Ban Thuyet Minh VN Gia Nhap Cong Uoc Vien

y ban T vn v Chnh sch Thng mi Quc t - VCCI
PHNG THNG MI V CNG NGHIP VIT NAM

Y BAN T VN V CHNH SCH THNG MI QUC T
NGHIN CU
XUT VIT NAM GIA NHP CNG C VIN V HP NG MUA BN HNG HA QUC T (CNG C VIN 1980 - CISG)
H Ni thng 6/2010
Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 1
Li ni u
Cng c Vin nm 1980 v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t (Cng c Vin 1980 hay CISG) l mt trong nhng cng c quc t v thng mi c ph chun v p dng rng ri nht hin nay, vi 74 thnh vin (tnh n ngy 11/4/2010/) c tnh CISG iu chnh khong 3/4 giao dch thng mi quc t. Vit Nam hin cha phi thnh vin ca Cng c trong khi giao dch thng mi quc t ang ngy cng tr thnh mt phn ht sc quan trng trong nn kinh t nc ta (bao gm c xut khu v nhp khu hng ha). Nghin cu ny ca y ban t vn v Chnh sch Thng mi Quc t thuc Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam c xy dng nhm gii thiu s lc v Cng c Vin 1980, xem xt bi hc ca cc nc khi tham gia CISG, phn tch nhng li ch v bt li v kinh t, php l v cc kha cnh khc ca Vit Nam khi cn nhc vic tr thnh thnh vin ca Cng c, t khng nh s cn thit ca vic Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c ny cng nh xut mt l trnh Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c. y ban t vn v Chnh sch Thng mi Quc t thuc Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam trn trng cm n s cng tc nhit tnh v tinh thn trch nhim cao trong nghin cu ca Nhm nghin cu v Cng c Vin ca y ban (bao gm TS inh Th M Loan Thnh vin y ban; TS Nguyn Minh Hng i hc Ngoi thng H Ni v LS Nguyn Trung Nam v cc Cng s ti Cng ty EP Legal) v cc kin ng gp qu bu ca cc thnh vin y ban cho Nghin cu ny./ y ban T vn v Chnh sch Thng mi Quc t Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam
Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980
MC LC
Phn I
GII THIU CHUNG V CNG C VIN V HP NG MUA BN HNG HA QUC T
1. S lc lch s Cng c Vin 1980 (CISG) 2. Nhng ni dung c bn ca CISG 3. Thnh cng ca CISG v nhng l gii Phn II - CC NC VI CNG C VIN 1980 TI SAO? TH NO? 1. Khi qut v qu trnh tham gia ca cc nc vo Cng c Vin 2. Cng c Vin 1980 Ti sao gia nhp? Ti sao khng? 2.1 Vng quc Anh T ho truyn thng 2.2 Nam Phi Gia nhp hay khng gia nhp? 2.3. Nht Bn Mun nhng chc chn 2.4. Cc nc ASEAN Rt r tng tc 2.5 Hn Quc V nhu cu pht trin 3. Cng c Vin vi cc nc gia nhp: Tc ng nh th no? 3.1 Trung Quc T tin tng trng 3.2 Chu u S ho hng lan ta 3.3 Hoa K - G b nghi ngi 4. Mt s bi hc rt ra t vic tham kho kinh nghim cc nc Phn III - VIT NAM VI CNG C VIN 1980 TI SAO? NH TH NO? 1. Nhng li ch ca vic Vit Nam gia nhp CISG 1.1. Li ch i vi h thng php lut Vit Nam 1.2. Li ch i vi cc doanh nghip Vit Nam 2. Cng ng doanh nghip v cc chuyn gia Vit Nam vi Cng c Vin 2.1. Cc chuyn gia vi Cng c Vin 1980 2.2. Cng ng doanh nghip vi Cng c Vin 1980 2.3. Cc lut s v chuyn gia t vn vi Cng c Vin 1980 3. Nhng im bt cp cn lu khi gia nhp CISG 4. Nhng vic Vit Nam cn lm gia nhp CISG 5. Kt lun Phn IV - L TRNH VIT NAM GIA NHP CNG C VIN 1980 1. Th tc gia nhp theo quy nh ca Cng c Vin 1980 2. Quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam v gia nhp iu c quc t 3. Nhng yu cu sau gia nhp Ph lc 1 So snh cc ch nh php lut hp ng mua bn hng ha ca Vit Nam v Cng c Vin 1980 Ph lc 2 - Danh sch cc quc gia thnh vin Cng c Vin Ti liu tham kho
5 6 8 15 17 17 19 20 21 22 23 23 25 26 29 31 31 34 38 38 40 45 52 55 56 58 61 61 64 70 75
Danh mc cc Bng Biu

Trang 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
S lng cc thnh vin mi ca Cng c Vin qua cc nm Tng quan gia Mc xut khu v Gia nhp cc iu c quc t a phng v thng mi ca cc Nhm nc Kim ngch xut khu hng ha Vit Nam sang mt s th trng ln T l tranh chp lin quan n Hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t ti VIAC T l tranh chp lin quan n lut p dng trong s cc tranh chp lin quan n Hp ng xut nhp khu ti VIAC Quc tch cc bn nc ngoi trong cc tranh chp ti VIAC nh gi ca chuyn gia v cc li ch ca Cng c Vin C s son tho hp ng xut nhp khu ca doanh nghip Vit Nam
15 39 43 46 46 47 47 48 49 49 50
Thi gian cho m phn v lut p dng khi m phn Hp ng ca doanh nghip Vit Nam 10. Thi gian cho m phn v cc vn lin quan n thc hin Hp ng xut nhp khu 11. Bo lu m Vit Nam nn thc hin khi gia nhp Cng c Vin
Danh mc cc Hp
1. 2. 3. Kh khn m doanh nghip Vit Nam gp phi do Vit Nam cha phi l thnh vin ca CISG D Vit Nam cha gia nhp CISG nhng doanh nghip Vit Nam c th vn ang sng cng vi CISG Chng ti rt ng h, rt hoan nghnh! Trang 37 41 44
Phn th nht
GII THIU CHUNG V CNG C VIN V HP NG MUA BN HNG HA QUC T 1. S lc lch s Cng c Vin 1980 (CISG) Cng c Vin 1980 ca Lin Hp Quc v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t (vit tt theo ting Anh l CISG- Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods) c son tho bi y ban ca Lin Hp Quc v Lut thng mi quc t (UNCITRAL) trong mt n lc hng ti vic thng nht ngun lut p dng cho hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t. Trn thc t, n lc thng nht ngun lut p dng cho hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t c khi xng t nhng nm 30 ca th k 20 bi Unidroit (Vin nghin cu quc t v thng nht lut t). Unidroit cho ra i hai Cng c La Haye 1 nm 1964: mt Cng c c tn l Lut thng nht v thit lp hp ng mua bn quc t cc ng sn hu hnh, Cng c th hai l v Lut thng nht cho mua bn quc t cc ng sn hu hnh 2 . Cng c th nht iu chnh vic hnh thnh hp ng (cho hng, chp nhn cho hng). Cng c th hai cp n quyn v ngha v ca ngi bn, ngi mua v cc bin php c p dng khi mt/cc bn vi phm hp ng. Tuy vy, hai Cng c La Haye nm 1964 trn thc t rt t c p dng. Theo cc chuyn gia 3 c 4 l do chnh khin cc nc bi tr ULIS v ULF v mun pht trin mt cng c mi: (1) Hi ngh La Haye ch c 28 nc tham d vi rt t i din t cc nc XHCN v cc nc ang pht trin, v th ngi ta tin rng cc Cng c ny c son c li hn cho ngi bn t cc nc t bn; (2) cc Cng c ny s dng cc khi nim qu tru tng v phc tp, rt d gy hiu nhm; (3) cc Cng c ny thin hng v thng mi gia cc quc gia cng chung bin gii hn l thng mi quc t lin quan n vn ti bin; v (4) quy m p dng ca chng qu rng, v chng c p dng bt k c xung t php lut hay khng.
Tn ting Anh l Hague Conventions. Hai cng c ny c 7 quc gia ph chun : c, B, Gambie, , H Lan, Vng Quc Anh, Saint Martin v Ixraien. Hin nay, cc quc gia ny khi gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 u tuyn b t b hai cng c ni trn. 3 Muna Ndulo, The Vienna Sales Convention 1980 and the Hague Uniform Laws on International Sale of Goods 1964: A Comparative Analysis (1989) 38 The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 1, 34.
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Nm 1968, trn c s yu cu ca a s cc thnh vin Lin Hp Quc v mt khun kh mi vi s m rng ra cc nc c nn php l, kinh t chnh tr khc nhau 4 , UNCITRAL khi xng vic son tho mt Cng c thng nht v php lut ni dung p dng cho hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t nhm thay th cho hai Cng c La Haye nm 1964. c son tho da trn cc iu khon ca hai Cng c La Haye, song Cng c Vin 1980 c nhng im i mi v hon thin c bn. Cng c ny c thng qua ti Vin (o) ngy 11 thng 04 nm 1980 ti Hi ngh ca y ban ca Lin hp quc v Lut thng mi quc t vi s c mt ca i din ca khong 60 quc gia v 8 t chc quc t. CISG c hiu lc t ngy 01/01/1988 (khi c 10 quc gia ph chun, theo iu 99 ca Cng c). 2. Nhng ni dung c bn ca Cng c Vin 1980 Cng c Vin 1980 gm 101 iu, c chia lm 4 phn vi cc ni dung chnh sau: Phn 1: Phm vi p dng v cc quy nh chung ( i u 1- 13) Nh tn gi ca n, phn ny quy nh trng hp no CISG c p dng (t iu 1 n iu 6), ng thi nu r nguyn tc trong vic p dng CISG, nguyn tc din gii cc tuyn b, hnh vi v x s ca cc bn, nguyn tc t do v hnh thc ca hp ng. Cng c cng nhn mnh n gi tr ca tp qun trong cc giao dch mua bn hng ha quc t. Phn 2: Xc lp hp ng (trnh t, th tc k kt hp ng) ( iu 14- 24) Trong phn ny, vi 11 iu khon, Cng c quy nh kh chi tit, y cc vn php l t ra trong qu trnh giao kt hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t. iu 14 ca Cng c nh ngha cho hng, nu r c im ca cho hng v phn bit cho hng vi cc li mi cho hng. Cc vn hiu lc ca cho hng, thu hi v hy b cho hng c quy nh ti cc iu 15, 16 v 17. c bit, ti cc iu 18, 19, 20 v 21 ca Cng c c cc quy nh rt chi tit, c th v ni dung ca chp nhn cho hng; khi no v trong iu kin no, mt chp nhn cho hng l c hiu lc v cng vi cho hng cu thnh hp ng; thi hn chp nhn, chp nhn mun; ko di thi hn chp nhn. Ngoi ra, Cng c cn c quy nh v thu hi chp nhn cho hng, thi im hp ng c hiu lc.
Muna (ch thch 3, trang 3).
y ban T vn v Chnh sch Thng mi Quc t - VCCI V vn xc lp hp ng mua bn, 5 CISG tha nhn quy tc Cho hn Chp nhn cho hng (offer-acceptance rule). 6 Cng c quy nh mt th cho gi phi c gi n mt hay mt s ngi c th, xc nh v miu t y v hng ha, s lng, gi c. Th cho hng c th c thu hi nu th thu hi n khch hng trc hoc cng lc vi th cho hng, hoc trc khi khch hng gi li th chp thun. Bt k s thay i no vi th cho hng ban u u c xem nh s t chi th cho hng tr phi cc iu khon sa cha khng lm thay i nhng iu khon thit yu ca th cho hng.
Phn 3: Mua bn hng ha ( iu 25 - 88) Vi tn gi l mua bn hng ha, ni dung ca phn 3 ny l cc vn php l trong qu trnh thc hin H. Phn ny c chia thnh 5 chng vi nhng ni dung c bn nh sau: Chng I: Nhng quy nh chung Chng II: Ngha v ca ngi bn Chng III: Ngha v ca ngi mua Chng IV: Chuyn ri ro Chng V: Cc iu khon chung v ngha v ca ngi bn v ngi mua y l chng c s lng iu khon ln nht, cng l chng cha ng nhng quy phm hin i, to nn u vit ca CISG. Ngha v ca ngi bn v ngi mua c quy nh chi tit, trong hai chng ring, gip cho vic c v tra cu ca cc thng nhn tr nn d dng. V ngha v ca ngi bn, Cng c quy nh rt r ngha v giao hng v chuyn giao chng t, c bit l ngha v m bo tnh ph hp ca hng ha c giao (v mt thc t cng nh v mt php l). Cng c nhn mnh n vic kim tra hng ha c giao (thi hn kim tra, thi hn thng bo cc khim khuyt ca hng ha). Nhng quy nh ny rt ph hp vi thc tin v gp phn gii quyt c hiu qu cc tranh chp pht sinh c lin quan. Ngha v ca ngi mua, gm ngha v thanh ton v ngha v nhn hng, c quy nh ti cc iu t iu 53 n iu 60. Cng c Vin 1980 khng c mt chng ring v vi phm hp ng v ch ti do vi phm hp ng. Cc ni dung ny c lng ghp trong chng II, chng III v chng V. Trong chng II v chng III, sau khi nu cc ngha v ca ngi bn v ngi mua, Cng c Vin 1980 cp n cc bin php p dng trong trng hp ngi bn/ngi mua vi phm hp ng. Cch sp xp
5 Phn 2, iu 14-24 CISG.
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CISG iu 18.2 quy nh mt chp thun cho gi s c hiu lc khi ngi cho gi nhn c chp thun ny . Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 7
Cc bin php 7 m Cng c cho php ngi bn v ngi mua p dng khi mt bn vi phm hp ng bao gm buc thc hin ng hp ng, i bi thng thit hi, hy hp ng. Ngoi ra cn c mt s bin php khng c tnh cht ch ti hoc nhm mc ch trng pht bn vi phm, v d bin php gim gi (iu 50), bin php bn b vi phm gia hn thi hn thc hin ngha v to iu kin cho bn vi phm tip tc thc hin hp ng (iu 47 khon 1 v iu 63 khon 1) hay nhng bin php m bn vi phm c th a ra nhm khc phc nhng thit hi do hnh vi vi phm ca mnh gy ra (iu 48 khon 1). Cng c cng quy nh r trng hp p dng cc bin php c th (v d bin php hy hp ng hay i thay th hng ch c p dng trong trng hp vi phm c bn- khi nim vi phm c bn c nu ti iu 25). Chng V ca Phn 3 quy nh v vn tm ngng thc hin ngha v hp ng, vi phm trc hp ng, vic p dng cc bin php php l trong trng hp giao hng tng phn, hy hp ng khi cha n thi hn thc hin ngha v. Cc iu 74, 75, 76, 77, 78 ca CISG l nhng iu khon c dn chiu n rt nhiu trong cc n l p dng CISG, v cc iu khon ny quy nh rt chi tit v mt bin php c p dng ph bin nht trong gii quyt tranh chp v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t: l tnh ton tin bi thng thit hi. Cc iu khon khc trong chng ny cp n vn min trch, hu qu ca vic hy hp ng v bo qun hng ha trong trng hp c tranh chp. Phn 4: Cc quy nh cui cng (iu 89 - 101) Phn ny quy nh v cc th tc cc quc gia k kt, ph chun, gia nhp Cng c, cc bo lu c th p dng, thi im Cng c c hiu lc v mt s vn khc mang tnh cht th tc khi tham gia hay t b Cng c ny. 3. Thnh cng ca CISG v nhng l gii C hiu lc t ngy 01/01/1988, cho n nay, CISG tr thnh mt trong cc cng c quc t v thng mi c ph chun v p dng rng ri nht. Trong phm vi hp hn, so vi cc cng c a phng khc v mua bn hng ha (nh cc cng c Hague 1964), CISG l Cng c quc t c quy m ln hn hn v s quc gia tham gia v mc c p dng. Vi 74 quc gia
Vic s dng thut ng bin php cho thy ch ca cc nh son tho Cng c Vin 1980: y khng phi l cc ch ti (cc bin php trng pht) m l cc phng thuc gip cc bn cha lnh cc vi phm hp ng.
, c tnh Cng c ny iu chnh cc giao dch chim n ba phn t thng mi hng ha th gii 9 . Trong danh sch 74 quc gia thnh vin ca Cng c Vin 1980, c s gp mt ca cc quc gia thuc cc h thng php lut khc nhau, cc quc gia pht trin cng nh cc quc gia ang pht trin, cc quc gia t bn ch ngha cng nh cc quc gia theo ng li x hi ch ngha nm trn mi chu lc. Hu ht cc cng quc v kinh t trn th gii (Hoa K, Php, c, Canada, Australia, Nht Bn) u tham gia CISG. Biu 1: Bn cc nc tham gia Cng c Vin 1980 tnh n 26/5/2010
Ghi ch: Cc nc gia nhp Cc nc cha gia nhp Ngun: www.legacarte.net ngy 26/5/2010 S thnh cng ca Cng c Vin 1980 c khng nh trong thc tin vi hn 2500 v tranh chp c Ta n v trng ti cc nc/quc t gii quyt 10 c lin quan n vic p dng v din gii Cng c Vin 1980 11 c bo co. im cn nhn mnh l 2500 v vic ny khng ch pht sinh ti cc quc gia thnh vin. Ti cc quc gia cha phi l thnh vin, Cng c vn c p dng, hoc do cc bn trong hp ng la chn Cng c Vin 1980 nh l lut p dng cho hp ng, hoc do cc ta n, trng ti dn chiu n
Xem danh sch cc quc gia thnh vin Cng c ti Ph lc 1. PACE, Trang gii thiu v CISG, truy cp ti <http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/cisgintro.html> ngy 10/5/2010 10 Theo nh gi ca cc chuyn gia th con s ny trn thc t l ln hn nhiu ln. 11 Tnh t thi im Cng c ny c hiu lc (ngy 1/1/1988) cho n nay (cp nht ngy 30/04/2010). Ngun: PACE <http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/text/caseschedule.html> truy cp ngy 10/5/2010
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Vai tr ca CISG cn th hin ch CISG l ngun tham kho quan trng ca B nguyn tc UNIDROIT v hp ng thng mi quc t (PICC) 13 v Cc nguyn tc ca Lut Hp ng Chu u (PECL). 14 Trn c s nn tng ca CISG, cc nguyn tc ny tr thnh cc vn bn thng nht lut quan trng v hp ng, c nhiu quc gia v doanh nhn tham kho v s dng trong cc giao dch thng mi quc t. Nm 2008 nh du s thnh cng mi ca Cng c Vin 1980 ti Chu , khi m Nht Bn tham gia Cng c ny. Vi nh hng mnh m v rng ln v thng mi hng ha ca Nht Bn Chu v trn th gii, cc chuyn gia d bo vic Nht Bn- nn kinh t hng mnh nht Chu gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 s ko theo nhiu h s gia nhp hay ph chun t cc quc gia khc, c bit l cc quc gia Chu 15 . Theo cc chuyn gia v cc doanh nghip, c nhiu yu t l gii ti sao CISG li l mt trong nhng Cng c thng nht v lut t thnh cng nht: Th nht, CISG c son tho v thc thi di s bo tr ca Lin Hp Quc- t chc quc t lin chnh ph ln nht hnh tinh. c Lin Hp Quc bo tr son tho v thc thi, CISG khng ch to c s tin cy t pha cc quc gia (trong qu trnh son tho) m cn nhn c s tin tng t ng o doanh nghip (trong qu trnh thc thi). y l yu t rt cn thit i vi mt vn bn nht th ha php lut v mt vn quan trng v vn c nhiu khc bit gia cc quc gia, ch th c tp qun khc nhau. Th hai, cch thc son tho CISG cho thy nhng n lc thc s trong vic to ra cc quy phm thc cht thng nht v mua bn hng ha quc t. i din ca cc quc gia thuc cc h thng php lut khc nhau (Dn lut, Thng lut - c bit l i din ca Hoa K v Anh), ti cc chu lc khc
Theo cc c s d liu v n l p dng CISG, c mt n l trong ta n Vit Nam p dng CISG gii quyt tranh chp v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t. Xem chi tit n l ny ti: http://www.unilex.info/case.cfm?pid=1&id=350&do=case truy cp ngy 10/5/2010 13 UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC), c ban hnh nm 1994 v c cp nht, b sung vo nm 2004. 14 The Principles of European Contract Law (PECL) cng b nm 1999. 15 Claude Witz, Lessor de la Convention de Vienne en Asie (S bnh trng ca Cng c Vin 1980 ti Chu ), Recueil Dalloz, 2009, tr.280.
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Cc ti liu lch s v cc phin lm vic khc nhau ca UNCITRAL 16 cho thy qu trnh m phn son tho CISG tri qua rt nhiu kh khn do s khc bit ca php lut ca cc quc gia cng nh nhng mi quan tm khc nhau ca cc quc gia ny khi tham gia vo vic son tho mt cng c thng nht lut thc cht nh CISG 17 . Mi quy nh trong vn bn cui cng u l kt qu ca qu trnh tho lun chi tit, vi vic xem xt y v hp l cc yu cu, tp qun thng mi ca cc bn.
V d nh mt cho hng c bt buc phi c gi xc nh trc hay khng? y l cu hi m cc i din ca Civil Law v Common Law c nhng tranh ci rt gay gt. i din ca Php v CHLB c cho rng gi c cn phi c xc nh trc hoc c th xc nh trc (c cc yu t xc nh gi). Trong khi , theo lut cc nc Common law (Anh, Hoa K), nu bn cho hng cha a ra gi trong hp ng th iu ny khng nh hng n hiu lc ca cho hng. Gi ca hp ng s c xc nh theo gi hp l trn th trng vo thi im giao hng 18 . hi ha ha cc quy phm xung t ca hai h thng Civil law v Common law, cc nh son tho CISG phi rt kho lo bng cch a ra 2 iu khon v xc nh gi trong hp ng mua bn. iu 14 i hi gi c phi c quy nh r rng hay cn phi xc nh c theo cc iu khon trong cho hng, trong khi , iu 55 li quy nh rng nu cc iu kin v gi c theo iu 14 khng c tha mn th hp ng vn c hiu lc v gi ca hp ng c hiu l gi trn th trng vo thi im giao hng, ti a im giao hng. Nh vy, Cng c Vin 1980, mt mt, yu cu mt cho hng bt buc phi c gi c th xc nh c, mt khc, a ra quy nh cn c xc nh gi cho cc hp ng m gi c cha c xc nh. Quy nh ny l ph hp vi thc tin thng mi quc t khi m cc hp ng c gi m (open price contract) ngy cng ph bin.
Mt iu ng lu khc l trong qu trnh son tho Cng c cng nh ngay trong ni dung Cng c, cc son gi lun nu cao tnh cht quc t ca Cng c v v th, c gng dng ngn ng trung tnh, n gin, trnh s dng cc khi nim ring ca tng h thng lut ca cc quc gia. trnh ti a vic
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Ngun : http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/fr/uncitral_texts/sale_goods/1980CISG_travaux.html
Mt v d in hnh l qu trnh m phn ht sc vt v iu 19 ca Cng c v tranh chp mu hp ng (the battle of forms). Xem thm Nguyen Trung Nam, Future of Harmonisation and Unification in Contract Law Regarding "Battle of Forms", University of the West of England (2009) 68 p, truy cp ti < http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/nam.html> ngy 10/5/2010.
iu 8 Lut mua bn hng ha ca Anh nm 1979 : khi gi c cha c quy nh hoc cha xc nh c, ngi mua phi tr mt gi hp l. iu 2- 305 UCC : theo tha thun, cc bn c th k hp ng mua bn khng c iu khon gi c. Trong trng hp ny, gi hp ng s l gi hp l ti thi im giao hng.
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Vi cch thc son tho nh vy, cc iu khon ca CISG th hin c s thng nht, hi ha cc quy phm khc nhau trong php lut ca cc quc gia tham gia son tho, phn nh c mi quan tm chung ca cc quc gia ny. Th ba, ni dung ca Cng c c nh gi l hin i, linh hot, ph hp vi thc tin mua bn hng ha quc t. Nhn chung, cc chuyn gia nh gi CISG l tp hp cc quy phm kh hin i, th hin c s bnh ng gia bn mua v bn bn trong quan h mua bn hng ha quc t. Cc quy phm ny cng ph hp vi thc tin mua bn hng ha quc t do c son tho da trn mt ngun lut quan trng l cc tp qun thng mi quc t, trong c cc Incoterms ca ICC.
iu ny c th hin, v d, cc iu khon t iu 66 n iu 69 quy nh rt chi tit v chuyn ri ro- mt cu hi c bit quan trng trong mua bn hng ha quc t. Nhng gii php m Cng c Vin 1980 a ra l kh hp l, hin i. Hoc cc quy nh v thi hn hiu lc ca cho hng 19 , v cc iu khon ch yu ca hp ng 20 , v cc trng hp c hy hp ng 21 , v khi nim vi phm c bn 22 , u c son tho nhm to s ph hp mc cao nht vi thc tin hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t.
c bit, tnh linh hot ca cc quy phm l mt trong yu t to nn s thnh cng ca CISG. S linh hot ny th hin trc ht quy nh ti iu 6 CISG, theo , hu ht cc iu khon ca CISG u l cc iu khon ty nghi, ngha l cc bn trong hp ng c th tha thun khc so vi cc quy nh ti cc iu khon . Hn na, iu 6 cho php cc bn loi tr vic p dng Cng c cho hp ng ca mnh, ngay c khi cc bn l doanh nghip ti cc quc gia thnh vin ca Cng c. Quy nh mm do ny to iu kin cc thng nhn c quyn t do tha thun cc ni dung trong hp ng cng nh la chn cho mnh ngun lut p dng ph hp nht trong trng hp h thy rng mt/mt s cc quy nh ca CISG l cha ph hp i vi h (v d trong nhng lnh vc c th, i vi nhng hng ha c th).
19 20
Xem iu 18 khon 2 Cng c Vin 1980 Xem iu 14, iu 55 Cng c Vin 1980 21 Xem cc iu 49, 64, 81, 82, 83, 84 Cng c Vin 1980 22 Xem iu 25 Cng c Vin 1980
12
Ngoi ra, nhiu iu khon c th ca Cng c cng c cch tip cn rt linh hot ph hp vi thc tin rt phong ph v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t.
V d v thi hn hiu lc ca cho hng, CISG quy nh ti iu 18 khon 2 rng nu trong n cho khng quy nh th thi gian hiu lc c xc nh l mt thi gian hp l (reasonable time). l thi gian cn thit thng thng cho hng n tay ngi c cho hng v thi gian ngi ny tr li cho hng , tu theo tnh cht ca hp ng, khong cch gia hai bn v c tnh n cc phng tin cho hng khc nhau (th, telex, fax, th in t). Tht vy, s l khng hp l nu a ra mt thi hn cho hng chung cho cc loi cho hng vi tnh cht phc tp khc nhau, vi cc mt hng khc nhau (t cc sn phm nhanh hng nh rau hoa qu cho n my mc thit b), cng nh cho cc giao dch khc nhau m khong cch a l gia cc bn l khc nhau. Vic a ra mt thi hn hp l th hin s linh hot v kh nng ph hp ca quy phm ny vi cc giao dch mua bn hng ha c tnh cht khc nhau.
Th t, CISG c c s ng h rt ln t pha cc trng ti quc t v ca ICC. C th thy, trong s cc n l c lin quan n CISG c rt nhiu phn quyt ca trng ti quc t. Cc trng ti quc t thng c suy on l t do hn cc ta n quc gia trong vic la chn lut p dng gii quyt tranh chp (c bit trong cc trng hp khng c quy nh hoc khng quy nh r rng v lut p dng cho tranh chp). S ng h ca cc trng ti quc t i vi CISG trong nhiu v tranh chp v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t th hin ch yu thng qua vic dn chiu CISG nh mt la chn u tin cho vic gii quyt cc tranh chp ny khi cc bn khng la chn lut p dng. iu ny cho thy trong nh gi ca nhiu trng ti,CISG l mt ngun lut thch hp gii quyt tha ng tranh chp. Thm na, CISG cng thng c cc trng ti p dng theo iu 1.1.b ca Cng c 23 . S ng h ny ca cc trng ti quc t khin cho vic p dng Cng c ngy cng rng ri hn,c bit khi m phng thc gii quyt tranh chp bng trng ti ngy cng ph bin hn.
ICC th hin s ng h ca mnh i vi vn bn thng nht lut ny bng vic a CISG vo iu khon lut p dng mu c trong Hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t mu ca ICC 24 . iu 1.2 ca phn Nhng iu khon chung (General Conditions) v lut p dng dn chiu trc tip n CISG (xem trong Ph lc 3). Nh vic dn chiu n CISG m khi son 23 V d, c th tham kho phn quyt n 7197 (nm 1992) ca trng ti ICC xt x tranh chp v hp ng gia mt cng ty o v mt cng ty Bulgari. Vo thi im , Bulgari cha tham gia CISG. Tuy vy, CISG vn c p dng theo iu 1.1.b, v khi p dng quy phm xung t ca Bulgari th lut p dng s l lut ca o, m o l thnh vin CISG. Model International Sale Contract- Manufactured Goods Intended for Resale, ICC Publication No. 556, 1997 Edition Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 13
24
Hp ng mu ny cung cp mt khung php l c th p dng i vi mi giao dch mua bn hng ha, c bit l cc hng ha c sn xut nhm mc ch bn li. Mc ch ca Hp ng mu ca ICC l n gin ha qu trnh son tho hp ng cng nh gii quyt cc tranh chp lin quan. Qua nghin cu ca cc chuyn gia, vi s nh hng v uy tn ca ICC i vi cc doanh nghip, cc hp ng mu ny c tham kho v s dng rt rng ri trong mua bn hng ha quc t. Hu ht cc vn phng t vn lut v cc lut chuyn gia php l trong cc doanh nghip u c mu hp ng ny ca ICC tham kho v t vn cho doanh nghip 25 . iu ny l mt yu t quan trng gp phn thc y vic p dng CISG ti cc doanh nghip.
25
Hans VAN HOUTTE, ICC Model Contracts, Journal of International Business Law, s 3/2003, tr.265.
14
Phn th hai
CC NC VI CNG C VIN 1980 TI SAO? TH NO?

L mt trong nhng Cng c thng nht php lut c mc ph bin ln nht v c s lng cc nc thnh vin ln nht, CISG c nh gi l mt trong nhng Cng c thnh cng nht v nhn c s ng h ca ng o cc chuyn gia php lut, cc doanh nghip nhiu nc. Thnh cng ca CISG c l khng cn phi nhc li. Tuy nhin, bn cnh , vn cn mt s quc gia cha tham gia CISG hoc mi ch tham gia CISG giai on sau ny. Phn vit di y khi qut v cc giai on pht trin v thnh vin ca CISG v th l gii nhng khc mc vi CISG mt s nc (m khng cp n nhng in hnh thnh cng ca Cng c ny). m bo tnh tp trung v in hnh cao, chng ti la chn phn tch cc nc theo nhng nguyn tc chnh: (1) cc nc c nh hng ln n thng mi quc t v lut thng mi quc t; (2) cc nc lng ging, c nhiu quan h thng mi vi Vit Nam; (3) cc nc c hon cnh kinh t hoc/v lut php tng t Vit Nam. 1. Khi qut v qu trnh tham gia ca cc nc vo Cng c Vin Biu 1 S lng cc thnh vin mi ca Cng c Vin qua cc nm
K t khi c k kt vo nm 1980 n nay, Cng c Vin tri qua 30 nm vi nhiu du mc trong vic m rng cc nc thnh vin. C th tm chia cc ln sng gia nhp CISG ca cc nc theo 4 giai on sau: Giai on 1 (1980-1988): y l giai on 10 nc u tin ph chun Cng c s lng cho php Cng c c hiu lc. 10 nc ny l: Ai Cp, Argentina, Cng ha Rp, Syrian, Hoa K, Hungary, Italy, Lesotho, Php, Trung Quc, Zambia. C th thy trong s 10 nc thnh vin u tin Hoa K v Trung Quc l hai thnh vin rt ng ch , v Hoa K l nn kinh
t ln nht th gii, v Trung Quc l quc gia u tin ca Chu tham gia CISG. Tuy nhin c hai quc gia ny u tuyn b bo lu iu 1.1(b), khin mc p dng v nh hng ca CISG ti hai quc gia ny gim ng k. Giai on 2 (1989-1993): y l ln sng th 2 ca vic gia nhp Cng c, vi 29 quc gia, trong hu ht l cc quc gia thuc Lin minh chu u, ln lt hon thnh cc th tc ph chun tham gia Cng c. Thi gian ny cng nh du s sp ca h thng XHCN ti Nga v ng u, cc nc ny sau khi chuyn i nn kinh t cng nhanh chng ha nhp vi xu th chung ca cc nc Ty u gia nhp Cng c Vin (trong qu trnh m phn Cng c Vin, Nga v cc nc ng u cng ng vai tr ln trong vic son tho, gp kin ti cc hi ngh, v vy vic tham gia nhanh chng ca cc quc gia ny cng khng ng ngc nhin). ng ch trong thi gian ny c hai thnh vin mi l c v Canada, hai nc c nn kinh t kh pht trin v p dng h thng Thng Lut. Vic tham gia ca hai nc ny khin i din h thng Thng Lut trong CISG tng ln v thu ht s ch ca nhiu quc gia khc. Giai on 3 (1994-2000): Trong giai on ny rt nhiu nc ang pht trin chu Phi v chu M, cng nh nhng quc gia cui cng ca EU (tr Anh) nh B, Ba Lan, Luxembourg, Hy Lp hon thnh cc th tc ph chun v gia nhp Cng c. Singapore l nc ASEAN u tin gia nhp CISG vo nm 1995. Lut php Singapore da trn c s nn tng Thng lut ca Anh, t lu c xem l lut quc gia c tnh cht trung dung, quy nh cht ch y , v c nhiu doanh nhn a thch p dng cho hp ng thng mi quc t ca mnh. V vy, mc d khi gia nhp Singapore c bo lu iu 1.1(b) nhm hn ch p dng Cng c, vic tham gia CISG nh du n lc to ln trong vic tham gia thng nht ha lut php thng mi quc t ca quc gia c nn kinh t pht trin ch yu da trn thng mi quc t ny. Giai on 4 (2001-2010): y l giai on m nn kinh t th gii chng kin s pht trin mnh m v s tng cng vai tr ca cc nc ang pht trin mi ni, trong ni bt l Trung Quc, Braxin, v n . CISG chng kin mt thi k trm lng t nm 2001-2004 khi m cc vng m phn trong khun kh WTO ang din ra ht sc cng thng vi s xung t v li ch gia cc nc ang pht trin vi nhiu i din mi ni v cc nc pht trin. Trong giai on ny ch c 5 thnh vin mi ph chun Cng c l Saint Vincent v Grenadines, Colombia, Iceland, Honduras v Israel. Nm 2005 chng kin s gia nhp quan trng ca thnh vin chu mi l Hn Quc, mt trong 4 nc cng nghip mi ti chu . Sau nhiu nm tranh ci v s khc bit gia lut quc gia v CISG, trong bi cnh ti nc lng ging Nht Bn, phong tro vn ng Nht Bn tham gia Cng c ngy cng mnh m, cc nh lm lut ti
Hn Quc cui cng c thuyt phc l vic p dng CISG s gim bt tnh khng d on trc ca cc giao dch thng mi quc t ca mnh khi phi p dng lut ca cc quc gia pht trin nh Hoa K v c. Vic gia nhp ca Hn Quc khi ng li ln sng nghin cu vic tham gia CISG ti cc nc ang pht trin khc nh Cyprus, Gabon, Liberia, Montenegro, El Salvador, Paraguay, Lebanon, Albania, Armenia. Cui cng, nm 2009 nh du mt bc ngot quan trng ca CISG ti chu khi Nht Bn, quc gia c nn kinh t ng th 2 th gii v ln nht ti chu , cui cng tr thnh thnh vin chnh thc ca CISG m khng c bo lu no. Vi s kin ny, Anh s l quc gia pht trin thuc khi G7+1 cui cng cha gia nhp Cng c Vin. Sau Nht Bn, chc chn nhiu quc gia khc chu v khu vc ASEAN s cn nhc vic sm tham gia Cng c, c th p dng CISG cho cc giao dch thng mi quc t ca mnh mt cch ch ng, khi m cc bn hng ln u l thnh vin ca Cng c ny. 2. Cng c Vin 1980 Ti sao gia nhp? Ti sao khng? 2.1 Vng quc Anh T ho truyn thng
Sau 30 nm ra i, CISG vn cha c Vng quc Anh ph chun. Tuy nhiu quc gia tr thnh thnh vin ca Cng c (trong c Hoa K, Canada, Trung Quc,) nhng cng quc ny vn ng ngoi cuc v khng h c ng thi chnh thc no v vic tham gia. Nhiu l do c a ra gii thch ti sao CISG c p dng ph bin ti cc quc gia nhng Vng quc Anh vn cha gia nhp Cng c ny 26 . Gii thch ph bin nht l Lut mua bn hng ha nm 1979 ca Anh l mt vn bn c sc nh hng rt ln trong mua bn hng ha quc t, v l nim t ho ca cc lut gia Anh. Vic tham gia CISG c th lm gim sc nh hng ny v vi mt quc gia bo th nh Vng quc Anh, y khng phi l iu h mong mun. Hai cuc kho st nm 1989 v 1997 ly kin ca cc doanh nghip Anh v vic gia nhp CISG cho thy a s cc tp on kinh t ln khng my hng th vi Cng c ny, trong c ICI, BP, Shell, v rt nhiu t chc b phiu thun nm 1989 cng thay i nh ca mnh vo nm 1997. Hu ht h cho rng vic tham gia Cng c s cng gy thm nhiu tranh chp v lm gim
Xem Angelo Forte, The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: Reason or Unreason in the United Kingdom (1997) 26 University of Baltimore Law Review 51-66; Alison E. Williams, Forecasting the Potential Impact of the Vienna Sales Convention on International Sales Law in the United Kingdom trong PACE, Review of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), (Kluwer Law International 2000-2001) 9-57
26
17
tm nh hng ca lut Anh trn trng quc t. Tham gia mt chun mc nh CISG s lm gim i ng k thu nhp t vic xt x cc v tranh chp hp ng ti nc ny theo lut Anh. Trong khi , vi sc mnh kinh t ca mnh, tnh n thi im hin ti, nn kinh t Anh khng h b nh hng tiu cc bi vic khng gia nhp CISG. Theo nhiu lut s Anh, mt s iu khon ca Cng c c xem l ci by dn ti vic khng p dng lut Anh hoc gy kh khn cho cc lut s quen p dng lut Anh. Angelo Forte ging vin Lut ca i hc Aberdeen, Scotland 27 ch r nhng ci by ny trong mt bi nghin cu ca mnh. Th nht, nu l thnh vin ca CISG th CISG s tr thnh lut p dng trong cc hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t ngay c khi quy phm t php quc t dn chiu n lut ca Anh (quy nh ti khon b ca iu 1.1), tr khi Anh thc hin bo lu iu 1.1(b). iu ny ng ngha vi vic loi b Lut ca Anh ra khi v tr u tin p dng, v iu ny th chc chn nhng nh lp php ca Anh khng h mong i. Ci by th 2 iu 16.2(a) v iu kin cho hng khng th b hy. Cng c quy nh rng cho hng khng th b hy nu n n nh mt thi hn xc nh chp nhn hay khng nh rng n khng th b hy. Nhng trong lut ca Anh, cho hng khng th b hy ch khi c hi m t ngi c cho hng v ngi cho hng cam oan khng hy, tc l 2 iu kin ny phi ng thi din ra. V nhng nguy him tim n nh vy, cc lut s phi ht sc cn thn khi son tho v thng thuyt hp ng. Thm na, nh ni trn, quy phm php l quc gia hin hnh ti Vng quc Anh v cc iu khon ca Cng c 1980 khng hon ton ging nhau. V vy ch cn mt cch din t hay li hnh vn b hiu sai l c th dn n s tn tht nghim trng cho h thng Lut quc gia ca Anh. V d, nhng thut ng qu chung c s dng trong cng c nh tnh Quc t, vic p dng thng nht Cng c, tun th trong thng mi Quc t ti iu 7 s gy nhiu tranh ci trong cch hiu v p dng. Ni mt cch khc, tnh truyn thng ca php lut Anh v s bo th ca nc ny ngn cn h tham gia CISG.
27 Angelo Forte (note 32, trang 54). Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 18
2.2
Nam Phi Gia nhp hay khng gia nhp?
CISG c son tho v a ra bn lun gia i din cc nc trn th gii trong s vng mt ca Nam Phi bi vo giai on quc gia ny thc hin chnh sch b quan ta cng. V vy h khng c ng gp no ng k i vi s hnh thnh ca CISG. Theo gio s Sieg Eiselen 28 cho n thi im ny vn cn tn ti nhng mu thun v vic nn hay khng nn p dng cc quy phm thng nht cho cc hp ng mua bn quc t ti Nam Phi. Mu thun cng gay gt hn khi bn n s tham gia tr thnh nc thnh vin ca Cng c Vin 1980 Cng c c p dng cho hn 3/4 tng giao dch hng ha trn ton th gii hin nay. Cc kin phn i vic gia nhp cho rng gia nhp CISG s to ra hn mt h thng php lut v hp ng mua bn tn ti quc gia ny, t d gy cng knh b my quy phm php lut. Nhng ngi phn i cho rng pha ng h Cng c qu phng i cc mu thun v tranh chp hp ng m tht ra lut quc gia hin hnh hon ton c th x l c. Khng nhng vy, khi tham gia Cng c, lut php tr nn cng nhc v kh iu chnh v sa i mt iu khon trong Cng c cn c s ng tnh ca ton b cc nc thnh vin. Mt khc, s khc bit vvn ha, tp qun thng mi v ngn ng gia cc quc gia khin vic bin dch Cng c ny ti Nam Phi c th gy ra nhng s khng r rng v mu thun trong h thng php lut. Trong khi , pha ng h cng a ra nhng lp lun mnh m v nhng li ch m Cng c Vin 1980 c th mang li cho nc ny: - V lnh vc php l, p dng Cng c Vin s loi b cc xung t gia php lut Nam Phi v php lut nc ngoi v mua bn hng ha, s khng cn phi chn lut cho cc hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t nh t trc n nay (tr khi cc bn hp ng mun nh vy). Ngoi ra, khng nhng Cng c khng xung t vi bt c iu lut hin hnh ca Nam Phi m cn gip hon chnh cc iu lut theo chun mc ton cu. - V lnh vc kinh t, Cng c gip n gin ha cc thng v mua bn bng vic p dng quy trnh chung cho vic giao kt hp ng v nhng nguyn tc chung gii quyt cc tranh chp hp ng nu c. T tit kim thi gian v chi ph, nng cao kh nng cnh tranh ca cc doanh nghip Nam Phi, nht l nhng doanh nghip nh.
28 Sieg Eiselen, Adoption of the Vienna Convention for the International Sale of Goods (the CISG) in South Africa 116 South African Law Journal, Part II (1996) 323-370. Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 19
- Hu ht cc nc i tc thng mi ln ca Nam Phi u tham gia Cng c ny (nh Hoa K, Trung Quc, cc nc Chu u,) nn vic tr thnh nc thnh vin chng t kh nng ha nhp ca Nam Phi trn trng quc t. Cho n nay, tranh ci ny Nam Phi vn cha i ti hi kt v v vy nc ny vn ng ngoi CISG. 2.3. Nht Bn Mun nhng chc chn 29
Nht Bn gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 ngy 1/8/2009, sau gn ba mi nm CISG c ph duyt v sau gn hai mi nm k t khi CISG chnh thc c hiu lc. Ti sao cng quc kinh t ln th hai th gii ny li chm tr trong vic gia nhp CISG nh vy? Cha bao gi Nht Bn phn i vic tham gia Cng c Vin 1980, tuy nhin trong khong thi gian khng hong kinh t u tin hng u i vi Chnh Ph Nht l thot khi khng hong. Mt khc, vo thp nin 90 ch c khong 30 nc tham gia CISG, cha c mt xu hng r rt hay cu tr li chnh xc rng CISG s c s dng rng ri hay khng cng vi vic thiu s hu thun v kinh t t cc tp on kinh doanh ln nn Nht khng tham gia CISG cho n 1/8/2009. C ba l do chnh cho s thay i ny: Th nht, vic tham gia v s dng CISG trong giao dch thng mi quc t tr thnh xu th ton cu. c 74 quc gia tham gia Cng c, ngay c nhng nc cha tham gia cng c th s dng cng c nh mt lut iu chnh hp ng. Th hai, hin nay nn kinh t i vo n nh, Chnh Ph Nht c iu kin tp trung thi gian cng nh nhn lc vo cng tc nghin cu tc ng ca CISG, v sm khng nh nhng li ch m CISG mang li. Cc thng gia chnh l nhng ngi nhn thc r nht li ch ca vic tham gia CISG nh gim chi ph khi s dng mt b lut thng nht cho cc giao dch quc t, hay c th ct gim chi ph cho vic m phn b lut iu chnh hp ng. c bit l trong bi cnh hin nay, kim ngch xut nhp khu ca Nht Bn vi cc nc chu ngy cng tng, chim khong 40% tng kim ngch. Nhiu nc chu l cc nc ang pht trin, cn hon thin h thng lut php nn vic xc nh c mt b lut thng nht c ngha rt ln trong qu trnh giao thng ny.
29
Tham kho Hiroo Sono, Japan's Accession to the CISG: The Asia Factor (2008) 20 Pace International Law Review 105-114
20
Th ba, nhiu thng gia, cng nh cc nh lm lut tr nn quen thuc vi CISG do nhiu iu khon cng nh khi nim ca CISG c a vo lut dn s ca Nht. V vy tm trng e d i vi vic tham gia CISG hu nh khng cn na. 2.4. Cc nc ASEAN Rt r tng tc
Mt iu d nhn thy khi nhn vo danh sch 74 nc thnh vin CISG l s vng mt ca hu nh tt c cc nc ASEAN (tr Singapore) trong khi y li l mt trong nhng khu vc nng ng nht th gii (c bit trong hot ng xut khu). Theo kin ca ng Luca Castellani, chuyn gia php lut thng mi quc t ti Ban Th k UNCITRAL th vic cc nc ASEAN cha phi l thnh vin CISG c th xut pht t nhiu l do. Th nht, rt t nc c i din tham gia vo qu trnh m phn xy dng CISG t thu ban u v v vy h khng gia nhp CISG ngay t thi im k kt. Thi gian sau , cc nc ny li b cun vo rt nhiu mi quan tm u tin khc v php l (tr Singapore) v v vy h cha tham gia CISG ch hon ton khng phi v nhng l do v ni dung ca CISG. Mt l khc gii thch cho vic ny l cc nc ASEAN c tham vng hnh thnh mt khung php l chung v hp ng cho cc nc trong khu vc ny, v vy h khng tht s mn m vi CISG. Tuy nhin, khi m khung php l chung m cc nc ASEAN ny cha thnh hnh trong khi hot ng thng mi khu vc ny li ang gia tng nhanh chng (c bit sau khi k kt Hip nh thng mi t do v hng ha ATIGA), xu hng quay li vi CISG li ang gia tng khu vc ny. Vi vic gia nhp CISG ca Hn Quc nm 2005 v Nht Bn nm 2009, xu hng ng h CISG cng c c v hn na. Thi Lan, Philippine, Indonesia ang t r nh gia nhp CISG v c l vic gia nhp ca h ch cn l cu chuyn thi gian.
Xu th tng t cng din ra ti Singapore, nc gia nhp CISG vo ngy 16/02/1995 vi bo lu iu 1.1(b) ca Cng c. Mc ch ca s bo lu ny l lm gim s lo ngi ca cc i tc cha bit n CISG v vn c thi quen chp nhn lut Singapore iu chnh hp ng. Tuy nhin tnh th hin nay c nhiu thay i, khng t doanh nghip trn th gii c ci nhn tng quan v tm nh hng v li ch ca CISG. Chnh v vy m nhiu ngi cho rng Singapore nn hy b ch bo lu trc y 30 . H khng nh nhng l do khin Singapore bo lu iu 1.1b khng cn ph hp v hin ti khng c l do chnh ng quc gia ny tip tc bo lu. Trc y nhng nc chp thun lut Singapore iu chnh 30 Xem Gary F. Bell, Why Singapore Should Withdraw Its [Article 95] Reservation to the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) (2005) 9 SYBIL 55-73. Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 21
y ban T vn v Chnh sch Thng mi Quc t - VCCI hp ng (a phn l nhng nc c h thng lut khng mnh bng lut Singapore) by gi mun hp ng mua bn ca h c iu chnh bi CISG Cng c m bo c s bnh ng cho c bn bn v bn mua. Ngoi ra, trong trng hp tuyn b khng b rng buc ny c g b, hai bn mua v bn vn c th tip tc la chn lut Singapore iu chnh hp ng thay v CISG - theo nh iu 6 ca Cng c. Hn na, vic chp nhn iu 1 khon 1b cn chng t Singapore lun c mt mi trng kinh doanh thn thin, tin b trong lnh vc php l, ng thi CISG s c to iu kin tr nn ph bin trong khu vc ng Nam , t tng thm thu nhp t cc v gii quyt tranh chp v thng thuyt lin quan n CISG vi nhng kinh nghim c sn.
2.5
Hn Quc V nhu cu pht trin 31
Trong vng 20 nm tr li y, Hn Quc c bc tin di trong lnh vc mua bn hng ha quc t vi s tng trng n tng v kim ngch v khi lng xut nhp khu. Hon thin php lut v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t tr thnh nhu cu thit thn i vi nc ny. V vy, sau nhiu nm tho lun ni b, cng vi sc p to ra t s gia nhp CISG ln lt ca cc bn hng ln, trong c cc i tc thng mi ln nh Hoa K, Canada, Trung Quc Hn Quc c quyt nh cui cng: gia nhp CISG vo ngy 17/2/2004, v chnh thc p dng cc iu khon ca Cng c vo cc giao dch hng ha Quc t vo ngy 1/3/2005. Trc thi im ny, cc t chc kinh doanh ca Hn Quc lun b ng khi chn lut cho hp ng mua bn v thng c xu hng chp nhn lut nc ngoi, c bit l lut ca Hoa K v Anh. iu ny lm cc doanh nghip Hn Quc kh c th ch ng khi xy ra tranh chp, t lm gim sc cnh tranh ca hng ha. V l do ny, vic gia nhp CISG c tnh n. Tuy nhin mt s ngi vn bt ng kin vi vic gia nhp CISG v lo ngi rng gia nhp thnh vin Cng c s em li nhiu ri ro php l v ng ngng cho nhiu lut s v doanh nhn Hn Quc quen p dng cc b lut sn c, nht l vic dch Cng c sang ting quc ng. y cng l quan ngi chung ca nhiu nc khi cn nhc vic nn hay khng nn tr thnh thnh vin ca Cng c (nh phn tch i vi Vng Quc Anh v Nam Phi). Ngoi ra, h cho rng thi im gia nhp CISG l cha chn mui v mt s bn hng ln lc by gi vn cha c ng thi tch cc i vi CISG, in hnh l Nht Bn mt trong s
31 Tham kho thng tin ti Yoon & Yang, Korea joins the International Sale of Goods Convention (Asialaw, thng 5/2004), c th xem ti website <http://www.asialaw.com/Article/1972207/Channel/16965/Korea-Joins-the-International-Saleof-Goods-Convention.html> truy cp ngy 31/5/2010; Sung-Seung Yun, Additional Terms and Warranties under the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) (2004) 4 Intl Law Association, 202-226. Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 22
nhng nc c khi lng giao dch hng ha ln nht vi Hn Quc v c h thng quy phm php lut gn ging Hn Quc nht. Nhng quan im trn dn thay i khi hot ng mua bn hng ha quc t ca Hn Quc ngy cng m rng. S thay i ln nht l s bnh thng ha quan h mua bn vi Trung Quc mt nn kinh t ang ln mnh mt cch cc k n tng ti Chu t nm 1992. Vo thi im Trung Quc l thnh vin ca CISG. Chnh s gia tng lng giao dch hng ha vi Trung Quc v s chun b ro rit ca Nht Bn trong tin trnh gia nhp CISG vo thi im l ngun ng lc ln nht cc hc gi, lut s v cc nh kinh t Hn Quc ng h mnh m xu hng gia nhp Cng c. 3. Cng c Vin vi cc nc gia nhp: Tc ng nh th no? 3.1 Trung Quc T tin tng trng
T hai thp k nay (t nm 1988 khi Cng c bt u c hiu lc), Cng c Vin v ang c p dng rt rng ri ti Trung Quc 32 . Nhiu phn quyt ca trng ti Trung Quc, ch yu l ca CIETAC (China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission) c lin quan n Cng c Vin 1980 c tp hp. Con s ny l khong 300 phn quyt 33 . Trong cc phn quyt ny, c th thy r vai tr ca Cng c trong vic iu chnh cc vn m php lut v hp ng mua bn hng ha ca Trung Quc cn bt cp hoc cha iu chnh, nh nhng tranh chp trong lnh vc ngoi thng c gii quyt nhanh chng v hp l. Theo nhn nh ca nhiu nh phn tch th Cng c Vin 1980 pht huy vai tr rt tch cc thc y hot ng ngoi thng ca Trung Quc. Vai tr ny c th hin r nht trong giai on nhng nm 90 ca th k trc, thi k pht trin mnh m hot ng ngoi thng ca Trung Quc 34 . Mt mt, cc nh kinh doanh Trung Quc c mt ngun lut c chp nhn rng ri trn ton th gii p dng vo hp ng k vi i tc nc ngoi. Mt khc, cc i tc nc ngoi cng tin tng v yn tm hn khi lm n vi cc doanh nghip Trung Quc v Cng c ny c chp nhn Trung Quc. S lng cc hp ng trong cc bn la chn Cng c Vin 1980 l lut p dng ngy cng gia tng 35 .
Cn ch l hin nay, Cng c Vin 1980 cha c coi l c hiu lc ti Hng Kng v Ma Cao. Claude Witz, Lessor de la Convention de Vienne en Asie (S bnh trng ca Cng c Vin 1980 ti Chu ), Recueil Dalloz, 2009, tr.280. C th tra cu chi tit cc phn quyt ny ti website ca Vin nghin cu v Lut thng mi quc t thuc trng H Pace (Hoa K) : www.cisg.law.pace.edu. 34 http://www.hhp.com.cn/cisg/index.html 35 http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/dingding.html
33 32
23
Vai tr ca Cng c Trung Quc cn th hin vic nhiu iu khon trong Lut Hp ng Trung Quc ngy 15/03/1999 c tham kho t Cng c ny. Cc nh lp php Trung Quc chuyn ha cc nguyn tc chung v mt s quy nh c th ca Cng c Vin 1980 vo php lut hp ng ca mnh, trc ht v l nhng nguyn tc v quy nh c chp nhn v p dng rng ri ti nhiu quc gia trn th gii. Trn thc tin p dng CISG, c nhiu trng hp thm ch ta trng ti Trung Quc cn p dng CISG cho c quan h thng mi gia hai bn cng c tr s Trung Quc, 36 hoc mt bn Trung Quc, mt bn Hng Kng, Macao hoc i Loan. 37 Trong CISG th hin rt r vai tr lp l trng php l trong php lut thng mi hp ng ca Trung Quc. 38 3.2 Chu u S ho hng lan ta
Cc nc Ty u l ni khi ngun tng thnh lp mt cng c quc t nhm thng nht quy nh v hp ng mua bn quc t. Php, c, u l thnh vin ca cc Cng c La Hay 1964, tin thn ca CISG. Cng chnh cc nc ny tham gia ng gp rt nhiu vo vic son tho v xy dng Cng c Vin. Chnh v vy, khng c g ng ngc nhin khi y cng l cc nc tham gia Cng c sm nht (Php tham gia CISG nm 1982, nm 1985, c tham gia nm 1989) v Cng c Vin cng c nh hng rt ln cc nc ny. c l ni m CISG c du n r nt nht, vi khi lng khng l cc n l p dng CISG (cc n l ny chim ti gn 1/3 ton b cc n l c bo co ti CLOUT 39 , UNILEX v PACE). Nm 2002, CISG chnh thc tr thnh mt phn ca B lut Dn s ca c. 40 Mt hc gi ca c, gio s Ulrich
36 Xem China 1 April 1997 CIETAC Arbitration proceeding (Fishmeal case) truy cp ti <http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/970401c1.html> ngy 29/5/2010. Xem China 27 February 1996 CIETAC Arbitration proceeding (Wool case) truy cp ti <http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/960227c1.html> ngy 29/5/2010. Xem thm Fan YANG, The Application of the CISG in the Current PRC Law and CIETAC Arbitration Practice (PACE, December 2006), truy cp ti <http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/yang2.html#99> ngy 29/5/2010.
38 37
39 40
Case Law on UNCITRAL Text.
Xem Franco Ferarri (ed), The CISG and its Impact on National Legal Systems (Sellier. European Law Publishers GmbH, Munich 2008) 144. Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 24
Magnus, 41 tng kt rng Cng c Vin l Cng c duy nht v lut t php m c tham gia v Cng c ny vn ang c nh hng rng ln trn hu khp cc lnh vc m n c th vn ti Cc nghin cu nc ny cho thy CISG c ph bin rt rng ri v 100% cc lut s, thm phn c phng vn u c nhng hiu bit nht nh v CISG. Cng c Vin cng c ghi nhn trc tip hoc gin tip (thng qua Lut v cc ngha v (Schuldrechtsreform) nm 2002 theo khun mu CISG) trong rt nhiu hp ng mu v mua bn hng ha. Php l quc gia th hai (sau c) c s lng n l ln v CISG 42 . Thc tin p dng CISG ti Php cng c nhiu thng trm. Trong thi gian u, s khc bit trong mt s quy nh ca CISG v php lut v mua bn hng ha Php dn ti mt s kh khn nht nh trong vic p dng CISG 43 . Do , trong thi gian ny, nhiu phn quyt ca ta n Php lin quan n CISG b ch trch l khng hp l do cc thm phn b nh hng nng n bi php lut quc gia v v th din gii cha ng cc iu khon ca Cng c 44 . Tuy vy, cng vi thi gian, c bit l vi s ln ting ca cc hc gi Php bnh lun cc bn n cha hp l th cht lng cc bn n p dng CISG ca ta n Php ngy cng c nng cao 45 . Cng ging nh c, Cng c Vin c vai tr ng k gip hon thin php lut v hp ng mua bn hng ha ni ring v php lut v hp ng ni chung ti Php. Mt s quy nh ca CISG lm thay i quan nim cng nhc ca cc lut gia, cc thm phn ca Php, v d v vic chp nhn cc hp ng c gi m 46 , hay l gim bt cc ngha v qu nng n ca
41 Xem Franco (n 40) 144.
42 43
Xem cc n l ny ti website CISG- France: http://www.cisg-france.org/
Cc nghin cu ch ra by im khc bit ln gia CISG v php lut v hp ng mua bn hng ha ca Php. Xem : MOULY Christian, Que change la Convention de Vienne sur la vente
internationale par rapport au droit franais interne ?, dans Recueil Dalloz Sirey, 1991, 11 cahier, Chroniques, p.77-79
DIESSE Franois, Lapplication par les juridictions franaises de la Convention de Vienne sur la vente internationale de marchandises, Contrats Concurrence Consommation, no8 du 01/08/2001, p.7
45 46
44
Ti liu nh trn, trang 8.
Theo php lut ca Php, cc hp ng mua bn u phi n nh gi, y l mt yu t khng th thiu trong hp ng. Hin nay, do s nh hng ca cc quy nh mm do hn ca CISG lin quan n iu khon gi, cc hp ng c gi m (open price contracts) c cng nhn theo thc tin php l ti Php. Xem thm : MOULY Christian, Que change la
Convention de Vienne sur la vente internationale par rapport au droit franais interne ?, dans Recueil Dalloz Sirey, 1991, 11 cahier, Chroniques, p.78.
25
ngi bn 47 . Thm ch, trong mt bn n ca mnh, Ta Phc thm Php (Cour de cassation) cn dn chiu n CISG soi sng cho mt s iu lut trong B lut dn s ca Php 48 . C th ni,thnh cng ca vic p dng CISG ti Php c c mt phn ln l nh n lc ca cc nh nghin cu. Php c mt lng khng l cc hc thuyt (doctrines) lin quan n CISG, cc cng trnh nghin cu v CISG cng rt nhiu. Cc nh nghin cu, bng nhng hc thuyt v cng trnh ca mnh, gp phn vo vic tuyn truyn, ph bin v CISG, ng thi cng tc ng ti qu trnh p dng CISG ca cc thm ph v qu trnh hon thin php lut quc gia ca cc nh lp php. Ti , mt vn gy kh khn trong vic thc thi Cng c l ting khng nm trong 06 ngn ng chnh thc ca Cng c (l ting Anh, ting Trung Quc, ting Php, ting Nga, ting Ty Ban Nha, ting rp). Hin tn ti nhiu bn dch CISG, nhng cha c bn dch no c chnh thc cng nhn. Tuy nhin, cc ta n khng my khi so snh cc bn dch ny. Trong mt s trng hp cc thm phn buc phi dn chiu n mt trong 06 bn ngn ng chnh thc ca CISG (nh bn ting Anh hoc ting Php) m bo tnh chnh xc khi din gii cc iu khon ca Cng c. Mc d khng c nhng s liu c th chnh xc, nhiu nghin cu v nh gi cho thy nhn thc v Cng c Vin trong gii lut s, thm phn ti l tng i thp. Mt s ta n t chi p dng CISG v thay bng B lut Dn s ca (Codice Civile) trong nhng trng hp m l ra CISG phi c p dng. Tuy nhin trong thi gian gn y gii hnh ngh lut ti ngy cng nhn thc tt hn v Cng c, th hin vic ngy cng nhiu hp ng mu v mua bn hng ha s dng CISG nh mt cng c son tho. y l mt v d in hnh cho vic p dng CISG cc nc khng ni ngn ng chnh thc ca CISG. 3.3 Hoa K - G b nghi ngi
L mt trong nhng nc u tin tham gia Cng c Vin t nm 11/12/1986 nhng qu trnh thc thi Cng c ti Hoa K li cho mt bc tranh hon ton tri ngc vi Trung Quc v c, Php. L cng quc ln nht th gii v kinh t v thng mi quc t, trong sut 12 nm u thc hin Cng c, Hoa K ch ng gp vo th vin n l CISG
47 Php lut v mua bn hng ha ca Php c bnh lun l quy nh qu nhiu ngha v cho ngi bn. Di tc ng ca Cng c Vin th cc ta n Php ngy cng c xu hng din gii ngha v ca ngi bn mt cch mm do hn nhm to s bnh ng v mt php l gia ngi bn v ngi mua.
48
Xem bn n ca Ta ph n ca Php ngy 06/03/1990. Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 26
khong 18 n l, 49 thp hn rt nhiu so vi quy m giao dch thng mi ca quc gia ny. ng lu trong s rt nhiu trng hp cc ta n Hoa K vin dn iu 6 ca CISG t chi p dng Cng c. 50 Tng t, hu ht cc lut s v nh t vn php l ti Hoa K u khuyn khch khch hng quy nh iu khon khng p dng CISG trong tha thun thng mi ca mnh. 51 Ngoi ra, trong nhng trng hp khc khi CISG c p dng, cc thm phn Hoa K thng c xu hng s dng cc khi nim ca UCC din gii Cng c tri vi yu cu v tnh quc t ca n. 52 iu ny theo nhiu chuyn gia c gii thch bi 03 l do sau: Th nht, B lut thng mi thng nht (UCC) nm 1952 ca Hoa K l mt b lut ht sc chi tit v hp ng mua bn hng ha, hin c p dng rng ri ti 50 trong tng s 51 bang ca Hoa K. Chnh ph Hoa K mt mt thi rt di thng nht ha c lut php v thng mi theo UCC, v vy vic p dng CISG cho mua bn hng ha quc t tn ti song song vi UCC to ra s xo trn khng nh. Cc thng nhn Hoa K quen p dng UCC 1952 v nu p dng CISG th h phi thay i mt s cch thc v thi quen lm n c thc hnh t rt lu gia cc thng nhn Hoa K v thng nhn nc ngoi. y l iu h khng mun. V vy, trong cc iu kin giao dch chung (iu kin chung v bn hng hay iu kin chung v mua hng), h u loi tr vic p dng Cng c Vin 1980. Trong trng hp h c th v lc trong m phn, h thng quy nh p dng UCC hoc php lut ca mt bang no ca Hoa K thay v p dng CISG. Th hai, CISG dng nh khng ginh c s quan tm ca gii nghin cu hc thut cng nh gii hot ng thc tin Hoa K. Trn thc t, cc lut s Hoa K cng thy kh khn trong vic t vn cho khch hng p dng CISG v Hoa K hin cha c nhiu n l p dng CISG. Bn
49 Xem chi tit cc n l ny ti UNILEX <http://www.unilex.info/dynasite.cfm?dssid=2376&dsmid=13354> truy cp ngy 28/5/2010. Xem Orbisphere Corp. v. United States (1990) U.S. Court of International Trade 726 Federal Supplement, 1344. Xem Monica Kilian, CISG and the Problem with Common Law Jurisdictions (2001) 10 J. Transnational Law & Policy 217, 227. Xem thm James P. Quinn, The Interpretation and Application of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (2005) 9 Intl Trade & Bus. L. Rev. 221, 224. John E. Murray, The Neglect of CISG: A Workable Solution (1998) 17 J. L. & Comm. 365379. Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 27
52 51 50
cnh , s lng sinh vin, lut s v thm ch cc thm phn hiu bit v CISG rt t nu so vi cc nc thuc EU nh Php, c, . Nghin cu ca hc gi Hoa K, Sukurs 53 cho thy CISG khng c ging dy trong cc kha hc v hp ng thng mi, ch c khong 30% thm phn ti Bang Florida c kin thc va phi v CISG. Trong s 10 lut s Hoa K c hi v CISG c ti 8 n 9 ngi tr li rng h thc s khng bit CISG l g, mt s ngi cn cho rng CISG l mt loi hip c quc t khng lin quan n cc quan h giao dch c Hoa K tham gia v UCC lun l ngun lut c p dng! Trong mt nghin cu khc ca Ubartaite 54 ti Ta Quc t Gi nh Hoa K - Jessup, ng nhn thy c s phn bit rt r rng gia nhn thc ca nhm cc sinh vin n t chu u nh c, , Ty Ban Nha, Anh v Nam Phi, v nhm sinh vin Hoa K. Cc sinh vin n t Chu u u rt quen thuc vi Cng c Vin v coi n l mt phn quan trng trong kin thc php l ca mnh. Ngc li cc sinh vin Hoa K hu nh khng bit v s tn ti ca CISG, v t hn 20% trong s cc sinh vin ny tng c hc v CISG. Th ba, mt s quy nh v khi nim c bn ca CISG khc vi cc quy nh tng ng ca Hoa K, iu ny khin cho vic xt x c th tr nn kh khn. V d nh khi nim thin ch trong CISG khng h xut hin trong h thng lut Hoa K. 55 V vy ngay c cc thm phn cng lng l trong vic p dng CISG v thng c xu hng n trnh p dng. Cc l do trn cng ng i vi hu ht cc nc theo h thng thng lut (common law) nh Anh, New Zealand, Canada, c, Singapore. 56 Tuy nhin,
53 Charles Sukurs, Harmonizing the Battle of the Forms: A Comparison of the United States, Canada, and the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (2001) 34 Vand. J. Transnatl. L. 1481. Edita Ubartaite, Application of the CISG in the United States (2005) 7 Eur. J.L. Reform 277-302.
John P. McMahon, Applying the CISG- Guides for Business Managers and Counsel , Revised October 2009, xem ti: http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/guides.html
55
54
C rt nhiu bi vit hc thut v vn ny. Xem Marlyse McQuillen, The Development of a Federal CISG Common Law in U.S. Courts: Patterns of Interpretation and Citation (2007) 61 U. Miami L. Rev. 509-537, 510; Kilian (n. 170) 226; Joseph Lookofsky and Harry Flechtner, Nominating Manfred Forberich: The Worst CISG Decision in 25 Years? (2005) 9 Vindobona J. of Intl Comm. Law and Arb. 199-208; Rajeev Sharma, The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: The Canadian Experience (2005) 36 VUWLR 847-858; Mathias Reimann, The CISG in the United States: Why It Has Been Neglected and Why Europeans Should Care (2007) 71 Rabels Zeitschrift fr auslndisches und Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 28
56
trong 10 nm tr li y, trc p lc rt ln ca cng ng quc t, tnh hnh p dng Cng c Vin ti Hoa K c ci thin t nhiu. Ch trong 10 nm t 2001-2010, s lng n l CISG ca Hoa K c bo co ti UNILEX tng gp hn 3 ln so vi 12 nm trc (t 1998-2000), nhiu hc gi v nh hnh ngh lut ti Hoa K nu ln nhu cu phi thng nht ha lut quc t v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t theo khun kh CISG do khi lng giao dch thng mi ngy cng tng gia cc quc gia thnh vin ca Cng c. 57 4. Mt s bi hc rt ra t vic tham kho kinh nghim cc nc T kinh nghim cc nc tham gia Cng c Vin, chng ta c th rt ra mt s im ng lu sau: (i) Ngoi tr trng hp ca Anh (vi s khc bit rt ln gia quy nh lut quc gia v CISG), hu ht cc nc hin nay cha hoc khng c nh tham gia Cng c Vin u khng da trn nhng cn c quan trng hoc lp lun xc ng c th. Ngc li, s chm tr ny thng l kt qu ca sc trong tm l, truyn thng php l ca quc gia v s thiu quan tm thc y ca doanh nghip trong nc i vi din bin pht trin ca CISG trong thng l giao dch thng mi quc t. (ii) Cc nc khi cn nhc vic tham gia Cng c Vin thng da trn mt s cn c chnh: o V kinh t, mc nh hng v p dng ca CISG ln cc giao dch thng mi quc t ca nc mnh, thng l thng qua vic nh gi khi lng giao dch thng mi quc t ca quc gia mnh vi cc nc bn hng l thnh vin ca Cng c; o V php l: s sai khc v lut php quc gia v cc quy nh ca CISG l ln hay nh, khong chng ln trong phm vi p dng gia CISG v php lut quc gia, qua nh gi mc nh hng ca vic CISG tr thnh mt phn lut quc gia nh th no v mc ri ro ca vic h thng php lut tr nn cng knh hoc khng n nh; o V chnh tr ngoi giao: tc ng v v th chnh tr, ngoi giao ca quc gia khi tham gia Cng c Vin;
internationales Privatrecht 115-129; Genevive Saumier, International Sale Of Goods Law In Canada: Are We Missing The Boat? (2007) 7 Can. Intl Lawyer 1-8; Antonin I. Pribetic, An 'Unconventional Truth': Conflict of Laws Issues Arising Under the CISG (2009) 1 Nordic Journal of Commercial Law 1-48, 8, available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1302962 accessed 10 Aug 2009; Edita Ubartaite, Application of the CISG in the United States (2005) 7 Eur. J.L. Reform 277-302.
57
Xem Surkus (n 53). Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 29
(iii)
o Cc yu t khc: Bo lu ni dung no cho ph hp vi tnh hnh quc gia? Cc vn lin quan n vic ph bin tuyn truyn nng cao nhn thc ca gii doanh nghip, ngi thi hnh lut, p dng lut v CISG nhm tn dng ti a nhng li ch ca Cng c ny. Khu vc chu hin ang l khu vc m CISG c s pht trin mnh v tm nh hng vi vic gia nhp gn y ca Hn Quc v Nht Bn. Nhng din bin ny chc chn c nh hng khng nh n thng l giao kt hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t ti khu vc ASEAN ni chung v Vit Nam ni ring. V vy, vic ch ng nghin cu cn nhc kh nng, thi im, phng thc tham gia CISG nhm n u c hi tham gia su rng hn vo hi nhp quc t l ht sc cn thit i vi Vit Nam.
Vic Vit Nam cn nhc c gia nhp CISG hay khng v vy cng nn c xem xt t cc yu t ni trn trong tng quan vi nhu cu thc s ca Vit Nam v nhng iu kin cng nh hon cnh kinh doanh c th ca doanh nghip Vit Nam.
30
Phn th ba
VIT NAM VI CNG C VIN 1980 TI SAO? NH TH NO?
Trong qu trnh hi nhp v pht trin, vic tham gia vo cc iu c quc t song phng v a phng l tt yu i vi Vit Nam, c bit l cc iu c quc t trong lnh vc thng mi. Trong nhng nm gn y, Vit Nam tch cc nghin cu v tham gia nhiu iu c quc t nhm thc y thng mi quc gia pht trin v hi nhp thnh cng vo nn thng mi ton cu. Tuy nhin, theo nh gi mi y trong mt bo co do Trung tm thng mi quc t ITC phi hp cng B Thng mi (nay l B Cng Thng) thc hin, mc tham gia ca Vit Nam vo cc iu c quc t a phng quan trng c nh hng n thng mi cn thp hn mc trung bnh trong khu vc v trn ton th gii 58 . nh gi ny cho thy mc d c nhng bc tin quan trng trong qu trnh hi nhp kinh t quc t, Vit Nam vn cn tng cng tham gia vo cc iu c quc t a phng quan trng trong lnh vc thng mi. Cng c Vin 1980, v mua bn hng ha quc t l mt trong s cc iu c quc t a phng quan trng nht m Vit Nam c khuyn ngh ph chun trong thi gian sm nht c th. 1. Nhng li ch ca vic Vit Nam gia nhp CISG Vic gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t s em li cho Vit Nam v doanh nghip Vit Nam nhng li ch rt ng k, bao gm c cc li ch kinh t (ng t gc doanh nghip) v li ch v php l (ng t gc ca h thng php lut v thc thi php lut). 1.1. Li ch i vi h thng php lut Vit Nam - Th nht, vic gia nhp CISG s gip thng nht php lut v mua bn hng ha quc t ca Vit Nam vi nhiu quc gia trn th gii Vi tnh cht l mt vn bn thng nht lut, Cng c Vin 1980 thng nht ho c nhiu mu thun gia cc h thng php lut khc nhau trn th gii, ng vai tr quan trng trong vic gii quyt cc xung t php lut trong thng mi quc t v thc y thng mi quc t pht trin. V vy, khi Vit
Vit Nam tham gia 52 trong s 210 iu c quc t quan trng trong lnh vc thng mi quc t, trong khi t l trung bnh trn th gii l 72/210 v trong khu vc l 59/210. V vn ny, Vit Nam c xp hng th 132 trn th gii (trn 192 quc gia) v th 14 trong khu vc Chu (trn 23 quc gia). Xem : International Trade Centre (UNCTAD/WTO) & Ministry of Trade of Vietnam, Report on key multilateral treaties affecting trade not ratified by Vietnam- A cost/benefit analysis, March 2007, tr.3
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Nam gia nhp CISG, Vit Nam cng s c hng nhng li ch do vn bn thng nht lut ny mang li, l gim bt xung t php lut trong lnh vc mua bn hng ha quc t, to khung php lut thng nht, hin i trong lnh vc mua bn hng ha, mt lnh vc vn lun chim t trng ln trong thng mi quc t ca Vit Nam. Nhng li ch ny cng c nhn mnh khi m hu ht cc cng quc thng mi trn th gii u gia nhp Cng c Vin, trong c rt nhiu quc gia l bn hng ln v lu di ca Vit Nam nh cc quc gia EU, Hoa K, Canada, Australia, Trung Quc, Nht Bn, Hn Quc, Singapo... Cc cng ty, doanh nghip ca cc nc ny p dng v quen p dng Cng c Vin cho cc hp ng mua bn hng ho k vi cc i tc nc ngoi v h s yn tm hn v ngun lut p dng i vi cc hp ng mua bn hng ha k vi cc i tc Vit Nam sau khi Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c ny. - Th hai, vic gia nhp CISG s nh du mt mc mi trong qu trnh tham gia vo cc iu c quc t a phng v thng mi, tng cng mc hi nhp ca Vit Nam Nh cp trn, mc tham gia ca Vit Nam vo cc iu c quc t a phng quan trng c nh hng n thng mi ang mc thp, di mc trung bnh ca khu vc v trn ton th gii. Nhiu chuyn gia nc ngoi cng a ra khuyn ngh Vit Nam cn gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 trong thi gian sm nht, v y l mt trong nhng cng c quc t a phng c nh hng mnh m i vi nn thng mi ton cu. Gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 s gip tng cng mc ca Vit Nam tham gia vo cc iu c quc t a phng v thng mi, t cng tng cng mc hi nhp ca Vit Nam. Cc quc gia ASEAN, ti Din n Php lut ASEAN ln th ba 59 khuyn ngh cc quc gia gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 nhm hi ha ha php lut v mua bn hng ha trong khun kh ASEAN. Vic Vit Nam v cc quc gia thnh vin ASEAN khc gia nhp Cng c ny cng s gip hi ha ha php lut v mua bn hng ha trong khun kh ASEAN hng ti mc tiu xy dng cng ng Kinh t ASEAN nh hoch nh trong Hin chng ASEAN.
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Din ra ti Vin-chn (Lo), ngy 11-13/9/2006
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- Th ba, vic gia nhp CISG gip hon thin php lut v mua bn hng ha quc t ni ring v php lut v mua bn hng ha ni chung ca Vit Nam Khi Vit nam gia nhp CISG th cc iu khon ca Cng c ny s tr thnh cc quy phm ca php lut Vit Nam p dng cho cc giao dch mua bn hng ha quc t c lin quan. y l mt cch thc hiu qu v t tn km hon thin php lut Vit Nam trong lnh vc mua bn hng ha quc t. Ngoi ra, ti cc quc gia thnh vin ca Cng c Vin 1980, ngi ta nhn thy rng qu trnh p dng Cng c c tc ng tch cc ti vic hon thin php lut mua bn hng ha quc gia 60 . iu ny c ghi nhn ti c, Php, Hoa K, Cananda, cc nc Bc u. Cc quc gia ny, khi sa i, hon thin php lut quc gia v mua bn hng ha, v hp ng, hay v ngha v, u tham kho v ni lut ha nhiu quy phm ca CISG. Ti Vit Nam, trong qu trnh son tho Lut Thng mi nm 2005, cc nh lm lut tham kho cc iu khon ca CISG. Khi Vit Nam gia nhp CISG, s nh hng ca CISG n vic hon thin php lut v mua bn hng ha quc t ca Vit Nam s cng r nt v thun li hn na. - Th t, gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 cng s l iu kin vic gii quyt tranh chp, nu c, t cc hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t thun li hn Vit Nam l thnh vin CISG, vic gii quyt tranh chp pht sinh t hoc c lin quan n nhiu hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t bi Ta n hoc trng ti ti Vit Nam tr nn thng nht v d dng hn, bi vi CISG ngun lut c gii thch v p dng thng nht hn. Vi phm vi p dng rng ca CISG, cc doanh nghip, trng ti vin, thm phn c th s khng cn xem xt, nghin cu v cn nhc bt k ngun lut nc ngoi no khc ngoi CISG. Vic gii thch v p dng CISG d dng hn rt nhiu so vi vic vin dn n mt h thng lut quc gia, bi vic din gii Cng c c th s dng cc ngun
iu ny c khng nh trong cc cng trnh nghin cu sau: LAMAZEROLLES Eddy, Les apports de la Convention de Vienne au droit interne de la vente, LGDJ, 2003 ; BERNSTEIN Herbert, Understanding the CISG in Europe: a compact guide to the 1980 United Nations Convention on contracts for the International sales of goods, Kluwer Law International, 2002 ; LOOKOFSKY Joseph, Understanding the CISG in the USA: a compact guide to the 1980 United Nations Convention on contracts for the International sales of goods, Kluwer Law International, second edition, 2002 ; LOOKOFSKY Joseph, Understanding the CISG in Scandinavia, Kluwer Law International, 2002; CASTELLET Lorence, The application of the Vienna Convention in the United States, RDAI, no5 du 01/06/1999, p.528-595; MOULY Christian, Que change la Convention de Vienne sur la vente internationale par rapport au droit franais interne ?, dans Recueil Dalloz Sirey, 1991, 11 cahier, Chroniques, p.77-79 ; WITZ Claude, Ladaptation du droit franais interne aux rgles de la Convention de Vienne sur la vente internationale de marchandises, dans Mlanges Christian MOULY, Paris, LITEC, 1998, livre II, p.205-219.
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tham kho phong ph v rt hu ch (Cc nguyn tc UNIDROIT, PECL (theo c ch b sung lut), cc Bnh lun Chnh thc ca Ban T vn CISG, 61 cc n l ca CISG ng ti trn h thng d liu UNILEX, cng nh hng ngn bi vit hc gi c ng ti trn trang web chnh thc ca CISG (PACE). 1.2. Li ch i vi cc doanh nghip Vit Nam - Th nht, khi Vit Nam gia nhp CISG, cc doanh nghip Vit Nam c th tit kim c chi ph v trnh c cc tranh chp trong vic la chn lut p dng cho hp ng Theo iu 1.1.a. ca Cng c Vin 1980, Cng c ny s c p dng cho cc hp ng mua bn gia cc bn c tr s thng mi ti cc quc gia thnh vin, tr phi cc bn tha thun v vic khng p dng Cng c ny. Nh vy, khi Vit Nam tr thnh thnh vin ca Cng c Vin 1980, cc thng nhn Vit Nam v cc i tc ca h ti 74 quc gia khc trn th gii (con s ny s tng trong thi gian ti) s c mt khung php l thng nht, c p dng mt cch t ng cho hp ng ca mnh. Cc cng ty, doanh nghip Vit Nam khi giao kt hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t, nh vy, s trnh c mt vn lun gy tranh ci v kh khn trong m phn, l vn la chn lut p dng cho hp ng. Trnh c vn ny, cc cng ty, doanh nghip Vit Nam s c nhng li ch sau y: + Gim bt chi ph v thi gian m phn thng nht la chn lut p dng cho hp ng. y l li ch ln nht khi cc bn c mt ngun lut thng nht p dng. D cc bn trong hp ng khng tha thun g v lut p dng th Cng c Vin 1980 vn c t ng p dng cho hp ng mua bn gia cc bn. + Gim bt cc kh khn v chi ph c th pht sinh do lut c la chn p dng cho hp ng l lut nc ngoi. Nu phi p dng lut nc ngoi thng nhn Vit Nam c th mt thi gian t mnh tm hiu hoc mt chi ph thu t vn lut tm hiu lut nc ngoi . Ngoi ra, lun tim n nhng ri ro php l cho thng nhn Vit Nam do thiu s hiu bit y v lut nc ngoi cng nh cch p dng lut nc ngoi. Trong khi , chi ph v thi gian tm hiu CISG l t hn rt nhiu so vi lut quc gia nc ngoi, v cc
61 Ban t vn CISG (CISG-AC) c thnh lp nm 2001 do nhu cu ngy cng tng ca vic lm r cc vn tranh ci lin quan n CISG. CISG-AC ng gp vo vic hng dn gii thch Cng c Vin 1980 thng qua cc Bnh lun Chnh thc. Hin c 09 Bnh lun Chnh thc c cng b. Xem them ti <http://www.cisgac.com/> truy cp ngy 10/8/2009. Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 34
doanh nghip/lut s t vn c th tham kho rt d dng (v min ph) cc h thng c s d liu v cng phong ph v CISG nh trnh by trn. + Trnh c vic phi s dng n quy phm xung t trong t php quc t xc nh lut p dng cho hp ng. Khi cc bn trong hp ng khng la chn, hoc khng th la chn c lut p dng cho hp ng, c quan gii quyt tranh chp (ta n, trng ti) dn chiu n quy phm lut xung t chn mt ngun lut nhm gii quyt tranh chp c lin quan. Quy phm lut xung t thng l khc nhau cc quc gia, v th, vic p dng cc quy phm ny thng dn n tnh kh d on trc c v ngun lut p dng, gy kh khn ng k cho cc bn tranh chp. ng lu l CISG ch p dng nu cc bn trong hp ng khng c tha thun khc. V vy, quyn t do la chn lut p dng ca cc bn vn l ton vn v CISG khng p t hay lm nh hng n quyn t quyt trong la chn lut p dng ca cc bn. V vy, CISG l tm m an ton cho doanh nghip thay v l mt vng kim c php l i vi doanh nghip cc nc thnh vin CISG. Cn phi nhn mnh rng, nhng li ch ni trn c ngha rt ln i vi cc doanh nghip va v nh khi tham gia vo cc hot ng kinh doanh quc t. Nhng doanh nghip ny t c iu kin tip cn cc dch v t vn php l cng nh c t th v lc trong vn m phn la chn lut p dng cho hp ng, v th thng gp nhiu ri ro php l lin quan n vn ny. Nhng li ch do mt vn bn thng nht lut nh Cng c Vin 1980 em li cho cc doanh nghip va v nh cng ln th chng ta li cng khng nh nhng li ch m Cng c ny em li cho Vit Nam, mt quc gia vi hn 90% cc doanh nghip c quy m va v nh. - Th hai, doanh nghip Vit Nam s c c mt khung php l hin i, cng bng v an ton thc hin hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t v c cn c hp l gii quyt tranh chp nu pht sinh, t c iu kin cnh tranh cng bng hn trn trng quc t Nh phn tch trong Phn I, Cng c Vin 1980, vi 101 iu khon, c nh gi l mt ngun lut hin i, ph hp vi thc tin kinh doanh quc t. Cng c Vin 1980 a ra nhng gii php nhm gii quyt hu ht mi vn php l c th pht sinh trong qu trnh giao kt, thc hin hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t: gi tr php l, thi hn hiu lc ca cho hng, ca chp nhn cho hng; quyn v ngha v ca ngi bn, ngi mua; cc bin php m mt bn c c khi bn kia vi phm hp ng
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Nu cc bn lm hp ng trn mt c s lut chung th s d dng nh gi cc la chn, cho gi khc nhau trn th trng v ri ro, cht v ngha v trong hp ng. iu ny lm tng kh nng cnh tranh ca cc doanh nghip trong nc, mang li li ch v mt kinh t khng nh. Ngoi yu t v hnh thc ny, theo nh gi ca cc lut gia v cc chuyn gia v lut hp ng thng mi quc t, cc iu khon ca Cng c Vin 1980 cn to c s bnh ng v ni dung gia ngi mua v ngi bn trong quan h hp ng 62 , gip cc bn bo v c quyn v li ch hp php ca mnh khi giao kt v thc hin hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t. V th, d l bn bn hay bn mua, Cng c ny u tr thnh mt khung php l hu hiu v an ton gii quyt cc tranh chp pht sinh, nu c. Thc tin p dng Cng c Vin 1980 cho thy Cng c ny cung cp mt khung php l thng nht, hin i v mua bn hng ha quc t, c th c p dng ti mi quc gia khng phn bit truyn thng php lut hay trnh pht trin kinh t ca quc gia . - Th ba, vic p dng Cng c Vin 1980 s gip doanh nghip Vit Nam trnh c nhng tranh chp pht sinh trong kinh doanh quc t Vit Nam ang trn con ng hi nhp mt cch ch ng v tch cc vo nn kinh t th gii, y mnh cc hot ng thng mi quc t, trong thng mi hng ha vn l hot ng si ng nht. Trong qu trnh tin hnh mua bn trao i hng ha vi cc i tc nc ngoi, vic p dng cc vn bn lut quc gia s gy nhiu kh khn, bt li, lm pht sinh nhng xung t php lut vi cc nc khc v khi gii quyt tranh chp cng kh khn. Khi gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980, Vit Nam s thng nht ngun lut p dng trong mua bn hng ha quc t vi cc nc i tc khi k kt hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t. Khi , cc thng nhn Vit Nam v thng nhn nc ngoi s cng chung ting ni, cng chung mt c s php l v cc mi quan h mua bn hng ha s gn cht hn, lu bn hn v rng m hn na, trnh c tranh chp pht sinh.
iu ny c th c nhn thy ngay t vic quan st c cu ca Cng c Vin 1980 vi nhng chng, mc, iu ln lt p dng cho ngi bn v cho ngi mua, to ra nhng quyn v ngha v c tnh cht tng xng gia hai bn.
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Hp 1: Kh khn m doanh nghip Vit Nam gp phi do Vit Nam cha phi l thnh vin ca CISG Kh khn trong vic la chn lut p dng: trn thc t, d Vit Nam cha phi l quc gia thnh vin th v mt nguyn tc, bn Vit Nam v bn nc ngoi trong mt hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t c quyn la chn CISG lm lut p dng cho hp ng. Tuy vy, trn thc t, hu nh cha c trng hp no nh vy c ghi nhn. Thc trng ny c th l v doanh nghip Vit Nam cha bit n Cng c ny cn nhc vic coi l ngun lut p dng cho hp ng ca mnh v do ch m phn v vic p dng lut quc gia. Vic m phn p dng lut quc gia no (bn bn hay bn mua) lun rt kh khn. i khi, cc bn phi i n gii php l la chn lut ca mt quc gia th ba (nh lut Thy S hay lut Singapore) v r rng, p dng mt ngun lut quc gia nh vy c th gy ra nhiu ri ro cho cc bn tranh chp. Kh khn v b ng khi cc bn trong hp ng khng la chn lut p dng: Thc tin cho thy khng nhiu doanh nghip Vit Nam quan tm n vic la chn lut p dng cho hp ng khi k kt chng, v vy tnh trng tranh chp m khng bit s dng lut no gii quyt l kh thng xuyn. V v Vit Nam cha gia nhp CISG nn trong nhng trng hp khng la chn lut p dng nh th ny, ta n hay trng ti s xc nh lut p dng theo cc quy phm xung t ca quc gia nc h. iu ny s gy kh khn v b ng cho cc doanh nghip Vit Nam v tnh phc tp v kh d on trc ca ngun lut p dng. Khi Vit Nam gia nhp CISG th CISG s c p dng t ng i vi cc hp ng gia doanh nghip Vit Nam vi i tc ti 74 quc gia thnh vin khc nu cc bn trong hp ng khng c la chn khc. V vy, c th ni vic gia nhp CISG s to mt b php l an ton cho cc doanh nghip Vit Nam khi tham gia vo cc giao dch mua bn hng ha quc t ngay c khi h khng chn lut p dng khi k kt hp ng. B ng khi ta n, trng ti p dng CISG: Hin nay, d Vit Nam cha gia nhp CISG th CISG vn c th c p dng cho cc hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t m mt bn l doanh nghip Vit Nam. l trng hp p dng CISG theo iu 1.1(b) ca CISG (khi quy phm xung t ca nc ta n dn chiu n vic p dng lut ca mt quc gia thnh vin) khi ta n/trng ti quyt nh p dng CISG nh l lut p dng cho hp ng. Ngoi ra, nhiu ch th gii quyt tranh chp, c bit l trng ti nc ngoi thng p dng CISG b sung cho lut quc gia c la chn. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, v Vit Nam cha gia nhp CISG, doanh nghip Vit Nam cha c thc tm hiu v CISG v c th s b ng trong gii quyt tranh chp.
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2. Cng ng doanh nghip v cc chuyn gia Vit Nam vi Cng c Vin Vi nhng li ch ng k v kinh t cng nh php l m Cng c Vin ha hn c th mang li cho cc doanh nghip cng nh h thng php lut ca cc nc thnh vin ni chung v ca Vit Nam ni ring, khng c g ngc nhin khi vic xem xt gia nhp Cng c ny thu ht c s quan tm ln t pha cng ng doanh nghip cng nh cc chuyn gia Vit Nam. 2.1. Cc chuyn gia vi Cng c Vin 1980 Trong qu kh, ngay ti thi im Cng c Vin bt u c hiu lc (nm 1989), Vit Nam bt u c nhng nghin cu v cc li ch ca Cng c ny v s tham gia ca Vit Nam. T gc cc c quan qun l Nh nc, cn phi k n nghin cu ca TS inh Th M Loan v cc cn b nghin cu thuc V Php ch B Ngoi thng (nay l B Cng Thng) v vn ny. Nghin cu cho thy nhng li ch ni tri m Cng c c th mang li cho hot ng thng mi quc t ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam cng nh cho vic hon thin h thng php lut Vit Nam v lnh vc ny. T , nghin cu khuyn ngh Chnh ph Vit Nam nhanh chng tham gia Cng c ny. Tic rng sau , trong bi cnh i mi kinh t kh khn, phc tp, Chnh ph khng dnh u tin cho cng vic ny. Gn y hn, nm 2007, trong khun kh D n Nng cp H thng php l thng mi a phng ca Vit Nam do B Thng mi (nay l B Cng Thng) tin hnh vi s h tr ca y ban chu u (EC), Trung tm Thng mi Quc t (ITC), phi hp vi cc B ngnh lin quan (B Ngoi giao, B T php, Tng Cc Hi quan, on Lut s H Ni, i hc Lut H Ni v i hc Ngoi thng), nhm nghin cu tin hnh r sot khong 200 iu c thng mi quc t quan trng trn th gii v nh gi kh nng Vit Nam tham gia cc Cng c ny. Nghin cu cng ch ra rng nhng nc c mc gia nhp cc iu c quc t a phng v thng mi cao cng ng thi l nhng nc c thnh tch xut khu n tng (v ngc li, cc nc xut khu tng i t hoc rt t c mc gia nhp cc iu c ny thp hn r rt). Vi tnh cht l mt nn kinh t nh hng xut khu, Vit Nam r rng l cn phi ci thin mc gia nhp cc iu c loi ny. V vy, bo co kt qu nghin cu khuyn ngh Vit Nam nn tham gia 11 iu c c xem l mang tnh chin lc i vi nn kinh t nh hng xut khu nh chng ta. Cng c Vin 1980 ng u trong danh mc 11 iu c cn tham gia sm ny. Theo nghin cu ny, gia nhp Cng c Vin l mt bc i cn thit v
c ngha quan trng i vi tin trnh hi nhp mnh m ca Vit Nam hin nay. Biu 2: Tng quan gia Mc xut khu v Gia nhp cc iu c quc t a phng v thng mi ca cc Nhm nc
S lng nc
: Tng quan gia Mc xut khu v m gia nhp cc iiu c QT a phng v Thng mi Nghin cu ca iTC 2005 IMr. Ramon-Carlo E. Galicia
60 52 50 40 30 20 10 0 8 1
Nhm nc t xut khu
Mc gia nhp thp, 0-35
Mc gia nhp trung bnh: 33.53
Mc gia nhp cao, 36-100
25
28
27
30
15
Nhm nc xut khu tng i t

Phn loi mc xut khu
Nhm nc xut khu tng i nhiu
Nhm nc xut khu nhiu
Ngun: Bo co ca V Php ch - B Cng thng ti Ta m Vit Nam v Cng c Vin 1980 VCCI 5/2010 T gc cc n v nghin cu, nhiu chuyn gia cng c nhng phn tch thu o v nh gi tch cc v tm quan trng v li ch ca Cng c Vin 1980 i vi cc doanh nghip cng nh nn kinh t. ng k nht l cc nghin cu ca GS. TS Nguyn Th M v cc ging vin ca Trng i hc Ngoi thng H Ni nm 2005. Bn cnh l nhiu bi vit phn tch v khuyn ngh Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c ny xut hin ri rc trn nhiu tp ch chuyn ngnh kinh t, php lut trong nc vi nm tr li y.
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2.2. Cng ng doanh nghip vi Cng c Vin 1980 T pha cng ng doanh nghip Vit Nam, vi nhng tin ch v mc ph qut ca mnh, Cng c Vin 1980 i vo thc tin hot ng mua bn ngoi thng ca nhiu doanh nghip mt cch rt t nhin d doanh nghip nhn thc c hay khng. iu ny cng khng c g kh l gii bi trn thc t nhiu nguyn tc ca Cng c Vin tr thnh thng l chung v c p dng rng ri trong cc giao dch mua bn quc t, bao gm c cc giao dch m cc doanh nghip Vit Nam l mt bn (c bit khi bn kia ca giao dch l cc doanh nghip n t cc nc l thnh vin ca Cng c ny m theo thng k th c ti 4 trong s 5 khu vc th trng xut khu ln nht ca Vit Nam l nhng khu vc gia nhp Cng c Vin).
Hp 2: D Vit Nam cha gia nhp CISG nhng doanh nghip Vit Nam c th vn ang sng cng vi CISG Trng hp 1: Bn n ngy 05/04/1996 ca Ta phc thm Ta n nhn dn ti cao ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh xt x tranh chp v hp ng mua bn gia mt cng ty ca Singapore v mt cng ty Vit Nam. Trong bn n ca mnh, ta n p dng Php lnh hp ng kinh t nm 1989 ca Vit Nam, UCP 500 ca ICC, ng thi dn chiu n cc iu 29, 53, 61.3 v 64.1 gii quyt tranh chp 63 . Bnh lun: Tuy Ta n khng gii thch v sao p dng CISG nhng trng hp ny cho thy cc thm phn Vit Nam bit n v p dng CISG gii quyt tranh chp t hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t. C th hiu Ta n p dng CISG b sung v/hoc khng nh cho lut quc gia (trong trng hp ny l lut Vit Nam). Vic p dng ny hon ton khng vi phm cc nguyn tc t php quc t ca Vit Nam, d Vit nam cha phi l thnh vin Cng c. Trng hp 2: Hp ng gia ngi bn Liechtenstein (lin bang Nga) v ngi mua Vit Nam v mua bn thp tm. Trong hp ng, hai bn la chn CISG lm lut p dng v khi xt x tranh chp, trng ti quc t do hai bn la chn p dng CISG 64 . Bnh lun: trong hp ng ny, ngi bn c tr s ti mt quc gia thnh vin ca CISG (lin bang Nga) v c th ngi bn xut la chn CISG lm lut p dng v bn ngi mua Vit Nam ng . Nh vy, d Vit Nam cha gia nhp CISG nhng nu doanh nghip Vit nam khng ch ng tm
63 http://www.unilex.info/case.cfm?pid=1&do=case&id=350&step=FullText
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Xem quyt nh s 4, trong: VCCI, Danida, Cc quyt nh trng ti quc t chn lc, NXB T php, 2007, tr.34. Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 40
hiu th c th s rt b ng khi i tc ca bn Vit Nam l cng ty ca mt quc gia thnh vin v h xut p dng CISG. Trng hp 3: Phn quyt trng ti ICC s 8502 thng 11/1996 xt x tranh chp gia ngi bn Vit Nam v ngi mua Php. Hai bn tha thun p dng Incoterms 1990 v UCP 500 ca ICC. Trng ti nhn nh rng, vic cc bn dn chiu n Incoterms v UCP cho thy nh ca cc bn l hp ng s c iu chnh bi cc tp qun thng mi quc t. Trng ti quyt nh p dng Cng c Vin do Cng c ny c son tho da trn cc tp qun thng mi quc t v phn nh cc tp qun thng c p dng rng ri trong thng mi quc t 65 . Bnh lun: Phn quyt ny cho thy khi tranh chp hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t c gii quyt ti cc quc gia thnh vin Cng c m cc bn khng la chn lut, ng thi li p dng cc iu kin c s giao hng Incoterms ca ICC th kh nng c quan xt x p dng CISG l rt ln. Kt lun: Cc nghin cu tnh hung trn cho thy d Vit Nam cha gia nhp Cng c Vin, nhng iu khng c ngha l cc doanh nghip Vit nam hon ton ng ngoi Cng c ny. Trong nhiu trng hp, c bit l khi i tc ca h c tr s ti cc quc gia thnh vin Cng c, nhiu kh nng Cng c ny s c p dng vo hp ng: (i) hoc l do cc bn khng th m phn la chn c lut quc gia nn i n gii php la chn CISG, (ii) hoc l do cc bn khng tha thun v lut p dng v c quan gii quyt tranh chp quyt nh la chn CISG, (iii) hoc l do c quan gii quyt tranh chp p dng nhm b sung cho lut quc gia. Ngoi ra, cng cn nhn mnh kh nng p dng CISG theo iu 1.1.b, theo , nu cc bn trong hp ng khng tha thun v lut p dng v quy phm xung t ca nc ta n dn chiu n lut ca mt quc gia thnh vin th CISG s c p dng. Theo kho st s b ca nhm nghin cu, cha c trng hp p dng CISG i vi doanh nghip Vit Nam nh th ny c ghi nhn, tuy nhin kh nng ny l rt ln, v c rt nhiu n l ti c lin quan n vn ny 66 .
65 http://www.unilex.info/case.cfm?pid=1&id=395&do=case
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Theo thng k ca Unilex th c khong 100 trng hp p dng CISG theo iu 1.1.b. Ngun: http://www.unilex.info/dynasite.cfm?dssid=2376&dsmid=13356 Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 41
Theo iu tra nhanh mi y do Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam thc hin (thng 05/2010) i vi 10 Hip hi ngnh hng c hot ng xut nhp khu hoc lin quan cht ch n xut nhp khu ln ca Vit Nam v 03 Hip hi a ngnh hng ln nht v s cn thit tham gia Cng c Vin v mc ng h ca cc doanh nghip thuc cc ngnh ny, kt qu cho thy 100% cc ngnh u nh gi cao nhng li ch ca Cng c Vin 1980 i vi hot ng ca doanh nghip trong ngnh v ng h sng kin xut Chnh ph nhanh chng gia nhp Cng c ny.
Stt
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Hip hi ngnh hng c kho st

Hip hi Dt may VN Hip hi Thp Vit Nam Tng Hi Xy dng Vit Nam Hip hi t xe my Hip hi cc nh bn l Vit Nam Hip hi Da giy Vit Nam Hip hi G v lm sn Vit Nam Hip hi Ch bin v xut khu Thy sn Vit Nam Hip hi Ngn hng Vit Nam Hip hi Cng nghip K thut in Vit Nam Hip hi Doanh nghip nh v va Vit Nam Lin minh HTX VN Hip hi doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi
Ngun: iu tra cc Hip hi xut khu ln ca Vit Nam v vic gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 VCCI 5/2010
42
Biu 3 Kim ngch xut khu hng ha Vit Nam sang mt s th trng ln
14.000 12.000 10.000 8.000 6.000 4.000 2.000 0 ASEAN EU Trung Quc Nht Bn Hoa K 2007 2008 2009
Ngun: Bo co Tng kt Tnh hnh thc hin nhim v k hoch nm 2009 v K hoch 2010 ca Ngnh Cng thng - V Php ch, B Cng thng trnh by ti Ta m Vit Nam v Cng c Vin 1980 VCCI 5/2010
Cn lu l theo iu tra ny bn cnh nhng trng hp c s hiu bit y v Cng c Vin ca nhiu hip hi ngnh hng, i vi mt s hip hi khc, s ng h ny c xy dng ch yu da trn lng tin ca cng ng doanh nghip trong ngnh vi nhng li ch m Cng c ny c th mang li cho hot ng kinh doanh ca h nh cch m h thy cc i tc ca h ti cc nc l thnh vin ca Cng c Vin 1980. Thm ch, c nhng ngnh m c ti 80-90% doanh nghip khng bit g v Cng c ny nhng li by t s ng h tuyt i i vi vic gia nhp Cng c, thm ch khng nh vi li ch st sn cho doanh nghip nh vy, Vit Nam cn gia nhp Cng c ny cng sm cng tt. y l mt im c bit th v cho thy sc ht ca Cng c ny khng ch nhng li ch m n c th mang li cho nhng ai bit s dng n m cn nm kh nng lm b php l cho cc giao dch ca doanh nghip ca Cng c ngay c khi doanh nghip khng bit v Cng c ny.
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Hp 3 Chng ti rt ng h, rt hoan nghnh! Vic vn ng tham gia bt k Cng c/Hip nh no v thng mi cn c nhn thc ng ca cng ng doanh nghip. i vi Cng c Vin 1980, iu ny cn quan trng hn na bi cc doanh nghip mi l ngi trc tip s dng, chu tc ng cng nh hng li t Cng c ny. C mt thc t l Cng c Vin khng phi l lut p dng c s dng ph bin trong ngnh g chng ti. Trong s 3000 doanh nghip g hin ang hot ng (trong c khong 300 doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi - FDI) th may lm ch c khong 100 doanh nghip FDI bit v Cng c Vin v s dng h thng php lut hp ng ny. iu ny c ngha l khong trn 90% s lng cc hp ng mua nguyn liu g (t 26 nc trn th gii) v v cc hp ng bn g thnh phm (cho khong 120 nc trn th gii) ca chng ti khng bit s dng Cng c Vin. Tht lng ph khi tn ti mt Cng c vi nhiu li ch nh Cng c Vin 1980 m ngnh g Vit Nam li khng bit n v do khng tn dng c nhng li ch m nhiu nc, nhiu ngnh tn dng c trong sut my chc nm va qua. Qua nghin cu ca cc chuyn gia v thc tin p dng Cng c Vin chng ti thy Cng c ny rt c li, c th mang li nhiu hiu qu cho hot ng mua bn ca chng ti. Mt s ngi c cp n nhng ri r, nhng ci by ca Cng c ny, tuy nhin chng ti cho rng nhng ri ro y khng ng k, by nu qu tht c cng khng phi l qu nhiu v nguy him so vi li ch thc t m Cng c ny c th mang li. V vy chng ti rt ng h, rt hoan nghnh vic Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c ny. Nu Chnh ph c cn chng ti hnh ng g lin quan chng ti cng xin sn sng. Ngoi ra, chng ti xin ngh cn c chin dch tuyn truyn qung b v Cng c Vin trong cng ng, bao gm cc doanh nghip v k c gii quan chc. Khng ch cc doanh nghip cn bit v Cng c ny tn dng n m cc quan chc cng cn bit mau chng a Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c ny (bi vic ny mt s quan chc bit nhiu nm nhng cha lm, chng t h cha hiu ht, cha hiu y v Cng c v nhng li ch n c th mang li). Pht biu ti Ta m Vit Nam v Cng c Vin 1980 VCCI 5/2010 ng Nguyn Tn Quyn Ph Ch tch Hip hi G v Lm sn Vit Nam
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2.3. Cc lut s v chuyn gia t vn vi Cng c Vin 1980 Mt im rt c th khi xem xt Cng c ny l d i tng th hng cc li ch t Cng c l cc doanh nghip, nhm ny li khng phi l i tng s dng trc tip Cng c. Thay vo , cc chuyn gia, thm phn, cc c vn php l, lut s ca doanh nghip mi l nhng ngi trc tip s dng Cng c ny vi t cch l ngi t vn v php l cho vic son tho, thc hin cng nh gii quyt cc tranh chp cc hp ng ca cc doanh nghip (trong c vn la chn lut p dng cng nh x l cc tranh chp lin quan n lut p dng khi cn thit). y l iu thy mt s nc trong qu trnh vn ng gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 (v d Hoa K, Nht Bn, Braxin). Cng nh vy, Vit Nam, quan im ca nhm ny v vic Vit Nam nn hay khng nn gia nhp Cng c Vin c th xem nh mt phn nh chn thc, t mt gc khc, chuyn su v thc t hn, nhu cu ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam lin quan n vn ny (bn cnh quan im chung c phn nh thng qua cc hip hi ngnh hng, i din cho cc doanh nghip t gc chnh sch v m lin quan n cng lnh vc). iu tra kin ca 50 lut s, trng ti vin, thm phn, chuyn gia php l n t cc cng ty lut - vn phng lut s, trung tm trng ti, ta n, cc Trng i hc kinh t - php lut, b phn php ch ca cc Tng Cng ty cng nh nhng s liu thng k t Trung tm Trng ti Quc t Vit Nam (VIAC), mt n v gii quyt tranh chp thng mi quc t ngoi Ta n uy tn nht ti Vit Nam cho n thi im hin ti, cho thy nhng kt qu th v v s cn thit ca vic gia nhp Cng c Vin t nhng gc rt thc tin. Th nht, l mt b php l an ton cho cc bn khi h qun khng la chn lut p dng, Cng c Vin t ra rt hu dng i vi trng hp ca Vit Nam khi m theo s liu t VIAC th trong tng s gn 500 v tranh chp c a ra trc Trung tm trng ti quc t Vit Nam t trc ti nay v mua bn hng ha quc t c ti trn 80% cc v tranh chp m tha thun gia cc bn khng quy nh lut p dng. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, cc trng ti phi rt vt v xc nh lut p dng c th trong nhng trng hp l lut no v phi hiu ra sao. Trong khi , nu Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c Vin v vi thc t l hu ht cc i tc thng mi ln ca Vit Nam u l thnh vin Cng c ny, nhng vn ny c th c gii quyt nhanh chng v cng bng thng qua vic p dng t ng Cng c Vin 1980.
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Biu 4: T l tranh chp lin quan n Hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t ti VIAC
T l tranh chp lin quan n Hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t

20.00%
Hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t Tranh chp khc
80.00%
Ngun: VIAC S liu thng k giai on 1993-2010
Biu 5: T l tranh chp lin quan n lut p dng trong s cc tranh chp lin quan n Hp ng xut nhp khu ti VIAC
46
Biu 6: Quc tch cc bn nc ngoi trong cc tranh chp ti VIAC
S liu iu tra t pha cc lut s v chuyn gia t vn php l chuyn nghip cho kt qu kh quan hn, vi khong trn 82% s cc hp ng c h t vn c iu khon quy nh v lut p dng. Con s ny cho thy nhng hp ng c t vn php l chuyn nghip c s cht ch nht nh v lut p dng. Tuy nhin iu ny cng khng ng ngha vi vic Cng c Vin khng cn thit vi nhng hp ng nh th ny bi s liu iu tra u cho thy cc lut s, chuyn gia t vn php l ny u nh gi cao nhng li ch ca n. Biu 7: nh gi ca chuyn gia v cc li ch ca Cng c Vin
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Th hai, s liu iu tra cng cho thy vi tnh cht l mt trung gian php l hp l cho cc bn trong giao dch mua bn hng ha quc t khi h khng th thng nht c vi nhau v lut p dng, Cng c Vin r rng c th gip cc doanh nghip Vit Nam tit kim c tng i nhiu thi gian v cng sc trong vic m phn v lut p dng cng nh m phn cc vn khc lin quan n vic thc hin hp ng. Thc t l c ti trn 54% cc hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t cc bn phi dnh thi gian tho lun tng iu khon hp ng, trong trn 56% mt trn 2 gi ng h ch m phn v lut p dng cho hp ng, gn 40% mt khong 8-16 gi m phn cc vn lin quan n thc hin hp ng xut nhp khu ngoi cc ni dung v gi c, phm cht v s lng hng ha. Nh vy nu Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980, doanh nghip Vit Nam trong cc giao dch mua bn hng ha vi cc i tc n t 74 quc gia thnh vin Cng c c th tit kim c mt ngun nhn lc v vt lc ng k (thi gian m phn, chi ph thu chuyn gia php l m phn...). Biu 8: C s son tho hp ng xut nhp khu ca doanh nghip Vit Nam
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Biu 9: Thi gian cho m phn v lut p dng khi m phn Hp ng ca doanh nghip Vit Nam
Biu 10: Thi gian cho m phn v cc vn lin quan n thc hin Hp ng xut nhp khu
49
C l nhng chi ph phi b ra cho vic m phn lut p dng v cc iu khon v quy trnh, th tc thc hin hp ng tng i ln khin c ti trn 86% cc lut s, chuyn gia t vn php l ny ng vi nhn nh rng S tht tt nu c mt b quy tc chi tit v mua bn hng ha quc t bnh ng gia bn mua v bn bn p dng t ng cho hp ng xut nhp khu ca ti khi cc bn khng tha thun v lut p dng hoc khng th thng nht v lut p dng. iu ny cho thy Cng c Vin c cho n khng ch trong trng hp cc bn l ng b qua vn lut p dng m thm ch n cn thc s hu dng khi cho cung cp cho cc bn mt gii php trung gian d chp nhn khi h c bit ch trng n lut p dng cho hp ng v khng th t c ting ni chung v vn ny. y cng chnh l l do gii thch ti sao Cng c Vin d cha phi l mt vn bn c gi tr php l ti Vit Nam nhng vn c la chn p dng trong mt s hp ng do doanh nghip chng ta k kt. Nhng iu ny l gii ti sao c ti 92% s kin lut s, chuyn gia t vn php l c hi ng h hon ton vic Vit Nam cn nhanh chng gia nhp Cng c Vin. S kin cn li (8%) cng khng phn i vic gia nhp nhng mun lu hn n mt s cc vn lin quan khi gia nhp (v d trnh o tng v vic Cng c Vin c th thay th tt c cc quy tc thng l php lut v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t hay lu v s tn ti ca nhiu cch gii thch khc nhau cc c quan xt x/gii quyt tranh chp lin quan n cc iu khon ca Cng c ny).
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Lin quan n cc bo lu i vi Cng c Vin m Vit Nam nn thc hin, nhm ny cng c kin kh thng nht trong a s (50%) ng h vic bo lu v hnh thc hp ng, cc bo lu khc nhn c s ng h thp hn. iu ny cho thy c s tng ng th v gia cc nh nghin cu l thuyt v nhng ngi lm thc tin trong cch nhn v cc bo lu i vi Cng c Vin. Biu 11: Bo lu m Vit Nam nn thc hin khi gia nhp Cng c Vin
C th thy t iu tra kho st ca cc i tng trc tip chu tc ng ca Cng c Vin cng nh nhng i tng khc lm vic chuyn mn hoc nghin cu, t gc thc tin ln l thuyt v Cng c ny u cho kt qu thng nht v nhng li ch to ln m Cng c c th mang li cho Vit Nam v u thng nht quan im rng Vit Nam nn gia nhp Cng c ny cng sm cng tt. Cng vi , cc cng vic khc nh tuyn truyn, ph bin v Cng c Vin cng cn c ch trng nhm tn dng c y cc li ch v hiu qu ca Cng c ny.
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3. Nhng im bt cp ca Cng c Vin 1980 m Vit Nam cn lu Nghin cu thc tin p dng CISG ti cc quc gia thnh vin cho thy mc d vic gia nhp CISG ha hn mang li nhiu li ch ln (nh trn), khi gia nhp cc quc gia cng cn lu mt s im sau: (i) Cc quy nh ca CISG khng bao trm mi vn php l c lin quan n hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t D rt hu ch, vi phm vi hin ti ca mnh, CISG khng gii quyt tt c cc vn php l lin quan n hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t. V vy, nhng hp ng nh th ny c k kt v trin khai thun li v an ton v php l, cc bn k kt hp ng vn ng thi phi quan tm n cc ngun lut khc.
V d CISG khng iu chnh cc vn sau: trch nhim ca cc bn trong giai on m phn, iu kin hiu lc ca hp ng, vn y quyn, vn thi hiu, vn chuyn quyn s hu ca hng ha. V th, bn cnh Cng c Vin 1980, vn cn mt ngun lut khc (thng l lut quc gia) iu chnh cc vn m Cng c Vin 1980 khng cp n. V th, trong Hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t mu ca phng Thng mi quc t ICC (n bn ca ICC s 556 nm 1997) gi quy nh iu khon Lut p dng trong hp ng nh sau: Bt k vn no lin quan n hp ng ny m khng c qui nh mt cch r rng hay ngm hiu trong cc iu khon ca hp ng th s c iu chnh bi Cng c Vin 1980 ca Lin hp quc v mua bn hng ho quc t, v nu nhng vn cng khng thuc phm vi iu chnh ca Cng c th s tham chiu ti Lut ca quc gia ni ngi bn t tr s kinh doanh. Ngoi ra, mt xu hng hin nay ca cc trng ti quc t l p dng B Nguyn tc Unidroit v hp ng thng mi quc t (PICC) v cc Nguyn tc v lut hp ng Chu u (PECL) b sung cho cc vn m CISG khng iu chnh.
iu ny nu khng lm r c th dn ti nhng lm tng c doanh nghip ln ngi lm lut, khin cc ch th ny l l trong vic tm hiu v p dng cc vn bn php lut cn thit khc, v kt qu l c th b ng khi xy ra tranh chp lin quan n hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t ngay c khi c CISG. Ngoi ra, theo thng l hin nay trong giao dch bun bn quc t, mi ngnh mi lnh vc u c nhng iu khon hp ng chun (Hp ng mu) c th cho mua bn mt s loi hng ha nh du, go, hoa qu ti, c ph v thng th cc bn u khng mun t b nhng iu khon c s dng rng ri v quen thuc ny. Do cho d Vit
Nam c gia nhp CISG th rt c th CISG vn s khng iu chnh nhng hp ng mua bn quc t loi ny. (ii) CISG cha c cc quy phm iu chnh cc vn php l mi pht sinh trong thng mi quc t c son tho v thng qua t cch y 30 nm, CISG cha d on v do cha a vo cc quy nh ca mnh nhng vn php l mi pht sinh sau ny, v d cc quy phm php l lin quan n thng mi in t. Vic sa i Cng c b sung cc ni dung php l ny c l cn cn mt thi gian di na (Cng c Vin 1980 khng c c ch sa i, iu chnh thng xuyn ph hp vi s thay i cn cn li ch ca cc thnh vin v do mi thay i trong Cng c s phi c s ng , ph chun ca tt c cc thnh vin). V vy cc doanh nghip phi bng lng vi ni dung hin ti ca CISG v vn cn nhng h thng php lut khc x l cc vn mi d chn CISG cho hp ng ca mnh. (iii) D thnh cng hu ht cc nc thnh vin, mt vi nc khc, CISG khng t c nhng thnh cng nh mong i in hnh nht l ti Hoa K, CISG khng gy c ting vang v khng c s dng vi tn sut nh mong i (nh phn tch trn). Trng hp ca Hoa K tt nhin ch l ngoi l trong s rt nhiu nc p dng thnh cng CISG nhng cng l iu m chng ta cn lu . Vit Nam c l s khng ri vo tnh trng tng t do cc quy nh php lut hp ng thng mi hin hnh c son tho vi tham kho k lng t CISG. Tuy nhin, lu v trng hp ca Hoa K s c bit c ngha i vi cc doanh nghip k kt hp ng mua bn hng ha vi i tc Hoa K. C th vic gia nhp Cng c ny khng mang li nhiu li ch nh suy on i vi cc hp ng vi i tc ny, c bit khi tranh chp c xt x ti Hoa K. (vi) D rt nhiu i tc thng mi ln trn th gii l thnh vin CISG, vn cn mt s nc khc cha gia nhp Cng c ny Nh nu, d CISG c s lng thnh vin ng o, bao gm nhng i tc thng mi ln trn th gii, vn cn mt s i tc quan trng cha tham gia Cng c ny (ng k nht l Vng quc Anh v cc nc khu vc ASEAN). iu c th thy tng i r l cc nc cha gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 c l u c nhng l do ring ca mnh v thng khng phi do
Cng c a li nhng bt li v mt ni dung m ch yu do nhng nguyn nhn khc nh truyn thng php lut bo th kh chp nhn ci thay i, d l tt, hoc php lut ni a ni lut ha CISG ti mc h khng cn tham gia Cng c ny. V v vy CISG s khng pht huy hiu qu trong nhng trng hp hp ng mua bn c k kt gia doanh nghip Vit Nam vi doanh nghip i tc thuc nc cha gia nhp CISG. (v) CISG c hiu qu Vit Nam, cn nhiu n lc tuyn truyn, ph bin v CISG Vit Nam D rt ph bin trong thng mi quc t v nhiu nguyn tc quan trng c a vo php lut Vit Nam, ni dung Cng c Vin 1980 nhn chung cn kh mi m i vi h thng php lut, t php v trng ti Vit Nam. V vy cc doanh nghip, ta n, trng ti Vit Nam cn c nhiu thi gian hn nghin cu, hiu r khi p dng CISG trong cc quan h giao dch thng mi quc t. Hin nay ti Vit Nam c rt t nghin cu chuyn su v ni dung CISG cng nh thc tin p dng CISG trn th gii p dng ti Vit Nam. 67 iu ny khin vic din gii, p dng CISG trong thc t ca Vit Nam s gp nhiu kh khn. Trong khi h thng gio dc php lut ca Vit Nam ni chung (ngoi tr mt s rt t trng i hc chuyn ngnh lut, hp tc vi nc ngoi) cng cha c ni dung no gii thiu, o to chuyn su v CISG. Cc doanh nghip, nh thc hnh lut Vit Nam cng cha c din n no ring hc hi, trao i kinh nghim v CISG nh ti nhiu nc khc trn th gii. iu ny cng s lm gim sc mnh, ting ni ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam, v kh nng xt x ca ta n, trng ti ti Vit Nam khi c tranh chp lin quan n CISG. Ngoi ra, Cng c 1980 hin c lu hnh theo 6 th ting (khng phi ting Vit), v iu ny c th gy kh khn khi p dng Cng c (c bit khi chng ta hiu khng ng hoc khng ngha hm cha trong cc quy nh c th). V vy CISG thc s c hiu qu khi Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c ny, nhng n lc tuyn truyn v nghin cu v ni dung CISG cn c thc hin thng xuyn lin tc.
67 Ly v d trn h thng d liu chnh thc ca CISG (PACE), trong s hn 1200 bi vit ca hc gi rt nhiu nc bnh lun, phn tch v CISG, ch c 02 bi vit l ca hc gi Vit Nam vit v CISG, nhng cha c bi vit no nghin cu v Vit Nam trong quan h vi CISG. Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 54
C th ni nu nh Vit Nam c th thu rt nhiu li ch khi gia nhp CISG, vn tn ti nhng vn cn c lu c th tn dng cc th mnh v li ch ca CISG. Cn lu rng tt c nhng bt cp ni trn ca CISG khng phi l nhng vn v mu cht v ni dung m ch yu lin quan n n hnh thc, phm vi p dng ca Cng c ny. 4. Nhng vic Vit Nam cn lm gia nhp CISG Theo quy nh ca CISG cng nh t cc quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam v vic k kt, gia nhp cc iu c quc t, c l vic gia nhp Cng c i vi Vit Nam hin nay khng c kh khn g ng k. C th: Theo quy nh ca CISG CISG khng c quy nh g v iu kin gia nhp i vi cc quc gia khng tham gia k kt nh Vit Nam (iu 91, khon 3 CISG: Cng c ny s nhn s gia nhp tt c cc quc gia khng k tn, k t ngy Cng c ng cho cc bn k kt). Cc quc gia thnh vin khng c ngha v ng gp v ti chnh, khng phi thnh lp mt c quan ring thc thi Cng c, cng khng c bt k ngha v bo co nh k no. Theo php lut Vit Nam v k kt, gia nhp iu c quc t Vic gia nhp Cng c l ph hp vi cc nguyn tc ti iu 3 Lut k kt v thc hin iu c quc t ca Vit Nam nm 2005. C th: (i) (ii) (iii) Cc quy phm ca CISG ph hp li ch quc gia Vit Nam (nh trn phn tch) Cc quy phm ca CISG khng vi phm hin php Vit Nam CISG v php lut v hp ng dn s-thng mi Vit Nam
Nhn chung, cc nguyn tc ca CISG ph hp vi cc nguyn tc chung ca php lut hp ng Vit Nam (xem thm Ph lc 1). Tuy nhin, vn tn ti mt s im khc bit trong cc iu khon chi tit ca CISG vi cc quy phm tng ng trong php lut v mua bn hng ha quc t ca Vit Nam (v d quy nh v hnh thc ca hp ng, v cc ch ti khi vi phm hp ng). Mt s vn c CISG quy nh, nhng cha c trong php lut Vit Nam (ko di thi hn hiu lc ca cho hng, hy hp ng khi cha n thi hn thc hin ngha v). Cu hi t ra l, gia nhp CISG, Vit Nam c cn sa i cc vn bn php lut c lin quan?
tr li cu hi ny, cn lm r mi quan h gia CISG v php lut Vit Nam v mua bn hng ha khi Vit Nam gia nhp CISG. Khi Vit Nam gia nhp CISG, s c hai ngun lut cng iu chnh cc hp ng mua bn hng ha ti Vit Nam: CISG s ch c p dng i vi cc hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t (vi khi nim hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t c nh ngha ti iu 1 ca CISG l hp ng gia cc bn c tr s thng mi ti cc quc gia khc nhau). Cc hp ng mua bn hng ha trong nc (khng c yu t quc t) th khng p dng CISG m p dng php lut Vit Nam v mua bn hng ha. Nh vy, mi quan h gia CISG v php lut Vit Nam v mua bn hng ha l b sung ch khng i khng. S tn ti ca mt s quy nh khc bit gia hai ngun lut ny l bnh thng, do mi quan h c iu chnh c tnh cht khc nhau. Nhng trng hp cn li, s khc bit khng gy ra bt cp do i tng v ch th p dng ca CISG v php lut Vit Nam trong trng hp ny l khng ging nhau. Ngoi ra, v ni dung, nh kt qu r sot s b ni dung hin ti cng nh qu trnh xy dng php lut thng mi Vit Nam vi cc iu khon ca CISG, c th khng c khc bit ng k no gia ngun php lut ni a Vit Nam v CISG (CISG chi tit hn). Vi nhng l do v hnh thc (phm vi p dng) v ni dung (iu khon chi tit) nu trn, c th khng nh, khi gia nhp CISG, Vit Nam khng phi sa i, bi b hoc ban hnh mi vn bn quy phm php lut. Tuy nhin, s thch hp v cht ch hn nu c th b sung khi nim mua bn hng ha quc t theo quan nim ca CISG vo iu 27 Lut Thng mi nm 2005 (iu ny mi nu cc hnh thc ca mua bn hng ha quc t m cha a ra khi nim chung v mua bn hng ha quc t). 5. Kt lun Cc phn tch trn khng nh Vit Nam khng nn ng ngoi mt Cng c vi nhiu li ch thit thc, c p dng rng ri v thnh cng nh vy trong lnh vc mua bn hng ha quc t. V vy, khng c g ngc nhin khi ngay t trc nm 1988, nm Cng c Vin 1980 bt u c hiu lc, Vit Nam c nhiu xut, kin ngh t pha cc nh nghin cu trong v ngoi nc v vic Vit Nam gia nhp CISG.
Nhng kin ngh ny ang c xu hng gia tng trong nhng nm gn y khi Vit Nam tng bc hi nhp mnh m vo nn kinh t th gii vi vic gia nhp WTO v cc hip nh thng mi khc, m ra nhng sn chi mi v nhng c hi ln cc hp ng thng mi quc t gia tng c v s lng, gi tr v li ch. Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 cng sm, cc doanh nghip v nn kinh t cng sm c li t nhng li ch khng th chi ci ca Cng c ny. Tuy nhin, vic tham gia Cng c nht thit cn c tin hnh vi l trnh c th, vi nghin cu y (v d v yu cu bo lu), song song vi vic nng cao nhn thc ca doanh nghip, cc c quan lm lut, thc thi php lut, m bo Vit Nam c th thu nhn li ch tt nht t vic tham gia Cng c L trnh c th c trnh by trong phn IV sau y.
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Phn th t L TRNH VIT NAM GIA NHP CNG C VIN 1980 1. Th tc gia nhp theo quy nh ca CISG Theo quy nh ti Phn th t ca CISG th th tc mt quc gia gia nhp Cng c ny n gin v d dng, khng phi qua qu trnh ph duyt, ph chun. C th, c quan c thm quyn ca cc quc gia mun gia nhp CISG ch cn trnh vn bn gia nhp v a ra cc tuyn b bo lu (nu c). Theo iu 100 Cng c th Cng c s c hiu lc vo ngy u tin ca thng sau 12 thng k t ngy vn bn gia nhp Cng c c trnh. Nh vy, v d nu thng 12/2010, Chnh ph Vit Nam trnh vn bn gia nhp cho Tng th k ca Lin Hp Quc (ngi gi lu chiu Cng c) th Cng c s c hiu lc i vi Vit Nam vo ngy 01/01/2012. Khong thi gian 1 nm ny l cn thit v hp l Vit Nam thc hin vic tuyn truyn v chun b cho vic p dng CISG ti Vit Nam. Cc bo lu Theo iu 99 Cng c th cc nc tham gia hay gia nhp Cng c ny khng c quyn a ra cc bo lu ring v nu c bo lu th ch bo lu trong cc trng hp m Cng c cho php.: C th, CISG cho php cc quc gia thnh vin thc hin mt s bo lu sau: (i) Bo lu phn th hai hay phn th ba ca CISG (Bo lu theo iu 92): Bo lu ny cho php mt quc gia thnh vin khng p dng CISG cho vn thit lp hp ng (phn th hai ca CISG) hoc thc hin hp ng (phn th ba ca CISG). Vic a ra bo lu ny nhm mc ch dnh cho cc quc gia l thnh vin ca hai Cng c La Haye nm 1964 v mua bn quc t cc ng sn hu hnh quyn quyt nh vic t b mt trong hai Cng c ni trn v tham gia vo CISG. Bo lu ny cng nhm ph hp vi mong mun ca cc quc gia Bc u (Thy in, Na Uy, an Mch) khng tham gia vo phn th ba ca CISG v gia cc quc gia ny c lut thng nht v vn ny. Vit Nam khng ri vo cc tnh hung nh vy v cng khng c l do php l hay kinh t cn thit no phi bo lu Phn th hai v/hoc Phn th ba ca CISG (nh phn tch trong phn i
chiu ni dung CISG vi php lut dn s, thng mi Vit Nam v hp ng mua bn). V vy, Vit Nam khng nn v khng cn thc hin bo lu ny. (ii) Bo lu ch p dng CISG trn mt s phn lnh th ca quc gia thnh vin (Bo lu theo iu 93) Bo lu c thit k ch yu dnh cho cc quc gia lin bang (vi cc khu vc lnh th tng i c lp vi nhau). L quc gia n nht v hnh chnh v kinh t, Vit Nam khng cn thc hin bo lu ny. (iii) Bo lu khng p dng CISG i vi cc quc gia c lut chung thng nht v mua bn hng ha quc t (bo lu theo iu 95) Bo lu ny cho php hai hay nhiu quc gia c nhng quy tc php l chung hoc ging nhau p dng cho hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t c bo lu khng p dng CISG ti cc quc gia ny. an Mch, Phn Lan, Na-uy v Thy in thc hin bo lu ny v gia cc quc gia Bc u ny c lut thng nht v mua bn hng ha quc t. V Vit Nam hin nay khng tham gia vo mt iu c khu vc no v thng nht lut mua bn hng ha quc t nn hon ton khng cn phi thc hin bo lu ny. (iv) Bo lu khng p dng iu 1.1 CISG (Bo lu theo iu 95) iu 1.1.b CISG quy nh p dng CISG khi cc quy phm t php quc t dn chiu n lut ca mt quc gia thnh vin). Hoa K, Singapore, Cng ha Sc v Trung Quc thc hin bo lu ny. Ta n Hoa K (quc gia thc hin bo lu theo iu 95) khi p dng quy phm xung t ca Hoa K m dn chiu n php lut Hoa K th s p dng php lut Hoa K ch khng p dng CISG. Ta n Nht Bn (quc gia khng thc hin bo lu theo iu 95) th s p dng CISG nu quy phm xung t dn chiu n lut ca Nht Bn. Nh vy, vic bo lu ny nhm tng trng hp p dng lut quc gia cho hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t ti quc gia bo lu.
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Bo lu ny thch hp vi cc quc gia gia nhp CISG nhng vn mun tng cng p dng php lut ni a (nhng trng hp php lut ni a v mua bn hng ha quc t c nhiu im khc bit vi CISG, c truyn thng p dng lu di v cc ch th p dng c tnh bo th nh Hoa K). Trung Quc, mt trong bn nc thc hin bo lu ny, hin cng ang chng kin tro lu yu cu Chnh ph b bo lu ny v n hn ch vic ta n Trung Quc p dng CISG, iu ny l khng tt i vi qu trnh ph bin v tng cng vic p dng CISG ti Trung Quc cng nh cn tr nhng li ch m CISG c th em li cho thng mi nc ny. Theo nhng nh gi ti cc phn trn ca nghin cu ny, r rng Vit Nam khng cn thit phi thc hin bo lu ny, t nht bi (i) php lut Vit Nam v CISG khng c khc bit ln; (ii) php lut Vit Nam hin cha y v s b sung t CISG l cn thit (thay v loi tr n theo bo lu ny). (v) Bo lu v hnh thc hp ng (Bo lu theo iu 96) y l bo lu lin quan n hnh thc ca hp ng, theo , cc quc gia m php lut i hi cc hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t phi c lp thnh vn bn c th bo lu khng p dng nguyn tc t do v hnh thc m Cng c Vin 1980 a ra. Hin ti, php lut Vit Nam lin quan n hnh thc ca hp ng thng mi (iu 27 Lut Thng mi 2005) quy nh hnh thc bt buc ca hp ng l vn bn (v cc hnh thc c gi tr tng ng vi vn bn nh thng ip in t). y l la chn c cn nhc v bn tho k lng trong qu trnh xy dng Lut Thng mi 2005. Theo nhiu chuyn gia, d quy nh hp ng bt buc phi c th hin di hnh thc vn bn l tng i hn ch so vi cc hnh thc hp ng phong ph hin nay nhng iu ny l cn thit nhm m bo tnh chc chn, s r rng cho cc hp ng mua bn c yu t nc ngoi v khc phc nhng tn ti y ri ro hin nay trong tp qun kinh doanh theo thi quen v t tham kho t vn php l ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam. Nhiu quc gia thnh vin thc hin bo lu ny: Trung Quc, Ac-hen-ti-na, B-la-rt, Chi-l, Hungari, Paragoay, Ucraina
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V vy, c l Vit Nam nn gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 vi bo lu ny (bo lu duy nht). 2. Quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam v gia nhp iu c quc t Theo quy nh ca Lut k kt v thc hin iu c quc t ca Vit Nam nm 2005 , trong hon cnh c th ca CISG (khng c ni dung tri Hin php v php lut ni a Vit Nam) th vic gia nhp Cng c ny s phi i qua cc th tc sau (ch xem xt cc th tc chnh thc): Bc 1: B chuyn ngnh (m y l B Cng Thng xt theo chc nng v thm quyn qun l ca c quan ny) nghin cu v vic Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980. Bc 2: B chuyn ngnh ly kin kim tra bng vn bn ca B Ngoi Giao; ly kin thm nh ca B T php; ly kin ca cc c quan hu quan (Ta n nhn dn ti cao, VCCI). Bc 3: Sau khi nhn c kin tr li ca cc c quan hu quan, B chuyn ngnh xut vi Chnh Ph v vic gia nhp CISG. Bc 4: Chnh ph ra quyt nh gia nhp CISG (do vic gia nhp CISG khng i hi phi sa i, b sung, bi b hoc ban hnh vn bn quy phm php lut nn khng phi trnh y ban thng v quc hi cho kin). Bc 5: Chnh ph trnh vn bn gia nhp cho Tng th k Lin Hp Quc. 3. Nhng yu cu sau gia nhp Mc d khng c i hi bt buc no v th tc sau gia nhp, mt s khuyn ngh sau y cn ch thc hin CISG hiu qu: 3.1. Bo co n l Theo khuyn ngh ca UNCITRAL, cc c quan p dng php lut ti cc quc gia thnh vin nn c mt h thng bo co n l v Cng c Vin 1980. H thng ny s tp hp v bo co cc n l c lin quan n Cng c ny cho Ban th k ca UNCITRAL c quan ny a ln h thng c s d liu CLOUT (Case Law on UNCITRAL Texts). y l khuyn ngh, khng phi l ngha v ca quc gia thnh vin Cng c. Tuy nhin, y l vic nn lm v cng khai ha cc n l ca Vit
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Nam s gp phn lm tng s tin tng ca cng ng kinh doanh quc t vo s minh bch ca h thng php lut Vit Nam v thng mi quc t. Nu thc hin khuyn ngh ny, sau khi Vit Nam gia nhp CISG, mt c quan hay t chc c ch nh (v d Ta n nhn dn ti cao, B T php, VCCI hay mt n v c chc nng lin quan) s chu trch nhim v vic thc hin Bo co n l cho UNCITRAL. 3.2. Tuyn truyn, ph bin CISG n cc doanh nghip v cc c quan chu trch nhim gii quyt tranh chp Vic tuyn truyn, ph bin CISG l cn thit Cng c ny thc s pht huy hiu qu v em li li ch thc t cho doanh nghip v nn kinh t. V vy, cn thc hin cc hot ng ny mt cch tch cc C th, nhng hot ng tuyn truyn, ph bin v CISG v chun b chun b trin khai vic thc thi Cng c ti cc c quan p dng php lut sau y cn c thc hin : - T chc mt s hi tho quc t chuyn su v CISG - T chc cc kha bi dng ngn hn cho cc thm phn, trng ti vin, cc lut s, ging vin ging dy v lut thng mi, v thng mi quc t ti cc trng i hc lut v kinh t ti Vit Nam - T chc cc kha o to, ph bin kin thc cho cc doanh nghip Vit Nam thc hin hot ng xut nhp khu, cc hip hi doanh nghip; - H tr vic a Cng c Vin 1980 vo chng trnh ging dy ti cc trng i hc lut v kinh t c o to v thng mi quc t ti Vit Nam; - T chc vit v xut bn cc sch gii thiu v Cng c Vin 1980, bnh lun cc iu khon ca Cng c, hng dn p dng Cng c Vin 1980.
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Bng Gi L trnh Gia nhp CISG cho Vit Nam

L trnh Thng 4+5/2010 Ni dung C quan m nhn Ghi ch Trong sut thi gian ny, thc hin tuyn truyn, ph bin v CISG cho cc c quan p dng php lut (cc thm phn, cc trng ti vin), cho cc lut s, lut gia, ging vin, cho cng ng doanh nghip, hip hi ngnh hng v cc i tng c lin quan khc (sinh vin...)
Khi ng nghin cu v xut vic UB t vn v Chnh Vit Nam gia nhp CISG. sch TMQT Nghin cu v vic Vit Nam gia nhp B Cng Thng Cng c Vin 1980 Ly kin kim tra bng vn bn ca B Cng Thng B Ngoi Giao; ly kin thm nh ca B T php; ly kin ca cc c quan hu quan (Ta n nhn dn ti cao, VCCI). kin tr li ca cc c quan hu B Ngoi Giao, B T quan php, TANDTC, VCCI B Cng Thng xut vi Chnh B Cng Thng Ph v vic gia nhp CISG Chnh ph xem xt v ra quyt nh Chnh ph gia nhp CISG trnh vn bn gia nhp CISG bt u c hiu lc ti VN Bo co n l TANDTC, B T php, VCCI hoc mt n v c ch nh Chnh ph
Thng 6/2010
Thng 7/2010
Thng 9/2010
Thng 10/2010
Thng 11/2010
Thng 12/2010 01/01/2012 T thng 01/2012
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PH LC 1 SO SNH CC CH NH PHP LUT HP NG MUA BN HNG HA CA VIT NAM V CNG C VIN 1980
1. Lut p dng cho hp ng Trong phm vi lnh th Vit Nam, cc hot ng thng mi phi tun theo Lut Thng Mi v php lut c lin quan (Khon 1 iu 1 v Khon 1 iu 4 Lut Thng Mi). Tuy nhin, cc bn trong giao dch thng mi c yu t nc ngoi c tho thun p dng php lut nc ngoi, tp qun thng mi quc t nu php lut nc ngoi, tp qun thng mi quc t khng tri vi cc nguyn tc c bn ca php lut Vit Nam (Khon 2 iu 5 Lut Thng mi). Ngoi ra, i vi cc hot ng thng mi khng c quy nh trong Lut Thng mi v trong cc lut khc th p dng quy nh ca B Lut Dn S (BLDS) (Khon 3 iu 4 Lut Thng Mi) v v mt nguyn tc, BLDS c p dng i vi quan h dn s c yu t nc ngoi, 68 tr trng hp iu c quc t m Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam l thnh vin c quy nh khc (Khon 3 iu 2 BLDS). 2. Hiu lc ca hp ng Hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t l s giao kt mt giao dch dn s. Lut Thng Mi khng c quy nh v cc iu kin hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t c hiu lc, nn chng ta c th dn chiu cc quy nh trong BLDS, theo , giao dch dn s (hay hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t) c hiu lc khi c mt s iu kin. 69 V c bn CISG khng iu chnh nhng ni dung ny. 70
Quan h dn s c hiu theo ngha rng bao gm quan h dn s, quan h hn nhn-gia nh, kinh doanh, thng mi, lao ng (iu 1 BLDS 2005). Quan h dn s c yu t nc ngoi l quan h dn s c t nht mt trong cc bn tham gia l c quan, t chc, c nhn nc ngoi, ngi Vit Nam nh c nc ngoi hoc l cc quan h dn s gia cc bn tham gia l cng dn, t chc Vit Nam nhng cn c xc lp, thay i, chm dt quan h theo php lut nc ngoi, pht sinh ti nc ngoi hoc ti sn lin quan n quan h nc ngoi (iu 758 BLDS 2005) 69 Theo Khon 1 iu 22 v Khon 1 iu 429 BLDS 2005 Theo Khon 2 iu 25 ca Lut Thng Mi, cc iu kin ny bao gm: (1) Ch th c nng lc hnh vi dn s; (2) i tng ca hp ng mua bn l ti sn c php giao dch (khng thuc hng ho cm kinh doanh, hng ho hn ch kinh doanh, hng ha kinh doanh c iu kin); (3) Mc ch v ni dung khng vi phm iu cm ca php lut, khng tri o c x hi; v (4) Ch th tham gia hon ton t nguyn.
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iu 4 ca CISG quy nh: tr khi c quy nh c th, Cng c khng iu chnh tnh hiu lc ca hp ng hay cc iu khon ca n; hiu lc ca hp ng i vi vic s hu hng ha bn. Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 64
3. Giao kt hp ng Theo quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam i vi hp ng dn s ni chung v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t ni ring, vic giao kt hp ng c thc hin theo nguyn tc Ngh - Chp Nhn (Offer Acceptance). C th, hp ng c giao kt vo thi im Bn Ngh nhn c tr li Chp Nhn giao kt ca Bn c Ngh hoc Bn c Ngh im lng (nu c tha thun im lng l s tr li chp nhn giao kt), 71 ni dung c th nh sau: Ngh giao kt hp ng: 72
ngh giao kt c hiu lc (i) theo n nh ca Bn Ngh hoc (ii) khi Bn c Ngh nhn c ngh . 73 Bn c Ngh c xem l nhn c ngh khi (i) Ngh c chuyn n tr s ca bn nhn ngh, (ii) Ngh c a vo h thng thng tin chnh thc ca Bn c Ngh hoc (iii) Bn c Ngh bit c ngh giao kt hp ng thng qua cc phng thc khc. 74 Ngh giao kt c th c rt li hoc thay i nu (i) vic thay i hoc rt li Ngh c thng bo trc hoc vo thi im nhn c Ngh ca Bn c Ngh hoc (ii) p ng iu kin ca vic thay i hoc rt li ngh nu c quy nh cc iu kin ny trong Ngh. 75 Ngh giao kt ch c th c hy b nu (i) trong Ngh c quy nh quyn ca Bn Ngh c th hy b v (ii) Bn c Ngh nhn c thng bo hy b trc khi tr li Chp Nhn ngh giao kt. 76
71 Khon 1 v 2 iu 404 BLDS 2005. iu ny ph hp vi iu 15 ca CISG. Ring v vn im lng, Cng c quy nh r ti iu 18.1: im lng hoc khng c hnh ng khng c hiu l Chp Nhn.
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Theo Khon 1 iu 390 BLDS 2005, ngh giao kt hp ng l vic th hin nh giao kt hp ng v chu s rng buc v Ngh ny ca Bn Ngh i vi Bn c Ngh c xc nh c th. Khon 1 iu 391 BLDS 2005. Theo iu 15.1 CISG, ngh giao kt ch c hiu lc khi Bn c Ngh nhn c ngh . Khon 2 iu 391 BLDS 2005.
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Khon 1 iu 392 BLDS 2005. Nu Bn Ngh giao kt hp ng vi bn th ba trong thi hn ch tr li chp thun ca Bn c Ngh (nu trong ngh c nu r thi hn tr li), Bn Ngh phi bi thng thit hi cho Bn c Ngh nu c thit hi pht sinh (Khon 2 iu 390 BLDS 2005). iu 393 BLDS 2005. Quy nh ny trn thc t cht ch hn so vi CISG, theo iu 15.2 ca CISG ngh giao kt c th c hy b ngay c khi trong Ngh khng quy nh quyn hy b ca Bn Ngh. Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 65
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Ngh giao kt c chm dt khi (i) Bn c Ngh khng chp nhn, (ii) ht thi hn tr li chp nhn m cha nhn c Chp Nhn ca Bn c Ngh, (iii) thng bo thay i hoc rt li Ngh c hiu lc, (iv) thng bo hy b Ngh c hiu lc hoc (v) cc bn c tha thun khc. Ngoi ra Ngh c th c sa i theo xut ca Bn c Ngh (counter-offer). Trong trng hp ny, Bn c Ngh xem nh a ra mt Ngh mi. 77 Chp Nhn giao kt hp ng: 78
Chp Nhn ch c hiu lc khi c thc hin trong thi hn ch tr li chp nhn c Bn Ngh n nh trong Ngh. Qu thi hn trn, nu Bn Ngh nhn c Chp Nhn ca Bn c Ngh, Chp Nhn ny s c xem l Ngh mi ca Bn c Ngh i vi Bn Ngh. 79 Trong trng hp giao tip trc tip (k c in thoi hoc cc phng tin khc), Bn c Ngh phi tr li ngay c chp nhn hay khng chp nhn, tr trng hp c tha thun khc (Khon 2 iu 397 BLDS 2005). Chp Nhn c th c rt li nu n trc hoc vo cng thi im Bn Ngh nhn c Chp Nhn ny. 80 i chiu vi cc quy inh lin quan ca CISG, c th ni, ngoi tr mt s chi tit c th, hu ht cc quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam lin quan n giao kt hp ng u tng thch vi nhng nguyn tc c bn ca Cng c Vin 1980. Ch c mt s khc bit nh, th hin nhng quy nh chi tit hn ca Cng c.
V d, CISG quy nh c th v iu khon ch yu ca hp ng mua bn hng ha (gm tn hng, s lng, gi c), cn php lut v mua bn hng ha ca Vit Nam hin nay khng c quy nh hp ng mua bn hang ha phi c nhng iu khon ch yu no. Ngoi ra, CISG cn quy nh rt r ti iu 19.3 v ni dung ca chp nhn
77 iu 394 v 395 BLDS 2005.
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iu 396 BLDS 2005 quy nh: Chp Nhn giao kt hp ng l s ng ca Bn c Ngh i vi Bn Ngh i vi ton b ni dung ca Ngh (). Nh vy, nu Bn c Ngh ch chp nhn mt phn ni dung ca Ngh v xut sa i hoc a ra iu kin i vi Bn Ngh, theo iu 395 BLDS 2005, Bn c Ngh a ra mt Ngh mi.
Tuy nhin Chp Nhn vn c hiu lc nu n chm v l do khch quan vi iu kin Bn Ngh bit hoc phi bit v l do khch quan ny tr trng hp Bn Ngh tr li ngay khng ng vi Chp Nhn (Khon 1 iu 397 BLDS 2005).
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79
iu 400 BLDS 2005. iu ny hon ton tng thch vi iu 15.2 ca CISG. Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 66
cho hng, qua c th xc nh c nhng sa i b sung no ca chp nhn cho hng l c bn khin cho chp nhn cho hng tr thnh mt cho hng mi. B lut dn s Vit Nam nm 2005 khng c quy nh c th nh vy. Ngoi ra, do yu cu ca thc tin thng mi quc t, CISG cn a ra quy nh v vic ko di thi hn hiu lc ca cho hng khi ngy cui cng ca cho hng li ri vo ngy ngh hay ngy l, trong khi lut Vit Nam khng quy nh g v vn ny.
4. Hnh thc ca hp ng Theo php lut Vit Nam, hp ng mua bn hng ho c th hin bng li ni, bng vn bn hoc c xc lp bng hnh vi c th (Khon 1 iu 24 Lut Thng Mi 2005). Ring i vi hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t, Lut Thng Mi 2005 ch cng nhn theo hnh thc vn bn hoc bng hnh thc khc c gi tr php l tng ng. 81 Theo BLDS 2005, hp ng dn s c th c giao kt bng li ni, bng vn bn hoc bng hnh vi c th, tr mt s loi hp ng c yu cu ring. 82 CISG cng nhn nguyn tc t do v hnh thc hp ng, ngha l mt hp ng mua bn hng ha khng nht thit phi bng vn bn m c th c thnh lp bng li ni, bng hnh vi v c th c chng minh bng mi cch, k c bng nhn chng (iu 11 CISG). y l mt im khc bit c bn gia CISG v php lut Vit Nam v hnh thc ca hp ng. Tuy nhin, s khc bit ny khng cn tr vic Vit Nam tham gia CISG v Vit Nam c quyn bo lu s khc bit ny theo iu 96 ca CISG (nh trnh by trn). 5. Quyn v ngha v ca cc bn Quyn v ngha v ca cc bn trong hp ng mua bn c quy nh ch yu ti cc iu t iu 34 n iu 62 Lut Thng mi 2005. Phn tch cc quy nh ny cho thy chng c ni dung gn tng t vi quy nh trong cc iu khon tng ng ca CISG. L do ca iu ny mt phn c cho l do trong qu trnh son tho, cc nh lm lut Vit Nam tham kho CISG trong qu trnh son tho Lut ny. im khc bit ng k nht c tm thy l trong quy nh v thi hn khiu ni v hng ha khng ph hp vi hp ng. Theo Lut Thng mi Vit Nam, thi hn ny nhiu nht l 6 thng k t ngy giao hng v y l thi hn ph hp vi cc hp ng ni a. CISG quy nh thi hn ny ti a c th l 2
81 Khon 2 iu 27 Lut Thng Mi.
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Khon 1 iu 401 BLDS 2005. iu 11 ca CISG cng quy nh tng t, tc l mt hp ng mua bn hng ha khng nht thit phi k bng vn bn v khng c yu cu no v hnh thc. Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c Vin 1980 67
nm k t ngy giao hng. S khc bit ny gia Lut Thng mi v CISG l hon ton c th l gii c do Lut Thng mi c son tho p dng cho hp ng trong nc, cn CISG c p dng cho hp ng mua bn quc t (c suy on l thng phc tp hn v k thut cng nh v cc quy nh php l tng ng). 6. Trch nhim do vi phm hp ng V cc ch ti do vi phm hp ng, php lut Vit Nam v CISG u quy nh v ch ti buc thc hin ng hp ng, bi thng thit hi v hy hp ng. Cng c Vin khng quy nh g v pht vi phm hp ng do c nhiu quan im rt khc nhau gia cc nc Civil Law v Common Law v ch ti ny khin cho vic hi ha ha l khng th thc hin c. Ch ti hy hp ng ch c p dng khi mt bn vi phm c bn hp ng. iu 25 ca Cng c v iu 3 khon 13 Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005 a ra nhng nh ngha khng hon ton ging nhau, nhng u thng nht mt im: vi phm c bn l vi phm gy ra thit hi nghim trng cho bn b vi phm, lm cho bn ny khng t c mc ch khi giao kt hp ng. Ngoi ra, CISG cn quy nh mt trng hp c hy hp ng, l khi bn vi phm khng khng thc hin ngha v trong thi hn c gia hn thm (iu 49 khon 1 v 64 khon 1). Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005 khng c quy nh tng ng. V ch ti buc thc hin ng hp ng, CISG v Lut Thng mi Vit Nam cho php tri ch la chn mt trong hai bin php: sa cha hay thay th hng ha. Tuy vy, cu hi t ra l cn c vo u la chn sa cha hay thay th hng ha. Lut Thng mi Vit Nam 2005 khng c quy nh g v vn ny, trong khi , CISG li nu r, tri ch ch c p dng bin php thay th hng ha khi vi phm ca th tri cu thnh vi phm c bn, cn trong cc trng hp khc ch tri ch ch c p dng bin php sa cha hng ha, loi tr khuyt tt ca hng ha 83 . V bi thng thit hi, lut Vit Nam v CISG u quy nh cc thit hi c bi thng bao gm tn tht v khon li b b l m bn kia phi chu do hu qu ca s vi phm hp ng. V tnh cht ca thit hi c bi thng, CISG nhn mnh n tnh c th d on trc ca thit hi i vi bn vi phm, cn php lut Vit Nam li nhn mnh tnh trc tip v thc t (iu 302 Lut Thng mi nm 2005). Nguyn tc hn ch tn tht u c ghi nhn ti CISG v Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005.
83
iu 46 v iu 62- CISG
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V cc trng hp min trch, CISG v php lut Vit Nam c cch tip cn tng t khi quy nh trng hp bt kh khng v trng hp li ca bn b vi phm. Ngoi ra, CISG cn quy nh c th v vic min trch khi do li ca bn th ba (iu 79) trong khi php lut Vit Nam cha c quy nh c th v vn ny. Ngoi ra, CISG cn c kh nhiu quy nh chi tit v bin php gim gi hng (iu 50), v cch p dng ch ti khi hp ng giao hng tng phn (iu 71), v vic hy hp ng ngay c khi cha n thi hn thc hin ngha v (iu 72), v cch tnh tin bi thng thit hi mt cch c th khi hp ng b hy (iu 75 v 76), v bo qun hng ha ang tranh chp (t iu 85-iu 88). Tm li, lin quan n cc ch ti do vi phm hp ng m CISG v php lut Vit Nam cng quy nh, CISG c cc quy nh y v c th hn so vi php lut Vit Nam. Bn cnh , c vn lut Vit Nam c quy nh nhng CISG li khng quy nh (nh ch ti pht) v ngc li. Mt s im khc bit khc cng cn c lu , nh quy nh v vic thay th hng ha khng ph hp. Tuy vy, cn khng nh l nhng s khc bit ny khng to nn mu thun i khng gia CISG v php lut Vit Nam v mua bn hng ha (bi hai h thng ny b sung cho nhau, mi h thng c p dng cho mt loi hp ng ring).
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PH LC 2 - DANH SCH CC QUC GIA THNH VIN CA CISG Ngun: http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/sale_goods/1980CISG_status.html cp nht ngy 30/04/2010 Stt Quc gia Ngy k Ngy ph chun, gia nhp hay k tha 06/12/1982 13/05/2009 (b) 29/12/1987 19/07/1983 (b) 02/12/ 2008 (b) 17/03/1988 (b) 19/05/1995 09/10/1989 (b) 31/10/1996 (b) 12/01/1994 (c) 09/07/1990 (b) 04/09/ 1998 (b) 23/04/ 1991 (b) 07/02/1990 10/07/ 2001 (b) 19/10/1982 30/09/ 1993 (c) 22/11/2006 (c) 08/06/ 1998 (c) 02/11/ 1994 (b) 07/03/ 2005 (b) 14/02/1989 21/12/1989 27/01/ 1992 (b) 27/11/ 2006 (b) 20/09/ 1993 (b) 15/12/ 2004 (b) 16/08/1994 (b) 23/01/1991 (b) Ngy c hiu lc 01/01/1988 01/01/2010 01/01/1989 01/01/1988 01/01/2010 01/04/1989 01/06/1996 01/11/1990 01/11/1997 06/03/1992 01/08/1991 01/10/1999 01/05/ 1992 01/03/1991 01/08/2002 01/01/1988 01/01/1993 17/11/1991 08/10/1991 01/12/1995 01/04/2006 01/03/1990 01/01/1991 01/02/ 1993 01/12/2007 01/10/1994 01/01/2006 01/09/1995 01/02/1992
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Ai Cp Albania o Argentina (a) Armenia (a) Australia Ba Lan Belarus (a) B Bosnia v Herzegovina Bulgaria Burundi Canada (d) Chile (a) Colombia Cng ha Rp Syrian Cng ha Sc (h), (i) Cng ha Yugoslav ca Macedonia Croatia (g) Cuba Cyprus an Mch (j) c (l), (m) Ecuador El Salvador Estonia (k) Gabon Georgia Guinea
11/04/1980
28/09/1981
11/04/1980
26/05/1981 26/05/1981
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68
H Lan Hn Quc Hoa K (i) Honduras Hungary (a), (n) Hy Lp Iceland (j) Iraq Israel Italy Kyrgyzstan Latvia (a) Lebanon (b) Lesotho Liberia Lithuania (a) Luxembourg Mauritania Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Na uy (j) New Zealand Nga (a), (p) Nht Bn Paraguay (a) Peru Phn Lan (j) Php Romania Saint Vincent v Grenadines (i) Serbia (q) Singapo (i) Slovakia (h), (i) Slovenia Ty Ban Nha Thy in (j) Thy S
29/05/1981 31/08/1981 11/04/1980
30/09/1981
18/06/1981
26/05/1981
26/05/1981 27/08/1981
11/04/1980
26/05/1981
13/12/1990 (o) 17/02/2004 (b) 11/12/1986 10/10/ 2002 (b) 16/06/1983 12/01/1998 (b) 10/05/2001 (b) 05/03/1990 (b) 22/01/2002 (b) 11/12/1986 11/05/1999 (b) 31/07/1997 (b) 21/11/2008 (b) 18/06/1981 16/09/2005 (b) 18/01/1995 (b) 30/01/1997 (b) 20/08/1999 (b) 29/12/1987 (b) 13/10/1994 (b) 31/12/1997 (b) 23/10/2006 (c) 20/07/1988 22/09/1994 (b) 16/08/1990 01/07/2008 13/01/2006 25/03/1999 15/12/1987 06/08/1982 (f) 22/05/1991 12/09/2000 12/03/2001 (c) 16/02/1995 28/05/1993 (c) 07/01/1994 (c) 24/07/1990 (b) 15/12/1987 21/02/1990 (b)
01/01/1992 01/03/2005 01/01/1988 01/11/2003 01/01/1988 01/02/1999 01/06/ 2002 01/04/1991 01/02/2003 01/01/1988 01/06/ 2000 01/08/1998 01/12/2009 01/01/1988 01/10/2006 01/02/1996 01/02/1998 01/09/2000 01/01/1989 01/11/1995 01/01/1999 03/06/2006 01/08/1989 01/10/1995 01/09/1991 01/08/2009 01/02/2007 01/04/2000 01/01/1989 01/01/1988 01/06/1992 01/10/2001 27/04/1992 01/03/1996 01/01/1993 25/06/1991 01/08/1991 01/01/1989 01/03/1991
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69 70 71 72 73 74
Trung Quc (e) Uganda Ukraine (a) Uruguay Uzbekistan Zambia
30/09/1981
11/12/ 1986 (f) 12/02/1992 (b) 03/01/1990 (b) 25/01/1999 (b) 27/11/1996 (b) 06/06/1986 (b)
01/01/1988 01/03/1993 01/02/1991 01/02/2000 01/12/1997 01/01/1988
Cc tuyn b v bo lu: (a) Quc gia ny, tun theo cc iu 12 v 96 ca Cng c, tuyn b rng cc quy nh ti iu 11, iu 29 hay phn II ca Cng c cho php hp ng mua bn, vic sa i hay kt thc hp ng theo tha thun, cho hng, chp nhn hay cc tuyn b c th c lm di mi hnh thc ngoi hnh thc vn bn, s khng p dng nu mt trong cc bn c tr s trn lnh th ca Quc gia ny. Gia nhp K tha Vo thi im gia nhp, Canada tuyn b, tun theo iu 93, rng Cng c s c p dng ti Alberta, o Hong t Edouard, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario v cc vng lnh th Ty bc. Trong mt tuyn b ngy 09/04/1992, Canada m rng p dng Cng c ti Qubec v Saskatchewan. Trong mt tuyn b ngy 09/04/1992, Canada m rng p dng Cng c ti Yukon. Trong mt tuyn b ngy 09/04/1992, Canada m rng p dng Cng c ti Nunavut. Vo thi im ph chun, Trung Quc tuyn b s khng b rng buc bi khon 1.b iu 1 cng nh khng b rng buc bi iu 11 v cc quy nh ca Cng c c lin quan n iu 11. Ph chun Vo thi im gia nhp, da trn quy nh ca Hin php v quyn t ch v c lp ca Cng ha Croatia ngy 5/06/1001 v Quyt nh ca Quc hi Croatia ngy 8/10/1991, vi tnh cht k tha t Cng ha x hi ch ngha lin bang Yougoslavi, Croatia quyt nh tr thnh thnh vin ca Cng c k t ngy 8/10/1991, ngy m Croatia ct t tt c cc mi lin h mang tnh hin php v php l vi Cng ha x hi ch ngha lin bang Yougoslavi v bt u gnh
(b) (c) (d)
(e)
(f) (g)
vc cc ngha v quc t ca mnh. (h) Tip Khc k Cng c ngy 01/09/1981 v trnh vn bn ph chun ngy 05/03/1990; Cng c c hiu lc ti Tip Khc ngy 01/04/1991. Slovakia v Cng ha Sc trnh cc vn bn k tha ln lt vo ngy 28/05/1993 v 30/09/1993, vi hiu lc bt u t ngy 01/01/1993, ngy m hai quc gia ny k tha t Tip Khc c. Quc gia ny tuyn b khng b rng buc bi khon 1.b ca iu 1 Vo thi im ph chun, tun theo khon 1 iu 92, an Mch, Phn Lan, Na-uy v Thy in tuyn b rng cc quc gia ny s khng b rng buc bi phn th hai ca Cng c (thnh lp hp ng). Vo thi im ph chun, tun theo khon 1 v khon 2 iu 94, an Mch, Phn Lan, Na-uy v Thy in tuyn b rng Cng c s khng c p dng cho cc hp ng mua bn c thit lp gia cc bn c tr s ti an Mch, Phn Lan, Thy in, Na-uy hay Aixlen. Trong mt thng bo ngy 12/03/2003, Aix-len tuyn b rng Cng c s khng p dng cho cc hp ng mua bn hay cho vic thnh lp hp ng khi cc bn c tr s ti an Mch, Phn Lan, Aix-len, Na-uy hay Thy in (theo khon 1 iu 94). Ngy 09/03/2004, Estonia rt li bo lu c nu ti ghi ch (a) m quc gia ny tuyn b khi ph chun Cng ha dn ch c (c) k Cng c ngy 13/08/1981 v ph chun Cng c ngy 23/02/1989. Cng c c hiu lc ti quc gia ny ngy 01/03/1990 Vo thi im ph chun, c tuyn b rng quc gia ny s khng p dng khon 1.b iu 1 i vi tt c cc quc gia tuyn b bo lu iu ny. Vo thi im ph chun, Hungari tuyn b coi cc iu kin chung giao hng gia cc t chc thuc cc quc gia thnh vin ca Hi ng tng tr kinh t l c lin quan n cc quy nh ti iu 90 ca Cng c Chp thun T ngy 24/12/1991, Lin bang Nga k tha Lin X c tr thnh quc gia thnh vin ca Lin Hp Quc v t ngy ny s gnh vc mi quyn v ngha v ca Lin X c theo quy nh ti Hin
(i) (j)
(k) (l)
(m)
(n)
(o) (p)
chng Lin Hp Quc v trong cc iu c a phng c lin quan (q) Yougoslavi c k kt Cng c vo ngy 11/04/1980 v ph chun Cng c vo ngy 27/05/1985. Ngy 12/03/2001, nc Cng ha lin bang Yougoslavi tuyn b nh sau: Chnh ph nc Cng ha lin bang Yougoslavi, sau khi nghin cu Cng c, quyt nh k tha Cng c ny v chnh thc cam kt s tun theo cc quy nh ca Cng c t ngy 27/04/1992, ngy m nc Cng ha lin bang Yougoslavi gnh vc ngha v trong cc quan h quc t
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TI LIU THAM KHO

A. DANH MC TI LIU
1. 2. 3. 4.
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y ban T vn v Chnh sch Thng mi Quc t - VCCI

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