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APPENDIX A

Trigonometry Review
EXERCISE SET A
1. (a) 5/12

(b) 13/6

(c) /9

(d) 23/30

2. (a) 7/3

(b) /12

(c) 5/4

(d) 11/12

3. (a) 12

(b) (270/)

(c) 288

(d) 540

4. (a) 18

(b) (360/)

(c) 72

(d) 210

5.

sin

21/5

cos

tan

21/2

3/ 7

(c)

2/5

7/4
3/4

3/ 10 1/ 10

cos

1/ 2

tan

(a)

sin

1/ 2

(b)

3/5

(c)

1/4

4/5

15/4

3/4

1/ 15

(a)
(b)

6.

csc

5/ 21
4/3

10/3

sec

cot

5/2 2/ 21

4/ 7
7/3

10
1/3

csc

sec

cot

5/3

5/4

4/ 15

4/3

15

7. sin = 3/ 10, cos = 1/ 10

9. tan =

8. sin =

21/2, csc = 5/ 21

10. cot =

5/3, tan =

5/2

15, sec = 4/ 15

11. Let x be the length of the side adjacent to , then cos = x/6 = 0.3, x = 1.8.
12. Let x be the length of the hypotenuse, then sin = 2.4/x = 0.8, x = 2.4/0.8 = 3.
13.

sin
cos
tan
csc
sec
cot

1/ 2 1/ 2
1
2
2
1

1/2
3/2 1/ 3
2
2/ 3
3

3/2
1/2
3
2/ 3
2
1/ 3

(a)

225

(b)

210

(c)

5/3

(d)

3/2

sin

(a)

330

(b)

120

(c)

9/4

1/2

3/2

1/ 2

(d)

14.

cos

3/2
1/2

1/ 2
1

tan
csc
sec

1/ 3
2
2/ 3

3
2/ 3
2

1
2
2
0

524

cot

1/ 3
1

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Exercise Set A

15.

525

sin

cos

tan

csc

sec

cot

(a)

4/5

3/5

4/3

5/4

5/3

3/4

(b)

4/5

(c)
(d)
(e)
(f )
16.

3/5
4/3 5/4
5/3
3/4

1/2 3/2 1/ 3
2
2 3 3

3/2 1/ 3 2
2/ 3 3
1/2

1/ 2 1/ 2
1
2
2
1

1
2
2
1
1/ 2 1/ 2
cos
tan

15/4
1/ 15
1/4

15/4 1/ 15
1/4

1/ 10
3
3/ 10

3/ 10 1/ 10
3

21/5
2/5
21/2

21/2
21/5
2/5
sin

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f )

csc
4

10/3

10/3

5/ 21

5/ 21

sec

4/ 15

4/ 15

10

10
5/2
5/2

cot

15

15
1/3
1/3

2/ 21

2/ 21

17. (a) x = 3 sin 25 1.2679

(b) x = 3/ tan(2/9) 3.5753

18. (a) x = 2/ sin 20 5.8476

(b) x = 3/ cos(3/11) 4.5811

19.

sin
(a)
(b)
(c)

cos

9 a2 /3
a/3

a/ a2 + 25 5/ a2 + 25

a2 1/a
1/a

tan

a/ 9 a2

a/5
a2 1

csc

sec

3/a
3/ 9 a2

a2 + 25/a
a2 + 25/5

a/ a2 1
a

cot
9 a2 /a

5/a

1/ a2 1

20. (a) = 3/4 2n and = 5/4 2n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

(b) = 5/4 2n and = 7/4 2n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
21. (a) = 3/4 n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(b) = /3 2n and = 5/3 2n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
22. (a) = 7/6 2n and = 11/6 2n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(b) = /3 n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
23. (a) = /6 n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(b) = 4/3 2n and = 5/3 2n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
24. (a) = 3/2 2n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

(b) = 2n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

25. (a) = 3/4 n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

(b) = /6 n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

26. (a) = 2/3 2n and = 4/3 2n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

(b) = 7/6 2n and = 11/6 2n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

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526

Appendix A

27. (a) = /3 2n and = 2/3 2n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

(b) = /6 2n and = 11/6 2n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
28. sin = 3/5, cos = 4/5, tan = 3/4, csc = 5/3, sec = 5/4, cot = 4/3

29. sin = 2/5, cos = 21/5, tan = 2/ 21, csc = 5/2, sec = 5/ 21, cot = 21/2
30. (a) = /2 2n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(c) = /4 n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(e) = 2n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

(b) = 2n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(d) = /2 2n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(f ) = /4 n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

31. (a) = n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(c) = n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(e) = /2 n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

(b) = /2 n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(d) = n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(f ) = n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

32. Construct a right triangle with one angle equal to 17 , measure the lengths of the sides and
hypotenuse and use formula (6) for sin and cos to approximate sin 17 and cos 17 .
33. (a) s = r = 4(/6) = 2/3 cm
34. r = s/ = 7/(/3) = 21/
36. = s/r so A =

35. = s/r = 2/5

1
1
1 2
r = r2 (s/r) = rs
2
2
2

37. (a) 2r = R(2 ), r =

(b) h =

(b) s = r = 4(5/6) = 10/3 cm

R2 r 2 =

2
R
2

R2 (2 )2 R2 /(4 2 ) =

4 2
R
2

38. The circumference of the circular base is 2r. When cut and attened, the cone becomes a circular
sector of radius L. If is the central angle that subtends the arc of length 2r, then = (2r)/L
so the area S of the sector is S = (1/2)L2 (2r/L) = rL which is the lateral surface area of the
cone.
39. Let h be the altitude as shown in the gure, then

1
h = 3 sin 60 = 3 3/2 so A = (3 3/2)(7) = 21 3/4.
2

h
60
7

40. Draw the perpendicular from vertex C as shown in the gure,

then

a = h/ sin 45 = 9 2/2,
h = 9 sin 30 = 9/2,

c1 = 9 cos 30
= 9 3/2, c2 = a cos 45 = 9/2,
c1 + c2 = 9( 3 + 1)/2, angle C = 180 (30 + 45 ) = 105
41. Let x be the distance above the ground, then x = 10 sin 67 9.2 ft.
42. Let x be the height of the building, then x = 120 tan 76 481 ft.

C
9
A

h
45

30
c1

c2

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Exercise Set A

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43. From the gure, h = x y but x = d tan ,

y = d tan so h = d(tan tan ).

h
x
y

44. From the gure, d = x y but x = h cot ,

y = h cot so d = h(cot cot ),
d
h=
.
cot cot

y
x

45. (a) sin 2 = 2 sin cos = 2( 5/3)(2/3) = 4 5/9

(b) cos 2 = 2 cos2 1 = 2(2/3)2 1 = 1/9

46. (a) sin( ) = sin cos cos sin = (3/5)(1/ 5) (4/5)(2/ 5) = 1/ 5

(b) cos( + ) = cos cos sin sin = (4/5)(1/ 5) (3/5)(2/ 5) = 2/(5 5)

47. sin 3 = sin(2 + ) = sin 2 cos + cos 2 sin = (2 sin cos ) cos + (cos2 sin2 ) sin
= 2 sin cos2 + sin cos2 sin3 = 3 sin cos2 sin3 ; similarly, cos 3 = cos3 3 sin2 cos
48.

cos
cos
cos sec
cos sec
=
=
= cos2
=
sec2
sec
(1/ cos )
1 + tan2

49.

cos (sin / cos ) + sin

cos tan + sin
=
= 2 cos
tan
sin / cos

2
2
=
=
50. 2 csc 2 =
sin 2
2 sin cos
51. tan + cot =

1
sin



1
cos


= csc sec

sin
cos
sin2 + cos2
1
2
2
+
=
=
=
=
= 2 csc 2
cos
sin
sin cos
sin cos
2 sin cos
sin 2

52.

sin 2 cos 2
sin 2 cos cos 2 sin
sin

=
=
= sec
sin
cos
sin cos
sin cos

53.

sin + cos 2 1
sin + (1 2 sin2 ) 1
sin (1 2 sin )
=
=
= tan
cos sin 2
cos 2 sin cos
cos (1 2 sin )

54. Using (47), 2 sin 2 cos = 2(1/2)(sin + sin 3) = sin + sin 3

55. Using (47), 2 cos 2 sin = 2(1/2)[sin() + sin 3] = sin 3 sin
56. tan(/2) =

2 sin2 (/2)
1 cos
sin(/2)
=
=
cos(/2)
2 sin(/2) cos(/2)
sin

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528

Appendix A

57. tan(/2) =

2 sin(/2) cos(/2)
sin
sin(/2)
=
=
2
cos(/2)
2 cos (/2)
1 + cos

58. From (52), cos(/3 + ) + cos(/3 ) = 2 cos(/3) cos = 2(1/2) cos = cos
C

1
59. From the gures, area = hc but h = b sin A
2
1
so area = bc sin A. The formulas
2
1
1
area = ac sin B and area = ab sin C
2
2
follow by drawing altitudes from vertices B and C, respectively.

60. From right triangles ADC and BDC,

h1 = b sin A = a sin B so a/ sin A = b/ sin B.
From right triangles AEB and CEB,
h2 = c sin A = a sin C so a/ sin A = c/ sin C
thus a/ sin A = b/ sin B = c/ sin C.

c
C

h1

h2

E
A

D
c

61. (a) sin(/2 + ) = sin(/2) cos + cos(/2) sin = (1) cos + (0) sin = cos
(b) cos(/2 + ) = cos(/2) cos sin(/2) sin = (0) cos (1) sin = sin
(c) sin(3/2 ) = sin(3/2) cos cos(3/2) sin = (1) cos (0) sin = cos
(d) cos(3/2 + ) = cos(3/2) cos sin(3/2) sin = (0) cos (1) sin = sin
sin cos + cos sin
sin( + )
=
, divide numerator and denominator by
cos( + )
cos cos sin sin
sin
sin
and tan =
to get (38);
cos cos and use tan =
cos
cos
tan + tan()
tan tan
tan( ) = tan( + ()) =
=
because
1 tan tan()
1 + tan tan

62. tan( + ) =

tan() = tan .
63. (a) Add (34) and (36) to get sin( ) + sin( + ) = 2 sin cos so
sin cos = (1/2)[sin( ) + sin( + )].
(b) Subtract (35) from (37).

(c) Add (35) and (37).

A+B
AB
1
cos
= (sin B + sin A) so
2
2
2
A+B
AB
sin A + sin B = 2 sin
cos
.
2
2
(b) Use (49)
(c) Use (48)

64. (a) From (47), sin

+
cos
, but sin() = sin so
2
2
+

sin sin = 2 cos

sin
.
2
2

65. sin + sin() = 2 sin

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66. (a) From (34), C sin( + ) = C sin cos + C cos sin so C cos = 3and C sin = 5,
square and addto get C 2 (cos2 + sin2 ) = 9 + 25, C 2 = 34. If C = 34 then cos = 3/ 34
and sin = 5/ 34so is the rst-quadrant angle for which tan = 5/3.
3 sin + 5 cos = 34 sin( + ).

(b) Follow the procedure of part (a) to get C cos = A and C sin = B, C = A2 + B 2 ,
tan = B/A where the quadrant in which lies is determined
by the signs of A and B because

cos = A/C and sin = B/C, so A sin + B cos = A2 + B 2 sin( + ).

67. Consider the triangle having a, b, and d as sides. The angle formed by sidesa and b is so
from the law of cosines, d2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos( ) = a2 + b2 + 2ab cos , d = a2 + b2 + 2ab cos .