CLINICAL CHEMISTRY Definition: FBS- fasting blood sugar- used to monitor the glucose sugar on blood.

Cholesterol- evaluates the risk for arteriosclerosis, myocardial occlusion and coronary arterial occlusion. HDL- used to assess CAD risk and monitor persons with known low HDL levels. LDL- specifically done to determine CHD risk Trigylcerides- the test evaluates suspected atherosclerosis and measures the bodys ability to metabolize fat Sodium- determinations of plasma sodium levels detect changes in water balance rather than sodium balance. Potassim: measures serum levels of potassium, a major intracellular action that helps maintain osmotic equilibrium; regulates muscle activity, enzyme activity, and acid base balance and influences renal function.

Purpose: to obtain serum level of the above mentioned blood components and body metabolic requirements and products. Preparation:

obtain a 5ml venous blood sample. Fasting is done for the FBS.
Date of Examination: 091612 Results 5.10 mmolL Normal Values 4.1-5.9 mmolL Significance Possibly due to increasing age, the utilization of glucose by the skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle cells are reduced resulting to slightly increase in the serum blood glucose after fasting Possibly due to hypertension which is common in patients with increased trigylcerides and cholesterol levels. Increased trigylcerides

FBS

Cholesterol

5.62 mmolL

1.3-5.2 mmolL

Triglycerides

4.70 mmolL

0.17-1.20 mmolL

HDL LDL

0.66 mmolL 2.82 mmolL

0.90-1.55 mmolL 0.3-9 mmolL

are usually associated with conditions common to older adult such as hypertension. Also, usually common in adults due to decrease pancreatic secretions. Within normal limits Within normal limits

Date of Examination: 091712 Results 143.9 mmolL 3.89 mmolL Normal Values 135-145 mmolL 3.5-5.3 mmolL Significance Within normal limits Within normal limits

Sodium Potassium

Name of Examination: Gram Stain Definition: An empirical method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups (Gram Positive and Gram Negative) based on the chemical, primarily the presence of high levels of peptidoglycan, and physical properties of their cell walls. Performed on body fluid or biopsy if infection is suspected. Purpose: To differentiate bacterial species into two large groups (Gram negative & Gram positive) Specimen: Vaginal Discharge Preparation: Obtain a swab of vaginal discharge and gently roll it over a glass slide. Apply a primary stain (crystal violet) to the heat fixed smear of bacterial culture. Add a trapping agent (Grams iodine). Decolorize with ethanol and counterstain with safranin. Date: Result Some pus cells Many squamous epithelial cells Many Gram-negative bacilli Normal Values Fewer than 5 leukocytes Should consist predominantly of lactobacilli (large Gram-positive bacilli) No demonstrative extracellular nor intracellular Gram-negative diplococci. Significance Normal Normal Indicator of Bacterial Vaginosis caused by G. Vaginalis. Normal Normal. Otherwise, presence of intracellular Gram-negative diplococcic should indicate Gonococcal Conjunctivitis.

Few Gram-positive cocci, singly No demonstrative extracellular nor intracellular Gram-negative diplococci.