-

) ( 1997




.

/

.
.

.

.


.


.


.



.
/
/
.

.


.

10

11

11

12

13

16

: :

17

18

32

43

: :

46

47

47

48

48

53

67

70

: :

72

73

74

75

76

78

79

80

81

83

84

85

85

92

.1

48

.2

49

.3

)(

49

.
.4

)(

50

.
.5

)(

50

.
.6

50

.
.7

51

.
.8

55

.
.9

58

.10

61

.11

66

.12

)(

73

.
.13

74

.
.14

75

.
.15

)(

76

.
.16

)(

77

.1

.1997-1996

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

.10

.11



-:
.1 )

> (05

.
.2 )

> (05

.
.3 )

> (05

.
.4 )

> (05

.



) 167
(

1997/96

.

 )(
) ( 05
Mann - Whitney
-:

) ( 05

.
:

Abstract
This study aimed at knowing the effect of the science curriculum
enrichment through scientific thinking skills upon the students achievement
.
In order to realize this four hypotheses were proposed stating as follows :1. There is no stasistical differences at the level of ( 0.05 > ) between the
average of the experimental group achievement and there counter parts
of the control group achievement .
2. There is no stasistical differences at the level of ( 0.05 > ) between the
high acheivers of the experimental group and there counter part in the
control group .
3. There is no stasistical differences at the level of ( 0.05 > ) between the
achievement of the lower achievers in the experimental group and there
counter part in the control group .
4. There is no stasistical differences at the level of ( 0.05 > ) between the
average of the achievement of students in the experimental group due to
sex .
In order to test the study hypotheses of enrichment material was proposed
after analysing of the study contents and specify the gaps .
After finding out its qualetative focus on the scientific thinking skills in
order to bridge the gaps .
Then asample group of study selected from two Breij Camps school four
seven classes comprising (167) student ( two classes in each school ).
The enriched science curriculum with the scientific thinking had been
implemented in the both schools on the experimental group boys and girls.
The experimental lasted three monthes during the first semister of the
scholastic year 1996 /1997 .
An achivement tist was applied and a scientific thinking skills test
proposed by the researcher before the experiment to ensure the level of the
two groups .
After the experiment the same two tests were applied , Results were
collected and analysed to test the validity of the hypotheses .
Test ( T ) was used for two separate samples . Differences out comes were
examined at level ( 0.05) Mann Whitney test was applied for the bigger
samplies then (Z) value was tested for level ( 0.05) the out comes were as
followes :There are statistical differences between the experimental group in
achievement .
There are also statistical differences for the achievement of both the high
achievers and the law achivers in th experemental group compared with

the achievement of the high achievers and the law achievers in th control
group .
Also statistical differences were pointed out between the achievement of
boys and girls in the experimental groups for the girls .
These differences were ralated to sex then the study has been acomplished
with various recommendations : Directing the principals interest to reconsider the science curriculum
contants so that thinking - producing selection are proceeded to
stimulate students thinking according the integrated view to education
as a material and approach .
The necessity of scince teachers acquisition ( both pre - service and in -
service ) the skills of the scientific thinking and their training to design
selection employing the skills of the scientific thinking in science
teaching to realize the gools teaching science which require the
students acquisition the scientific methods in thinking and the skills of
the scientific thinking .

) .
.( 16:1992

)
(

) -
(101 :1993






) . ( 175:1995


.




) .( 37:1984


.





)
.(175:1995


. "

" ) .( 137:1973


.



.


)
. ( 12:1994



) .( 1497:1991




) ( ...
)

(...
) . ( 204:1993

(SAPA) Science A process Approach

SAPA

....

-:
.1 Observing
.2 Classifying
.3 Using numbers
.4 Measuring
.5 Using Space -Time Relationship
.6 Communicating
.7 Predicting
.8 Inferring

.
.9 Operational Definition
.10 Interpreting data
.11 Formulating hypotheses

.12

Controlling variables

.13

Expermenting

)(SAPA

) .( 218:1995

) (

) . ( 32:1992

-
.
-:

) .(18:1987

"

" )
.( 11 : 1994

-:

-1

:

1- Science Educational
2- Science and Mathematic Teacher
3- Journal of Research in Science Teaching

"
" ) 8-4 ( 1991

" " ) 6-3 ( 1992

"
" ) 14-12 . ( 1993
-2

) (1988

). (1991
8

 -3

) . ( 75 : 1994
-4

-5
.
-6

-:
-:

-:
-1

) (
) (

-2

-3

-4

10

 -:
-:

-1 )

(05

.
-2 )

(05

-3 )

( 05

(05

-:
:

.
11

 :
:
.1


.
.2

.
.3
)
(

.4
)

(
.
.5



.

12

 :

:

-1:
) (

). (36 : 1992

: ) (

.

-2 :

) .
.(6 :1989
:

.

-3 :

) (

) .(101 : 1993

13

 :

.
-:

.1 :

.2 :

.3 :

.4 :

.5 :

.6 :

) ... ( ...

14

 .7:

.8 :

.9 :

.10 :

-4 :

.

-5 :

%25

-6 :

%25 .
15

 :
- ) - (

.
- ] [
)
(

) ( .

-
1997 / 96 ) ( .
- :

.

16

: :

.
.

:
.

.
.

: :

17

-:

: :

) ( .

)
( 36 : 1992 .


)
. ( 5:1989

).
. ( 5:1989

:
: ) (.

:

)
.( 32:1995
18

) . .( 30:1995

:
) - - - (

) ( 4:1989
) .(5:1991

) . (4:1989

"


" ) . ( 25:1987

) . ( 22:1987

19

) .( 25:1987

) . ( 6:1989

1957

20

) . ( 11:1985

.

21


:
) (
) 1306 ( .

"

" )
. ( 3:1985
"

" ) . ( 60 : 1994

:
"

Science Processes

inquiry skills

Gagne

Bruner

) (

" ) . .(101:1993

22

 :
:
.1
.
.2 .
.3

.
) ( 103 : 1993

) . ( 90:1992

SAPA

) . ( 218:1995
:

) . ( 101:1993
23

 "

" ) .( 97:1984



) . .( 5:1993

24

 -:
"
)1991

Baker & Michal

( " )

. ( 101:1993


) . ( 112:1975




)

( .

for the advancement of science

The American association

.
" "

25

Project Physics Course -PPC

) .(36:1984

.
"
"
) .( 37:1984

"
" ) . .( 101:1985
"
" )
.(136:1993

26

Observing

) .( 102:1993 :

.
) .(112:1995

: :

Classifying

) . (4:1993
" "

) : 1995
( 228

27

: :

Deducting

"
" )
.( 86 : 1984

) . ( 103 : 1993


.

Deducting

).(141:1995

28

Measuring :

) 1995
(16 :

""
) : 1995
( 229
"
) . ( 98 : 1984

Formulating Hypothess

.
" ... " ...
) (6:1993

) .(105:1993

29

Experimentary

" .
" ) (8:1993
"

" ) ( 18:1995

Isolation of variables

""
)
.(236:1995

) (6:1993

.

Interperting Data

" )(

" ) . (105:1993

30


.

.

: :

"
" ) . ( 6:1993


.

31

.
-:

:
-1 : 1988

.

: -





.



32

-2 -: 1990

.

.

.

33

-3 ) -: ( 1991

) ( .

.

34

-4 ) -: ( 1992

.

.
%20

-5 ) -: ( 1993
.


.

35


) ( 500

) (
...

-:
-1

(1983 ) Haukoos and Penick

-:

) - (
.

36


.
)
(

) (
) . .( 127 : 1993

-2 ) -: ( 1986

.

.

) (468
.

37

-3 ) -: (1988

. .

.

.

-4 )-: (1988
) (

)
( .

) ( 66
.

38

-5 ) -: ( 1989

.

) (
.

) (open - ended

39

 -:

-1

(1980) Betty Ann whitson

-:

) (

.

) ( 211
.


). (8: 1993

-2

(1980) Alvin Pettus

-:

.
) (505
) (1969

40



) .( 8:1993

-3 ) -: ( 1991

.

) ( .
.


.

-4 ) -: ( 1992

.

) (

41

 ) ( 1770 ) ( 916
( 854 )
.

.

.

-5 ) -: ( 1993

.

) (
.
) ( 328
.

42

-:
-:
-1
) ( 1988 ) ( 1990

.
-2 ) (1988

) ( 1993 ) ( 1993




.

-3 ) ( 1988 ) ( 1988

) ( 1989


.
-4 ) (1980
) ( 1983 ) ( 1991

.
43

 -5
) ( 1980 ) ( 1993

) ( 1988 ) ( 1988
) ( 1991
.
-6
) (1991
) ( 1992 ) (1993

.
-7
) (1983 ) (1986

.

.





44



.

) (

45

46

-:

-:
.

-:


.

:
.

- .

O X1O
OXO

: O - .
: X 1 .
: X .
47

 -:

) ( 12 .

) ( 1
. 1997 - 1996
) ( 1
-: 1997 / 96

292

304

596

12

-:

) 81 (
) 86 (
.

48

 ) ( 2

40

41

81

42

44

86

82

85

167

-:

) ( 3
.

82

14

4.12

0.74

85

13.5

42.6

= 1.97 0.05 165

= + 12- 2

49


.
) ( 4

82

14.4

4.96

0.42

85

14.1

4.31

= 1.97 ) (0.05 . 165

.
) ( 5
.
) ( 5

40

13.3

4.22

1.57

42

14.6

3.1

= 1 99 ) (0.05 80

] (Siegel , 1956:121) [ 20 ) ( 6
) ( 6

mU

20

146

38.3

1.82

21

140

50

 Z ) ( 0.05 < 1.96

) ( 7 . Z
) ( 7

mU

38.3

1.48

20

158

21

153

Z ) (0.05 < 1.96

) 12.5 13.5 - (
.

51

52

 -:
: -:

40 ) (2
)
( "

...

" ) . ( 226 : 1994
"

" ) (4 : 1982

""
.
-:

-1 -:
) (
:

%10 :

%15

%17.5

%25

%32.5

-2 -:
:

53


:
.1

%20

.3

%15

.4

%15

.2

%20

.5 %15

.6

%15

) (8
.

-3 :
:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .

.4 .
.5 .
) (60

)
( 11 :

54

 )( 8
.

%10

%5

%7.5

%2.5

%5

%2.5

%2.5

%5

%2.5

%2.5

%2.5

%2.5

%5

%20

%20

%15

%2.5 1
%7.5 3

%5

%2.5

%2.5

2.5
%
2.5
%

%5

%15

%15

55

%17.5

13

%32.5

%15

%10

%10

10

%25

%15

40

%100

2.5
%
2.5
%

) (50 .

-4 :

) (42 .

-5 :


) ( 50 .

-6 :
-:
- = ) 100 (307:1994

: .
: .

- = - ) (310:1994

: .

1/2

:
.

56

 :
.
: .
][ %90 - %10
" %10 %90
) " %50 (310:1994
%20 "
) . (313:1994
) (40 .
= %50.56
= . %40.75

) (3 .

-7 :

:

)(332:1979:
-

=
] ) - 2 ( ][ 2 ) - 2 ([2

57



) (9 .
)(9

0.74

0.63

0.89

0.63

0.98

0.73

) 0.393 = (0.01 . 40

-8 :

Test - retest

) ( 42
) (21 .

) (332: 1979
) (0.87
.

58

 :
:

-:
.1
) (1986 ) (1988 ).(1993

.2 .

.3
) (50

) (.

.4

) ( 11 .

) (50 :
) ( )(10

59

 .5 -:

) (40 .
.6 -:

) .( 50
.7 -:
-:
- .
- .
%10
) %90 (310:1994
%20 .

) (40 .
= . %52.8
= . %42.5

) (5 .
.8 :

Test retest

) (40
) (20 .
) (0.87
60

" " ) 1994

( 368 : .
.9 -:



) .( 11

-:



).(10
) (10

0.83

0.78

0.89

0.85

0.9

) 0.288= (0.01 . 38

61

 -:
:
) (

).(6

.
:
-1

:
- .
- )
(1988 ) . (1993
-

) (20 " :
".

-2 :

:
)

(
.

62

 -3 -:



) ( 11

.

.

-4 :

) (6

.

-5 :

-6 :

" " .

-7 :

63

-8 :

.

-9 -:

)
(.

) (.

-10 :

64

 -11 :

) (

) ( 11

) (
.

-12 :
)
(

) ( 7
) (177 : 1985
- :
2M

= CR

N1 + N2
)2 (196

= CR

220 + 220
0.89

M .
N1 , N2 .

) (0.89
.
) (11
.
65

 )(11
.

18

%8.2

13

%5.9

%1.8

%4.1

28
2
2

%12.7
%9.1

8
5

%3.6

11

%45

%45

10

%4.5

%2.3
-

%91

%1.8

%1.4

%91

%5

65
1

%45

49

%22.2

13

%2.3

%29.5

%5.9

%91

%1.8

13

%5.9

25

%11.4

%3.6

%2.7

48

%21.8

%3.6

%1.8

%1.8

%3.6

28

%12.7

%1.4

%1.8

66

%1.4

220

%100

 :
-:
-1 ) (

.

%45

%1,4 %5.9
%5,9 %12,7
%21,8 %22,2
%29,5

.
-2

)
( 1993
) ( 1987

.

.
-3 ) (10

67

-4 ) (9

.
-5

).(8
-6
1996

-7


.

-8
. . .

68

-9 " "


.

-10
1996
1996 .

-11
) (

-12
:
) ( 22.6

) (17.1 ) (6.96

) (6.78
)( ) (5.138 )(

) (1.97 165 ) (0.05

69

 -13

.

-:
:

. .
)(

) (461: 1979
:
- 1

=
+

+2-

: : 1 .
: 2 .
: 1 .
: 2 .
: 1
: 2

70


20 ) ( siegel 1956:121 :
U = n1n2 + n1 ( n1 + 1 ) - R1
2

: n1 .
: n2 .
: R1 .

m u = n1n2
2

m u U
mu

U -

=Z

) n1n2 ( n1 + n2 + 1
12

71

72

] [ .

1997 - 1996

- :
:
)

> ( 0.05

.
:

) (

) (0.05 )(12
)(12
) (

82

21.7

5.8

5.142

85

16.5

7.1

= 1.97 165 )(0.05

73

 )( )(
) (0.05

) (21.7 ) (16.5

-2 :
:
) > ( 0.05

.

%25

U1 U2

) (

m u Z
) . ( 13

) ( 13

mu

20

496

38.3

7.47

21

527

)(0.05 < 1.96

74

) ( 0.05

) (496

) (527 ) (

.


> ( 0.05

-3 :
:

> ( 0.05

) %25 (

U1

U2

) (

m u

) (14 .

) ( 14

U
mu

20

409

21

527

38.3

Z ) (0.05 < 1.96

75

Z
* 5.19

 ) (Z

)(409

) (527 ) (

> ( 0.05

:
:
) > ( 0.05
.


) ( ) (0.05

) . ( 15

) ( 15
) (

40

19.3

5.3

42

24.2

4.83

= 1.99 80 )(0.05

76

4.325



) (0.05
)(16

)(16

)(

41

14.3

6.76

44

19.6

6.39

3.67

== 1.99 83 )(0.05

) (15 )( )(
)(

) ( 19.3 ) ( 5.3
) ( 24.2 ) . ( 4.83

> (0.05

) (16

77

78






.
.

-:

) ( 05

) ( 21.7
) ( 16,5

).(05

-:

:
"

"
) (223 : 1992

79

.
) (8:1993
) ( .
) ( 1991
)

( .

:



) (496

) (527

) (7.47

). (0.05


.

) (409

) . (527
). (0.05

80

 -:

) (24.2
) (19.3 )(

.
). (05

81

 -:


.
) (1993

) (8:1993
.

) (1991
) ( .

82

 -:

:
.1

.
.2



.

.3

.
.4

83

.5

.

-:

-:

.1
.

.2
.
.3
.
.4
.

84

85

 )(1

1997 - 1996

86

 )(2

87

 )(4

) (

88

 )(6

89

 )(8

90

 )(9

91

 )(11

.
.

.
.

.
.

. .

. .

. .

.
.

. .

.
.

.
.

. .

. .

. .

92

:
40 :

:
:
-:
- 1 - :
- .
- .
- .
- .
- 2 - :
- .
- .
- .
- .
- 3 - :
-.

-.

- 4 - :
-.

-.

- .

- 5 - :
- .
- .
- .
- .
- 6 - :
- .

- .

- .

- .

- 7 - :
- .
- .

 - .
- .
- 8 - :
- .
- .
- 100.
- 100.
- 9 - :
- .
- .
- .
- .
- 10 - :
- .
-

- .
- .

- 11 - :
-
- .
- .
- .

 - 12 - :
- .

- .
- .

- .

- 13 -:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- 14 - :
- .
- .
- .
- .
- 15 - :
-
- 4

-
- 100.

- 16
- :
- .
- .
- .
- .
- 17
-.
-
-
-

- 18 5 .
10 -.

5 -

2.5 -

1 -.

- 19 - :
.( 3 2 ) -

 .( 6 5)-
.( 8 7) -
.(10 9) -
- 20 = 5 = 4 = 2.
5 - .
10 - .

8 -
20 - .

- 21 - :
- .
- .
- .
- .
- 22 - :
- .
- .
- .
- .
" - 23 " - :
- + + _______ +.
- + ________ +.
- + _______ + .
- + _______ + +.

" - 24 " - :
- .

- .

-
" - 25 " - :
- .
-

-
)- ( .

" - 26 " - :
- .
- .
- .

 - .
" - 27 " - :
-

-.

" - 28 " - :
-

- .

" - 29 "
- :
- .

- .

- .

" - 30 "

" - 31 " - :

" - 32 " - :

" - 33 " - :
- .

- .

- .

 " - 34 " - :

- 35 .

- 36 - :
- .

- .

-.

- 37 - :
30 -

45 -

60 -

80 -

- 38

- 39 4

- 40 - :
- .

 - .

- .


:
:

) - - -

40 :

- (

-:
- 1
:-
(

( .

- 2
:-
(
(

(
( ) ( .

- 3
:-
(

( .

( .

- 4 - - - - - - -
:-
( -

( - .
( .

( -

- 5 :-
(

( .

( .

" - 6 - - - - - - - - - - "
:-
( -

( - .

( -

( .

) - 7 - - -( :-
1

( .

- 8 :-
(

( .

( .

- 9 :-
(

( .

- 10
:-
(

( .

- 11
:-
(

( .

- 12 " " .
:-
(

( .

( .

- 13 " " :-
(

( .

( .

- 14 " "
:-
(

( .
( .

- 15 " "
:-
(

( .

( .

- 16 " " .
2

 :-
( .
( .
( .
( .
- 17 :-
(
(

(
( .

- 18 :-
(

( .

( .

( .

- 19 :-
(

( .

( .

- 20 :-
(

( .

- 21
:-
(

( .

- 22 :-
(

( .

- 23 " = " :
(

- 24 :-
(

- 25 :
( .
(

( .
(

- 26 ) ( :
3

" - 27 "
- :
(

- 28 :
(

- 29 - :
(

- 30 - :
(

- 31 - :
( .
( .
( .
( .
- 32 - :
(

- 33 - :
(

- 34
(
(

(
(

" - 35 " - :
(

( ) (
4

 " - 36 " - :
(
(

(
(

" - 37 " - :
(

" - 38 " - :
(

( .

- 39 - :
(

( .

- 40
-:
(


- :

- :

" " .

- :

- :

- :

) (

) (.

- 1- :

- 2- :

.

- 3- :

.

- 4- :

.

- 5-:
.

- 6 - :
) ... ( ...

 - 7 - :
.

- 8 - :
.

- 9 - :

.

- 10 - :

.

) - - - - (
:
:
:


-
- - - .

: :
-1 -:
.
) (1 - :
- - - - - - - - - - - -
. :

)- :(2
" - - - - - - - - -

- :
.

-2-:
.
- :

- : .

):(2
x y


= 2

8 = x y

= 3

: - x y -

-3-:

.
) - :( 1
" "


.
)- :(2
.
- :
-4 -:
..... .... .
)- :(1
.


)- :(2


.
-5 -:
.
- : 1




.
- :2

) (
) (
- :

.
.


:
-1 -:
- :
- - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - .
.1 .
.2 .

- :
- - -

 -2
- :
- - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - -.
. .

- :
- : .

 -3 ) (

- :
- 2 - - - .
- :
.1 .
.2 200 .
.3 200 .
.4 .
.5 .
.6 .
.7 .
.8
.9

- :

100 300
70

 4
- :
100 . . 100 . - ...... .....

.
-

 -5

- :
"
- ) ( - :

- ) (- :

-:
" "
- :
-

- -

 -6

- :
- -
:

:
- .

 - 10
) (
- : - :
- ) ( - - - -
- - - -

- :
- .
- - - .

 -11 ) (
. - : - - .
-1 .

-2

:
.......... ) / / ( ... . - ..........

 -7

- :
- -
- :
- .1
- . 2

- :
-
+
- - :

 -8
- :
- :
-1
)( .............. :
) (............... :
" -2 "
................ :
................. :
- :
- )
(
- :
-

- .

 -9

"
" .
-

-:
- :
- .......

 -12

:
- - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - .

- :
.

 -13 ) (
- :
- - - -

- :
- ......
- ...........
............

 -14
3

.
:
:
:
- :

- :
- - -
- :

 -15
:

- ....... ......

- :
.

 -16
.
:
4
.
:

- :
- :
-1 .
-2 .

 - 17

:
- - - - - - - -
- - - - .

- :
.

 - 18

: - - -
- :
. . .

:
- :

 - 19

- :
- - - .
- :

- :
-

 - 20

" "

- :
- :
...................

 -21

- :
"

- "

- :
- :
" "
- :

 -22

- :
- - - - - - - -
- - - - .
- :
. .

- :
-

 -23

: - -

-
-
-

 -24

" "
....... ........ -

- :
.........

 -25
- :
"
"
) ( - ) (

- :
.
.
- :
-
-

-
-

 ""10

) (
" "

.1

.
-:
- - - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - - .

.2

)(
)(

.
-:
- - - - -
- - - - - -
- - - - -
- .

.3

9
""3

.
-:
- 2 - -
- .
-:
200

.

.4

-:

10

.
. .

.
. . .

.
.
200 .
200 .
. .

. -

-:
- - -
.

-:
- .
- .

-1
-:
100
50
-2



. .

.5

11
7

)(

)(
.

.
100 . .
100

-:

.

.
..... .....
.

) ( )(
.

.

-:
- -
- -

.6

12
8

-:
- -

.


.

.7

15

.


.

"

".
:
-

.

.
. .
.
.

+
........


:
-

.8

15

)(

)(

.9

21

.10

20

)( .

:
- ) ( -
- -
- - - -
-
.

.11
)(

20

-
.

+ .

:
) ( . ) ( . .

.
.
.
.
. . .
.
.
.
.
- .

)
( .

:

- -
.


:


..............


............
:
- -
-
.
:
. .
-:
) / / (
.
.

. ---------


. --------

.12

27

.13
) (

26
4

:





.

.14

26
5

.

.
-:
- - - - -
- - - - - -
- - - - .



.

.
. .
- .

" "
.

.
.
.
- .

-

..........
-
.......

. ........

.
.

 .15

25
3

.16

26
5

.17

28

.18

29

.


.

.

- :
4

.
.
.
.
.
. .
- .

.





:
-1
.
-2

:
- - - -
- - -
- - - -
- .

.
. .
- .

:

.

.

.

.

.
.
.

- :

: - -
-
.


-

.
.

.
) ( .
- .

.
.....
.......
: - -
. .

. .

.
. - .

.
.

.

. . .
. - .

:


........

.19

29

.20

29

.21

29

"

.
:
.

:
"

. . .

 " .

.22

32

.23

.24

32

:
:
- - - -
- - -
- - - -
- .

.25

34

:
"
"

43

) (
)
(

:
"


"

. .
. .

. . .
. . .

.
.
. . . . . . . . - .

:
.
.

-
.
-
.
-
.
:


........




.
)
(
)
(.


-:

) . ( 1995

) . ( 1991

: .

) . (

) . ( 1982 2

) . ( 1994 1 :

. ) . (1992

. ) . (1992

) . (1994

: .

: .

2 : .

85

) . ( 1988

: .

) . ( 1990 :

) . ( 1992 :

) . (1986 1 :

) . ( 1991

.191

) . ( 1979 3 :

) . ( 1992

) (

) .(1985 :

86

) . (1993

)1306( . :

) . ( 1995 ) (

) 14-12 . ( 1993

) 8-4 . (1991

: .

1 : .

. : .

) 6-3 . (1992

)1969( . 20 : .

) . (1992 :

) . (1987 :

: .

87

) . ( 1988

) . (1982

. . 7 :

) . (1993 .

. ) . (1989 . :

) . ( 1995

) . (1995

) . ( 1994

: .

: .

. ) .(1991

) . ( 1985 5 : .

88

) . ( 1988

: .

) . ( 1990

:
.

) . (1987 1

. ) . ( 1984

: .

) . ( 1995 1

: .

) . ( 1995 1 :

) . ( 1993 :

) . (1987 1 :

.4

89

) .( 1985

) . (1996 3 :

. ) . (1980

) . ( 1988

: .

8 : .

( .

. ) .(1993

) . ( 1989

) . (

) . ( 1994
:

. ) . (1973 1 :

90

) .( 1993

) . (1985 .3 :

. ) . (1995

) . ( 1985

) . (1992

: .

: .

. .

) . (1989 . . 1 :

) . (1991 . .1 :

) . (1993

) . (

) . ( 1985 :
.

91

 . ( 1992 )

:
.

-:
Carin , A . and Sund , R . (1985 ) , Teaching Science through

discovery , Ohio - Merrill publishing Company , Columbus .

Siegel , sidney ( 1956 ) , Nonparametric statistics for the
behavioral sciences , New York - Mc GRAW - HILL BOOK
COMPANY .
Smith , M . and Good , R . (1984 ) , Problem Solving and
classical genetics : Successful versus Unsuccesfull performance ,
Journal of Research in Science Teaching

92