i tng
Cy bt c nhy cho php chn cc i tng, tc nh du i
tng, trc khi cn x l i tng . Ngi ta thi nh du bng
cch iu khin chut phi hay chn thc n NOSELECTION

Bi tp 19. Chn mu
Mu bt v, mu t... c th c chn trc tip trn bng mu. Tuy
nhin chn bng cng c cho php la c mu trc tip trn hnh v,
cho php mu sc thay i u

Bi tp 20. To hnh v mu
Mt s hnh v c dng dng chung, c dn vo cc
tranh v khc. to :
Chn hnh mi, vi mu nn l TRANSPARENT;
V hnh;



Chn FILE/ EXPORT/ PICTURE TUBE;
Chn tn ca hnh v mu trong ca s thuc tnh.

117




Bi tp 21. Thu nhn thng tin t thit b khc
Chn thc n CAPTURE



Bi tp 22. X l nh
1. Nhiu chc nng x l nh c nu trong thc n IMAGE.
2. V mt hnh, t tn l HINH_VE, nh thc n FILE/ SAVE;
3. Thay i hnh v bng cc chc nng soi gng (MIRROR), lt ngc (FLIP), hay
xoay (ROTATION) vi gc xoay xc nh trong ca s;
4. X l ch mt phn ca hnh v, bng cch chn trc, nh du mt vng hnh v;

118


FLIP

MIRROR


ROTATION


119

X l mt phn ca hnh v


Bi tp 23. Mt s nh dng hnh v
S dng RESIZE... nh li kch thc;

Bi tp 24. X l ton hc ARITHMETIC
Chc nng x l ton hc trn nhiu hnh v.
120

1. M hai hnh v;
2. Chn chc nng x l ton hc; thu c hnh v mi;
3. Chn hnh v mi (nhy chut), ngi ta s thy cc thng s ca hnh v mi : cc
lp...
4. Hnh v tch hp t hai hnh v c chn.



Bi tp 25. Bin dng nh
Cc chc nng lm bin dng mt hnh v, hay mt phn hnh v, c nu
trong thc n DEFORMATIONS

121


Bi tp 26. Hn ch nh





Bi tp 27. Tinh chnh nh
122
Mt s chc nng lm thay i thm m ca hnh v. Cc chc nng trong thc
n










Bi tp 28. Mu sc hnh v
Ngi ta dng thc n COLORS thay i thuc tnh v mu sc ca hnh
123
v.



Chc nng COLORIZE



Chc nng SOLARIZE
124


Chc nng NEGATIVE IMAGE


m s mu m hnh v dng



Thay i (tng/ gim) su ca hnh v
125




Bi tp 29. Tch mu
Hnh v c nhiu mu. Ngi ta c th tch ra thnh nhiu hnh v, ng vi
cch tch mu, th d tch ra mu / xanh/ xanh l cy...



Bi tp 30. To nh ng
1. Mt phn mm cng vi PaintShopPRO l ANIMATION SHOP cho php to hnh
ng.
2. Hnh ng l xu cc khung hnh (FRAME). Mi khung hnh c phn mm v
to nn; tc mt hnh ng gm nhiu nh tnh;
3. Hnh ng trong phn mm ny c to ra phc v cho trang WEB;
4. Khi khi ng phn mm ANIMATION SHOP, trong thc n FILE ca phn
126
mm PaintShopPRO c chc nng gi n phn mm to nh ng;
5. Ban u th nghim vi hnh ng Bm bay



Bi tp 31. Khi ng ANIMATION
Trong PAINTSHOP PRO, gi ANIMATION : File/ Run Animation Shop





127
to file mi : xc nh chiu cao, chiu rng ca khun hnh; chn TRANSPARENT


V mt khung trong khung 1 (F:1, D:10), th d con chim bay. C th chn
VIEW vi kch thc phng to thun tin khi v.


Bi tp 32. To nhiu khung
c nhiu khung hnh, ngi ta c th v nhiu khung. m bo tnh lin
tc ca chuyn ng, ngi ta c th sao chp khung ny sang khung khc, ri
sa khung sau.
Chn Edit/ Duplicate

128
Sa khung th hai

Tng t, to ra 10 khung



Bi tp 33. Chuyn ng
kim tra cc khung ri chnh l, ngi ta c th xem s chuyn ng bng thc n


Khi khng cn xem, bm vo kt thc (X)


129
Ghi li chuyn ng, tn file CHIM_BAY





C th th hnh ng Chim_bay.GIF ti mc h thng iu hnh, khng cn s
dng PAINTSHOP PRO
Ra khi ANIMATION, hoc s dng PAINTSHOP PRO bng File/ RUN
PaintShop PRO


130
Cu 34. Chuyn cnh
Chn VIEW ri chn chuyn cnh hnh nh
Chn mt kiu chuyn cnh, c kim tra tc ng trn mn hnh.





CU HI V BI TP
Cu hi 1.
V hnh kn, tp t mu trong Paintshop Pro
Cu hi 2.
Dng k so ha thay i hnh, lm mo hnh, thay i khun th hin hnh, trong
Paintshop Pro
Cu hi 3.
S dng k so thay i mu sc, lc mu theo cc yu t hi ha khc nhau, trong
Paintshop Pro
Cu hi 4.
Chia nhm 5 ngi lm bi tp, s dng Paintshop Pro v Animation Shop, v hnh
ng. Kch bn :
Ngi th diu,
Diu bay, ko theo ngi.
Cu hi 5.
Chia nhm 5 ngi lm bi tp, s dng Paintshop Pro v Animation Shop, v hnh
131
ng. Kch bn :
Vn hoa, c nhiu hoa n,
n bm bm bay, u vo hoa.
Cu hi 6.
Chia nhm 5 ngi lm bi tp, s dng Paintshop Pro v Animation Shop, v hnh
ng. Kch bn :
Vng bin, c sng v ni, thuyn
Con thuyn chuyn ng v i ra xa dn..
Cu hi 7.
Chia nhm 5 ngi lm bi tp, s dng Paintshop Pro v Animation Shop, v hnh
ng. Kch bn :
Sn cht liu xi mng, c qu bng ny.
Qu bng ny ln, xung v nh dn.
Cu hi 8.
Chia nhm 5 ngi lm bi tp, s dng Paintshop Pro v Animation Shop, v hnh
ng. Kch bn :
Ng t ng ph, c ct n iu khin giao thng;
Khi n chuyn sang xanh, xe c chuyn ng.
TI LIU THAM KHO CHNG
http://www.adobe.com/products/director/
http://www.adobe.com/shockwave/download
http://www.corel.com/servlet/Satellite/us/en/Product
http://www.paintshoppro.com
132
TI LIU THAM KHO

John Villamil Casanova, Louis Molina
An interactive guide to Multimedia, QUE E&T Ed., 1998
Elaine England, Andy Finney
Managing Multimedia, Addison Wesley Ed., 2 ed., 1999
Tay Vaughan
Multimedia. Making it work, Osborne MacGrawHill Ed., 1998
http://www.adobe.com/products/director/
http://www.adobe.com/shockwave/download
http://www.corel.com/servlet/Satellite/us/en/Product
http://www.paintshoppro.com
http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/Multimedia/node1.html
http://www2.hawaii.edu/~ogden/com337/index.html
http://borkweb.com/story/an-introduction-to-multimedia
http://www.cs.fiu.edu/~chens/PDF/dms03.pdf, Qun tr a phng tin phn tn
133
MC LC
LI NI U....................................................................................................................... 1
CHNG 1........................................................................................................................... 3
GII THIU V QU TRNH A PHNG TIN...................................................... 3
GII THIU.......................................................................................................................................... 3
NI DUNG............................................................................................................................................. 4
I. KHI NIM V MULTIMEDIA................................................................................................... 4
II. HON CNH S DNG MULTIMEDIA................................................................................... 5
III. VN BN QUYN I VI CC TC PHM A PHNG TIN.............................. 7
IV. TNG QUAN V QU TRNH PHT TRIN MULTIMEDIA............................................... 9
V. QU TRNH PHT TRIN MT SN PHM MULTIMEDIA.............................................. 10
VI. XC NH CC NT CHNH CA SN PHM A PHNG TIN................................ 17
VII. PHA SN XUT A PHNG TIN.................................................................................... 26
VIII. CHUN B D LIU.............................................................................................................. 26
IX. HP NHT CC CNG NGH............................................................................................... 26
X. CNG NGH H TR CHO A PHNG TIN................................................................... 42
XI. TO HNH................................................................................................................................. 43
TM TT CHNG......................................................................................................................... 44
CU HI V BI TP...................................................................................................................... 44
TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................................................... 46
CHNG 2......................................................................................................................... 47
QUN L A PHNG TIN........................................................................................ 47
GII THIU........................................................................................................................................ 47
NI DUNG........................................................................................................................................... 50
I. MT VI KHI NIM................................................................................................................ 50
II. PHM VI CA N............................................................................................................... 52
III. CC XUT.......................................................................................................................... 52
IV. RNG BUC TH NHT........................................................................................................ 54
V. IU KHON NI DUNG........................................................................................................ 57
VI. CHN IU KIN THC HIN.............................................................................................. 59
VII. CHN PHNG TIN V CC K THUT ........................................................................ 61
VIII. THIT K GIAO DIN........................................................................................................... 65
IX. IU KHON RNG BUC TH HAI.................................................................................. 84
X. LA CHN NHM CNG TC............................................................................................... 85
XI. NGUYN TC QUN L NHM CNG TC...................................................................... 87
134
XII. SN PHM AUDIO................................................................................................................. 88
XIII. SN PHM VIDEO................................................................................................................ 90
XIV. SN PHM HA.............................................................................................................. 92
XV. TCH HP................................................................................................................................. 94
XVI. BN QUYN, S HU TR TU.......................................................................................... 97
XVII. TH NGHIM....................................................................................................................... 98
XVIII. LM T LIU...................................................................................................................... 99
XIX. TIP TH V NGHIN CU TIP TH .............................................................................. 101
TM TT CHNG........................................................................................................................ 103
CU HI V BI TP .................................................................................................................... 104
TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................................................. 105
CHNG 3........................................................................................................................106
THC HNH A PHNG TIN................................................................................106
GII THIU...................................................................................................................................... 106
CC BI THC HNH................................................................................................................... 106
CU HI V BI TP .................................................................................................................... 130
TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................................................. 131
TI LIU THAM KHO.................................................................................................132
MC LC..........................................................................................................................133










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