HarvardMIT AtlasOfEconomicComplexity

THE ATLAS OF
M A P P I N G P A T H S
ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY
T O P R O S P E R I T Y
Hausmann, Hidalgo et al.
THE ATLAS OF
ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY
Hausmann, Hidalgo et al.
THE ATLAS OF ECONOMIC COMPLEXIT Y

MAPPING PATHS TO PROSPERITY
AUTHORS: Ricardo Hausmann | Csar A. Hidalgo | Sebastin Bustos | Michele Coscia Sarah Chung | Juan Jimenez | Alexander Simoes | Muhammed A. Yldrm ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research on which this Atlas is based began around 2006 with the idea of the product space. In the original paper published in Science in 2007, we collaborated with Albert-Laszlo Barabasi and Bailey Klinger. The view of economic development of countries as a process of discovering which products a country can master, a process we called self-discovery, came from joint work with Dani Rodrik and later also with Jason Hwang. We explored different implications of the basic approach in papers with Dany Bahar, Bailey Klinger, Robert Lawrence, Francisco Rodriguez, Dani Rodrik, Charles Sabel, Rodrigo Wagner and Andrs Zahler. Throughout, we received significant feedback and advice from Lant Pritchett, Andrs Velasco and Adrian Wood. We want to thank the dedicated team that runs Harvards Center for International Development (CID) for helping bring the Atlas to life: Marcela Escobari, Jennifer Gala, Irene Gandara Jones, Aimee Fox, Adriana Hoyos, Andrea Carranza, Anne Morriss and Catalina Prieto. We are also indebted to the Necsys team at the MIT Media Lab and to Sandy Sener. We thank the leadership at Harvard Kennedy School and the MIT Media Lab who were early enthusiasts of our work. The editorial design of this book was produced by DRAFT. We would like to especially acknowledge the contributions of Francisca Barros and Beltrn Garca. ISBN-10: 0615546625 ISBN-13: 9780615546629
THE ATLAS OF
ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY
| Ricardo Hausmann | Csar A. Hidalgo | Sebastin Bustos | Michele Coscia | | Sarah Chung | Juan Jimenez | Alexander Simoes | Muhammed A. Yldrm |
PRE F A C E
ver the past two centuries, mankind has accomplished what used to be unthinkable. When we look back at our long list of achievements, it is easy to focus on the most audacious of them, such as our conquest of the skies and the moon. Our lives, however, have been made easier and more prosperous by a large number of more modest, yet crucially important feats. Think of electric bulbs, telephones, cars, personal computers, antibiotics, TVs, refrigerators, watches and water heaters. Think of the many innovations that benefit us despite our minimal awareness of them, such as advances in port management, electric power distribution, agrochemicals and water purification. This progress was possible because we got smarter. During the past two centuries, the amount of productive knowledge we hold expanded dramatically. This was not, however, an individual phenomenon. It was a collective phenomenon. As individuals we are not much more capable than our ancestors, but as societies we have developed the ability to make all that we have mentioned and much, much more. Modern societies can amass large amounts of productive knowledge because they distribute bits and pieces of it among its many members. But to make use of it, this knowledge has to be put back together through organizations and markets. Thus, individual specialization begets diversity at the national and global level. Our most prosperous modern societies are wiser, not because their citizens are individually brilliant, but because these societies hold a diversity of knowhow and because they are able to recombine it to create a larger variety of smarter and better products.
The social accumulation of productive knowledge has not been a universal phenomenon. It has taken place in some parts of the world, but not in others. Where it has happened, it has underpinned an incredible increase in living standards. Where it has not, living standards resemble those of centuries past. The enormous income gaps between rich and poor nations are an expression of the vast differences in productive knowledge amassed by different nations. These differences are expressed in the diversity and sophistication of the things that each of them makes, which we explore in detail in this Atlas. Just as nations differ in the amount of productive knowledge they hold, so do products. The amount of knowledge that is required to make a product can vary enormously from one good to the next. Most modern products require more knowledge than what a single person can hold. Nobody in this world, not even the saviest geek nor the most knowledgeable entrepreneur knows how to make a computer. He has to rely on others who know about battery technology, liquid crystals, microprocessor design, software development, metallurgy, milling, lean manufacturing and human resource management, among many other skills. That is why the average worker in a rich country works in a firm that is much larger and more connected than firms in poor countries. For a society to operate at a high level of total productive knowledge, individuals must know different things. Diversity of productive knowledge, however, is not enough. In order to put knowledge into productive use, societies need to reassemble these distributed bits through teams, organizations and markets. Accumulating productive knowledge is difficult. For the
most part, it is not available in books or on the Internet. It is embedded in brains and human networks. It is tacit and hard to transmit and acquire. It comes from years of experience more than from years of schooling. Productive knowledge, therefore, cannot be learned easily like a song or a poem. It requires structural changes. Just like learning a language requires changes in the structure of the brain, developing a new industry requires changes in the patterns of interaction inside an organization or society. Expanding the amount of productive knowledge available in a country involves enlarging the set of activities that the country is able to do. This process, however, is tricky. Industries cannot exist if the requisite productive knowledge is absent, yet accumulating bits of productive knowledge will make little sense in places where the industries that require it are not present. This chicken and egg problem slows down the accumulation of productive knowledge. It also creates important path dependencies. It is easier for countries to move into industries that mostly reuse what they already know, since these industries require adding modest amounts of productive knowledge. By gradually adding new knowledge to what they already know, countries economize on the chicken and egg problem. That is why we find empirically that countries move from the products that they already create to others that are close by in terms of the productive knowledge that they require. The Atlas of Economic Complexity attempts to measure the amount of productive knowledge that each country holds. Our measure of productive knowledge can account for the enormous income differences between the nations of the world and has the capacity to predict the rate at which countries
will grow. In fact, it is much more predictive than other wellknown development indicators, such as those that attempt to measure competitiveness, governance and education. A central contribution of this Atlas is the creation of a map that captures the similarity of products in terms of their knowledge requirements. This map provides paths through which productive knowledge is more easily accumulated. We call this map, or network, the product space, and use it to locate each country, illustrating their current productive capabilities and the products that lie nearby. Ultimately, this Atlas views economic development as a social learning process, but one that is rife with pitfalls and dangers. Countries accumulate productive knowledge by developing the capacity to make a larger variety of products
of increasing complexity. This process involves trial and error. It is a risky journey in search of the possible. Entrepreneurs, investors and policymakers play a fundamental role in this economic exploration. By providing rankings, we wish to clarify the scope of the achievable, as revealed by the experience of others. By tracking progress, we offer feedback regarding current trends. By providing maps, we do not pretend to tell potential explorers where to go, but to pinpoint what is out there and what routes may be shorter or more secure. We hope this will empower these explorers with valuable information that will encourage them to take on the challenge and thus speed up the process of economic development.
RICArDO HAUSMANN
Director, Center for International Development at Harvard University, Professor of the Practice of Economic Development, Harvard Kennedy School, George Cowan Professor, Santa Fe Institute.
CSAr A. HIDALGO
ABC Career Development Professor, MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Faculty Associate, Center for International Development at Harvard University.
We thank the many individuals who, early on, understood the potential impact of research on economic growth, and shared our teams vision. The generosity of these supporters made this work feasible and now makes it available to individuals, organizations and governments throughout the world.
T h E A U th O r S W A N t t O A C K N O W L E D G E th E G E N E r O U S S U P P O rt O F :
| Alejandro Santo Domingo | MPower Foundation | Standard Bank | Anonymous Donor |
c O N T E N T S
PA R T 1
12 17 24 30 41 53 56
WHAT, WHY AND HOW?

SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 SECTION 5 SECTION 6 SECTION 7 What Do We Mean by Economic Complexity? How Do We Measure Economic Complexity? Why Is Economic Complexity Important? How Is Complexity Different from Other Approaches? How Does Economic Complexity Evolve? How Can This Atlas Be Used? Which Countries Are Included in This Atlas?
PA R T 2
60 66 72 78 84
COMPLEXITY RANKINGS
RANKING 1 RANKING 2 Economic Complexity Index Expected Growth in Per Capita GDP to 2020 RANKING 3 Expected GDP Growth to 2020 RANKING 4 Change in Economic Complexity (1964-2008)
RANKING 5 Expected Contribution to World GDP Growth to 2020
PA R T 3
92 96 350
COUNTRY PAGES
How to Read the Country Pages Albania Zimbabwe
PA R T 1
WHAT, WHY AND HOW?
SEC T I O N 1
What Do We Mean by Economic Complexity?
MAPPING PATHS TO PROSPERITY | 15
hat are things made out of? One way of describing the economic world is to say that things are made with machines, raw materials and labor. Another way is to emphasize that products are made with knowledge. Consider toothpaste. Is toothpaste just some paste in a tube? Or do the paste and the tube allow us to access knowledge about the properties of sodium fluoride on teeth and about how to achieve its synthesis? The true value of a tube of toothpaste, in other words, is that it manifests knowledge about the chemicals that facilitate brushing, and that kill the germs that cause bad breath, cavities and gum disease. When we think of products in these terms, markets take on a different meaning. Markets allow us to access the vast amounts of knowledge that are scattered among the people of the world. Toothpaste embeds our knowledge about the chemicals that prevent tooth decay, just like cars embody our knowledge of mechanical engineering, metallurgy, electronics and design. Computers package knowledge about information theory, electronics, plastics and graphics, whereas apples embody thousands of years of plant domestication as well as knowledge about logistics, refrigeration, pest control, food safety and the preservation of fresh produce. Products are vehicles for knowledge, but embedding knowledge in products requires people who possess a working understanding of that knowledge. Most of us can be ignorant about how to synthesize sodium fluoride because we can rely on the few people who know how to create this
atomic cocktail, and who together with their colleagues at the toothpaste factory, can deposit it into a product that we can use. We owe to Adam Smith the idea that the division of labor is the secret of the wealth of nations. In a modern reinterpretation of this idea, the division of labor is what allows us to access a quantity of knowledge that none of us would be able to hold individually. We rely on dentists, plumbers, lawyers, meteorologists and car mechanics to sustain our standard of living, because few of us know how to fill cavities, repair leaks, write contracts, predict the weather or fix our cars. Many of us, however, can get our cavities filled, our cars repaired and our weather predicted. Markets and organizations allow the knowledge that is held by few to reach many. In other words, they make us collectively wiser. The amount of knowledge embedded in a society, however, does not depend mainly on how much knowledge each individual holds. It depends, instead, on the diversity of knowledge across individuals and on their ability to combine this knowledge, and make use of it, through complex webs of interaction. A hunter-gatherer in the Arctic must know a lot of things to survive. Without the knowledge embedded in an Inuit, most of us would die in the Arctic, as has been demonstrated by the number of Westerners who have tried and failed. Yet, the total amount of knowledge embedded in a hunter-gatherer society is not very different from that which is embedded in each one of its members. The secret of modern societies is not that each person holds much more productive knowledge than those in a more traditional society. The secret to modernity is that we collectively use large volumes of knowledge, while each one of us holds only
a few bits of it. Society functions because its members form webs that allow them to specialize and share their knowledge with others. We can distinguish between two kinds of knowledge: explicit and tacit. Explicit knowledge can be transferred easily by reading a text or listening to a conversation. Yesterdays sports results, tomorrows weather forecast or the size of the moon can all be learned quickly by looking them up in a newspaper or on the web. And yet, if all knowledge had this characteristic, the world would be very different. Countries would catch up very quickly to frontier technologies, and the income differences across the world would be much smaller than what we see today. The problem is that crucial parts of knowledge are tacit and therefore hard to embed in people. Learning how to fix dental problems, speak a foreign language, or run a farm requires a costly and time-consuming effort. As a consequence, it does not make sense for all of us to spend our lives learning how to do everything. Because it is hard to transfer, tacit knowledge is what constrains the process of growth and development. Ultimately, differences in prosperity are related to the amount of tacit knowledge that societies hold. Because embedding tacit knowledge is a long and costly process, we specialize. This is why people are trained for specific occupations and why organizations become good at specific functions. To fix cavities you must be able to identify them, remove the decayed material and replace it. To play
baseball, you must know how to catch, field and bat, but you do not need to know how to give financial advice or fix cavities. On the other hand, to perform the function of baseball player, knowing how to catch a ball is not enough (you must also be able to field and bat). In other words, in allocating productive knowledge to individuals, it is important that the chunks each person gets be internally coherent so that he or she can perform a certain function. We refer to these modularized chunks of embedded knowledge as capabilities. Some of these capabilities have been modularized at the level of individuals, while others have been grouped into organizations and even into networks of organizations. For example, consider what has happened with undergraduate degrees, which in the US take four years of study. This norm has remained constant for the last four centuries. During the same period, however, knowledge has expanded enormously. The university system did not respond to the increase in knowledge by lengthening the time it takes to get a college degree. Instead, it increased the diversity of degrees. What used to be a degree in philosophy, split into several branches, one being natural philosophy, which later split into physics, chemistry and biology and later into other disciplines such as ecology, earth sciences and psychology. The Bureau of Labor Statistics Standard Occupation Classification for 2010 lists 840 different occupations, including 78 in healthcare, 16 in engineering, 35 kinds of scientists in coarse categories such as economists, physicists and
chemists five types of artists, and eight kinds of designers. We can all imagine a much more nuanced classification in our respective fields. For instance, we could distinguish between economists that specialize in labor, trade, finance, development, industrial organization, macro and econometrics, among others. If we did this further disaggregation for all occupations, we would easily go into the tens of thousands. The only way that society can hold all of the knowledge we have is by distributing coherent pieces of it among individuals. It is the way the world adapts to expanding knowledge. Most products, however, require more knowledge than can be mastered by any individual. Hence, those products require that individuals with different capabilities interact. Assume that a person has the capacity to hold an amount of tacit knowledge equal to one personbyte. How can you make a product that requires 100 different personbytes? Obviously, it cannot be made by a micro-entrepreneur working on her own. It has to be made either by an organization with at least 100 individuals (with a different personbyte each), or by a network of organizations that can aggregate these 100 personbytes of knowledge. How can a society hold a kilo-, mega- or giga-personbyte? Only through a deep division of labor, in which individuals become experts in small pieces of the available knowledge and then aggregate their personbytes into peoplebytes through organizations and markets. For example, to make a shirt you need to design it, pro-
cure the fabric, cut it, sew it, pack it, brand it, market it and distribute it. In a firm that manufactures shirts, expertise in each of these knowledge chunks will be held by different people. And shirts require all of them. Moreover, you need to finance the operation, hire the relevant people, coordinate all the activities and negotiate everybodys buy-in, which in itself require different kinds of knowhow. We can say that putting together this operation requires know-who and know-where. Know-who can be thought of as knowledge of who has the requisite chunks of knowledge, and know-where as knowledge of where the people and organizations that have this knowledge are located. To make shirts, you can import the fabric and access the knowledge about looms and threading that is embedded in a piece of cloth. Yet some of the knowledge required cannot be accessed through shipped inputs. The people with the relevant knowledge must be near the place where shirts are made. In fact, just as knowhow is modularized in people in the form of individual capabilities, larger amounts of knowhow are modularized in organizations, and networks of organizations, as organizational or collective capabilities. For example, to operate a garment plant you need power and water. You need to be able to move raw materials in and ship the final product out. Workers need access to urban transportation, day care centers and health facilities. To be able to operate, the plant manager needs all of these services to be locally available. This implies that others must be aggre-
18 | THE ATLAS OF ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY
gating the personbytes required to generate power, provide clean water, and run a transportation system. The relevant capabilities to perform all of these functions reside in organizations that are able to package the relevant knowledge into transferable bundles. These are bundles of knowhow that are more efficiently organized separately and transferred as intermediate inputs. We can think of these bundles as organizational capabilities the manufacturer needs. Ultimately, the complexity of an economy is related to the multiplicity of useful knowledge embedded in it. For a complex society to exist, and to sustain itself, people who know about design, marketing, finance, technology, human resource management, operations and trade law must be able to interact and combine their knowledge to make products. These same products cannot be made in societies that are missing parts of this capability set. Economic complexity, therefore, is expressed in the composition of a countrys productive output and reflects the structures that emerge to hold and combine knowledge. Knowledge can only be accumulated, transferred and preserved if it is embedded in networks of individuals and organizations that put this knowledge into productive use. Knowledge that is not used, however, is also not transferred, and will disappear once the individuals and organization
that have it retire or die. Said differently, countries do not simply make the products and services they need. They make the ones they can. To do so, they need people and organizations that possess relevant knowledge. Some goods, like medical imaging devices or jet engines, embed large amounts of knowledge and are the results of very large networks of people and organizations. By contrast, wood logs or coffee, embed much less knowledge, and the networks required to support these operations do not need to be as large. Complex economies are those that can weave vast quantities of relevant knowledge together, across large networks of people, to generate a diverse mix of knowledge-intensive products. Simpler economies, in contrast, have a narrow base of productive knowledge and produce fewer and simpler products, which require smaller webs of interaction. Because individuals are limited in what they know, the only way societies can expand their knowledge base is by facilitating the interaction of individuals in increasingly complex webs of organizations and markets. Increased economic complexity is necessary for a society to be able to hold and use a larger amount of productive knowledge, and we can measure it from the mix of products that countries are able to make.
SECTION 2
How Do We Measure Economic Complexity?
ow do we go from what a country makes to what a country knows? If making a product requires a particular type and mix of knowledge, then the countries that make the product reveal having the requisite knowledge (see Technical Box 2.1). From this simple observation, it is possible to extract a few implications that can be used to construct a measure of economic complexity. First, countries whose residents and organizations possess more knowledge have what it takes to produce a more diverse set of products. In other words, the amount of embedded knowledge that a country has is expressed in its productive diversity, or the number of distinct products that it makes. Second, products that demand large volumes of knowledge are feasible only in the few places where all the requisite knowledge is available. We define ubiquity as the number of countries that make a product (Figure 2.1). Using this terminology, we can observe that complex products those that contain many personbytes of knowledgeare less ubiquitous. The ubiquity of a product, therefore, reveals information about the volume of knowledge that is required for its production. Hence, the amount of knowledge that a country has is expressed in the diversity and ubiquity of the products that it makes. A game of scrabble is a useful analogy. In scrabble, players use tiles containing single letters to make words. For instance, a player can use the tiles R, A and C to construct the word CAR or ARC. In this analogy, each product is represented by a word, and each capability, or module of embedded knowledge, is represented by a letter. We assume that each player has plenty of copies of the letters they have. Our measure of economic complexity corresponds to estimating what fraction of the alphabet a player possesses, knowing only how many words he or she can make, and how many other players can also make those same words. Players who have more letters will be able to make more
words. So we can expect the diversity of words (products) that a player (country) can make to be strongly related to the number of letters (capabilities) that he (it) has. Long words will tend to be rare, since they can only be put together by players with many letters. Hence, the number of players that can make a word tells us something about the variety of letters each word requires: longer words tend to be less ubiquitous, while shorter words tend to be more common. Similarly, ubiquitous products are more likely to require few capabilities, and less ubiquitous products are more likely to require a large variety of capabilities. Diversity and ubiquity are, respectively, crude approximations of the variety of capabilities available in a country or required by a product. Both of these mappings are affected by the existence of rare letters, such as Q and X. For instance, players holding rare letters will be able to put together words that few other players can make, not because they have many letters, but because the letters that they have are rare. This is just like rare natural resources, such as uranium or diamonds. Yet, we can see whether low ubiquity originates in scarcity or complexity by looking at the number of other words that the makers of rare words are able to form. If these players can only make a few other words, then it is likely that rarity explains the low ubiquity. However, if the players that can make these rare words are, in general, able to put together many other words, then it is likely that the low ubiquity of the word reflects the fact that it requires a large number of letters and not just a few rare ones. Diversity can therefore be used to correct the information carried by ubiquity, and ubiquity can be used to correct the information carried by diversity. We can take this process a step further by correcting diversity using a measure of ubiquity that has already been corrected by diversity and vice versa. In fact, we can do this an infinite number of times using mathematics. This process converges after a few iterations and represents our quantitative measures of
F igure 2 . 1 :
Graphical explanation of diversity and ubiquity.
D i V ersity(kc,0): : Diversity Diversity is related to the number of Diversity is related to the number of products that a country is connected products that ato. country is connected to. This is equal to the number of this country has that in the This is equal tolinks the that number of links network. In this example, using a this country hasof inthe the network. this subset 2009 data, the In diversity ofa Netherlands 5, that of Argentina example, using subset ofisthe 2009 data, is 3, and that of Gana is 1.
NETHERLANDS (NLD)
X-RAY MACHINES
the diversity of Netherlands is 5, that of Argentina is 3, and that of Gana is 1.
MEDICAMENTS
ARGENTINA (ARG)
CREAMS AND POLISHES
CHEESE
GHANA (GHA) FROZEN FISH
Ubiquity (kp,0): Ubiquity U B i Q uity is is :related to the number of Ubiquity is is related to the number of countries that a product is connected to. countries that a product is connected to. This equal to number the number links that This isis equal to the of linksof that this product hashas in the In this In this this product innetwork. the network. example, using a subset of the 2009 data, example, using a subset of the 2009 data, the ubiquity of Cheese is 2, that of Fish is 3 and that of Medicaments is is 1. 2, that of Fish is 3 the ubiquity of Cheese and that of Medicaments is 1.
F igure 2 . 2 :
Map of the World colored according to ECI Ranking.
Rank
1 128
complexity. For countries, we refer to this as the Economic Complexity Index (ECI). The corresponding measure for products gives us the Product Complexity Index. Technical Box 2.2 presents the mathematical definition of these two quantities and Ranking 1 lists countries sorted by their ECI. Figure 2.2 shows a map of the world colored according to a countrys ECI ranking. Consider the case of Singapore and Pakistan. The population of Pakistan is 34 times larger than that of Singapore. At market prices their GDPs are similar since Singapore is 38 times richer than Pakistan in per capita terms. Under the classification we use in this Atlas, they both export a similar number of different products, about 133. How can products tell us about the conspicuous differences in the level of development that exist between these two countries? Pakistan exports products that are on average exported by
28 other countries (placing Pakistan in the 60th percentile of countries in terms of the average ubiquity of their products), while Singapore exports products that are exported on average by 17 other countries (1st percentile). Moreover, the products that Singapore exports are exported by highly diversified countries, while those that Pakistan exports are exported by poorly diversified countries. Our mathematical approach exploits these second, third and higher order differences to create measures that approximate the amount of productive knowledge held in each of these countries. Ultimately, what countries make reveals what they know (see Information Box 2.1). Take medical imaging devices. These machines are made in few places, but the countries that are able to make them, such as the United States or Germany, also export a large number of other products. We can infer that medical imaging devices
I N F O R M A T i O N B O X 2 . 1 : A N A LT E R N A T i V E WAY T O U N D E R S TA N D O U R M E A S U R E S OF ECONOMiC COMPLEXiTY are complex because few countries make them, and those that do tend to be diverse. By contrast, wood logs are exported by most countries, indicating that many countries have the knowledge required to export them. Now consider the case of raw diamonds. These products are extracted in very few places, making their ubiquity quite low. But is this a reflection of the high knowledge-intensity of raw diamonds? Of course not. If raw diamonds were complex, the countries that would extract diamonds should also be able to make many other things. Since Sierra Leone and Botswana are not very diversified, this indicates that something other than large volumes of knowledge is what makes diamonds rare (see Information Box 2.2 on Product Complexity). This Atlas relies on international trade data. We made this choice because it is the only dataset available that has a rich detailed cross-country information linking countries to the products that they produce in a standardized classification. As such, it offers great advantages, but it does have limitations. First, it includes data on exports, not production. Countries may be able to make things that they do not export. The fact that they do not export them, however, suggests that they may not be very good at them. Countries may also export things they do not make. To circumvent this issue we require that countries export a fair share of the products we connect them to (see Technical Box 2.1). Second, because the data is collected by customs offices, it includes only goods and not services. This is an important drawback, as services are becoming a rising share of international trade. Unfortunately, the statistical efforts of most countries of the world have not kept up with this reality. Finally, the data does not include information on non-tradable activities. These are an important part of the economic eco-system that allows products and services to be made. Our current research is focused on finding implementable solutions to these limitations, and we hope we will be able to present them in future versions of this Atlas.
Understanding the measures of economic complexity described in this Atlas can be sometimes challenging. Analogies, however, can help get our minds around what the economic complexity index is able to capture. Think of a particular country and consider a random product. Now, ask yourself the following question: If this country cannot make this product, in how many other countries can this product be made? If the answer is many countries, then this country probably does not have a complex economy. On the other hand, if few other countries are able to make a product that this country cannot make, this would suggest that this is a complex economy. Let us illustrate this with a few examples. According to our measures, Japan and Germany are the two countries with the highest levels of economic complexity. Ask yourself the question: If a good cannot be produced in Japan or Germany, where else can it be made? That list of countries is likely to be a very short one, indicating that Japan and Germany are complex economies. Now take an opposite example: if a product cannot be made in Mauritania or Sudan, where else can it be made? For most products this is likely to be a long list of countries, indicating that Sudan and Mauritania are among the worlds least complex economies. This analogy is useful to understand the difference between economic complexity and the level of income per capita of a country. Two countries that have high levels of economic complexity, but still low levels of per capita income are China and Thailand. Ask yourself the question, if you cannot produce it in China or Thailand, where else can you produce it? That list of countries will tend to be relatively short. The comparison becomes starker if we restrict it to countries with a similar level of per capita income, like Iran, Peru and Venezuela, countries that do not make things that many other can. At the opposite end of this comparison, there are countries with high levels of per capita income but relatively low levels of economic complexity. Examples of this are Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, Venezuela, Libya and Chile. These countries are not rich because of the productive knowledge they hold but because of their geological luck, given the large volumes of natural resources based wealth. Ask yourself the question; if you cannot build it in Chile or Venezuela, where else can you build it? The fact that there are many countries where it would be possible to produce many things that are not being made in Chile or Venezuela, including countries with a similar level of income such as Hungary or the Czech Republic, indicates that the level of economic complexity of these countries is low, despite their fairly high level of income. In fact, as we show in this Atlas, the gap between a countrys complexity and its level of per capita income is an important determinant of future growth: countries tend to converge to the level of income that can be supported by the knowhow that is embedded in their economy.
T E C H N I C A L B OX 2 . 1 : M E A S U R I N G E C O N O M I C C O M P L E X I T Y:
If we dene , as a matrix that is 1 if country produces product , and otherwise, we can measure diversity and ubiquity simply by summing over the rows or columns of that matrix. Formally, we dene:
and rewrite this as :
where
To generate a more accurate measure of the number of capabilities available in a country, or required by a product, we need to correct the information that diversity and ubiquity carry by using each one to correct the other. For countries, this requires us to calculate the average ubiquity of the products that it exports, the average diversity of the countries that make those products and so forth. For products, this requires us to calculate the average diversity of the countries that make them and the average ubiquity of the other products that these countries make. This can be expressed by the recursion:
We note (7) is satised when .This is the eigenvector of which is associated with the largest eigenvalue. Since this eigenvector is a vector of ones, it is not informative. We look, instead, for the eigenvector associated with the second largest eigenvalue. This is the eigenvector that captures the largest amount of variance in the system and is our measure of economic complexity. Hence, we dene the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) as:
where < > represents an average, stdev stands for the standard deviation and
We then insert (4) into (3) to obtain
Analogously, we dene a Product Complexity Index (PCI). Because of the symmetry of the problem, this can be done simply by exchanging the index of countries (c) with that for products (p) in the denitions above. Hence, we dene PCI as:
where
I N F O R M AT i O N B O X 2 . 2 : T H E W O R L D S M O S T A N D L E A S T C O M P L E X P R O D U C T S
Table 2.2.1 and Table 2.2.2 show respectively the products that rank highest and lowest in the complexity scale. The difference between the worlds most and less complex products is stark. The most complex products are sophisticated chemicals and machinery that tend to emerge from organizations where a large number of high skilled individuals participate. The worlds least complex products, on the other hand, are raw minerals or simple agricultural products. The economic complexity of a country is connected intimately to the complexity of the products that it exports. Ultimately, countries can only increase their score in the Economic Complexity Index by becoming competitive in an increasing number of complex industries.
TA B L E 2 . 2 . 1 : T O P 5 P R O D U C T S B Y C O M P L E X I T Y
Product Code (SITC4)

7284 8744 7742 3345 7367
Product Name
Machines & appliances for specialized particular industries Instrument & appliances for physical or chemical analysis Appliances based on the use of X-rays or radiation Lubricating petrol oils & other heavy petrol oils Other machine tools for working metal or metal carbide
Product Community
Machinery Chemicals & Health Chemicals & Health Chemicals & Health Machinery
Product Complexity Index

2.27 2.21 2.16 2.10 2.05
T able 2 . 2 . 2 : B ottom 5 products by complexity
Product Code (SITC4)

3330 2876 2631 3345 7367
Product Name
Crude oil Tin ores & concentrates Cotton, not carded or combed Cocoa beans Sesame seeds
Product Community
Oil Mining Cotton, Rice, Soy & Others Tropical Agriculture Cotton, Rice, Soy & Others
Product Complexity Index

-3.00 -2.63 -2.63 -2.61 -2.58
T E C H N i C A L b O X 2 . 2 : W H O M A K E S W H AT ?
When associating countries to products it is important to take into account the size of the export volume of countries and that of the world trade of products. This is because, even for the same product, we expect the volume of exports of a large country like China, to be larger than the volume of exports of a small country like Uruguay. By the same token, we expect the export volume of products that represent a large fraction of world trade, such as cars or footwear, to represent a larger share of a countrys exports than products that account for a small fraction of world trade, like cotton seed oil or potato our. To make countries and products comparable we use Balassas denition of Revealed Comparative Advantage or RCA. Balassas denition says that a country has Revealed Comparative Advantage in a product if it exports more than its fair share, that is, a share that is equal to the share of total world trade that the product represents. For example, in 2008, with exports of $42 billion, soybeans represented 0.35% of world trade. Of this total, Brazil exported nearly $11 billion, and since Brazils total exports for that year were $140 billion, soybeans accounted for 7.8% of Brazils exports. This represents around 21 times Brazils fair share of soybean exports (7.8% divided by 0.35%), so we can say that Brazil has revealed comparative advantage in soybeans. Formally, if represents the exports of country in product , we can express the Revealed Comparative Advantage that country has in product as:
We use this measure to construct a matrix that connects each country to the products that it makes. The entries in the matrix are 1 if country exports product with Revealed Comparative Advantage larger than 1, and o otherwise. Formally we dene this as the matrix, where
is the matrix summarizing which country makes what, and is used to construct the product space and our measures of economic complexity for countries and products. In our research we have played around with cutoff values other than 1 to construct the matrix and found that our results are robust to these changes. Going forward, we smooth changes in export volumes induced by the price uctuation of commodities by using a modied denition of RCA in which the denominator is averaged over the previous three years.
SEC T I O N 3
Why Is Economic Complexity Important?
s we have argued, economic complexity reflects the amount of knowledge that is embedded in the productive structure of an economy. Seen this way, it is no coincidence that there is a strong correlation between our measures of economic complexity and the income per capita that countries are able to generate. Figure 3.1 illustrates the relationship between the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and Income per capita for the 128 countries studied in this Atlas. Here, we separate countries according to their intensity in natural resource exports. We color in red those countries for which natural resources, such as minerals, gas and oil, represent at least 10% of GDP. For the 75 countries with a limited relative presence of natural-resource exports (in blue), economic complexity accounts for 75 percent of the variance in income per capita. But as the Figure 3.1 illustrates, countries with a large presence of natural resources can be relatively rich without being complex. If we control for the income that is generated from extractive activities, which has more to do with geology than knowhow, economic complexity can explain about 73 percent of the variation in income across all 128 countries. Figure 3.2 shows the tight relationship between economic complexity and income per capita that emerges after we take into account a countrys natural resource income. Economic complexity, therefore, is related to a countrys level of prosperity. As such, it is just a correlation of things we care about. The relationship between income and complexity, however, goes deeper than this. Countries whose
economic complexity is greater than what we would expect, given their level of income, tend to grow faster than those that are too rich for their current level of economic complexity. In this sense, economic complexity is not just a symptom or an expression of prosperity: it is a driver. Technical Box 3.1 presents the regression that we use to relate economic complexity to subsequent economic growth. The equation is simple. We regress the growth in per capita income over 10-year periods on economic complexity, while controlling for initial income and for the increase in real natural resource income experienced during that period. We also include an interaction term between initial income per capita and the ECI. The increase in the explanatory power of the growth equation that can be attributed to the Economic Complexity Index is at least 15 percentage points, or more than a third of the variance explained by the whole equation. Moreover, the size of the estimated effect is large: an increase of one standard deviation in complexity, which is something that Thailand achieved between 1970 and 1985, is associated with a subsequent acceleration of a countrys long-term growth rate of 1.6 percent per year. This is over and above the growth that would have been expected from mineral wealth and global trends. The ability of the ECI to predict future economic growth suggests that countries tend to move towards an income level that is compatible with their overall level of embedded knowhow. On average, their income tends to reflect their embedded knowledge. But when it does not, it gets corrected through accelerated or diminished growth. The gap between a countrys level of income and complexity is the key vari-
FIGURE 3.1:
Shows the relationship between income per capita and the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) for countries where natural resource exports are larger than 10% of GDP (red) and for those where natural resource exports are lower than 10% of GDP (blue). For the latter group of countries, the Economic Complexity Index accounts for 75% of the variance. Countries in which the levels of natural resource exports is relatively high tend to be significantly richer than what would be expected given the complexity of their economies, yet the ECI still correlates strongly with income for that group.
105
KWT
QAT ARE AUS GRC NZL SAU LVA VEN KAZ BWA CHL RUS URY ARG BRA TUR LBN
NOR DNK BEL ESP HKG PRT EST HRV LTU POL MYS PAN ROU CHE SWE IRL USAFRA FIN GBR AUT DEU ITA SGP SVN CZE HUN MEX BLR
NLD CAN
OMN LBY
ISR SVK KOR
JPN
TTO
GDP per capita in USD [2009]
10
GAB
103
MUS ZAF CUB CRI JAM MKD COL DOM ECU ALB TUN NAM JOR TKM SLV COG MAR GEO GTM PRY SYR MNG IDN EGY BOL LKA HND MDA PHL NGA SDN PNG MRT YEM ZMB SEN GHA VNM NIC CMR CIV IND KGZ UZB PAK TJK KEN LAO KHM MLI BGD TZA MDG GIN UGA MOZ ZWE ETH MWI LBR AGO AZE DZA IRN PER
BGR SRB BIH UKR
THA CHN
R2 = 0.75
1 2
-3
-2
-1
Economic Complexity Index [2008]
FIGURE 3.2:
Shows the relationship between economic complexity and income per capita obtained after controlling for each countrys natural resource exports. After including this control, through the inclusion of the log of natural resource exports per capita, economic complexity and natural resources explain 73% of the variance in per capita income across countries.
1.5
SVN
Income per capita controlling for initial income and proportion of natural resource exports per capita in logs [2008]
FRA ITA ESP IRL USA AUT GBR LBN KWT NOR LBY BEL MWI FIN SAU DNK SWE CRI ARE AGO SGP PRT KOR BGD HRV HUN OMN JOR HKG KHM NZL TUR SVK CZE SRB AUS CAN MUS ROU EST URY GAB LVA LTU POL ISR PRY TTO KAZ MDA PAN THA LKA SLV DZA BLR BRA VEN ARG CHL CHN RUS CUB BWA TKM MEX ALBZAF MYS BGR SENCOL IRN MAR MKD BIH PHL PER ECU NAM PAK UKR JAM O GTMKEN PNG TUN HND GEO MNG BOL NGA MRT CIV EGY IDN IND SYR NCC YEM MDG UGA GIN ETH ZMB GHA UZB VNM LAO KGZ MLI TJK TZA LBR MOZ ZWE GRC QAT DOM NLD
CHE DEU COG AZE JPN
-.5
.5
SDN
CMR
R2 = 0.73
2
-1 -2
-1
Economic Complexity Index controlling for initial income and proportion of natural resource exports per capita in logs [2008]
FIGURE 3.3:
Shows the relationship between the annualized GDP per capita growth for the period between 1998 and 2008 and the Economic Complexity Index for 1998, after taking into account the initial level of income and the increase in natural resource exports during that period (in constant dollars as a share of initial GDP).
TKM
CHN
.05
LVA KHM EST
BLR
Growth in per capita GDP, controlling for initial income and growth in natural resource exports [1998-2008]
LTU KAZ KOR
RUS BGR ROU SVK BIH TJK
GEO
UKR
CUB TTO HKG
ALB SGP
SVN IND VNM MDA POL IRL HUN HRV ETH CZE JOR DOM LKA THA TUN UZB FIN SWE MUS LAO UGA BGD MNG MOZ MYS CRI PER IDN MAR TZA IRN EGY MKD GBR KGZ AUT ESPPHLZAF BEL AUS LBN TUR CAN NZL NLD GHA USA SLV OMN NIC DEU CHE ISR BRA CHL ARG FRA ARE DNK ECU JPN MEX PRT URY PAK COL HND NGA NOR AZE ZMB ITA MLI VEN SEN GTM JAM DZA LBR CMR SAU PRY SYR KENMRT MDG YEM BOL GIN GRC PAN AGO COG GAB PNG CIV
-.05
-1
Economic Complexity Index controlling for initial income and growth in natural resource export [1998]
able that we use here to estimate the growth potential of countries (Figure 3.3). It is important to note what the Economic Complexity Index is not about: it is not about export-oriented growth, openness, export diversification or country size. Although we calculate the ECI using export data, the channel through which it contributes to future growth is not limited to its impact on the growth of exports. Clearly, countries whose exports grow faster, all other things being equal, will necessarily experience higher GDP growth. This is simply because exports are a component of GDP. However, as Technical Box 3.2 shows, the contribution of the ECI to future economic growth remains strong after accounting for the growth in real exports. The ECI is also not about openness to trade: the impact of the ECI on growth is essentially unaffected if we account for differences in the ratio of exports to GDP. And the ECI is not
a measure of export diversification. Controlling for standard measures of export concentration, such as the HerfindahlHirschman Index, does not affect our results. In fact, neither openness nor export concentration are statistically significant determinants of growth after controlling for the ECI (see Technical Box 3.2). Finally, the ECI is not about a countrys size. The ability of the ECI to predict growth is unaffected when we take into account a countrys size, as measured by its population, while the population itself is not statistically significant (see Technical Box 3.2). In short, economic complexity matters because it helps explain differences in the level of income of countries, and more important, because it predicts future economic growth. Economic complexity might not be simple to accomplish, but the countries that do achieve it, tend to reap important rewards.
TECHNiCAL BOX 3.1: THE GROWTH REGRESSiON

To analyze the impact of the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) on future economic growth we estimate two regressions where the dependent variable is the annualized growth rate of GDP per capita for the periods 1978-1988, 1988-1998 and 1998-2008. In the rst of these equations we do not include ECI and use only two control variables: the logarithm of the initial level of GDP per capita in each period and the increase in natural resource exports in constant dollars as a share of initial GDP. The rst variable captures the idea that, other things equal, poorer countries should grow faster than rich countries and catch up. This is known in the economic literature as convergence. The second control variable captures the effect on growth of increases in income that come from natural resource wealth, which complexity does not explain. In addition, we include a dummy variable for each decade, capturing any common factor affecting all countries during that decade, such as a global boom or a widespread nancial crisis. Taken together, these variables account for 28.5 percent of the variance in countries growth rates. This is shown in the rst column of Table 3.1.1. In addition to the above mentioned variables, the second regression includes the effect of economic complexity on growth. We do this by adding two additional terms: the ECI at the beginning of the decade and an interaction term between the ECI and the initial level of GDP per capita. The interaction attempts to capture the idea that the contribution of economic complexity to future economic growth depends on the level of per capita income. The second column of Table 3.1.1 shows that economic complexity is strongly associated with future economic growth. The negative coefcient on the interaction term indicates that the impact of complexity on growth declines with a countrys level of income. For example, according to the estimation in Column 2, and using data for 1998, an increase in the ECI of one standard deviation would accelerate growth by 2.3 percent per year in a country at the 10th percentile of income, by 1.6 percent in a country at the median income, and by 0.7 percent for countries in the 90th percentile. The variables contained in Column 2 jointly account for 43.4 percent of the variance in growth rates. The difference between these two regressions indicates that the ECI increases the regressions R2 in 15 percentage points. This represents over a third of the explained fraction of the 43.4 percent of the variance that the equation explains as a whole. The estimates of the second column of Table 3.1.1 are used to forecast the growth in GDP per capita and rank countries according to their growth potential (See Table 3.1.1). To predict average annualized growth between 2008 and 2020 we make two assumptions. First, we assume a worldwide common growth term for the decade, which we take to be the same as that observed in the 19982008 period. Changing this assumption would affect the growth rate of all countries by a similar amount but would not change the rankings. Second, we assume that there will be no change in the real value of natural resource exports as a share of initial GDP. This implies that the we assume that natural resource exports in real terms in the next decade will remain at the record-high levels achieved in 2008. This assumption may underestimate the effect on countries whose volumes of natural resource extraction will increase signicantly and over-estimate the growth in countries that will see their natural-resource export volumes declines. A higher (lower) constant dollar price of natural resource exports would improve (reduce) the projected growth performance of countries by an amount proportional to their natural resource intensity.
T able 3 . 1 . 1
Annualized growth in GDP pc (by decade)

(1978-1988, 1988-1998, 1998-2008) VARIABLES Initial Income per capita, log Increase in natural resource exports - in constant dollars (as a share of initial GDP) Initial Economic Complexity Index (ECI) (1) -0.00017 (0.001) 0.03960*** (0.008) (2) -0.00638*** (0.001) 0.03682*** (0.010) 0.04430*** (0.009) [ ECI] X [Income per capita, log] -0.00371*** (0.001) Constant 0.03036*** (0.008) Observations R2 Year FE 291 0.285 Yes 0.08251*** (0.011) 291 0.434 Yes
T E C H N i C A L B OX 3 . 2 : E C O N O M i C C O M P L E X i T Y: T H E V O L U M E A N D C O N C E N T R AT i O N O F E X P O R T S A N D C O U N T R Y S i Z E
This box explores the robustness of the impact of the Economic Complexity Index on growth. While the ECI is constructed using export data, its relationship with future growth is not driven by export volumes or concentration. To show this, we start with our basic growth equation (Table 3.2.1, column 1). Column 2 adds to this equation the increase in the real value of the exports of goods and services in the decade in question as a fraction of initial GDP. Exports are a component of GDP, and therefore, we expect them to contribute to growth. Nevertheless, after including the increase in exports, the effect of
ECI on growth remains strong and signicant. Column 3 introduces export as a share of GDP. We use this as a measure of openness. Column 4 includes the Herndahl-Hirschman index as a measure of export concentration. Column 5 includes the log of initial population as a measure of size. This is equivalent to introducing total GDP, given that we are already controlling for GDP per capita. The contribution to growth of the variables introduced in columns 3, 4 and 5 are estimated to be very close to zero, are not statistically signicant and do not affect the ability of the ECI to predict future economic growth.
TA B L E 3 . 2 . 1

(1978-1988, 1988-1998, 1998-2008) VARIABLES Initial Economic Complexity Index (ECI) (1) 0.04430*** (0.009) [ECI] X [Income per capita, log] -0.00371*** (0.001) Increase exports (goods and services) - in constant dollars (as a share of initial GDP) Exports to GDP (2) 0.03005*** (0.007) -0.00244*** (0.001) 0.04549*** (0.007) 0.00009 (0.000) Export Concentration -0.00890 (0.008) Population, log 0.00168 (0.001) Initial Income per capita, log -0.00638*** (0.001) Increase in natural resource exports - in constant dollars (as a share of initial GDP) Constant 0.03682*** (0.010) 0.08251*** (0.011) Observations R2 Year FE
Robust standard errors in parentheses *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
(3) 0.04240*** (0.008) -0.00345*** (0.001)
(4) 0.04143*** (0.010) -0.00354*** (0.001)
(5) 0.04389*** (0.009) -0.00381*** (0.001)
-0.00562*** (0.001) 0.00169 (0.005) 0.06741*** (0.011) 260 0.584 Yes
-0.00729*** (0.001) 0.03441*** (0.008) 0.08616*** (0.011) 284 0.449 Yes
-0.00611*** (0.001) 0.03699*** (0.010) 0.08145*** (0.011) 291 0.436 Yes
-0.00558*** (0.001) 0.03758*** (0.010) 0.04878** (0.022) 291 0.440 Yes
291 0.434 Yes
SEC T I O N 4
How Is Complexity Different from Other Approaches?
e are certainly not the first ones to look for correlates or causal factors of income and growth. There are plenty of others who have come before us. One strand of the literature has looked at the salience of institutions in determining growth, whereas others have looked at human capital or broader measures of competitiveness. Clearly, more complex economies have better institutions, more educated workers and more competitive environments, so these approaches are not completely at odds with each other or with ours. In fact, institutions, education, competitiveness and economic complexity emphasize different aspects of the same intricate reality. It is not clear, however, that these different approaches have the same ability to capture factors that are verifiably important for growth and development. In this section, we compare each of these measures with the Economic Complexity Index and gauge their marginal contribution to income and economic growth.
measures of governance and institutional quality

Some of the most respected measures of institutional quality are the six Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGIs), which the World Bank has published biennially since 1996. These indicators are used, for example, as eligibility criteria by the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) when selecting the countries they chose to support. These criteria are based on the direct connection between governance and growth and poverty reduction.
To the extent that governance is important to allow individuals and organizations to cooperate, share knowledge and make more complex products, it should be reflected in the kind of industries that a country can support. Therefore, the Economic Complexity Index indirectly captures information about the quality of governance in the country. Which indicator captures information that is more relevant for growth is an empirical question. Here we compare the contribution to future economic growth implied by the WGIs and the ECI using a technique described in Technical Box 4.1. Since the WGIs are available only since 1996, we perform this exercise using the 19962008 period as a whole and as two consecutive 6-year periods. We also compare with each individual WGI and with the six of them together. Figure 4.1 shows that the ECI accounts for 15.1 percent of the variance in economic growth during the 1996-2008 period, while the six WGIs combined account only for 1.0 percent. For the estimation using the two six year periods, we find that ECI accounts for 10.5% of the variance in growth, whereas the six WGIs combined account for 1.6%. We conclude that as far as future economic growth is concerned, the Economic Complexity Index captures significantly more growth-relevant information than the 6 World Governance Indicators, either individually or combined. This does not mean that governance is not important for the economy. It suggests that the aspects of governance important for growth are weakly reflected in the WGIs and appear to be more strongly reflected in the economic activities that thrive in each country. These may be more effectively captured by the Economic Complexity Index.
FIGURE 4.1:
Contribution to the variance of economic growth from the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and from the measures of governance and institutional quality.
Economic Complexity Index All Instituional Variables Political Stability Voice and Accountability 12 years 6 Years Rule of Law Regulatory Quality Government Effectiveness Control of Corruption 0% 5% 10% 15%
Contribution to R2
measures of human capital

Another strand of the growth and development literature has looked at the impact of human capital on economic growth. The idea that human capital is important for income and growth is not unrelated to our focus on the productive knowledge that exists in a society. The human capital literature, however, has placed its attention on measures of formal education. Instead, our approach emphasizes the tacit productive knowledge that is embedded in a countrys economic activities. The standard variables used as a proxy for human capital are the number of years of formal schooling attained by those currently of working age, or the school enrollment of the young (Barro and Lee, 2010). Since these indicators do not take into account the quality of the education received by pupils, they have been subject to criticism resulting in new measures of educational quality. These measures use test scores from standardized international exams, such as the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) or the Trend in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). Hanuschek and Woessmann (2008) collected data for all the countries that participated in either program and used this information to generate a measure of the cognitive ability of students for a cross-section of countries around the year 2000. The information on productive knowhow captured by the Economic Complexity Index and by measures of human capital, are not just two sides of the same coin. Analytically, human capital indicators try to measure how much of the same knowledge individuals have, whether knowledge is measured as years of study of the national curriculum or as
the skills mastered by students according to standardized international tests. In contrast, the Economic Complexity Index tries to capture the total amount of productive knowledge that is embedded in a society as a whole and is related to the diversity of knowledge that a society holds. Clearly, for a complex economy to exist, its members must be able to read, write and manipulate symbols, such as numbers or mathematical functions. This is what is taught in schools. Yet, the converse is not true: the skills acquired in school may be a poor proxy for the productive knowledge of society. For example, if a country were to achieve the goal of having everybody finish a good secondary education and if this was the extent of its productive knowledge, nobody would know how to make a pair of shoes, a metal knife, a roll of paper or a patterned piece of cotton fabric. There is a reason why job offers request years of experience and not just years of schooling. This means that what a society makes affects what kinds of knowledge new workers can acquire on the job. The human capital approach emphasizes the opposite logic: what workers formally study is what affects what a society can produce. Figure 4.2 shows the relationship between our measure of economic complexity and years of schooling for the year 2000. It is clear that there is positive relationship between the two (R2=50%). Countries like India and Uganda, or Mongolia and Mexico, have very similar levels of average formal education. Yet, they differ dramatically in economic complexity. India is much more complex than Uganda, and Mexico is much more complex than Mongolia. Figure 4.3 shows that the relationship between cognitive ability and economic complexity is also positive.Here we
FIGURE 4.2:
Relationship between Years of Schooling and the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) for the year 2000.
FIGURE 4.3:
Relationship between Cognitive Ability and the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) for the year 2000.
DEU CHE
JPN SWE
JPN
USA CZE
FIN AUT SGP
GBR FRA DNK ESP POL BEL NLD CAN KOR UKR
Economic Complexity Index
ITA SVN
IRL SVK ISR HUN NOR
MEX BRA
RUS
MOZ MLI
YEM
HRV HKG PRT ROU JOR MYS BGR ZAF GRC THA COL CHN URY ARG CHL TUR IND LTU SAU LVA VEN TUN KAZ KGZ TTO IDN EGY PHL ALB PAN ARE PER PRY QAT GAB CRI TJK MAR KWT DZA IRN LBY ZWE LKA VNM BOL PAK JAM ZMB SLV ECU MNG CUB GTM BGD LBR KEN MUS SYR COG MRT SEN GHA LAO CIV HND TZA PNG SDN NIC KHM UGA MWI CMR
NZL EST AUS
BRA ZAF SAU ARG TUN IDN ALB
MEX JOR CHL COL LBN TUR EGY MKD ZWE IRN URY IND
FIN FRA IRL AUT DNK CZE BEL ITA SVN SVK NLD ISR ESP CAN HUN POL RUS NOR MYS NZL PRT HKG BGR GRC EST THA CHN MDA LTU LVA AUS
USA
GBR
SWE
CHE
SGP KOR
PER MAR
PHL
KWT
-1
GHA NGA
10
15
_2 3
3.5
4.5
5.5
Years of schooling
Cognitive Ability
find that Brazil and Ghana are two countries with similar levels of cognitive ability, but very different levels of economic complexity. Brazil is two standard deviations more complex than Ghana. The same is true for Colombia and Nigeria. Their measured cognitive abilities are the same, but Colombia is nearly 1.5 standard deviations more complex than Nigeria. For illustration purposes, consider the case of Ghana and Thailand. Both countries had similar levels of schooling in 1970, but Ghana expanded education more vigorously than Thailand in the subsequent 40 years (Figure 4.4). But Ghanas economic complexity and income stagnated as it remained an exporter of cocoa, aluminum, fish and forest products. By contrast, between 1970 and 1985 Thailand underwent a massive increase in economic complexity, equivalent to a change of one standard deviation in the Economic Complexity Index (Figure 4.5). This caused a sustained economic boom in Thailand after 1985. As a consequence, the level of income per capita between Ghana and Thailand has since diverged dramatically (Figure 4.6). Next, we measure these indicators ability to predict future economic growth, using the same technique that we employed to compare ECI to the WGIs (see Technical Box 4.2). We begin by looking at the relationship between education, complexity and a countrys level of income per capita. While data on years of schooling and school enrollment is available for several years, the data on educational quality exists only for a cross-section of countries around the year 2000. We use the data for this year to estimate equations where the dependent variable is the level of income per capita and the independent variables are the years of schooling of
the labor force, the Hanushek and Woessmann measure of cognitive ability, and the ECI. We do not use school enrollment as this variable affects future human capital but not the human capital invested in creating todays income. The results, presented in Figure 4.7, indicate that the Economic Complexity Index explains 17.2 percent of the variance while years of schooling and cognitive ability account for only 3.6 percent of the variance when combined. We also look at the ability of human capital and complexity to explain future growth. To do this we follow a similar methodology as before (see Technical Box 4.2). In this case, we include data on school enrollment at the secondary and tertiary levels as these would affect the years of schooling of the labor force going forward. We do not include cognitive ability as this variable exists only for a single year. Figure 4.8 shows that economic complexity accounts for 12.1 percent of the variance in economic growth rates for the three decades between 1978 and 2008. All education variables, on the other hand, account only for 2.6 percent when combined. These results show that the Economic Complexity Index contains information that is more directly related to a countrys level of income and its future rate of growth than the standard variables used to measure human capital.
measures of competitiveness
Finally, we look at measures of competitiveness. The most respected source of these measures is the World Economic Forums Global Competitiveness Index (GCI). The GCI has been published since 1979. Over the course of more than 30 years, the coverage of the GCI has been expanded and
FIGURE 4.4:
Years of schooling of Thailand and Ghana as a function of time.
Ghana
Thailand
Years of Schooling
2 1960
1970
1980
Year
1990
2000
2010
FIGURE 4.5:
Economic Complexity Index (ECI) of Thailand and Ghana as a function of time.
Ghana
Thailand
improved methodologically, going through two major revisions in 2001 and 2006. By 1995, the GCR ranked less than 50 countries, but over the years this number has increased, now reaching over 130 countries. The claim of the Global Competitiveness Report is that the index captures the fundamental variables that drive growth over the medium term: We define competitiveness as the set of institutions, policies, and factors that determine the level of productivity of a country. Because the rates of return are the fundamental drivers of the growth rates of the economy, a more competitive economy is one that is likely to grow faster in the medium to long run.
(global competitiveness report 2010. chapter 1.1, page 4)
-4 1960
-2
1970
1980
Year
1990
2000
2010
FIGURE 4.6:
Evolution of the GDP per capita of Thailand and Ghana as a function of time.
GDP per capita (constant 2000 US$)
Ghana
Thailand
1960
1970
1980
Year
1990
2000
2010
The GCI develops over 150 measures of elements that it considers important for competitiveness and then averages them. The ECI looks, instead, at the actual kinds of industry that a country can support. Both should capture information that is relevant to an economys ability to grow. Which one does so more effectively is an empirical question that we address next. Since we only have data for the GCI rankings, and not the underlying value of the index, we do the analysis using the rankings of the Economic Complexity Index instead of its value. This allows for a fairer comparison. We do comparisons using 5 and 10 year panels starting in 1979 and find that the GCI rankings contribute significantly less to the variance of economic growth than the ECI (see Technical Box 4.3 and Figure 4.9). We conclude that the Economic Complexity Index can account for a significant fraction of the cross-country variation in income per capita and economic growth, and that the ECI is a much stronger predictor of growth than other commonly used indicators that measure human capital, governance or competitiveness.
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
FIGURE 4.7:
Contribution to the variance of income from the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and measures of Human Capital.
Economic Complexity Index All Education Variables Years of Schooling Cognitive Abilities 0% 5% 10% 15%
Contribution to R2
FIGURE 4.8:
Contribution to the variance of economic growth from the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and measures of Human Capital.
Economic Complexity Index All Education Variables Years of Schooling Tertiary School Enrollment Secondary School Enrollment 0% 5% 10% 15%
Contribution to R2
FIGURE 4.9:
Contribution to the variance of economic growth from the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and measures of competitiveness.
Economic Complexity ranking 10 years 5 Years WEF - Competitiveness Ranking 20%
0%
5%
10%
15%
Contribution to R2
TECHN I CAL B OX 4 . 1 : G O V E R N A N C E A N D C O M P L E X i T Y
We compare the contribution to economic growth of the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGIs) and economic complexity by estimating a growth regression where all of the WGIs and the Economic Complexity Index are used as explanatory variables. As controls we include the logarithm of per capita income, the increase in natural resource exports during the period and the initial share of GDP represented by natural resource exports. The contribution of each variable is estimated by taking the difference between the R2 obtained for the regression using all variables and that obtained for the regression where the variable was removed.
TA B L E 4 . 1 . 1
Annualized growth in GDP pc (6 years)

1996-2002, 2002-2008 VARIABLES
Income per capita, logs
(1)
-0.00253*** (0.000)
(2)
-0.00149*** (0.000) 0.00246 (0.003) 0.00879*** (0.003)
(3)
-0.00251*** (0.000) 0.00418** (0.002) 0.01178*** (0.002) 0.00547*** (0.001) -0.00035** (0.000)
(4)
-0.00251*** (0.000) 0.00417** (0.002) 0.01177*** (0.002) 0.00536*** (0.001) -0.00034** (0.000) 0.00003 (0.001)
(5)
-0.00257*** (0.000) 0.00426** (0.002) 0.01169*** (0.002) 0.00598*** (0.001) -0.00042** (0.000) -0.00005 (0.001) 0.00050 (0.001)
(6)
-0.00253*** (0.000) 0.00423** (0.002) 0.01184*** (0.002) 0.00551*** (0.001) -0.00036** (0.000) 0.00000 (0.001) 0.00036 (0.001) 0.00105** (0.000)
(7)
-0.00258*** (0.000) 0.00431** (0.002) 0.01214*** (0.002) 0.00531*** (0.001) -0.00032** (0.000) -0.00006 (0.001) 0.00013 (0.001) 0.00106** (0.000) 0.00003 (0.001)
(8)
-0.00254*** (0.000) 0.00411** (0.002) 0.01174*** (0.002) 0.00537*** (0.001) -0.00034** (0.000) -0.00006 (0.001) 0.00025 (0.001) 0.00107** (0.000) 0.00029 (0.001) -0.00039 (0.001)
(9)
-0.00210*** (0.000) 0.00393** (0.002) 0.01121*** (0.002) 0.00500*** (0.001) -0.00026* (0.000)
Increase in natural resource exports - in constant dollars (as a share of initial GDP) Initial NR exports to GDP
0.00420** (0.002) 0.01181*** (0.002)
Initial Economic Complexity Index (ECI)
0.00547*** (0.001)
[ECI] x GDP per capita, log
-0.00035** (0.000)
Initial Control of Corruption
-0.00006 (0.001)
-0.00123 (0.001) 0.00110 (0.001) 0.00119** (0.000) 0.00105 (0.001) -0.00125 (0.001) 0.00053 (0.001) 0.01621*** (0.003) 243 0.315 Yes 10.5% -0.00006 (0.001) 0.00091** (0.000) 0.00046 (0.001) -0.00050 (0.001) 0.00034 (0.000) 0.02412*** (0.003) 243 0.417 Yes 0.3%
Initial Government Effectiveness
0.00029 (0.001)
Initial Political Stability
0.00102** (0.000)
0.00104** (0.000) 0.00031 (0.001) -0.00052 (0.001) 0.00031 (0.000) 0.02410*** (0.003) 243 0.422 Yes 0.2% 0.00082 (0.001) -0.00068 (0.001) 0.00050 (0.000) 0.02452*** (0.003) 243 0.408 Yes 1.2%
Initial Rule of Law
0.00022 (0.001)
Initial Regulatory Quality
-0.00056 (0.001)
-0.00053 (0.001) 0.00033 (0.000) 0.02421*** (0.003) 243 0.422 Yes 0.2% 0.00014 (0.000) 0.02453*** (0.003) 243 0.420 Yes 0.0%
Initial Voice and Accountability
0.00032 (0.000)
Constant
0.02428*** (0.003)
0.02429*** (0.003) 243 0.421 Yes 0.1%
0.01868*** (0.002) 243 0.404 Yes 1.6%
Observations Adjusted R2 Year FE R2 difference
243 0.420 Yes
Table 4.1.1 shows the results of this procedure using two consecutive six year periods. Table 4.1.2 shows the same procedure using one twelve year period (1996-2008). Figure 4.1 of the main text, illustrates the differences in R2 between the regression using all variables and those where individual variables were removed.
TA B L E 4 . 1 . 2
Annualized growth in GDP pc (12 years)

1996-2008 VARIABLES
Income per capita, logs
(1)
-0.00202*** (0.000)
(2)
-0.00127*** (0.000) 0.00255*** (0.000) 0.00314** (0.001)
(3)
-0.00199*** (0.000) 0.00226*** (0.000) 0.00357*** (0.001) 0.00371*** (0.001) -0.00015 (0.000)
(4)
-0.00213*** (0.000) 0.00233*** (0.000) 0.00367*** (0.001) 0.00436*** (0.001) -0.00026 (0.000) -0.00027 (0.001)
(5)
-0.00203*** (0.000) 0.00228*** (0.000) 0.00342*** (0.001) 0.00405** (0.002) -0.00020 (0.000) 0.00001 (0.001) -0.00080 (0.001)
(6)
-0.00196*** (0.000) 0.00227*** (0.000) 0.00367*** (0.001) 0.00415*** (0.002) -0.00020 (0.000) 0.00029 (0.001) -0.00069 (0.001) 0.00078** (0.000)
(7)
-0.00207*** (0.000) 0.00233*** (0.000) 0.00383*** (0.001) 0.00364** (0.001) -0.00014 (0.000) 0.00005 (0.001) -0.00107 (0.001) 0.00069* (0.000) 0.00087 (0.001)
(8)
-0.00201*** (0.000) 0.00232*** (0.000) 0.00361*** (0.001) 0.00392** (0.002) -0.00019 (0.000) -0.00003 (0.001) -0.00087 (0.001) 0.00059* (0.000) 0.00094 (0.001) -0.00053 (0.001)
(9)
-0.00202*** (0.000) 0.00235*** (0.000) 0.00369*** (0.001) 0.00467*** (0.001) -0.00026** (0.000)
Increase in natural resource exports - in constant dollars (as a share of initial GDP) Initial NR exports to GDP
0.00228*** (0.000) 0.00361*** (0.001)
Initial Economic Complexity Index [ECI]
0.00380** (0.002)
[ECI] x [GDP per capita, log]
-0.00017 (0.000)
Initial Control of Corruption
0.00004 (0.001)
-0.00079 (0.001) -0.00040 (0.001) 0.00079* (0.000) 0.00237*** (0.001) -0.00125* (0.001) -0.00014 (0.001) 0.01384*** (0.003) 118 0.365 15.1% -0.00117 (0.001) 0.00054 (0.000) 0.00121* (0.001) -0.00036 (0.001) -0.00028 (0.000) 0.01936*** (0.003) 118 0.516 0.0%
Initial Government Effectiveness
-0.00097 (0.001)
Initial Political Stability
0.00065* (0.000)
0.00057* (0.000) 0.00073 (0.001) -0.00051 (0.001) -0.00019 (0.000) 0.02052*** (0.002) 118 0.514 0.2% 0.00135* (0.001) -0.00051 (0.001) -0.00016 (0.000) 0.01963*** (0.003) 118 0.510 0.6%
Initial Rule of Law
0.00103 (0.001)
Initial Regulatory Quality
-0.00040 (0.001)
-0.00024 (0.001) -0.00021 (0.000) 0.01918*** (0.003) 118 0.513 0.3% -0.00042 (0.000) 0.01993*** (0.003) 118 0.518 0.2%
Initial Voice and Accountability
-0.00030 (0.000)
Constant
0.01960*** (0.003)
0.01961*** (0.003) 118 0.519 0.3%
0.01954*** (0.002) 118 0.506 1.0%
Observations Adjusted R2 Difference in R2
118 0.516
TECHN I CAL B OX 4 . 2 : E D U C A T i O N , C O G N i T i V E Abi L i T Y A N D E C O N O M i C C O M P L E X i T Y
We compare the contribution to income of education, cognitive ability and economic complexity by regressing income against years of schooling, cognitive ability and the Economic Complexity Index. The contribution to income of each variable is estimated by taking the difference between the R2 obtained for the regression using all variables and that obtained for a regression where the variable in question was removed. Table 4.2.1 shows the results of this procedure for the year 2000, when cognitive ability data is available. Figure 4.7 in the main text summarizes the results. We compare the contribution to growth of education and economic complex-
ity by regressing growth against years of schooling secondary school enrollment, tertiary school enrollment, and the Economic Complexity Index. As additional controls we include the change in natural resource exports during the period, the logarithm of per capita income and year xed effects. The contribution of each variable to growth is estimated by taking the difference between the R2 obtained for a regression using all variables and one obtained for a regression where the variable in question was removed. Table 4.2.2 shows the results of this procedure for ten year panels starting in 1978, 1988 and 1998. Figure 4.8 in the main text summarize the results.
TA B L E 4 . 2 . 1
Income per capita, log Year 2000

VARIABLES
(1)
0.998*** (0.204)
(2)
(3)
1.079*** (0.214)
(4)
1.042*** (0.160) 0.14750** (0.068)
(5)
1.264*** (0.138)
Years of schooling
0.134* (0.077)
0.213** (0.085) 0.875*** (0.290) 2.861*** (0.995) 59 0.448 0.344 (0.249) 6.38972*** (0.977) 59 0.596
Cognitive ability
0.118 (0.263)
Constant
6.294*** (0.917)
6.688*** (0.562) 59 0.619
7.826*** (0.183) 59 0.584
Observations R
2
59 0.620
TA B L E 4 . 2 . 2

(1978-1988, 1988-1998, 1998-2008) VARIABLES
Initial Income per capita, log
(1)
-0.009*** (0.001)
(2)
-0.006*** (0.001) 0.049** (0.021)
(3)
-0.008*** (0.001) 0.055*** (0.018) 0.046*** (0.011) -0.004*** (0.001)
(4)
-0.009*** (0.001) 0.055*** (0.018) 0.044*** (0.011) -0.004*** (0.001) 0.008*** (0.003)
(5)
-0.009*** (0.001) 0.055*** (0.018) 0.045*** (0.011) -0.004*** (0.001) 0.005 (0.003) 0.002 (0.003)
(6)
-0.007*** (0.001) 0.061*** (0.017) 0.052*** (0.011) -0.004*** (0.001)
Increase in natural resource exports - in constant dollars (as a share of initial GDP) Initial Economic Complexity Index
0.055*** (0.018) 0.044*** (0.011)
Initial Economic Complexity Index X Income per capita, log
-0.004*** (0.001)
Years of schooling (standardized)
0.008* (0.004)
0.013*** (0.004) 0.001 (0.003) -0.003 (0.002) 0.071*** (0.012) 263 0.288 Yes 0.005** (0.002) -0.000 (0.001) 0.091*** (0.011) 263 0.401 Yes
Secondary school enrollment (standardized)
0.000 (0.003)
Tertiary school enrollment (standardized)
-0.003 (0.002)
-0.003 (0.002) 0.097*** (0.012) 263 0.409 Yes 0.099*** (0.012) 263 0.406 Yes 0.083*** (0.010) 263 0.383 Yes
Constant
0.097*** (0.012)
Observations R2 Year FE
263 0.409 Yes
TECHN I CAL B OX 4 . 3 : G L O b A L C O M P E T i T i V E N E S S I N D E X A N D G R O W T H
Here we compare the contribution of the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) and the ECI to economic growth. We use the ranking of countries in the GCI and the ranking of countries in ECI to predict growth using 5 and 10 year panels. As controls, we use the increase in natural resource exports during the period as well as the logarithm of the initial GDP per capita and year xed effects. We estimate the contribution of the GCI and ECI to growth by taking the difference
between the R2 obtained for the equation in which they were both included and that in which one or the other is missing. Table 4.3.1 shows that eliminating the rank of the ECI from the regression results in a much larger loss of explanatory power than removing the rank of GCI. This is true for both 5 and 10 year panels. Figure 4.9 on the main text illustrates these results.
T able 4 . 3 . 1
Annualized growth in GDP pc

5 year panels 10 year panels
VARIABLES
Ranking of GCI
(1)
-0.00007* (0.000)
(2)
-0.00004 (0.000)
(3)
(4)
-0.00023 (0.000)
(5)
-0.00005 (0.000)
(6)
Ranking of ECI
-0.00009*** (0.000)
-0.00007*** (0.000) -0.00092*** (0.000) 0.00077 (0.009) -0.00180*** (0.000) 0.00578 (0.008)
-0.00064*** (0.000) -0.01384*** (0.004) 0.09135* -0.00439* (0.002) 0.04545
-0.00060*** (0.000) -0.01200*** (0.003) 0.08814*
Initial income per capita, logs
-0.00231*** (0.001)
Increase in natural resource exports - in constant dollars (as a share of initial GDP)
0.00709 (0.008)
(0.048) Constant 0.02744*** (0.006) Observations Adjusted R2 Year FE

(0.049) 0.06694*** (0.025) 83 0.074 Yes
(0.045) 0.15084*** (0.030) 83 0.228 Yes
0.01181*** (0.003) 104 0.123 Yes
0.02059*** (0.004) 104 0.204 Yes
0.17473*** (0.044) 83 0.233 Yes
104 0.255 Yes
SECTION 5
How Does Economic Complexity Evolve?
o economic complexity seems to matter: it affects a countrys level of income per capita and drives its future growth. It is also distinct from what is captured by measures of human capital, governance and competitiveness. But how does complexity evolve? How do societies increase the amount of productive knowledge embedded in them? What limits the speed of this process? And why does it happen in some places but not in others? Again, in our interpretation, the complexity of a countrys economy reflects the amount of productive knowledge it contains. This knowledge is costly to acquire and transfer, and is modularized into chunks we call capabilities. Capabilities are difficult to accumulate because doing so creates a complicated chicken and egg problem. On the one hand, countries cannot create products that require capabilities they do not have. On the other hand, there are scant incentives to accumulate capabilities in places where the industries that demand them do not exist. This is particularly true when the missing capabilities required by a potential new industry are many. In this case, supplying any single missing capability will not be enough to launch the new industry, given the absence of the other required capabilities. In a world in which capabilities are complementary, new capabilities risk not being demanded simply because other capabilities are not present. Consider the following example. A country that does not export fresh produce probably does not have either a coldstorage logistic chain, an expedited green lane at the customs service, or a food safety certification system. All are needed by potential produce exporters. Investors planning to provide the
capability to refrigerate and transport fresh produce would not get any traction because they would still need to certify their produce and get through customs fairly quickly. Yet, the systems that provide these services are not in place. It follows then that new capabilities will be more easily accumulated if they can be combined with others that already exist. This reduces the need to coordinate the accumulation of several new capabilities simultaneously. In our example, if only the green lane at the customs service was missing, it would be easier to develop the fresh produce export industry. For this reason, countries are more likely to move into products that make use of the capabilities that are already available. These capabilities are available, however, because they are being used to make other products. An implication of this is that a country will diversify by moving from the products they already produce to others that require a similar set of embedded knowledge. Arguably, it is easier to move from shirts to blouses than it is to move from shirts to engines. This is because, in terms of embedded knowledge, shirts are more similar to blouses than to engines. A testable implication of this logic is that countries will move into products that are similar, in terms of the capabilities they require, to the ones they already make. Measuring the similarity in the capability requirements of different products is not simple. Identifying the precise technical and institutional requirements of each product would involve collecting a mindboggling volume of information. Instead, here we measure similarity using a simple trick. If shirts require knowledge that is similar to that required by blouses, but different from that required by engines, then the probability that a country exporting shirts will also export blouses will be higher than the probability that it will
F igure 5 . 1 :
The product space.
Cotton/rice/soy & others
Constr. matl. & eQpt.
Chemicals & health
Beer/Spirits & cigs.
Cereals & Veg. oils
Inor. salts & acids
Misc. Agriculture
Textile & FaBrics
Other Chemicals
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Petrochemicals
Metal products
Agrochemicals
Tropical agric.
Fish & Seafood
Not classified
Home & office
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Pulp & paper
Electronics
Meat & eggs
Machinery
Garments
Aircraft
ToBacco
Leather
Boilers
also export engines. So the probability that a pair of products is co-exported carries information about how similar these products are. We use this idea to measure the proximity between all pairs of products in our dataset (see Technical Box 5.1 on Measuring Proximity). The collection of all proximities is a network connecting pairs of products that are significantly likely to be co-exported by many countries. We refer to this network as the product space and use it to study the productive structure of countries. We care about the structure of the product space because it affects the ability of countries to move into new products. Products that are tightly connected share most of the req-
uisite capabilities. If this is the case, then countries that already have what it takes to make one product will find it relatively easy to move to the next ones. A highly connected product space, therefore, makes the problem of growing the complexity of an economy easier. Conversely, a sparsely connected product space makes it harder. Once again, a metaphor may help to clarify these ideas. Imagine that the product space is a forest, where every product is a tree. Trees that require similar capabilities are near each other in the forest. Distant trees require very different capabilities. If countries are a collection of firms that make different products, we can think of firms as monkeys that live
Mining
Ships
Fruit
Coal
Oil
F igure 5 . 2 :
The product space revisited. The same as Figure 5.1 but with node sizes proportional to the Product Complexity Index (PCI).
on trees, meaning that they exploit certain products. Countries differ in the number and location of their monkeys in this common forest. The development process, which implies increasing product diversity and complexity, is akin to monkeys colonizing the forest, occupying more trees, and moving especially into the more complex or fruitier ones. When monkeys jump to nearby trees it minimizes the chicken and egg problem of having to accumulate several missing capabilities at once. Furthermore, if trees are densely packed together it will be relatively easy for monkeys to move from tree to tree and populate the forest. But if trees are far apart, monkeys may be stuck in their current activities. If the product space is heterogeneous, there may be some patches of highly related products, where adding capabilities and expanding into new products would be easier, and other patches of more loosely connected products that make the process of capability accumulation and diversification harder. What is the shape of the product space we live in? Is it a world in which the forest is dense or sparse? Figure 5.1 shows a visualization of the product space constructed using international trade data for the years 2006-2008. Here, nodes represent products and their size is proportional to total world trade in that good. Links connect products with a high probability of being co-exported (see Technical Box 5.2).
The visualization reveals that the product space is highly heterogeneous. Some sections of it are composed of densely connected groups of products whereas others tend to be more peripheral and sparse. The product space shows that many goods group naturally into highly connected communities. This suggests that products in these communities use a similar set of capabilities. We can identify communities because the products that belong to them are more closely connected to each other than to products outside of the community.Here, we use network science algorithms to discover the communities of products that are hidden in the data (see Technical Box 5.3 for a discussion of the method). We use these communities to make the discussion of products more tractable. The nearly 800 products in the SITC4 classification were grouped into 34 communities, which we identify by color in our visualization of the product space (Figure 5.1). The names, complexity, market size and other characteristics of the communities appear in Table 5.1. Figure 5.2 shows a visualization of the product space that is similar to Figure 5.1, but where the size of the nodes is proportional to the complexity of products they represent, as estimated by the Product Complexity Index (PCI). It shows that communities tend to have similar levels of complexity. Products in the Machinery, Electronics and Chemical com-
F igure 5 . 3 :
Community characteristics. Average complexity of the products in each community as a function of its connectedness. Bubble size is proportional to the communitys participation in world trade.
Average Complexity
Percentage of World Trade in each community

22% of WT
-1
6% of WT 2% of WT 0.8% of WT
-2
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.06% of WT
Average Connectedness
Chemicals & health
Other Chemicals
Machinery
Agrochemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Petrochemicals
Cereals & Veg. oils
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Oil
Electronics
Aircraft
Boilers
Pulp & paper
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Tropical agric.
Misc. Agriculture
Textile & FaBrics
Precious Stones
Metal products
Home & office
munities tend to be much more complex than those in the garments cluster or in peripheral communities such as Oil and Tropical Agriculture. Figure 5.3 shows some of the network characteristics of these communities. Connectedness is a measure of how centrally located a community is in the product space. It is the average proximity of a communitys products to all other products, where proximity is the measure of distance between two products used to construct the product space. The figure shows the average connectedness of the products in each community and their average complexity estimated by PCI. The figure reveals a positive relationship between how centrally located the communities are in the product space and how complex their products are. Poorly connected communities such as petroleum, cotton, rice and soybeans tend to be low in complexity. Machinery, by contrast, is very complex and highly connected. Sectors such as garments, textiles and food processing are, on the other hand, in an intermediate position, being connected but not very sophisticated. Electronics and health-related chemicals, however, are also very complex but not as connected as machinery. This suggests they use specific capabilities relevant within their communities but not outside of them. Previous research has shown that the probability that a country will make a new product is strongly related to
how close that product is to other products the country already makes. So the location of a country in the product space captures information regarding both the productive knowledge that it possesses and the capacity to expand that knowledge by moving into other nearby products. The ability of countries to diversify and to move into more complex products is crucially dependent on their initial location in the product space. The product space gives us a glimpse of the embedded knowledge of countries by highlighting the productive capabilities they posses and the opportunities these imply.We can evaluate a countrys overall position in the product space by calculating how far it is to alternative products and how complex these products are. We call this measure opportunity value and it can be thought of as the value of the option to move into more and more complex products (see Technical Box 5.4). Figure 5.4 compares opportunity value with the Economic Complexity Index and income. It shows that countries with low levels of complexity tend to have few opportunities available. This is because the products they do create tend to be peripheral in the product space. Complex economies tend to have few remaining opportunities because they already occupy a large fraction of the better part of the product space. Countries with an intermediate level of complexity, on the other hand, differ largely in their opportunity value. Some
ToBacco
Mining
Ships
Fruit
Coal
F igure 5 . 4 :
Opportunity Value as a function of the Economic Complexity Index and GDP per capita.
IND
IND
5
GRC
Opportunity Value
Opportunity Value
BGR TUR LTU SRB EGY BRA LBN PRT EST LVA UKR CHN ESP VNM NLD ARG CAN BEL THA ROU HRV ZAF BIH BLR HUN GBR FIN TUN COL TZA POL MEX GTM KOR SGP PAN ISR NZL SVK KEN ALB JOR DNK HKG CHE MYS UGA SEN CRI URY SYR MDA PAK SVN KGZ SLV IRL RUS AUS LKA HND MAR DOM MKD NOR PER SWE MDG MUS NAM KAZ GEO NIC CHL PHL USA PRY ARE CIV GHA ETHUZB ZWE TTOJAM ITA DZA LBR LAO ECU SAU CZE BOL QAT NGA LBY MLI MOZ BGD AG0 MWI OMN CUB FRA ZMB GIN YEM GAB COG BWA TJK VEN CMR TKM MRT IRN KWT KHM SDN PNG AZEMNG AUT IDN
GRC
4
IDN SRB UKR EGY CHN
BGR
TUR BRA LBN LTU EST LVA PRT
JPN
0 3 102
CAN ESP NLD BEL THA ZAF ARG ROU BIH BLR HR FIN GBR POL MEX COL TZA KOR ISR SGP TUN ALB HUN KEN SVK DNK GTM JOR NZL PAN MYS CHE HKG CRI URY UGA SEN PAK SLV IRL SVN KGZ MDA SYR AUS RUS LKA MAR DOM MKD HND NOR PER JPN SWE MDG MUS NAM PHL KAZ NIC GEO CHL PRY ITA ARE USA ZWE CIV TTO GHA LAO UZB ETH JAM SAU QAT LBR ECU IRN CZE BOL MOZ BGD CUB OMN FRA MLI NGA AGO DZA GAB BWA VEN LBY TCD YEM MNG KWT MWI COG TKM ZMB GIN KHM CMR TJK AZE MRT SDN PNG AUT VNM
-3
-2
-1
103
104
105
GDP per capita [2008]
countries like Saudi Arabia, Jamaica and Chile, are located in parts of the product space that imply few opportunities. Others, like India, Greece, Turkey, Brazil and Indonesia are located in parts of the product space where opportunities are plentiful. Figure 5.4 also shows that countries with similar incomes face dramatically different opportunities. Finally, we illustrate how countries move through the product space by looking at Ghana, Poland, Thailand and Turkey (Figure 5.5). Here, square nodes with thick black outlines are used to indicate the products that each of these countries was exporting at each point in time. In all cases we see that new industries new black squares tend to lie close to the industries already present in these countries. The productive transformation undergone by Poland, Thailand and Turkey, however, look striking compared to that of Ghana. Thailand and Turkey, in particular, moved from mostly agricultural societies to manufacturing powerhouses during the 1975-2009 period. Poland, also exploded towards the center of the product space during the last two decades, becoming a manufacturer of most products in both the home and office and the processed foods community and significantly increasing its participation in the production of machinery. These transformations imply an increase in embedded knowledge that is reflected in our Economic Complexity Index. Ultimately, it is these transformations that underpinned the impressive growth performance of these countries. We started this section asking several questions: How does complexity evolve? And how do societies increase the
total amount of productive knowledge embedded in them? Here we have shown that countries expand their productive knowledge by moving into nearby goods. This increases the likelihood that the effort to accumulate any additional capability will be successful, as the complementary capabilities needed to make a new product are more likely to be present in the production of the nearby goods. What limits the speed of this process? Since capabilities are useful only when combined with others, the accumulation of capabilities is slowed down by the chicken and egg problem. New products may require capabilities that do not exist precisely because the other products that use them are not present. Moreover, since capabilities are chunks of tacit knowledge, accumulating them is difficult even when there is demand for them, because the country does not have any exemplars to copy. Most important, why does this process of development occur in some places, but not in others? There are many answers to this question. Our approach adds an alternative answer by showing that a countrys position in the product space determines its opportunities to expand its productive knowledge and increase its level of economic complexity. But the product space is highly heterogeneous, placing countries in radically different settings. Ultimately, development is the expression of the total amount of productive knowledge that is embedded in a society. But the process by which this knowledge is accumulated has a structure that we are only now starting to understand.
T able 5 . 1 : C H aracteristics o F P roduct C ommu N ities
Community Name
Machinery Electronics Oil Chemicals & Health Other Chemicals Construction Materials & Equipment Mining Garments Food Processing Metal Products Aircraft Not Classied Cereals & Vegetable Oils Home & Ofce Meat & Eggs Ships Petrochemicals Boilers Fish & Seafood Textile & Fabrics Tropical Agriculture Coal Misc Agriculture Precious Stones Pulp & Paper Agrochemicals Milk & Cheese Beer, Spirits & Cigarettes Inorganic Salts & Acids Cotton, Rice, Soy & Others Tobacco Leather Fruit Animal Fibers
Average PCI
2.54 2.25 -2.08 2.52 1.67 0.77 -0.59 -0.43 -0.07 0.76 1.48 0.93 -0.34 1.16 0.64 0.83 1.22 1.56 -1.23 0.18 -1.95 0.21 -0.79 0.02 1.77 0.40 1.14 0.07 -0.22 -2.25 -1.46 -0.85 -0.58 -0.85
Number of Products
125 52 4 64 24 44 48 42 26 17 10 36 21 23 23 8 5 14 11 32 16 6 22 4 11 13 7 6 10 18 6 14 4 7
World Trade
4.4T 3.6T 2.3T 1.6T 1.2T 1.1T 1.1T 1.1T 603B 496B 440B 426B 295B 250B 242B 232B 220B 193B 191B 189B 190B 183B 170B 170B 148B 141B 134B 124B 117B 96B 64B 53B 45B 12B
World Share
20.29% 16.71% 10.49% 7.47% 5.49% 5.23% 5.01% 4.63% 2.74% 2.26% 2.00% 1.94% 1.34% 1.14% 1.10% 1.05% 1.00% 0.88% 0.87% 0.86% 0.86% 0.83% 0.78% 0.77% 0.67% 0.64% 0.61% 0.57% 0.53% 0.44% 0.29% 0.24% 0.21% 0.06%
Top 3 Countries by Export Volume

DEU, USA, JPN CHN, HKG, USA SAU, RUS, NOR USA, DEU, BEL DEU, USA, FRA CHN, DEU, ITA AUS, USA, CHL CHN, HKG, ITA DEU, ITA, USA JPN, DEU, KOR FRA, DEU, GBR USA, CHN, DEU USA, BRA, ARG CHN, CHE, USA USA, BRA, DEU KOR, CHN, JPN DEU, USA, BEL CHN, DEU, JPN CHN, NOR, THA CHN, ITA, HKG IDN, NLD, MYS AUS, IDN, RUS BRA, DEU, FRA IND, ISR, BEL USA, CAN, SWE DEU, USA, CAN DEU, FRA, NLD GBR, NLD, DEU USA, CHN, DEU USA, IND, THA DEU, NLD, BRA ITA, USA, HKG ESP, USA, CHL AUS, CHN, ITA
Top 3 Countries by Number of Products (RCA>1)

DEU, ITA, AUT CHN, HKG, MYS EGY, KAZ, DZA USA, BEL, DEU DEU, ITA, ESP CZE, POL, SVN CAN, AUS, KAZ CHN, VNM, TUN SRB, ESP, BEL ZAF, UKR, SVK CAN, GBR, FRA CHN, FRA, GBR PRY, MDA, ARG CHN, PAN, PRT FRA, BEL, POL ROU, POL, HRV PRT, BEL, FRA CHN, TUR, KOR CHL, NAM, SYC CHN, TUR, IND IDN, CIV, CRI CZE, COL, RUS ESP, TZA, NIC GBR, LBN, LKA SWE, FIN, CAN BEL, JOR, DEU NLD, BLR, LTU JAM, BEL, NLD ISR, JOR, USA TZA, MOZ, GRC PHL, GRC, SEN ALB, SOM, ESP NLD, LBN, LTU URY, NZL, ZAF
F igure 5 . 5 :
The evolution of Ghana, Poland, Thailand and Turkey in the product space: 1975, 1990 and 2009. Black boxes indicate the products in which these countries had RCA>1.
1975
ELECTRONICS MACHINERY AIRCRAFT BOILERS SHIPS METAL PRODUCTS CONSTR. MATL. & EQPT. HOME & OFFICE PULP & PAPER CHEMICALS & HEALTH AGROCHEMICALS OTHER CHEMICALS INOR. SALTS & ACIDS PETROCHEMICALS LEATHER MILK & CHEESE ANIMAL FIBERS MEAT & EGGS FISH & SEAFOOD TROPICAL AGRIC. CEREALS & VEG. OILS COTTON/RICE/SOY & OTHERS TOBACCO FRUIT MISC. AGRICULTURE NOT CLASSIFIED TEXTILE & FABRICS GARMENTS FOOD PROCESSING BEER/SPIRITS & CIGS. PRECIOUS STONES COAL OIL MINING
GHANA
POLAND
THAILAND
TURKEY
1990
2009
TECHN I CAL B OX 5 . 1 : M E A S U R i N G P R O X i M i T Y
To make products you need chunks of embedded knowledge which we call capabilities. The capabilities needed to produce one good may or may not be useful in the production of other goods. Since we do not observe capabilities directly, we create a measure that infers the similarity between the capabilities required by a pair of goods by looking at the probability that they are coexported. To quantify this similarity we assume that if two goods share most of the requisite capabilities, the countries that export one will also export the other. By the same token, goods that do not share many capabilities are less likely to be co-exported. Our measure is based on the conditional probability that a country that exports product will also export product (Figure 5.1.1). Since conditional probabilities are not symmetric we take the minimum of the probability of exporting product , given and the reverse, to make the measure symmetric and more F igure 5 . 1 . 1 :
An illustrative example for the proximity measure.
stringent. For instance, in the year 2008, 17 countries exported wine, 24 exported grapes and 11 exported both, all with RCA>1. Then, the proximity between wines and grapes is 11/24=0.46. Note that we divide by 24 instead of 17 to minimize false positives. Formally, for a pair of goods and we dene proximity as:
Where =1 if country exports product with RCA>1 and 0 otherwise. the ubiquity of product .
is
X-RAY MACHINES
MEDICAMENTS
X-RAY MACHINES
P=1
MEDICAMENTS
NETHERLANDS (NLD)
P = 1/2
P = 1/3
CHEESE
CREAMS AND POLISHES
FROZEN FISH
CHEESE CREAMS AND POLISHES
FROZEN FISH
ARGENTINA (ARG)
GHANA (GHA)
T E C H N i C A L B O X 5 . 2 : Vi S U A L i Z i N G T H E P R O D U C T S P A C E
To visualize the product space we use some simple design criteria. First, we want the visualization of the product space to be a connected network. By this, we mean avoiding islands of isolated products. The second criteria is that we want the network visualization to be relatively sparse. Trying to visualize too many links can create unnecessary visual complexity where the most relevant connections will be occluded. This criteria is achieved by creating a visualization in which the average number of links per node is not larger than 5 and results in a representation that can summarize the structure of the product space using the strongest 1% of the links. To make sure the visualization of the product space is connected, we calculate the maximum spanning tree (MST) of the proximity matrix. MST is the set of links that connects all the nodes in the network using a minimum number of connections and the maximum possible sum of proximities. We calculated the MST using Kruskals algorithm. Basically the algorithm sorts the values of the proximity matrix in descending order and then includes links in the MST if and only if they connect an isolated product. By denition, the MST includes all products, but the number of links is the minimum possible. The second step is to add the strongest connections that were not selected for the MST. In this visualization we included the rst 1,006 connections satisfying our criterion. By denition a spanning tree for 774 nodes contains 773 edges. With the additional 1,006 connections we end up with 1,779 edges and an average degree of nearly 4.6. After selecting the links using the above mentioned criteria we build a visualization using a Force-Directed layout algorithm. In this algorithm nodes repel each other, just like electric charges, while edges act as spring trying to bring connected nodes together. This helps to create a visualization in which densely connected sets of nodes are put together while nodes that are not connected are pushed apart. Finally, we manually clean up the layout to minimize edge crossings and provide the most clearly representation possible.
T E C H N i C A L B OX 5 . 3 : I D E N T i F Y i N G P R O D U C T C O M M U N i T i E S
In network science, groups of highly interconnected nodes are known as communities. In the Product Space, communities represent groups of products that are likely to require many of the same capabilities. We assign products to communities using the algorithm introduced by Rosvall and Bergstrom (2008). This algorithm nds communities using a two step process. First, it explores the network using a collection of random walkers. The intuition behind this rst step is that nodes belonging to the same community are more likely to lie close by in the sequence of nodes visited by a random walker. For instance, take photographic lm, photographic chemicals and silicones. These are three products that are interconnected and belong to a densely connected region of the product space. Hence, the random walker is much more likely to go through the sequences {silicones, photographic chemicals, photographic lm} or {photographic lm, silicones, photographic chemicals} than {photographic lm, grapes, blouses}. The emergence of these sequences indicates that photographic lm, photographic chemicals and silicones, probably belong to the same community. After several iterations of random walks have been recorded, the algorithm tries to compresses these sequences by looking for ways to rename nodes and minimize the amount of space required to store information about these sequences. For instance, if silicones, photographic lms, and photographic chemicals are grouped into a community called photographic materials this would allow compressing the sequence by replacing each time it appears by a reference to that community. The algorithm looks for a compression that preserves as much information as possible. This avoids the trivial solution in which all products are assigned to the same community. The communities determined through this algorithm were manually named and merged into 34 communities (see Table 5.1 for details). We compare the ability of these communities to summarize the structure of the product space by introducing a measure of community quality. This is the ratio between the average proximity of the links within a community, and those connecting products from that community to products in other communities. To get a sense of the community quality we compare our assignment of products into communities with a baseline null model and three popular categorizations. The baseline null model is given by an ensemble of communities of the same size, where nodes have been assigned to each community at random. In this case, the average strength of the links within communities is equal to the average strength of links between communities, and the community quality is 1. The three categorizations we use as comparators are: the rst digit of the Standard International Trade Classication, the categories introduced by Leamer (1984) -based on factor intensities- and the technology categories introduced by Lall (2000). All three classications produce values of the community quality between 1.3 and 1.4, indicating that links within communities tend to be, on average, 30% to 40% stronger than those between communities. The communities we propose here have a community quality value of 1.94, indicating that the links between nodes in the same community are, on average, 94% stronger than those connecting nodes between communities (Figure 5.3.1). The difference in community quality of our proposed community system and that of the three alternative categorizations is highly statistically signicant with a -value<1x10-30.
F igure 5 . 3 . 1 :
Community quality for five different ways of grouping products.
2.0
1.94
1.5
1.34
1.36
1.39
Community Quality
1.0
1.0+0.005
0.5
Random
0.0
SITC-1
Lall
Leamer
Communities
TECHN I CAL B OX 5 . 4 : U N D E R S T A N D i N G T H E P O S i T i O N O F C O U N T R i E S i N T H E P R O D U C T S P A C E : Di S T A N C E , O P P O R T U N i T Y V A L U E A N D O P P O R T U N i T Y G A i N
Empirically, we nd that countries move through the product space by developing goods close to those they currently produce. But countries do not make just one product; they make a certain number. Proximity measures the similarity between a pair of products, so we need another measure to quantify the distance between the products that a country makes and each of the products that it does not. We call this measure distance and dene it as the sum of the proximities connecting a new good p to all the products that country is not currently exporting. We normalize distance by dividing it by the sum of proximities between all products and product . In other words, distance is the weighted proportion of products connected to good p that country c is not exporting. The weights are given by proximities. If country exports most of the goods connected to product , then the distance will be short, close to 0. But, if country only exports a small proportion of the products that are related to product , then the distance will be large (close to 1). Formally,
are. We can think of this as the value of the option to move into other products. Hence, to quantify the opportunity value of a countrys unexploited prospects we can add the level of complexity of the products that it is not currently weighted by how close these products are to the countrys current export suite. We can write this mathematically as:
Distance gives us an idea of how far each product is given a countrys current mix of exports. Yet, it would be useful to have a holistic measure of the opportunities implied by a countrys position in the product space. Countries that make products that are relatively complex, given their current level of income, tend to grow faster. Hence, it makes sense to include not only the distance to products, but also their complexity. Some countries may be located near few, poorly connected and relatively simple products, while others may have a rich unexploited neighborhood of highly connected or complex products. This means that countries differ not just in what they make but in what their opportunities
Where PCI is the Product Complexity Index of product . The term makes sure that we count only the products that the country is not currently producing. Higher opportunity value implies being in the vicinity of more products and/or of products that are more complex. We can use opportunity value to calculate the potential benet to a country if it were to move to a particular new product. We call this the opportunity gain that country c would obtain from making product . This is calculated as the change in opportunity value that would come as a consequence of developing product . Opportunity gain quanties the contribution of a new product in terms of opening up the doors to more and more complex products. Formally, we can write the opportunity gain as:
How Can This Atlas Be Used?
SECTION 6
n recent years there has been an explosion in the use of indexes to rank countries, corporations, cities and other entities in terms of a myriad of indicators. We have the Human Development Index, put together by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the Freedom Houses Freedom Index, the World Banks Doing Business, Investment Climate Assessment and Governance indexes, the World Economic Forums Competitiveness, Gender Gap and Trade Facilitation indexes, the OECDs Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), the credit ratings of governments and corporations put together by Standard & Poors, Moodys and Fitch, and the Quality of Development Assistance published by the Center for Global Development. The popularity and usefulness of these efforts reflect the fact that they provide feedback about the relative performance of an entity on dimensions that societies find important and that the publishers want to highlight. The indexes may help the rated entities to evolve towards better outcomes by benchmarking current performance, vis-a-vis the best achievers, and by encouraging learning through imitation and experimentation around best practices. Here it may be useful to distinguish between the two roles of any indicator. The first one is as a measure and the second one is as a guide to action. As a measure, the critical question is whether the index is able to adequately represent the information that one wants to capture, whether it is freedom, human development, solvency, business environment, governance, educational quality or, in our case, productive knowledge. As a guide to action the question is what inter-
ventions will lead an entity to improve its performance on the index. With respect to the latter question, indexes differ in how clearly they map to a plan of action. At one extreme, the World Banks Doing Business Index is based on the statutory requirements to perform certain functions such as registering and closing a business or obtaining a license. Here the course of action is clear: change the statutes in a direction that would improve the re-calculated index. However, in other cases, such as improving rule of law, educational quality, gender equality, the control of corruption or competitiveness, the mapping is not so clear. It is hard to know precisely which changes in current practice would be reflected in better performance. This is a general problem in many areas where the relationship between action and performance is complex. Should schools reduce class size, improve teacher training, increase nutritional assistance or implement standardized exams in order to improve educational quality? Should societies get more policemen, revamp the judicial system, encourage press freedom, revise their gun laws or confront organized crime in order to improve rule of law? The best humans have been able to do is to emulate some of the features of the best performers in the hopes that the elements that were selected for imitation may prove crucial to the achievement of better outcomes. If they do, this will hopefully be reflected in future measures of the index. If they do not, other actions will be tried until the action taken is consistently followed by a change in the desired direction. In our case, the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) is based on the number and the complexity of the products that a country exports with comparative advantage. Empirically,
countries that do well in this index, given their income level, tend to achieve higher levels of economic growth. The ability to successfully export new products is a reflection of the fact that the country has acquired new productive knowledge that will then open up further opportunities for progress. What a country needs to do to achieve this will be highly specific to the context of the country and the product. Better seeds could cause an agricultural revolution; improved infrastructure could open up new possibilities for light manufactures; clarifying property rights and human subject regulations may allow for participation in pharmaceutical research; changing the responsiveness of training institutions to the needs of new sectors may unleash their growth; etc. The Economic Complexity Index is not easy to manipulate through a narrow set of decisions. Ultimately, countries improve on the index by being able to increase the number of different activities they can successfully engage in and by moving towards activities that are more complex. The policy message for most countries is clear: create an environment where a greater diversity of productive activities can thrive and, in particular, activities that are relatively more complex. Countries are more likely to succeed in this agenda if they focus on products that are close to their current set of productive capabilities, as this would facilitate the identification and provision of the missing capabilities. The ECI therefore, is accompanied by maps that help chart the opportunities and rewards available for each country. These are maps that are specific to each country and do not represent one-size-fits-all development advice. These maps, however, could also be used by firms search-
ing for a new location or looking to diversify into a new product. These maps carry information about the productive capabilities that are present in a given country and the degree to which these capabilities are relevant to support a particular new industry. A map does not tell people where to go, but it does help them determine their destination and chart their journey towards it. A map empowers by describing opportunities that would not be obvious in the absence of it. If the secret to development is the accumulation of productive knowledge, at a societal rather than individual level, then the process necessarily requires the involvement of many explorers, not just a few planners. This is why the maps we provide in this Atlas are intended for everyone to use.
Which Countries Are Included in This Atlas?
SEC T I O N 7
ountries are highly heterogeneous. When it comes to the size of their population, territory, income and economy, countries differ by orders of magnitude. When it comes to land, Russia is 1,000 times larger than Kuwait. When it comes to population, China is more than 600 times more populous than Slovenia. When it comes to Gross Domestic Product, the United States is more than 1,300 times larger than Namibia. All of these are countries that made it into this Atlas, illustrating the large cross section of the world captured in this book. Products also differ enormously in terms of their world market size. Depending on the year, crude oil represents five to ten percent of world trade while goat skins represent less than one part in one hundred thousand of world trade. To make countries and products comparable we control for the size of the country and of the product by calculating their Revealed Comparative Advantage (see Technical Box 2.2). This means that large and small countries and products with big and small markets count the same as far as our method is concerned. Moreover, the data of each country affects the calculations of all others so including data that is noisy or unreliable greatly affects the integrity of our calculations. Countries that are too small in terms of their export base, such as Tuvalu or Vanuatu, or with data that is highly unreliable or not adequately classified, do not provide us with a sufficiently broad sample to infer their structure. This is why we restrict the analysis to 128 countries, which account for 99% of world trade, 97% of the worlds total GDP and 95% of the worlds population. To generate this list we used a variety of criteria. First, we
limit ourselves only to the set of countries for which there is product-level trade data available in the UN COMTRADE and income data available for 2008. Second, we only use data on countries with a population above 1,200,000. Third, we only consider countries that exported at least 1 billion dollars per year, on average, between 2006 and 2008. Finally we remove from this sample Iraq, Macau and Chad, three countries with severe data quality issues (Figure 7.1).
F igure 7. 1 :
Schematic of the procedure used to determine the countries that were included in the Atlas.
All countries
with GDP and Export information
185 countries
Population above 1,200,000
147 countries
Trade above $1 Billion
131 countries
Reliable Data (excluding Iraq, Chad and Macau)
128 countries
PA R T 2
COMPLEXITY RANKINGS
In this part we present ve different rankings. These rankings sort countries according to: RANkING 1: Economic Complexity Index (ECI). RANkING 2: Expected Growth in Per Capita GDP to 2020. RANkING 3: Expected GDP Growth to 2020. RANkING 4: Change in Economic Complexity (19642008). RANkING 5: Expected Contribution to World GDP Growth to 2020.
Each of these ve rankings captures a different aspect of the world economy. This is well illustrated by the ve countries that make it to the top of each ranking. According to the aforementioned ranking order, these are: Japan, China, Uganda, Mauritius and The United States. The heterogeneity of this group shows the wide range of dimensions that are captured by these ve different rankings (Table 1). Next, we comment each one of them briey, and invite readers to explore them by themselves.
TABLE 1
Correlations between the five different rankings. The low correlations between the rankings indicate that these tend to capture different dimensions of the world economy.
R2: Per capita Growth Potential R1: Economic Complexity R2: Per capita Growth Potential R3: Total Growth R4: Change in Complexity
0.45
R3: Total Growth

-0.22 0.54
R4: Change in Complexity

0.17 0.57 0.54
R5: Contribution to World GDP

0.58 0.09 -0.13 -0.09
RANKING 1:
ranking 1 shows the Economic Complexity ranking. Here

countries are sorted based on the amount of productive knowledge that is implied in their export structures (see Part 1, Section 2: How do we measure economic complexity?). The countries in the top ten of this ranking are Japan, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Austria, Finland, Singapore, Czech Republic, the UK and Slovenia. Immediately after the top 10 we have France, Korea and the US. Of the top 20 countries, half are in Western Europe, 3 are in East Asia, and surprisingly 4 are in Eastern Europe. Israel and Mexico close the list of the top 20. These are countries with productive structures that are able to hold vast amounts of productive knowledge, and that manufacture and export a large number of sophisticated goods. At the bottom of the economic complexity ranking we have Papua New Guinea, The Republic of Congo, Sudan, Angola and Mauritania. Figure 1 illustrates the relative levels of economic complexity of countries in Ranking 1 by plotting ECI as a function of a countrys current level of GDP per capita. In Map 1, countries are color coded according to their position in ranking 1. Interestingly the least complex countries in Western Europe are Portugal (35) and Greece (53), two countries whose high income cannot be explained by either their complexity or their natural resource wealth. We do not think that this is unrelated to their present difficulties: their current income has been propped up by massive capital inflows and, as these decline to more sustainable levels, the internal weaknesses come to the fore. The ECI, however, illustrates clearly how these mismatches can be identified from the data.
by region:
By region, the most complex economies in Eastern Europe and Central Asia are the Czech Republic, Slovenia and Hungary, while the worst performing ones are Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan. In Latin America and the Caribbean the best performers are Mexico (ranked 20), Panama (30) and Costa Rica (49); Brazil ranks fourth (52 in the worldwide scale) followed by Colombia (54). The worst performers are Ecuador (93), Nicaragua (97), Bolivia (101) and Venezuela (111). In East Asia and the Pacific, the best performers are Japan (1), Singapore (7) and Korea (12), followed by Hong Kong (24), China (29) and Thailand (31). The worst performers are Lao (102), Mongolia (113) and Papua New Guinea (124). In South Asia, the best performing country is India (51) followed by Sri Lanka (71) and Pakistan (82). The list is closed by Bangladesh (103). Finally, In Sub-Saharan Africa the most complex economies are South Africa (55), Namibia (72), Kenya (73), Senegal (74) and Mauritius (77). The worst performers are Guinea (123), the Republic of Congo (125), Sudan (126), Angola (127) and Mauritania (128). We note that many African countries are not in the rank because they did not satisfy our data filtering criteria (see Part 1, Section 7: Which countries are in the Atlas?). In the Middle East and North Africa, the best performers are Israel (19), Lebanon (44), Jordan (45), Tunisia (47) and Egypt (53). The worst performers are Kuwait (116), Iran (118) and Libya (119), where the overwhelming presence of oil indicates a narrow base of productive knowledge.
RANKING 1. ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY INDEX

RANK ECI COMPLEXITY (2008)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
REGIONAL ECI RANKING

1/16 1/16 2/16 3/16 4/16 5/16 2/16 1/27 6/16 2/27 7/16 3/16 1/2 3/27 4/27 8/16 9/16 10/16 1/16 1/21 5/27 11/16 12/16 4/16 6/27 7/27 8/27 13/16 5/16 2/21 6/16 9/27 14/16 7/16 15/16 10/27 11/27 12/27 13/27 14/27 2/2 15/27 16/27
COUNTRY NAME
JAPAN GERMANY SWITZERLAND SWEDEN AUSTRIA FINLAND SINGAPORE CZECH REPUBLIC UNITED KINGDOM SLOVENIA FRANCE KOREA, REP. UNITED STATES HUNGARY SLOVAK REPUBLIC ITALY DENMARK IRELAND ISRAEL MEXICO BELARUS BELGIUM NETHERLANDS HONG KONG SAR, CHINA POLAND CROATIA ROMANIA SPAIN CHINA PANAMA THAILAND ESTONIA NORWAY MALAYSIA PORTUGAL LITHUANIA SERBIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA LATVIA BULGARIA CANADA UKRAINE TURKEY
ISO CODE
JPN DEU CHE SWE AUT FIN SGP CZE GBR SVN FRA KOR USA HUN SVK ITA DNK IRL ISR MEX BLR BEL NLD HKG POL HRV ROU ESP CHN PAN THA EST NOR MYS PRT LTU SRB BIH LVA BGR CAN UKR TUR
ECI 2008
2.316 1.985 1.935 1.859 1.807 1.715 1.639 1.628 1.558 1.523 1.473 1.469 1.447 1.430 1.379 1.308 1.267 1.231 1.164 1.145 1.116 1.085 1.044 1.023 1.020 0.989 0.936 0.933 0.894 0.831 0.814 0.791 0.777 0.759 0.696 0.683 0.644 0.597 0.594 0.587 0.571 0.559 0.444
RANK INCOME 2009 [USD]

17 16 3 13 10 11 19 29 20 27 15 30 9 37 32 21 4 6 26 49 64 12 8 23 40 36 52 22 81 54 78 35 1 55 28 41 60 68 38 57 18 87 47
INCOME 2009 [USD]

39,738 40,670 63,629 43,654 45,562 44,581 36,537 18,139 35,165 23,726 41,051 17,078 45,989 12,868 16,176 35,084 55,992 51,049 26,256 8,143 5,075 43,671 47,917 30,065 11,273 14,222 7,500 31,774 3,744 7,155 3,893 14,238 79,089 7,030 21,903 11,141 5,872 4,525 11,616 6,423 39,599 2,468 8,215
REGION
EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA WESTERN EUROPE EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA WESTERN EUROPE EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC NORTH AMERICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA WESTERN EUROPE EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA WESTERN EUROPE EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC WESTERN EUROPE EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA NORTH AMERICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA

44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

2/16 3/16 17/27 4/16 8/16 3/21 18/27 1/4 4/21 16/16 5/21 1/26 6/21 7/21 19/27 9/16 8/21 10/16 20/27 5/16 9/21 10/21 6/16 11/16 7/16 21/27 22/27 2/4 2/26 3/26 4/26 8/16 11/21 5/26 12/21 12/16 6/26 13/21 3/4 9/16 14/21 10/16 15/21
COUNTRY NAME
LEBANON JORDAN RUSSIAN FEDERATION TUNISIA NEW ZEALAND COSTA RICA MOLDOVA INDIA BRAZIL GREECE COLOMBIA SOUTH AFRICA URUGUAY ARGENTINA ALBANIA PHILIPPINES EL SALVADOR INDONESIA MACEDONIA, FYR EGYPT, ARAB REP. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC GUATEMALA UNITED ARAB EMIRATES VIETNAM SAUDI ARABIA KYRGYZ REPUBLIC GEORGIA SRI LANKA NAMIBIA KENYA SENEGAL SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO MAURITIUS CHILE AUSTRALIA ZIMBABWE JAMAICA PAKISTAN MOROCCO CUBA QATAR PARAGUAY
ISO CODE
LBN JOR RUS TUN NZL CRI MDA IND BRA GRC COL ZAF URY ARG ALB PHL SLV IDN MKD EGY DOM GTM ARE VNM SAU KGZ GEO LKA NAM KEN SEN SYR TTO MUS CHL AUS ZWE JAM PAK MAR CUB QAT PRY
ECI 2008
0.403 0.325 0.324 0.294 0.287 0.278 0.266 0.247 0.244 0.214 0.200 0.131 0.109 0.106 0.087 0.032 0.026 -0.007 -0.018 -0.021 -0.064 -0.099 -0.106 -0.181 -0.201 -0.240 -0.263 -0.265 -0.271 -0.276 -0.287 -0.290 -0.306 -0.307 -0.312 -0.321 -0.327 -0.343 -0.398 -0.400 -0.426 -0.438 -0.474

48 73 45 80 24 58 97 99 46 25 63 61 44 50 79 95 82 89 69 90 66 84 7 105 34 114 88 92 72 115 109 86 33 56 43 14 122 70 111 83 62 2 91
INCOME 2009 [USD]

8,175 4,216 8,684 3,792 29,352 6,386 1,516 1,192 8,230 29,240 5,126 5,786 9,420 7,626 3,808 1,752 3,424 2,349 4,515 2,270 4,637 2,661 50,070 1,113 14,799 860 2,449 2,068 4,267 738 1,023 2,474 15,841 6,735 9,644 42,279 449 4,471 955 2,811 5,596 69,754 2,242
REGION
MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA SOUTH ASIA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN WESTERN EUROPE LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA SOUTH ASIA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SOUTH ASIA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128

7/26 16/21 17/21 8/26 11/16 23/27 18/21 9/26 10/26 24/27 19/21 13/16 11/26 12/26 20/21 14/16 4/4 13/26 14/26 15/26 12/16 25/27 16/26 17/26 21/21 18/26 15/16 13/16 26/27 14/16 27/27 15/16 16/16 19/26 20/26 21/26 22/26 16/16 23/26 24/26 25/26 26/26
COUNTRY NAME
UGANDA HONDURAS PERU MADAGASCAR OMAN KAZAKHSTAN ECUADOR BOTSWANA TANZANIA UZBEKISTAN NICARAGUA CAMBODIA CTE D'IVOIRE GHANA BOLIVIA LAO PDR BANGLADESH ETHIOPIA ZAMBIA MALAWI YEMEN, REP. TAJIKISTAN MOZAMBIQUE MALI VENEZUELA, RB LIBERIA MONGOLIA ALGERIA TURKMENISTAN KUWAIT AZERBAIJAN IRAN, ISLAMIC REP. LIBYA GABON CAMEROON NIGERIA GUINEA PAPUA NEW GUINEA CONGO, REP. SUDAN ANGOLA MAURITANIA
ISO CODE
UGA HND PER MDG OMN KAZ ECU BWA TZA UZB NIC KHM CIV GHA BOL LAO BGD ETH ZMB MWI YEM TJK MOZ MLI VEN LBR MNG DZA TKM KWT AZE IRN LBY GAB CMR NGA GIN PNG COG SDN AGO MRT
ECI 2008
-0.488 -0.518 -0.576 -0.594 -0.604 -0.608 -0.619 -0.620 -0.637 -0.658 -0.661 -0.702 -0.868 -0.868 -0.879 -0.880 -0.887 -0.892 -0.933 -1.024 -1.042 -1.054 -1.077 -1.103 -1.109 -1.128 -1.166 -1.213 -1.217 -1.219 -1.223 -1.229 -1.304 -1.364 -1.403 -1.418 -1.444 -1.577 -1.707 -1.768 -1.793 -1.907

121 93 71 123 31 53 74 59 120 101 108 117 106 107 94 112 119 126 110 127 104 116 124 118 39 128 96 76 77 5 65 67 42 51 102 103 125 100 85 98 75 113
INCOME 2009 [USD]

490 1,918 4,469 438 16,207 7,257 4,202 6,064 503 1,156 1,069 706 1,106 1,098 1,758 940 551 344 990 310 1,118 716 428 691 11,490 222 1,573 4,029 3,904 54,260 4,899 4,540 9,714 7,502 1,136 1,118 407 1,172 2,601 1,294 4,081 919
REGION
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC SOUTH ASIA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
map 1 :
Countries are color coded according to their position in Ranking 1.
Rank
1 128
figure 1 :
Illustrates the relative levels of economic complexity of countries in Ranking 1 by plotting ECI as a function of a countrys current level of GDP per capita.
2.5 2 1.5
Economic Complexity Index [2008]
CZE HUN KOR SVK BLR CHN THA UKR BIH MEX ROU PAN MYS POL HRV LTU LVA EST
JPN DEU CHE SWE AUT FIN SGP GBR SVN FRA USA ITA DNK IRL ISR BEL HKG NLD ESP PRT CAN NZL GRC ARE AUS QAT NOR
1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 10

2
LBR
TUR LBN JOR RUS CRI MDA TUN BRA IND COL ZAF ARG URY ALB PHL IDN SLV MKD EGY DOM GTM VNM SAU KGZ SEN GEO LKA NAM KEN TTO MUS CHL SYR ZWE JAM PAK MAR CUB PRY UGA HND MDG PER KAZ OMN UZB ECU BWA TZA KHM NIC GHA BOL LAO CIV BGD ETH ZMB MWI YEM TJK MOZ VEN MLI DZA MNG TKM AZE IRN LBY GAB CMR GIN NGA PNG COG SDN AGO MRT
SRB BGR
KWT
10 10 GDP per capita in USD [2009]
10
RANKING 2:
Expected Growth in Per Capita GDP to 2020
ranking 2 sorts countries according to their expected annual per capita growth. Here countries are sorted according to their per capita growth potential, which is estimated from the mismatch between a countrys current level of aggregate output (GDP per capita) and their level of economic complexity (see Part 1, Section 3: Why is complexity important?). China, India and Thailand are at the top of this ranking, since they are countries with economies that are remarkably complex, given their current level of income, and are expected to catch up faster than other developing nations. Next come Belarus, Moldova, Zimbabwe, Ukraine and Bosnia-Herzegovina, five countries where the current level of income is dramatically lower than what one would expect given their productive capabilities. This ranking shows that the two regions of the world where the potential of per capita growth is higher are East Asia and Eastern Europe (Map 2). At the bottom of this ranking we have Sudan, Angola and Mauritania. These are developing countries where the complexity of their economies does not provide a basis for future economic growth, and, where changes in income are dominated by fluctuations in the price and volume of natural resource activities. Per capita growth potential as a function of GDP per capita is illustrated in Figure 2. The projection presented here is driven mainly by the gap between the initial level of complexity of an economy and its level of income. Countries whose income level is low relative to their complexity will grow faster. The opposite occurs for countries whose initial income is high, relative to their initial complexity. The projection requires an assumption about the evolution of natural resource exports. We assume that they will remain constant in real terms at the high level achieved in 2008. We believe this hypothesis is reasonable on average, as commodity prices were unusually high in 2008. To the extent that prices deviate from this assumption, so will growth. We do not include information regarding the changes in the
extraction volumes of natural resource in the different countries, so we will tend to underestimate growth in countries where natural resource production is expanding faster than population and overestimating it where it is falling.
by region:
By region, the top performers in East Asia and the Pacific are China (1), Thailand (3), Philippines (11), Vietnam (12) and Malaysia (20), while the worst performance is expected in New Zealand (93), Mongolia (107), Australia (114), and Papua New Guinea (123). In South Asia, India is the regional leader (2), while Bangladesh is the laggard (65). In the Middle East and North Africa, the expected leaders in GDP per capita growth are Jordan (14), Egypt (18) and Tunisia (19), while the laggards are Libya (120), Qatar (122) and Kuwait (124), three oil exporters that are dragged down by their low complexity and by our assumption that oil exports per real terms will remain at 2008 levels. In Eastern Europe and Central Asia, the leaders in GDP per capita growth are expected to be Belarus (4), Moldova (5), Ukraine (7) and Bosnia (8). The laggards would be Kazakhstan (98), Turkmenistan (109) and Azerbaijan (112), three low-complexity oil exporters. To the extent that they will carry out their planned expansion in their oil exports, their growth performance will be better than we project. In Latin America the leaders are Panama (9), Mexico (10), El Salvador (31), Guatemala (35) and Colombia (36), while the laggards are expected to be Chile (86), Bolivia (89), Trinidad and Tobago (103) and Venezuela (115), four exporters of natural resources. Brazil ranks 8th in the region and 48th in the world in expected GDP per capita growth. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the growth leaders are expected to be Zimbabwe (6), Kenya (13), Uganda (24) and Senegal (25), while the laggards are expected to be Sudan (126), Angola (127) and Mauritania (128).
RANKING 2. EXPECTED GROWTH IN PER CAPITA GDP TO 2020

RANK EXP. GROWTH IN GDP P/C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
Regional Ranking EXP. Growth in GDP P/C

1/16 1/4 2/16 1/27 2/27 1/26 3/27 4/27 1/21 2/21 3/16 4/16 2/26 1/16 5/27 6/27 7/27 2/16 3/16 5/16 6/16 8/27 9/27 3/26 4/26 10/27 2/4 7/16 11/27 12/27 3/21 13/27 4/16 5/26 4/21 5/21 3/4 6/21 6/26 14/27 7/26 15/27 16/27
COUNTRY NAME
CHINA INDIA THAILAND BELARUS MOLDOVA ZIMBABWE UKRAINE BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA PANAMA MEXICO PHILIPPINES VIETNAM KENYA JORDAN KYRGYZ REPUBLIC ROMANIA SERBIA EGYPT, ARAB REP. TUNISIA MALAYSIA INDONESIA HUNGARY BULGARIA UGANDA SENEGAL CZECH REPUBLIC PAKISTAN KOREA, REP. SLOVAK REPUBLIC POLAND EL SALVADOR ALBANIA LEBANON MADAGASCAR GUATEMALA COLOMBIA SRI LANKA COSTA RICA TANZANIA CROATIA SOUTH AFRICA MACEDONIA, FYR TURKEY
ISO CODE
CHN IND THA BLR MDA ZWE UKR BIH PAN MEX PHL VNM KEN JOR KGZ ROU SRB EGY TUN MYS IDN HUN BGR UGA SEN CZE PAK KOR SVK POL SLV ALB LBN MDG GTM COL LKA CRI TZA HRV ZAF MKD TUR
EXPECTED GROWTH IN GDP P/C 2009-2020

4.32% 4.26% 4.05% 3.99% 3.95% 3.79% 3.73% 3.59% 3.58% 3.50% 3.50% 3.48% 3.46% 3.42% 3.41% 3.39% 3.38% 3.37% 3.36% 3.32% 3.32% 3.31% 3.30% 3.29% 3.27% 3.11% 3.11% 3.09% 3.08% 3.07% 3.06% 3.05% 3.05% 3.03% 3.02% 3.02% 2.97% 2.97% 2.93% 2.92% 2.90% 2.84% 2.83%
GROWTH IN GDP P/C 1999-2009

9.6% 5.6% 3.1% 7.9% 4.8% -6.2% 5.2% 4.1% 3.9% 0.8% 2.6% 6.0% 0.9% 3.7% 3.7% 4.9% 3.9% 2.9% 3.6% 2.8% 3.8% 2.9% 5.5% 3.7% 1.3% 3.1% 2.2% 3.9% 4.4% 4.1% 1.7% 5.2% 3.3% 0.2% 0.9% 2.4% 4.1% 2.1% 3.9% 3.5% 2.2% 2.3% 2.3%

81 99 78 64 97 123 87 68 54 49 95 105 115 73 114 52 60 90 80 55 89 37 57 122 109 29 111 30 32 40 82 79 48 124 84 63 92 58 121 36 61 69 47
INCOME 2009 RANK [USD] INCOME 2020

3,744 1,192 3,893 5,075 1,516 449 2,468 4,525 7,155 8,143 1,752 1,113 738 4,216 860 7,500 5,872 2,270 3,792 7,030 2,349 12,868 6,423 490 1,023 18,139 955 17,078 16,176 11,273 3,424 3,808 8,175 438 2,661 5,126 2,068 6,386 503 14,222 5,786 4,515 8,215 70 97 69 61 95 122 84 65 51 44 93 99 114 68 111 50 58 89 75 53 86 36 54 120 101 29 107 30 31 38 79 76 46 123 85 64 91 56 121 32 60 67 47
EXPECTED INCOME REGION 2020 [USD]

5,962 1,886 6,023 7,806 2,321 676 3,694 6,669 10,529 11,894 2,560 1,622 1,073 6,101 1,244 10,823 8,467 3,268 5,456 10,071 3,363 18,420 9,178 700 1,457 25,415 1,336 23.866 22,579 15,727 4,770 5,302 11,373 608 3,693 7,107 2,852 8,807 691 19,528 7,920 6,141 11,168 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC SOUTH ASIA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA SOUTH ASIA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SOUTH ASIA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA

44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

5/16 7/21 17/27 18/27 8/21 19/27 8/16 9/16 20/27 21/27 9/21 22/27 6/16 10/21 11/21 23/27 8/26 12/21 9/26 13/21 7/16 4/4 14/21 1/16 10/16 2/16 10/26 11/16 12/16 11/26 15/21 3/16 12/26 4/16 13/26 16/21 17/21 5/16 6/16 7/16 14/26 15/26 18/21
COUNTRY NAME
SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC DOMINICAN REPUBLIC GEORGIA LITHUANIA BRAZIL SLOVENIA JAPAN CAMBODIA ESTONIA LATVIA ARGENTINA UZBEKISTAN MOROCCO NICARAGUA HONDURAS RUSSIAN FEDERATION NAMIBIA URUGUAY ETHIOPIA PARAGUAY ISRAEL BANGLADESH JAMAICA GERMANY SINGAPORE PORTUGAL MALAWI HONG KONG SAR, CHINA LAO PDR MAURITIUS CUBA ITALY CTE D'IVOIRE UNITED KINGDOM GHANA PERU ECUADOR AUSTRIA FRANCE SPAIN LIBERIA ZAMBIA CHILE
ISO CODE
SYR DOM GEO LTU BRA SVN JPN KHM EST LVA ARG UZB MAR NIC HND RUS NAM URY ETH PRY ISR BGD JAM DEU SGP PRT MWI HKG LAO MUS CUB ITA CIV GBR GHA PER ECU AUT FRA ESP LBR ZMB CHL

2.78% 2.78% 2.77% 2.76% 2.73% 2.72% 2.71% 2.66% 2.65% 2.63% 2.61% 2.61% 2.60% 2.60% 2.59% 2.58% 2.56% 2.53% 2.53% 2.50% 2.46% 2.40% 2.35% 2.34% 2.30% 2.30% 2.27% 2.26% 2.24% 2.22% 2.22% 2.18% 2.18% 2.16% 2.16% 2.13% 2.12% 2.10% 2.09% 2.08% 2.07% 2.06% 2.05%

1.4% 3.5% 6.2% 5.1% 2.0% 2.7% 0.6% 6.3% 5.0% 5.0% 2.3% 5.1% 3.5% 1.5% 2.3% 5.7% 2.7% 2.0% 5.2% 0.3% 1.6% 4.1% 0.6% 0.8% 3.1% 0.5% 1.1% 3.5% 4.8% 3.2% 5.9% -0.1% -1.8% 1.2% 3.1% 3.7% 3.3% 1.3% 0.7% 1.2% -1.3% 2.7% 2.6%

86 66 88 41 46 27 17 117 35 38 50 101 83 108 93 45 72 44 127 91 26 120 70 16 19 28 128 23 112 56 62 21 106 20 107 71 74 10 15 22 129 110 43

2,474 4,637 2,449 11,141 8,230 23,726 39,738 706 14,238 11,616 7,626 1,156 2,811 1,069 1,918 8,684 4,267 9,420 344 2,242 26,256 551 4,471 40,670 36,537 21,903 310 30,065 940 6,735 5,596 35,084 1,106 35,165 1,098 4,469 4,202 45,562 41,051 31,774 222 990 9,644 87 66 88 40 48 27 14 116 34 39 52 100 83 102 94 45 72 42 126 90 26 119 71 15 19 28 127 23 113 57 63 21 103 20 104 73 77 8 16 22 128 112 43

3,346 6,272 3,308 15,034 11,067 31,881 53,304 942 18,984 15,454 10,130 1,534 3,727 1,417 2,540 11,491 5,637 12,399 453 2,941 34,309 715 5,773 52,428 46,943 28,136 396 38,450 1,199 8,578 7,126 44,497 1,402 44,505 1,388 5,635 5,290 57,271 51,566 39,863 278 1,239 12,054 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA SOUTH ASIA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN WESTERN EUROPE EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC WESTERN EUROPE SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN WESTERN EUROPE SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA WESTERN EUROPE SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128

8/16 9/16 19/21 16/26 1/2 24/27 13/16 17/26 18/26 8/16 10/16 25/27 9/16 11/16 12/16 13/16 20/21 2/2 14/16 15/16 14/16 10/16 26/27 11/16 12/16 27/27 19/26 15/16 21/21 13/16 20/26 21/26 16/16 14/16 22/26 15/16 16/16 16/16 23/26 24/26 25/26 26/26
COUNTRY NAME
SWEDEN FINLAND BOLIVIA MOZAMBIQUE UNITED STATES TAJIKISTAN NEW ZEALAND BOTSWANA MALI YEMEN, REP. BELGIUM KAZAKHSTAN SAUDI ARABIA SWITZERLAND GREECE NETHERLANDS TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CANADA IRELAND DENMARK MONGOLIA OMAN TURKMENISTAN ALGERIA IRAN, ISLAMIC REP. AZERBAIJAN GUINEA AUSTRALIA VENEZUELA, RB UNITED ARAB EMIRATES CAMEROON NIGERIA NORWAY LIBYA GABON QATAR PAPUA NEW GUINEA KUWAIT CONGO, REP. SUDAN ANGOLA MAURITANIA
ISO CODE
SWE FIN BOL MOZ USA TJK NZL BWA MLI YEM BEL KAZ SAU CHE GRC NLD TTO CAN IRL DNK MNG OMN TKM DZA IRN AZE GIN AUS VEN ARE CMR NGA NOR LBY GAB QAT PNG KWT COG SDN AGO MRT

2.04% 2.03% 2.03% 2.03% 2.01% 1.95% 1.91% 1.89% 1.87% 1.86% 1.86% 1.82% 1.80% 1.78% 1.77% 1.72% 1.71% 1.67% 1.65% 1.63% 1.52% 1.44% 1.34% 1.28% 1.27% 1.25% 1.24% 1.23% 1.23% 1.21% 1.20% 1.16% 1.08% 0.99% 0.99% 0.90% 0.89% 0.82% 0.65% 0.55% 0.54% 0.29%

1.5% 1.7% 1.7% 4.6% 0.8% 6.7% 1.2% 3.5% 2.9% 1.0% 1.0% 7.9% 1.0% 0.9% 3.0% 1.1% 5.9% 1.1% 1.9% 0.5% 4.5% 2.8% 12.7% 2.1% 3.5% 14.5% 0.7% 1.7% 1.8% 1.6% 1.1% 3.5% 1.1% 2.1% -0.6% NA 0.1% 2.6% 2.3% 4.8% 7.5% 1.0%

13 11 94 125 9 116 24 59 118 104 12 53 34 3 25 8 33 18 6 4 96 31 77 76 67 65 126 14 39 7 102 103 1 42 51 2 100 5 85 98 75 113

43,654 44,581 1,758 428 45,989 716 29,352 6,064 691 1,118 43,671 7,257 14,799 63,629 29,240 47,917 15,841 39,599 51,049 55,992 1,573 16,207 3,904 4,029 4,540 4,899 407 42,279 11,490 50,070 1,136 1,118 79,089 9,714 7,502 69,754 1,172 54.260 2,601 1,294 4,081 919 12 11 96 124 9 117 24 62 118 106 13 55 37 2 25 7 33 18 5 4 98 35 81 80 78 74 125 17 41 10 108 110 1 49 59 3 109 6 92 105 82 115

54,522 55,630 2,194 533 57,260 885 36,132 7,449 848 1,369 53,457 8,853 18,011 77,233 35,476 57,784 19,097 47,520 61,138 66,902 1,858 18,971 4,521 4,632 5,214 5,617 467 48,355 13,138 57,151 1,296 1,270 88,980 10,828 8,362 77,008 1,292 59,391 2,794 1,374 4,329 949 WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA NORTH AMERICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA WESTERN EUROPE EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN NORTH AMERICA WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA WESTERN EUROPE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
map 2 :
Countries are color coded according to their position in Ranking 2.
Rank
1 128
figure 2 :
Expected annual GDP per capita growth with respect to GDP per capita in 2009.
IND
CHN THA UKR BLR
4%
ZWE KEN VNM SEN UGA KGZ
MDA
PHL
BIH EGY IDN LKA GTM SYR GEO JOR TUN SLV ALB
Expected average annual GDP per capita growth [2009-2020]
PAN MEX SRB ROU MYS BGR LBN
HUN POL CZE KOR SVK HRV SVN ISR PRT CHL JPN DEU SGP HKG ITA GBR AUT ESP FRA SWE FIN USA NZL BEL CHE GRC CAN NLD IRL DNK
3%
ETH
MDG TZA KHM BGD MWI
PAK
COL CRI ZAF MKD DOM
UZB NIC LAO CIV GHA ZMB YEM MNG
HND
PRY
MAR
NAM JAM
TUR BRA LTU EST ARG RUS LVA URY
2%
LBR
MOZ
TJK MLI
BOL
PER ECU
CUB MUS BWA
KAZ
SAU TTO OMN
TKM
GIN
DZA
1%
MRT
CMR NGA PNG SDN COG AGO
IRN AZE GAB LBY
VEN
AUS ARE NOR KWT QAT
0%
10 2
10 3 104 GDP per capita in USD [2009]
10 5
RANKING 3:
Expected GDP Growth to 2020
ranking 3 shows the ranking for total GDP growth. This ranking is dominated by Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. The three East African nations have a level of complexity that is higher than would be expected given their very low level of income, and occupy the positions 24, 13 and 39 of the rankings of growth in GDP per capita. However, they reach top of the total GDP growth because of their expected levels of high population growth (we use forecast of population growth rates to the year 2020 performed by United Nations1). With the exception of India and Guatemala, 8 out of the 10 countries at the top of Ranking 3 are from Africa. Also, the ranking shows that we expect Indias total GDP growth to top Chinas. Map 3 shows the geographic pattern of total GDP growth, and Figure 3 plots total GDP growth as a function of GDP per capita.
by region:
By region, in East Asia and the Pacific the expected leaders in GDP growth are Philippines (12), Malaysia (15) and China (20), while laggard is Australia (107). In South Asia the best performing country is expected to be India (8), while Bangladesh is the laggard (51). In Eastern Europe and Central Asia the top performers are the Kyrgyz Republic (21), Turkey (40) and Uzbekistan (43). The worst performers in this region are Latvia (114) and Georgia (121). In Latin America the fastest growing countries are expected to be Guatemala (9), Panama (13) and Mexico (22), while the worst performance is expected in Trinidad and Tobago (119) and Cuba (128). Jordan (11), Egypt (14) and Yemen (16) are expected to lead GDP growth in Middle East and North Africa, while the laggards are Iran (117) and Libya (123). GDP growth in Western Europe is expected to be lead by The United Kingdom (92), followed closely by Ireland (93). At the bottom of the list we expect to find Greece (126) and Norway (128).
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2011)
R A N K I N G 3 . expected gdp growth to 2 0 2 0

RANK EXPECTED GDP GROWTH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
REGIONAL RANK COUNTRY NAME EXPECTED GDP GROWTH

1/26 2/26 3/26 4/26 5/26 6/26 7/26 1/4 1/21 8/26 1/16 1/16 2/21 2/16 2/16 3/16 9/26 2/4 10/26 3/16 1/27 3/21 11/26 4/21 4/16 4/16 5/16 12/26 13/26 5/16 14/26 6/16 5/21 6/21 15/26 7/21 6/16 8/21 9/21 2/27 7/16 7/16 3/27 UGANDA KENYA TANZANIA ZIMBABWE MADAGASCAR SENEGAL MALAWI INDIA GUATEMALA ZAMBIA JORDAN PHILIPPINES PANAMA EGYPT, ARAB REP. MALAYSIA YEMEN, REP. MALI PAKISTAN LIBERIA CHINA KYRGYZ REPUBLIC MEXICO ETHIOPIA HONDURAS THAILAND SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC VIETNAM CTE D'IVOIRE GHANA TUNISIA MOZAMBIQUE INDONESIA COLOMBIA COSTA RICA NAMIBIA PARAGUAY ISRAEL DOMINICAN REPUBLIC NICARAGUA TURKEY CAMBODIA SAUDI ARABIA UZBEKISTAN
ISO CODE
UGA KEN TZA ZWE MDG SEN MWI IND GTM ZMB JOR PHL PAN EGY MYS YEM MLI PAK LBR CHN KGZ MEX ETH HND THA SYR VNM CIV GHA TUN MOZ IDN COL CRI NAM PRY ISR DOM NIC TUR KHM SAU UZB
EXPECTED GDP GROWTH GROWTH 1998-2008 2009-2020

6.41% 6.10% 6.07% 5.93% 5.85% 5.82% 5.60% 5.51% 5.50% 5.25% 5.18% 5.14% 4.97% 4.94% 4.83% 4.83% 4.81% 4.80% 4.67% 4.66% 4.61% 4.56% 4.52% 4.49% 4.47% 4.45% 4.41% 4.37% 4.36% 4.31% 4.26% 4.22% 4.22% 4.21% 4.15% 4.15% 4.03% 3.93% 3.92% 3.88% 3.84% 3.82% 3.76% 4.1% 0.9% 3.8% -7.1% 1.0% 1.6% 0.6% 5.4% 1.2% 2.3% 3.9% 2.8% 4.0% 3.1% 3.5% 0.9% 3.2% 2.2% -0.1% 9.4% 3.8% 1.8% 4.8% 2.3% 3.8% 0.7% 5.9% -2.0% 3.1% 3.9% 4.7% 3.4% 1.8% 3.0% 2.7% 0.5% 1.8% 3.8% 2.7% 2.4% 7.6% 0.9% 4.7%

122 115 121 123 124 109 128 99 84 110 73 95 54 90 55 104 118 111 129 81 114 49 127 93 78 86 105 106 107 80 125 89 63 58 72 91 26 66 108 47 117 34 101
INCOME 2009 [USD]

490 738 503 449 438 1,023 310 1,192 2,661 990 4,216 1,752 7,155 2,270 7,030 1,118 691 955 222 3,744 860 8,143 344 1,918 3,893 2,474 1,113 1,106 1,098 3,792 428 2,349 5,126 6,386 4,267 2,242 26,256 4,637 1,069 8,215 706 14,799 1,156
RANK INCOME 2020

120 114 121 122 123 101 127 97 85 112 68 93 51 89 53 106 118 107 128 70 111 44 126 94 69 87 99 103 104 75 124 86 64 56 72 90 26 66 102 47 116 37 100
EXPECTED INCOME 2020 [USD]

700 1,073 691 676 608 1,457 396 1,886 3,693 1,239 6,101 2,560 10,529 3,268 10,071 1,369 848 1,336 278 5,962 1,244 11,894 453 2,540 6,023 3,346 1,622 1,402 1,388 5,456 533 3,363 7,107 8,807 5,637 2,941 34,309 6,272 1,417 11,168 942 18,011 1,534
EXPECTED POPULATION REGION GROWTH

3.11% 2.64% 3.14% 2.14% 2.82% 2.55% 3.33% 1.25% 2.48% 3.19% 1.76% 1.64% 1.39% 1.57% 1.51% 2.97% 2.94% 1.69% 2.61% 0.34% 1.20% 1.05% 1.99% 1.90% 0.42% 1.67% 0.93% 2.19% 2.20% 0.95% 2.23% 0.91% 1.20% 1.24% 1.59% 1.65% 1.57% 1.14% 1.33% 1.05% 1.18% 2.02% 1.15% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SOUTH ASIA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SOUTH ASIA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA

44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

16/26 17/26 10/21 8/16 4/27 3/4 11/21 4/4 9/16 8/16 12/21 13/21 9/16 5/27 18/26 14/21 6/27 7/27 8/27 19/26 9/27 10/16 11/16 10/27 15/21 11/27 10/16 12/27 20/26 11/16 13/27 14/27 12/16 15/27 12/16 13/16 13/16 14/16 21/26 16/27 16/21 22/26 17/27 GUINEA NIGERIA EL SALVADOR LEBANON BELARUS SRI LANKA BOLIVIA BANGLADESH MOROCCO LAO PDR BRAZIL ARGENTINA KOREA, REP. TAJIKISTAN SOUTH AFRICA ECUADOR CZECH REPUBLIC ALBANIA MOLDOVA CAMEROON BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA HONG KONG SAR, CHINA SINGAPORE SERBIA PERU SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNITED ARAB EMIRATES UKRAINE ANGOLA QATAR HUNGARY ROMANIA OMAN POLAND PAPUA NEW GUINEA KUWAIT MONGOLIA NEW ZEALAND GABON SLOVENIA URUGUAY SUDAN MACEDONIA, FYR
ISO CODE
GIN NGA SLV LBN BLR LKA BOL BGD MAR LAO BRA ARG KOR TJK ZAF ECU CZE ALB MDA CMR BIH HKG SGP SRB PER SVK ARE UKR AGO QAT HUN ROU OMN POL PNG KWT MNG NZL GAB SVN URY SDN MKD

3.73% 3.72% 3.71% 3.71% 3.66% 3.66% 3.59% 3.59% 3.53% 3.52% 3.50% 3.44% 3.42% 3.42% 3.37% 3.35% 3.35% 3.33% 3.33% 3.30% 3.28% 3.28% 3.27% 3.24% 3.23% 3.23% 3.23% 3.19% 3.19% 3.16% 3.15% 3.15% 3.13% 3.10% 3.01% 3.00% 2.99% 2.91% 2.90% 2.90% 2.90% 2.89% 2.89% 1.3% 3.1% 2.4% 2.3% 8.1% 4.1% 1.4% 4.0% 3.0% 4.9% 2.1% 1.9% 4.8% 6.8% 2.5% 2.6% 3.8% 6.0% 5.2% 1.3% 5.0% 4.0% 4.1% 3.9% 3.7% 5.0% 1.7% 7.0% 7.8% NA 4.0% 5.7% 2.8% 4.4% -0.2% 2.6% 5.0% 1.8% -1.5% 4.2% 1.5% 4.7% 2.8%

126 103 82 48 64 92 94 120 83 112 46 50 30 116 61 74 29 79 97 102 68 23 19 60 71 32 7 87 75 2 37 52 31 40 100 5 96 24 51 27 44 98 69
INCOME 2009 [USD]

407 1,118 3,424 8,175 5,075 2,068 1,758 551 2,811 940 8,230 7,626 17,078 716 5,786 4,202 18,139 3,808 1,516 1,136 4,525 30,065 36,537 5,872 4,469 16,176 50,070 2,468 4,081 69,754 12,868 7,500 16,207 11,273 1,172 54,260 1,573 29,352 7,502 23,726 9,420 1,294 4,515
RANK INCOME 2020

125 110 79 46 61 91 96 119 83 113 48 52 30 117 60 77 29 76 95 108 65 23 19 58 73 31 10 84 82 3 36 50 35 38 109 6 98 24 59 27 42 105 67

467 1,270 4,770 11,373 7,806 2,852 2,194 715 3,727 1,199 11,067 10,130 23,866 885 7,920 5,290 25,415 5,302 2,321 1,296 6,669 38,450 46,943 8,467 5,635 22,579 57,151 3,694 4,329 77,008 18,420 10,823 18,971 15,727 1,292 59,391 1,858 36,132 8,362 31,881 12,399 1,374 6,141

2.49% 2.55% 0.65% 0.66% -0.33% 0.69% 1.56% 1.18% 0.94% 1.28% 0.77% 0.82% 0.33% 1.47% 0.48% 1.24% 0.23% 0.28% -0.62% 2.10% -0.30% 1.02% 0.96% -0.14% 1.10% 0.15% 2.02% -0.54% 2.65% 2.26% -0.16% -0.24% 1.69% 0.03% 2.13% 2.17% 1.46% 1.00% 1.91% 0.18% 0.37% 2.35% 0.06% SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA SOUTH ASIA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SOUTH ASIA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128

17/21 1/2 23/26 18/27 24/26 1/16 2/16 19/27 25/26 18/21 19/21 3/16 20/27 4/16 5/16 15/16 2/2 21/27 22/27 14/16 16/16 26/26 23/27 24/27 25/27 6/16 7/16 26/27 8/16 9/16 15/16 10/16 20/21 11/16 27/27 12/16 16/16 13/16 14/16 15/16 21/21 16/16 CHILE UNITED STATES BOTSWANA KAZAKHSTAN CONGO, REP. UNITED KINGDOM IRELAND CROATIA MAURITIUS JAMAICA VENEZUELA, RB SPAIN BULGARIA SWEDEN FRANCE JAPAN CANADA ESTONIA TURKMENISTAN ALGERIA AUSTRALIA MAURITANIA RUSSIAN FEDERATION LITHUANIA AZERBAIJAN FINLAND ITALY LATVIA PORTUGAL AUSTRIA IRAN, ISLAMIC REP. GERMANY CUBA SWITZERLAND GEORGIA BELGIUM LIBYA NETHERLANDS DENMARK GREECE TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO NORWAY
ISO CODE
CHL USA BWA KAZ COG GBR IRL HRV MUS JAM VEN ESP BGR SWE FRA JPN CAN EST TKM DZA AUS MRT RUS LTU AZE FIN ITA LVA PRT AUT IRN DEU CUB CHE GEO BEL LBY NLD DNK GRC TTO NOR

2.85% 2.84% 2.84% 2.81% 2.80% 2.76% 2.71% 2.71% 2.69% 2.66% 2.64% 2.63% 2.62% 2.61% 2.58% 2.57% 2.56% 2.56% 2.53% 2.53% 2.49% 2.48% 2.44% 2.35% 2.33% 2.33% 2.31% 2.25% 2.25% 2.24% 2.18% 2.17% 2.14% 2.13% 2.13% 2.12% 2.08% 1.97% 1.96% 1.96% 1.95% 1.77% 2.6% 1.6% 3.5% 8.3% 1.3% 2.1% 3.7% 3.9% 3.2% 1.0% 1.4% 2.0% 6.3% 2.5% 1.4% 1.1% 1.9% 6.6% 13.6% 2.2% 2.2% 1.7% 7.3% 6.7% 14.3% 3.0% 0.7% 7.6% 1.1% 2.0% 3.5% 1.5% 5.9% 1.3% 7.1% 1.7% 2.1% 1.9% 1.3% 3.6% 6.7% 1.6%

43 9 59 53 85 20 6 36 56 70 39 22 57 13 15 17 18 35 77 76 14 113 45 41 65 11 21 38 28 10 67 16 62 3 88 12 42 8 4 25 33 1
INCOME 2009 [USD]

9,644 45,989 6,064 7,257 2,601 35,165 51,049 14,222 6,735 4,471 11,490 31,774 6,423 43,654 41,051 39,738 39,599 14,238 3,904 4,029 42,279 919 8,684 11,141 4,899 44,581 35,084 11,616 21,903 45,562 4,540 40,670 5,596 63,629 2,449 43,671 9,714 47,917 55,992 29,240 15,841 79,089
RANK INCOME 2020

43 9 62 55 92 20 5 32 57 71 41 22 54 12 16 14 18 34 81 80 17 115 45 40 74 11 21 39 28 8 78 15 63 2 88 13 49 7 4 25 33 1

12,054 57,260 7,449 8,853 2,794 44,505 61,138 19,528 8,578 5,773 13,138 39,863 9,178 54,522 51,566 53,304 47,520 18,984 4,521 4,632 48,355 949 11,491 15,034 5,617 55,630 44,497 15,454 28,136 57,271 5,214 52,428 7,126 77,233 3,308 53,457 10,828 57,784 66,902 35,476 19,097 88,980

0.80% 0.83% 0.95% 0.99% 2.15% 0.59% 1.06% -0.21% 0.47% 0.31% 1.41% 0.55% -0.68% 0.57% 0.48% -0.14% 0.89% -0.09% 1.19% 1.26% 1.26% 2.19% -0.14% -0.41% 1.08% 0.30% 0.12% -0.37% -0.05% 0.14% 0.92% -0.16% -0.08% 0.36% -0.64% 0.27% 1.09% 0.25% 0.33% 0.18% 0.24% 0.69% LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN NORTH AMERICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN WESTERN EUROPE EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC NORTH AMERICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA WESTERN EUROPE LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN WESTERN EUROPE EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA WESTERN EUROPE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN WESTERN EUROPE
map 3 :
Show the geographic pattern of total GDP growth.
Rank
1 128
figure 3 :
Plots total GDP growth as a function of GDP per capita.
7%
UGA
6%
MWI
TZA ZWE MDG
KEN SEN IND ZMB PHL YEM HND SYR PRY IDN EGY CHN THA TUN COL NAM DOM SLV GTM JOR PAN MYS MEX CRI ISR TUR LBN SAU
Expected average annual total GDP growth [2009-2020]
5%
LBR ETH MOZ
MLI KGZ
PAK
VNM CIV GHA NIC UZB NGA
4% 3% 2% 1%
GIN BGD
KHM TJK LAO CMR PNG
LKA BOL MDA MNG
SDN MRT
BLR BRA KOR ECU ZAF ARG HKG CZE BIH SRB SGP SVK ARE HUN PER QAT ROU OMN POL AGO NZL KWT USA MKD BWA GAB URY SVN IRL KAZ CHL COG GBR SWE HRV MUS JAM VEN ESP FRA BGR EST JPN CAN DZA RUS AUS TKM LTU AZE FIN ITA PRT LVA AUT DEU CUB CHE GEO LBY BEL IRN GRC DNK TTO NLD NOR MAR ALB UKR
10
10
10
10
RANKING 4:
Change in Economic Complexity (1964-2008)
figure 4 . 1 :
Evolution of the ranking of countries based on ECI between 1964 and 2008. Please see pages 352-353 for a larger version.
CHE 1 SWE 2 AUT 3 GBR 4 JPN 5 FRA 6 USA 7 ITA 8 BEL 9 NOR 10 FIN 11 DNK 12 NLD 13 HKG 14 HUN 15 POL 16 IRL 17 PAN 18 PRT 19 KOR 20 ISR 21 CAN 22 BGR 23 ESP 24 CHN 25 ROU 26 SLV 27 SGP 28 JOR 29 CRI 30 NZL 31 AUS 32 URY 33 GRC 34 MEX 35 CHL 36 GTM 37 IND 38 LBN 39 MAR 40 MRT 41 ARG 42 CUB 43 COL 44 EGY 45 DZA 46 TUN 47 ZAF 48 MNG 49 ZWE 50 ALB 51 PAK 52 VEN 53 JAM 54 HND 55 NIC 56 TTO 57 SEN 58 SYR 59 VNM 60 OMN 61 PER 62 TUR 63 PHL 64 ECU 65 LBR 66 BOL 67 IRN 68 PRY 69 MYS 70 BRA 71 THA 72 ZMB 73 MWI 74 CIV 75 GIN 76 MLI 77 KHM 78 LAO 79 LKA 80 KEN 81 GHA 82 MDG 83 COG 84 DOM 85 ETH 86 SAU 87 IDN 88 CMR 89 AGO 90 PNG 91 MOZ 92 TZA 93 UGA 94 SDN 95 GAB 96 NGA 97 QAT 98 KWT 99 MUS 100 LBY 101 JPN 1 CHE 2 SWE 3 FIN 4 AUT 5 GBR 6 SGP 7 KOR 8 HUN 9 FRA 10 USA 11 ITA 12 DNK 13 IRL 14 ISR 15 BEL 16 MEX 17 POL 18 NLD 19 ESP 20 HKG 21 ROU 22 CHN 23 NOR 24 THA 25 MYS 26 PRT 27 PAN 28 CAN 29 BGR 30 LBN 31 TUR 32 BRA 33 NZL 34 TUN 35 JOR 36 CRI 37 GRC 38 IND 39 COL 40 ZAF 41 ARG 42 URY 43 PHL 44 SLV 45 IDN 46 DOM 47 ALB 48 GTM 49 TTO 50 EGY 51 CHL 52 VNM 53 AUS 54 SAU 55 LKA 56 SYR 57 MUS 58 SEN 59 QAT 60 MAR 61 KEN 62 ZWE 63 HND 64 JAM 65 CUB 66 PRY 67 PAK 68 OMN 69 PER 70 UGA 71 MDG 72 NIC 73 KWT 74 ECU 75 TZA 76 ZMB 77 LAO 78 GHA 79 KHM 80 BOL 81 CIV 82 VEN 83 ETH 84 IRN 85 MWI 86 MNG 87 LBR 88 MOZ 89 MLI 90 GAB 91 LBY 92 CMR 93 DZA 94 GIN 95 NGA 96 PNG 97 AGO 98 COG 99 MRT 100 SDN 101
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
ranking 4 looks at changes in economic complexity. Here

countries are ranked according to the change in ECI experienced between 1964 and 2008. Because of data availability, this ranking is limited to 101 countries. The countries that improved the most during this period are Mauritius, Thailand and Malaysia. Other countries that underwent substantial transformation during this period were Singapore, Indonesia, Brazil, Dominican Republic and Turkey. All of these were countries that dramatically transformed their economies during this forty-four year period (see Part 1, Section 5: How does economic complexity evolve?). These transformations can be seen in detail in their respective country pages. Figure 4.1 shows the change in ECI observed between 1964 and 2008 as a function of a countrys current level of income. Map 4 illustrates the spatial distribution of these changes. Figure 4 provides a visual representation of the change in ECI rankings. Here, each line represents a country, and the vertical position of the line indicates the position on the ranking for a given year. Lines were assigned a color using a perfect gradient according to their ranking in the initial year (1964). This helps identify movements in the ranking of economic complexity during the observed period.
by region:
By region, in East Asia and the Pacific the countries that changed their economic complexity the most were Thailand (2), Malaysia (3), Singapore (4) and Indonesia (5). China occupies the 31st position in this ranking. The relatively low
position of China in this ranking reflects the fact that Chinas transformation built on a productive structure that was more sophisticated than that of many of its regional neighbors. The laggards of this region are Papua New Guinea (78), Australia (95) and Mongolia (97). In South Asia the best performing country was Sri Lanka (16), while Pakistan (73) is the laggard. In Eastern Europe and Central Asia the top performers were Turkey (10) and Romania (19). The lack of historical data for the region is substantial, however, since many of the countries in the region used to belong to the Soviet Union and we do not have good data on their productive structure. In Latin America the countries that experienced the largest change in economic complexity were Brazil (7), Dominican Republic (8) and Mexico (12). The laggards were El Salvador (86), Chile (87) and Venezuela (92). In the Middle East and North Africa, Saudi Arabia (9), Libya (11) and Tunisia (20) were the countries that increased their ECI the most, while the laggards were Morocco (90), which used to be one of the most complex economies of the region, Iran (91) and Algeria (98). Finally, in Western Europe the change in ECI between 1964 and 2008 is dominated by that of Finland (26), Spain (39) and Ireland (46) and the laggards of the region were Portugal (84), Belgium (89) and Norway (96). We note that Western Europe is a region in which all countries have always had positive values of the ECI, which limits the range of potential positive changes.
R A N K I N G 4 . change in economic complexity ( 1 9 6 4 - 2 0 0 8 ) ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY INDEX

RANKING ECI (64-08)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
REGIONAL RANKING COUNTRY NAME ECI (64-08)

1/22 1/16 2/16 3/16 4/16 2/22 1/21 2/21 1/14 1/6 2/14 3/21 3/22 4/22 5/16 1/3 6/16 7/16 2/6 3/14 4/14 5/14 3/6 5/22 6/22 1/15 4/6 8/16 4/21 7/22 9/16 8/22 5/21 6/14 6/21 7/14 2/3 8/14 2/15 9/22 7/21 9/14 10/22 MAURITIUS THAILAND MALAYSIA SINGAPORE INDONESIA UGANDA BRAZIL DOMINICAN REPUBLIC SAUDI ARABIA TURKEY LIBYA MEXICO TANZANIA KENYA PHILIPPINES SRI LANKA JAPAN KOREA, REP. ROMANIA TUNISIA LEBANON QATAR ALBANIA GHANA MADAGASCAR FINLAND HUNGARY VIETNAM PARAGUAY SENEGAL CHINA SOUTH AFRICA TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO KUWAIT COLOMBIA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC INDIA ISRAEL SPAIN GABON COSTA RICA EGYPT, ARAB REP. CTE D'IVOIRE
ISO ECI ECI 1964 1968 1978 1988 1998 2008 CODE (64-08) (98-08)
MUS THA MYS SGP IDN UGA BRA DOM SAU TUR LBY MEX TZA KEN PHL LKA JPN KOR ROU TUN LBN QAT ALB GHA MDG FIN HUN VNM PRY SEN CHN ZAF TTO KWT COL SYR IND ISR ESP GAB CRI EGY CIV -1.99 -0.67 -0.67 0.59 -1.04 -1.48 -0.74 -1.05 -1.02 -0.35 -2.09 0.39 -1.21 -0.84 -0.46 -0.73 1.87 1.04 0.53 -0.08 0.11 -0.73 -0.18 -1.13 -0.85 1.47 1.19 -0.40 -0.68 -0.49 0.74 -0.02 -0.45 -1.36 0.06 -0.42 0.12 1.04 0.81 -1.48 0.22 -0.07 -0.92 -0.92 -0.61 -0.49 0.57 -1.04 -1.42 -0.55 -0.95 -0.93 -0.49 -2.31 0.24 -1.11 -0.68 -0.18 -0.89 1.93 0.97 0.88 0.12 0.86 -2.31 0.10 -0.97 -0.89 1.64 1.15 -0.02 -0.60 -0.30 0.75 -0.20 0.10 -0.89 -0.23 -0.17 0.29 0.78 0.89 -1.30 0.63 -0.04 -1.02 0.42 0.14 -0.02 0.66 -0.89 -0.78 0.31 0.34 -2.64 0.31 -2.07 0.74 -0.66 0.15 0.25 -0.15 1.49 0.89 0.86 0.20 0.53 -3.61 0.39 -0.62 -0.60 1.21 0.91 0.02 -0.16 -0.36 0.57 0.22 -0.08 -1.94 0.03 -0.29 0.40 0.95 1.05 -1.40 -0.04 0.22 -0.58 -0.18 0.09 0.02 0.84 -0.62 -1.32 0.60 -0.34 0.51 0.38 0.08 0.80 -1.17 -0.87 -0.15 -0.47 2.11 0.93 1.04 0.18 0.35 0.29 -0.09 -1.22 -1.40 1.64 0.99 -0.60 -0.71 -0.78 0.40 0.13 -0.41 0.69 0.11 -0.14 0.19 1.18 1.20 -1.62 -0.44 -0.14 -1.63 -0.63 0.17 0.48 1.22 -0.19 -1.14 0.68 -0.72 0.22 0.28 -0.72 0.80 -1.25 -1.12 -0.31 -0.64 2.21 0.94 0.64 -0.02 0.08 -0.79 -0.37 -1.18 -1.14 1.85 1.01 -0.59 -0.22 -0.97 0.33 0.41 -0.06 -0.55 0.28 -0.98 0.21 1.24 1.13 -0.93 -0.54 -0.30 -1.43 -0.31 0.81 0.76 1.64 -0.01 -0.49 0.24 -0.06 -0.20 0.44 -1.30 1.14 -0.64 -0.28 0.03 -0.27 2.32 1.47 0.94 0.29 0.40 -0.44 0.09 -0.87 -0.59 1.71 1.43 -0.18 -0.47 -0.29 0.89 0.13 -0.31 -1.22 0.20 -0.29 0.25 1.16 0.93 -1.36 0.28 -0.02 -0.87 1.68 1.48 1.43 1.05 1.03 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.82 0.79 0.78 0.76 0.57 0.56 0.50 0.46 0.45 0.43 0.40 0.37 0.30 0.29 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.32 0.65 0.28 0.42 0.18 0.65 -0.43 0.66 -0.42 0.17 -0.58 0.35 0.61 0.84 0.34 0.37 0.11 0.53 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.35 0.46 0.31 0.54 -0.13 0.42 0.41 -0.25 0.68 0.57 -0.28 -0.25 -0.67 -0.08 0.69 0.04 -0.08 -0.19 -0.44 0.81 0.28 0.56
RANKING ECI (98-08)

36 11 43 24 51 10 104 9 103 53 114 30 12 3 32 27 57 19 40 38 37 29 21 39 18 77 23 25 87 7 16 91 86 117 72 6 63 73 81 105 4 42 17
REGIONAL RANKING ECI (98-08)

10/22 1/16 9/16 6/16 10/16 3/22 19/21 6/21 13/14 9/6 15/14 9/21 4/22 1/22 8/16 1/3 11/16 4/16 5/6 5/14 4/14 2/14 2/6 11/22 6/22 4/15 3/6 7/16 14/21 2/22 3/16 18/22 13/21 16/14 12/21 1/14 4/3 8/14 7/15 19/22 3/21 6/14 5/22
REGION
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC SOUTH ASIA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA WESTERN EUROPE EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA SOUTH ASIA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA WESTERN EUROPE SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

RANKING ECI (64-08)
44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

8/21 9/21 3/15 10/16 11/22 12/22 13/22 4/15 10/21 5/15 6/15 11/16 11/21 12/21 13/21 la 7/15 5/6 14/21 8/15 10/14 15/21 14/22 11/14 16/21 13/16 17/21 9/15 1/2 3/3 10/15 11/15 15/22 18/21 14/16 12/15 6/6 16/22 2/2 17/22 13/15 18/22 19/21 ECUADOR ARGENTINA IRELAND CAMBODIA MOZAMBIQUE ETHIOPIA NIGERIA SWITZERLAND PERU SWEDEN AUSTRIA NEW ZEALAND GUATEMALA PANAMA JAMAICA LAO PDR DENMARK POLAND URUGUAY GREECE JORDAN HONDURAS CAMEROON OMAN NICARAGUA HONG KONG SAR, CHINA BOLIVIA FRANCE UNITED STATES PAKISTAN UNITED KINGDOM NETHERLANDS SUDAN CUBA PAPUA NEW GUINEA ITALY BULGARIA LIBERIA CANADA ZAMBIA PORTUGAL MALI EL SALVADOR
ISO ECI ECI 1964 1968 1978 1988 1998 2008 CODE (64-08) (98-08)
ECU ARG IRL KHM MOZ ETH NGA CHE PER SWE AUT NZL GTM PAN JAM LAO DNK POL URY GRC JOR HND CMR OMN NIC HKG BOL FRA USA PAK GBR NLD SDN CUB PNG ITA BGR LBR CAN ZMB PRT MLI SLV -0.66 0.09 1.22 -0.71 -1.08 -0.88 -1.38 2.04 -0.45 2.00 1.96 0.47 0.09 1.02 -0.15 -0.67 1.50 1.26 0.35 0.46 0.58 -0.23 -1.12 -0.30 -0.36 1.33 -0.57 1.79 1.78 -0.06 1.92 1.41 -1.39 -0.03 -1.17 1.72 1.00 -0.70 1.02 -0.47 1.17 -0.63 0.51 -0.89 -0.05 1.10 -1.06 -0.71 -0.92 -1.45 1.89 -0.73 1.88 1.87 0.32 0.32 1.14 -0.08 -0.60 1.40 1.08 0.26 0.31 0.82 -0.13 -0.71 -1.13 0.08 1.37 -0.60 1.68 1.76 -0.12 1.87 1.37 -1.15 -0.40 -1.10 1.74 0.71 -0.64 1.04 -1.26 1.06 -0.85 0.67 -0.52 0.43 1.10 0.09 -0.49 -0.60 -1.50 1.44 0.00 1.46 1.39 0.58 -0.36 0.03 0.12 -0.47 1.18 0.94 0.58 0.64 1.03 -0.31 -0.61 -2.45 -0.29 0.92 -0.21 1.30 1.35 0.19 1.36 1.08 -0.79 -0.17 -1.04 1.29 0.80 -0.60 1.06 -0.09 0.85 -0.20 0.23 -0.81 0.28 1.44 -0.82 -0.10 -0.77 -1.71 1.90 -0.04 2.02 1.78 0.57 -0.84 0.30 -0.53 -1.11 1.59 1.11 0.49 0.20 0.42 -0.97 -1.83 0.18 -0.93 0.88 -0.99 1.67 1.58 -0.49 1.81 1.39 -0.89 -0.39 -1.60 1.61 1.11 -1.48 0.97 -0.39 0.69 -0.62 -0.61 -0.85 0.39 1.57 -1.19 -0.38 -1.06 -1.65 2.08 -0.26 2.03 1.80 0.47 -0.86 -0.13 -0.78 -0.83 1.54 1.02 0.44 0.26 0.43 -1.09 -1.73 -0.33 -1.32 0.42 -0.56 1.67 1.81 -0.72 1.92 1.37 -1.08 -0.62 -1.55 1.54 0.65 -0.60 1.02 -0.96 0.57 -1.48 -1.03 -0.62 0.11 1.23 -0.70 -1.08 -0.89 -1.42 1.93 -0.58 1.86 1.81 0.29 -0.10 0.83 -0.34 -0.88 1.27 1.02 0.11 0.21 0.33 -0.52 -1.40 -0.60 -0.66 1.02 -0.88 1.47 1.45 -0.40 1.56 1.04 -1.77 -0.43 -1.58 1.31 0.59 -1.13 0.57 -0.93 0.70 -1.10 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 -0.01 -0.04 -0.10 -0.12 -0.14 -0.15 -0.18 -0.19 -0.19 -0.20 -0.21 -0.23 -0.24 -0.24 -0.25 -0.25 -0.28 -0.29 -0.30 -0.31 -0.31 -0.31 -0.31 -0.33 -0.34 -0.36 -0.37 -0.38 -0.40 -0.41 -0.41 -0.42 -0.43 -0.45 -0.46 -0.47 -0.48 -0.48 0.23 -0.28 -0.34 0.48 -0.70 0.17 0.23 -0.14 -0.32 -0.17 0.01 -0.18 0.76 0.96 0.44 -0.05 -0.27 0.00 -0.33 -0.04 -0.11 0.57 0.32 -0.27 0.66 0.60 -0.32 -0.20 -0.36 0.33 -0.37 -0.33 -0.69 0.19 -0.02 -0.23 -0.06 -0.52 -0.45 0.03 0.13 0.38 1.05
RANKING ECI (98-08)

46 90 98 20 119 52 47 78 92 79 65 80 5 2 22 70 88 66 97 69 75 15 35 89 8 13 93 83 99 34 101 96 118 50 67 85 71 112 107 64 55 26 1

10/21 15/21 14/15 5/16 23/22 15/22 13/22 5/15 16/21 6/15 2/15 14/16 4/21 2/21 8/21 13/16 12/15 15/6 18/21 3/15 10/14 7/21 9/22 11/14 5/21 2/16 17/21 9/15 1/2 2/3 15/15 13/15 22/22 11/21 12/16 11/15 17/6 20/22 2/2 16/22 1/15 7/22 1/21
REGION
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN WESTERN EUROPE EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA WESTERN EUROPE LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC WESTERN EUROPE EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN WESTERN EUROPE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN WESTERN EUROPE NORTH AMERICA SOUTH ASIA WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC WESTERN EUROPE EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA NORTH AMERICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA WESTERN EUROPE SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

RANKING ECI (64-08)
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

20/21 19/22 14/15 12/14 13/14 21/21 20/22 21/22 15/16 15/15 16/16 14/14 22/22 CHILE GUINEA BELGIUM MOROCCO IRAN, ISLAMIC REP. VENEZUELA, RB ANGOLA CONGO, REP. AUSTRALIA NORWAY MONGOLIA ALGERIA MAURITANIA UNITED ARAB EMIRATES AZERBAIJAN BANGLADESH BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BELARUS BOTSWANA CZECH REPUBLIC GERMANY ESTONIA GEORGIA CROATIA KAZAKHSTAN KYRGYZ REPUBLIC LITHUANIA LATVIA MOLDOVA MACEDONIA, FYR MALAWI NAMIBIA RUSSIAN FEDERATION SERBIA SLOVAK REPUBLIC SLOVENIA TAJIKISTAN TURKMENISTAN UKRAINE UZBEKISTAN YEMEN, REP. ZIMBABWE
ISO ECI ECI 1964 1968 1978 1988 1998 2008 CODE (64-08) (98-08)
CHL GIN BEL MAR IRN VEN AGO COG AUS NOR MNG DZA MRT ARE AZE BGD BIH BLR BWA CZE DEU EST GEO HRV KAZ KGZ LTU LVA MDA MKD MWI NAM RUS SRB SVK SVN TJK TKM UKR UZB YEM ZWE 1.15 -0.02 -0.52 1.33 1.43 -0.24 -0.55 0.88 -0.15 -1.38 -0.56 0.69 -0.78 -0.65 -1.39 1.52 2.18 0.55 0.48 0.79 0.21 0.09 0.42 0.22 0.11 0.01 -1.31 0.03 -0.62 0.20 -0.93 1.67 0.20 -0.61 -0.47 -1.10 -1.00 0.41 1.53 -0.08 -0.01 0.40 0.10 -1.02 1.54 -0.15 -0.68 -0.19 -1.08 -0.88 0.37 1.59 -0.48 -0.39 0.23 0.28 -0.94 1.24 0.31 -0.92 -0.94 -1.57 -1.07 0.41 1.13 0.15 -0.26 -0.12 -3.61 -0.07 -1.86 1.53 -0.18 -0.86 -0.19 -1.01 -1.61 0.22 1.26 -0.02 0.50 -1.21 0.53 0.12 -1.79 1.60 -0.51 -0.69 0.25 -1.16 -1.58 0.18 0.99 -0.71 -0.81 -1.01 -0.02 0.37 -0.99 0.52 0.53 -0.31 -1.44 1.08 -0.40 -1.23 -1.11 -1.79 -1.71 -0.32 0.78 -1.17 -1.21 -1.91 -0.11 -1.22 -0.89 0.60 1.12 -0.62 1.63 1.98 0.79 -0.26 0.99 -0.61 -0.24 0.68 0.59 0.27 -0.02 -1.02 -0.27 0.32 0.64 1.38 1.52 -1.05 -1.22 0.56 -0.66 -1.04 -0.33 0.05 0.09 -0.81 -0.67 -0.33 -0.51 0.33 0.23 -0.36 0.10 -0.20 0.24 -0.74 0.20 -0.82 -0.33 0.27 0.37 0.15 -0.02 0.28 -0.52 -0.52 -0.58 -0.60 -0.62 -0.64 -0.69 -0.71 -0.73 -0.75 -1.09 -1.20 -2.31 -0.44 0.34 -0.52 0.11 -0.54 -1.36 -0.64 -0.12 -0.50 -0.21 -0.46 -0.40 -0.89 -0.08 -1.60 0.11 0.08 0.59
RANKING ECI (98-08)

106 31 111 56 113 124 115 76 109 84 108 102 123 74 125 58 61 14

20/21 8/22 16/15 7/14 14/14 21/21 21/22 17/22 16/16 10/15 15/16 12/14 24/22 9/14 26/6 3/3 13/6 1/6
REGION
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA WESTERN EUROPE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC WESTERN EUROPE EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA SOUTH ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
59 82 45 120 49 122 95 44 28 54 68 41
11/6 8/15 7/6 23/6 8/6 25/6 19/6 6/6 4/6 10/6 16/6 12/22
EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA WESTERN EUROPE EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
100
20/6
EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
62 60 121 116 94 110 33 48
14/6 12/6 24/6 22/6 18/6 21/6 3/14 14/22
EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
map 4 :
Illustrates the spatial dristribution of these changes.
Rank
1 99
figure 4 :
Provides a visual representation of the change in ECI rankings.
1.5 1
KEN SLV PAN SEN NIC CIV KHM VNM YEM MLI CMR PAK GHA NGA ZMB IND LAO PNG KGZ BOL UZB MOZ TJK SDN MRT MNG GTM SYR HND PHL LKA EGY IDN MDA CRI THA DOM CHN BLR ALB JAM TUN ECU MAR HKG SGP PRT SVN QAT
Change in Economic Complexity [1998-2008]
0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 2 10

LBR
UGA TZA MDG GIN MWI ZWE ETH
KOR MUS HUN LVA LTU EST HRV POL
BGD
MEX LBN ROU MYS CUB TUR
COG PRY UKR
BIH MKD BGR JOR COL PER DZA IRN AGO TKM ZAF
CZE SVK
JPN
ARG URY RUS BRA CHL GAB LBY KAZ
TTO OMN SAU
GEO
AUT ARE GRC ISR FIN NZL CHE SWE ESP FRA NOR ITA DEU DNK NLD IRL GBR USA CAN AUS BEL KWT
VEN AZE
10 3
10 4
105
RANKING 5:
Expected Contribution to World GDP Growth to 2020
Finally, ranking 5 sorts countries according to their expected contribution to total world GDP growth in the period to 2020. As expected, the ranking is dominated by large economies. The United States and China are expected to be the largest contributors and are followed more distantly by Japan and India. What is worth highlighting from ranking 5 is the much larger importance of developing countries in the contribution to global growth. This is highlighted by the very large difference in incomes per capita between the top four countries. Consumers from China, India, Brazil and Mexico will now be a more important part of global economic dynamism, but, given that their lower incomes, their needs are radically different from those of the richer countries that have until now led the growth process. This will shape important changes in the demand structure of future growth. Figure 5 illustrates Ranking 5 by plotting the expected contribution to total GDP of each country as a function of GDP per capita. Map 5 shows the spatial distribution of Ranking 5.
by region:
In Western Europe the top contributors to world GDP growth will be Germany (5), France (6) and United Kingdom (7). In Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Russia (14), Turkey (15) and Poland (20) are expected to be the leaders. Brazil (8), Mexico (10), Argentina (22) and Colombia (23) will be the largest Latin American contributors. In the Middle East and North Africa, the top contributors are Saudi Arabia (18), Egypt (24) and Israel (33). In South Asia, the top contributor to world GDP growth will be India (4) followed distantly by Pakistan (31). South Africa (28), Nigeria (38) and Angola (62) will lead the regional ranking in Sub-Saharan Africa.
R A N K I N G 5 . expected contribution to world gdp growth to 2 0 2 0

RANKING - CONTRIBUTION TO WORLD GDP GROWTH TO 2020
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
REGIONAL RANKING - CONTRIBUTION TO WORLD GDP GROWTH TO 2020

1/2 1/16 2/16 1/4 1/16 2/16 3/16 1/21 4/16 2/21 5/16 2/2 3/16 1/27 2/27 4/16 5/16 1/16 6/16 3/27 6/16 3/21 4/21 2/16 7/16 7/16 8/16 1/26 9/16 8/16 2/4 5/21 3/16 10/16 4/16 9/16 5/16 2/26 4/27 11/16 12/16 13/16 10/16
COUNTRY NAME
UNITED STATES CHINA JAPAN INDIA GERMANY FRANCE UNITED KINGDOM BRAZIL ITALY MEXICO SPAIN CANADA KOREA, REP. RUSSIAN FEDERATION TURKEY INDONESIA AUSTRALIA SAUDI ARABIA NETHERLANDS POLAND THAILAND ARGENTINA COLOMBIA EGYPT, ARAB REP. SWEDEN MALAYSIA SWITZERLAND SOUTH AFRICA BELGIUM PHILIPPINES PAKISTAN VENEZUELA, RB ISRAEL AUSTRIA UNITED ARAB EMIRATES HONG KONG SAR, CHINA IRAN, ISLAMIC REP. NIGERIA CZECH REPUBLIC NORWAY GREECE IRELAND SINGAPORE
ISO CODE
USA CHN JPN IND DEU FRA GBR BRA ITA MEX ESP CAN KOR RUS TUR IDN AUS SAU NLD POL THA ARG COL EGY SWE MYS CHE ZAF BEL PHL PAK VEN ISR AUT ARE HKG IRN NGA CZE NOR GRC IRL SGP
CONTRIBUTION TO WORLD GDP GROWTH TO 2020

22.41% 14.21% 7.11% 4.89% 3.88% 3.64% 3.33% 3.22% 2.63% 2.44% 2.12% 1.88% 1.63% 1.63% 1.41% 1.37% 1.26% 0.85% 0.83% 0.75% 0.71% 0.61% 0.59% 0.58% 0.58% 0.58% 0.56% 0.55% 0.54% 0.53% 0.48% 0.48% 0.47% 0.46% 0.42% 0.39% 0.39% 0.38% 0.36% 0.36% 0.34% 0.34% 0.34%
REGION
NORTH AMERICA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC SOUTH ASIA WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN WESTERN EUROPE LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN WESTERN EUROPE NORTH AMERICA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA WESTERN EUROPE EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA WESTERN EUROPE EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC WESTERN EUROPE SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA WESTERN EUROPE EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC SOUTH ASIA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA WESTERN EUROPE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC

44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

14/16 15/16 5/27 16/16 6/21 11/16 6/16 7/21 6/27 12/16 7/27 7/16 3/4 8/16 8/27 9/16 9/27 10/16 3/26 8/21 4/26 9/21 10/21 10/27 11/16 11/27 4/4 5/26 6/26 12/16 13/16 14/16 7/26 12/27 13/27 11/21 15/16 12/21 13/21 14/27 8/26 16/16 9/26
COUNTRY NAME
DENMARK FINLAND ROMANIA PORTUGAL CHILE VIETNAM KUWAIT PERU HUNGARY NEW ZEALAND UKRAINE ALGERIA BANGLADESH MOROCCO KAZAKHSTAN QATAR SLOVAK REPUBLIC SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC ANGOLA GUATEMALA KENYA ECUADOR DOMINICAN REPUBLIC BELARUS TUNISIA CROATIA SRI LANKA TANZANIA SUDAN JORDAN OMAN YEMEN, REP. ETHIOPIA SERBIA SLOVENIA PANAMA LEBANON COSTA RICA CUBA UZBEKISTAN UGANDA LIBYA GHANA
ISO CODE
DNK FIN ROU PRT CHL VNM KWT PER HUN NZL UKR DZA BGD MAR KAZ QAT SVK SYR AGO GTM KEN ECU DOM BLR TUN HRV LKA TZA SDN JOR OMN YEM ETH SRB SVN PAN LBN CRI CUB UZB UGA LBY GHA

0.32% 0.30% 0.29% 0.28% 0.26% 0.26% 0.26% 0.24% 0.23% 0.21% 0.20% 0.20% 0.19% 0.18% 0.18% 0.18% 0.16% 0.14% 0.14% 0.13% 0.12% 0.11% 0.11% 0.10% 0.10% 0.09% 0.09% 0.09% 0.09% 0.08% 0.08% 0.08% 0.08% 0.08% 0.08% 0.08% 0.07% 0.07% 0.07% 0.07% 0.07% 0,07% 0.07%
REGION
WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA WESTERN EUROPE LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA SOUTH ASIA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA SOUTH ASIA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128

15/27 10/26 16/27 14/21 11/26 17/27 15/21 12/26 13/26 16/21 17/21 18/21 14/26 18/27 19/27 20/27 15/26 21/27 16/26 13/16 17/26 22/27 18/26 19/21 19/26 20/26 20/21 21/26 22/26 23/27 21/21 14/16 24/27 23/26 15/16 25/27 26/27 27/27 24/26 16/16 25/26 26/26
COUNTRY NAME
BULGARIA CTE D'IVOIRE AZERBAIJAN URUGUAY SENEGAL LITHUANIA EL SALVADOR ZAMBIA CAMEROON HONDURAS BOLIVIA PARAGUAY MADAGASCAR BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA LATVIA TURKMENISTAN MALI ESTONIA MOZAMBIQUE CAMBODIA NAMIBIA ALBANIA ZIMBABWE TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO BOTSWANA GABON JAMAICA MALAWI CONGO, REP. MACEDONIA, FYR NICARAGUA PAPUA NEW GUINEA KYRGYZ REPUBLIC MAURITIUS LAO PDR GEORGIA MOLDOVA TAJIKISTAN GUINEA MONGOLIA MAURITANIA LIBERIA
ISO CODE
BGR CIV AZE URY SEN LTU SLV ZMB CMR HND BOL PRY MDG BIH LVA TKM MLI EST MOZ KHM NAM ALB ZWE TTO BWA GAB JAM MWI COG MKD NIC PNG KGZ MUS LAO GEO MDA TJK GIN MNG MRT LBR

0.07% 0.06% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.04% 0.04% 0.04% 0.04% 0.04% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00%
REGION
EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
map 5 :
Shows the spatial distribution of Ranking 5.
Rank
1 128
figure 5 :
Illustrates Ranking 5 by plotting the expected contribuyion to total GDP of each country as a fuction of GDP per capita.
100%
USA CHN
Expected contribution to the increase in total world GDP [2009-2020]
10%
IND BRA MEX
JPN DEU GBR FRA ITA ESP CAN AUS POL SAU
1%
PAK PHL NGA VNM
IDN THA IRN
RUS TUR ARG COL ZAF MYS
KOR
EGY
BGD
0.1%
LBR
ETH
TZA UGA MOZ MDG ZWE GIN
PER UKR DZA MAR SYR AGO KEN GTM ECU DOM BLR TUN YEM SDN LKA HRV JOR SRB PAN OMN GHA CUB CRIBGR LBN LBY UZB MRT CIV SLV AZE URY LTU SEN BOL HND ZMB PRY CMR MLI LVA EST TKM BIH KHM LAO NIC MNG MDA TJK KGZ PNG COG GEO ALB NAM JAM MKD BWA MUS GAB TTO
NLD SWE CHE BEL VEN ISR AUT ARE HKG CZE NOR GRC SGP IRL FIN DNK ROU CHL PRT KWT HUN NZL KAZ QAT SVK SVN
MWI
0.01% 10 2
10 3 10 4 GDP per capita in USD [2009]
10 5
PA R T 3
COUNTRY PAGES
HOw TO REAd THE cOuNTRY PAGES
1 . I de N tity : Here we identify the country using its name and ag.
2 . M ai N I N dicators : This section shows the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) for the year 2008 and the expected average annualized growth for the 2009-2020 period. The rst number shows the value of the indicator. Numbers in parenthesis show the global ranking and the regional ranking for the country.
5 . T H e P roduct S pace : This section shows the position of a country in the product space. The product space is the network summarizing global similarities in the productive knowhow required by products (see Chapter 5). Nodes represent products and are colored according to communities using the color legend that can be found at the top right of the next page. Node size is proportional to global trade in that product and links connect products that tend to be exported by the same countries (see Technical Box 5.1). The footprint of a country on the product space is indicated using square nodes with thick black outlines. These are the goods that the country exports with RCA>1 (see Chapter 2).
BrAZiL
ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY INDEX [2008] 0.244 / (52/4) EXPECTED GDPPC GROWTH * 2.73% / (48/8)
*Expected annual average for the 2009-2020 period.
2008
Product Space
Product exported with RCA>1 Product not exported with RCA>1 Node siZe is proportional to world trade
6 . E xport O pportu N ity S pectrum : These two gures summarize the position of a country in the product space. Here, bubbles represent a community of products and their size is proportional to global trade in that product community. The fraction of each bubble that is shown in white represents the fraction of all goods in that community for which the country has an RCA>1. In this example, out of 125 products in Machinery, Brazil makes 32 of them, so 75% of the circle is lled with the color corresponding to the machinery community. In both charts, the vertical axis shows the average complexity of the products in that community that the country is not currently making. The horizontal axis on the left gure shows the distance between the countrys current productive structure to each one of the product communities. The horizontal of the right gure displays the opportunity gain, which is a measure of the number of new products that become closer if the country were to move into that community (see Technical Box 5.3). For both the distance and opportunity gain measures, only the products that are more complex than the countrys complexity level are considered. The dashed grey line indicates the countrys level of economic complexity measured using the Economic Complexity Index (ECI). Natural resource based communities are not shown (mining, precious stones, coal and oil). Communities for which countries export all products are not shown.
2008
Export Opportunity Spectrum

3
Fraction of products with RCA > 1
3 2.5
2.5
Average Complexity of Missing Products
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.8 0.81 0.82
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
22% of WT
6% of WT 2% of WT 0.8% of WT 0.06% of WT
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
1k 800 600 400 200 0
EVolution of export composition
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
7. E V olutio N o F E xport C ompositio N : This section shows the evolution of the countrys exports per capita in dollars between 1968 and 2008 at constant 2008 prices. Colors indicate product communities.These are indicated in the top right corner of the next page (for states that were formed after 1968, we use as starting year the rst year for which data is available).
3 . T raditio N al i N dicators : This section shows a small set of indicators that can be used to put the country in context. For each indicator, the rst number shows its value and the numbers in parenthesis show the countrys corresponding global and regional ranking. The region the country belongs to is shown to the right of the indicators.
4 . P roduct C ommu N ities : This legend shows the colors used to indicate the community to which each product belongs. These are the colors used to identify product communities in the Product Space, Export Opportunity Spectrum, Evolution of Export Composition and Export Treemap sections of the country page.
POPULATION 192 M / (5/1) TOTAL EXPORTS USD 198 B / (21/2)
GDP USD 1.7 T / (9/1) GDPPC USD 8,609 / (50/6)
EXPORTS PER CAPITA USD 1,031 / (77/11) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP 12 % (120/20)
* Data are from 2008. Numbers indicate: Value (World Ranking / Regional Ranking). Latin America and the Caribbean.
Electronics
Agrochemicals
Boilers
Pulp & paper
Metal products
Chemicals & health
Petrochemicals
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Aircraft
Leather
Fruit
Misc. Agriculture
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Tropical agric.
Machinery
Home & office
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
ToBacco
Not classified
Textile & FaBrics
1968
0711 (47%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 2.17 B / 228.33 B (0.95%)

Total Exports: 2.17 B / 228.33 B (0.95%)
1988
0577 (1.2%) 2654 (1.2%) 0422 2482 (4.6%) 2472 0149 0111 6649 2681 2120 0360 2222 5513 2877 (1.7%) 6673 2879 6725
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 37.39 B / 2.79 T (1.34%)

Total Exports: 37.39 B / 2.79 T (1.34%)
2631 (8.1%)
0813 (8.2%)
0711 (8.6%)
2815 (5.5%)
2816 (2.4%)
2517 (2%)
6412 6415 6413
2873 2222 (3.1%) 6841 (3.7%) 4232 1212 (1.7%) 0723 0577 (0.88%) 0721 0611 0811 8510 (4.8%) 6727 (1.7%) 6712 (1.5%) 6716 (1.4%) 6746 (1.3%) 6744 (1.4%) 6724 6745 7821 (1.9%) 6731 7431 7224 7139 7132 6251 7842 7259 7138 0111 (1.4%) 6521 0149 6114 (1.2%) 2919 0360
6732 (1.1%) 2483
6342
0440 (3.7%)
0813 (2.2%)
4245 (2%)
0115
6513 6871
6725 (3.2%)
0712 (1.1%) 5831 (0.88%)
0721 (2.7%) 0612
0723 0611 (1.8%) (1.5%)
0585 (4.7%)
0712 (1.3%) 4314 0573 0585
6747 7621 2814
6252 7923 0114
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7821 (1.6%)
Total Exports: 198.08 B / 15.56 T (1.27%) Total Exports: 198.08 B / 15.56 T (1.27%)
7234 (1.2%) Construction & mining machinery 7139 (1.2%) Piston engines parts N.E.S. 6725 (2.9%) Iron/steel billets 6712 (2.2%) Pig & cast iron 2815 (7.9%) Not agglomerated iron ore 0114 (4.3%) Poultry meat
7849 (2.5%) Other vehicles parts
Mining
Ships
Coal
Oil
6716 (1.6%) Ferro-alloys 0111 (2.9%) Bovine meat 7924 (3.1%) Aircrafts of more than 15 tons 7643 (1.6%) Television & radio transmitters 7938 (1.1%) 6252 Special floating structures 0711 (3%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee substitutes 0612 (1.3%) Refined sugar 6841 (1.4%) Unwrought aluminium & aluminium alloys 2517 (2.7%) Chemical wood pulp, soda or sulphate 2782 2816 (3.9%) Agglomerated iron ore 2873 (1.3%) Aluminium ore
7832
7132
7841 7169
7212
7431 (0.61%) 7162 (0.6%)
7842 6731 7923 0813 (3.1%) Oilcake
2877 2871 (0.85%) Copper 5112 5146 0712 2483 (0.65%) 6342 6353 6624 5831 5221 5629 5161
0149 (1.7%) Other 0113 (0.97%) prepared or preserved meat & entrails 6114 (1.3%) Bovine & equine leather 0224
2222 (7.8%) Soya beans
6415
0585 (1.5%) 5121 (1.8%) Fruit or Acyclic alcohols vegetable juices & derivatives
8 . E xport T reemaps : This section shows treemaps summarizing the composition of a countrys exports for the years 1968, 1988 and 2008. The total area represents 100% of the countrys exports, whereas the smaller areas represent the share of each product. Products are grouped in communities and colored accordingly. The rst number shows the SITC4 rev2 code for the product. Parenthesis show the share of trade represented by that good. Name of products with large export shares are shown for 2008. For a full list of products see http://atlas.media.mit.edu
0611 (2.6%) Raw 4232 (1.9%) Soya bean oil sugar beet & cane
1212 (1.8%) Wholly or partly stripped tobacco
0440 (1%)
2631
8510 (1.3%) Footwear
6613
* Numbers indicate SITC-4 rev 2 codes. Parenthesis indicate percentage of total exports. Treemap Headers show: Total Trade/Total World Trade (share of world trade represented by the country).
More interactive visualizations can be
found at: http://atlas.media.mit.edu
ALBAniA
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
2

0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
22% of WT
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
480 384 288 192 96 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
POPULATION 3.1 M / (114/23) TOTAL EXPORTS USD 1.5 B / (124/26)
GDP USD 13 B / (107/22) GDPPC USD 4,126 / (75/20)
EXPORTS PER CAPITA USD 484 / (96/22) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP 12 % (124/27)
* Data are from 2008. Numbers indicate: Value (World Ranking / Regional Ranking) Eastern Europe and Central Asia
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 11.07 M / 228.33 B (0.005%)

Total Exports: 11.07 M / 228.33 B (0.005%)
1988
0544 (3.2%) 2924 (2.2%) 0542 2631 (4.4%) 0577 (0.81%) 2922 (0.79%) 1222 2681 (1%) 0113 6592 (1.5%) 6513 (1.3%) 0360 5232 (1.7%) 7731 (1.2%) 0440 (5.4%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 235.66 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)

Total Exports: 235.66 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
2879 (24%)
6821 (12%)
2879 (19%)
2872 (4.6%)
1223 (5.8%)
2924 (3.2%)
0544 (3%)
3354 (3%) 2882 (1.1%) 2789 (0.99%) 6716 (15%) 2815 (1%) 3353 (1%) 6712 (3.1%)
1222 (1.8%)
1211 (1.6%)
1212 0412 4235 (1.7%) 0579 0561
0752 0577 5232 (5.1%)
2114 (1.8%) 3354 (14%) 3330 (6.6%) 2789 (3.7%) 2116 (1.2%) 6521 (1.9%) 6612 (1.3%)
0575 5322 3352 8960
6612 2890
0545 (6.9%)
1124 6822 (1.3%) (1.2%)
6822 (2.8%)
8429 (1.1%) 8431 (1%)
8423 8441 6592 (2.6%) 8997
0012 8211 (0.99%) 7731
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.52 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
Total Exports: 1.52 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)

6991 (4.1%) Base metal locksmiths wares N.E.S. 7169 (0.97%) Parts of rotating electric plants 8743 N.E.S. (0.64%) 7161 7411 (0.91%) 2879 (5%) Other non-ferrous base Gas metals generators & parts 7264 2871 (1.8%)
8423 (6.3%) Men's trousers
6123 (8.5%) Non-metal & non-abestos footwear material
6725 (4.6%) Iron/steel billets 6716 (2.4%) Ferro-alloys
7921
2882 (2.8%) Other non-ferrous base metals
3354 (1.8%) Petroleum bitumen N.E.S.
7144
6612 (1.6%) Cement 2731
8462 (5.6%) Knitted undergarments of cotton
8459 (2.1%) Other 8435 knitted outerwear
8451 (1.1%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers & cardigans 8463 (1.1%)
6733 6732 (5.7%) Iron/steel rods
0371 (1.7%) Fish N.E.S.
2924 (1.7%) Flora in pharmacy
8441 (3.2%) Men's undershirt
8439 (1.1%) Other women outerwear 8429 8472
8471
8422 6354 8219 6842 (0.58%) 8211 3510 2483 6624
6114 2820 (1.7%) Iron & steel waste 6421 (2%) Paper packing containers 8931 5629 (0.54%)
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
ALgEriA
ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY INDEX [2008] -1.213 / (114 / 13) EXPECTED GDPPC GROWTH * 1.28% / (110/11)
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.987 0.988 0.989 0.99 0.991 0.992 0.993 0.994
-1
-1
-2
-2
-0.02
0.02
0.04
0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
2.3 k 1.8 k 1.3 k 920 460 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
* Data are from 2008. Numbers indicate: Value (World Ranking / Regional Ranking). Middle East and North Africa.
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 934.18 M / 228.33 B (0.41%)

Total Exports: 934.18 M / 228.33 B (0.41%)
1988
1121 (8.5%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 8.99 B / 2.79 T (0.32%)

Total Exports: 8.99 B / 2.79 T (0.32%)
3330 (84%)
3330 (57%)
3413 (36%)
6727
6749 6712 7283

0579 0565 (1.3%) 0571 (2.1%) 0812 0541 6592
2713 3345 3352 2820 7752
2116
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
3414 (20%) petroleum gases
3330 (58%) Crude petroleum
3413 (20%) liquified hydrocarbons
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
AngOLA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.9945 0.995 0.9955 0.996 0.9965 0.997 0.9975
-1
-1
-2
-2
-0.02
0.02
0.04
0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
3.6 k 2.8 k 2.1 k 1.4 k 720 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
* Data are from 2008. Numbers indicate: Value (World Ranking / Regional Ranking). Sub-Saharan Africa.
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0711 (51%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 289.36 M / 228.33 B (0.13%)

Total Exports: 289.36 M / 228.33 B (0.13%)
1988
6673 (22%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 2.07 B / 2.79 T (0.1%)

Total Exports: 2.70 B / 2.79 T (0.1%)
2654 (3.6%)
3330 (89%)
6672 (7.5%)
2631 (3.2%)
0440 (4.3%)
2232 0573 2877 (0.98%) (0.84%) 2472 (2.5%) 4242 0548 0542 2924 0721
0814 (1.6%) 6575
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
ArgEnTinA
ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY INDEX [2008] 0.106 / (57 / 7) EXPECTED GDPPC GROWTH * 2.61% / (54/9)
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.75 0.8 0.85
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
22% of WT
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
1.8 k 1.4 k 1k 720 360 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0111 (12%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.54 B / 228.33 B (0.68%)

Total Exports: 1.54 B / 228.33 B (0.68%)
1988
0813 (5.9%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 10.57 B / 2.79 T (0.38%)

Total Exports: 10.57 B / 2.79 T (0.38%)
0011 (2.4%) 0115 (2.1%)
0440 (13%)
0813 (16%)
0440 (4.7%)
0111 (3.9%)
0149 (2.5%) 0115 (0.9%) 0616
0344 (1.3%) 0342 2682 2919 (1.5%) 6512
0360 (1.2%) 0343 2681 (1.5%) 2687
4236 (4.2%)
0149 (9.5%) 0112 (1.3%) 0116 (1.3%) 4113 2681 (5.5%) 2682 (3.2%) 2111 (3.9%) 5922 2120 6114 6512 2919 2116 0452 (1.5%) 0612 8921 0579 (0.93%) 0545 0741 4235 6782 0546 7512 6732 2876 0141 (1.3%) 4241 (1.8%) 4236 (1.6%) 0812 (3.3%) 0574 (4.4%) 4234 (1.2%) 0430
6114 (5.2%) 0412 (4%) 4232 (3.8%)
0459 (2.9%)
2222 (6.7%)
0814 5322 (1.6%) 2911
0459 (1.9%)
2631 (1.9%)
6783 6727 6782 (0.9%) (0.87%) (1.8%) 6745 6725 6731 4241 4249 6746 6749 7525 2221 0574 (1.5%) 0542 1212 5112 5322 5831 (1.2%) 0812 4233 0571 0572 0611 5113
0579 0585 (1.4%) 6841 (2.2%) 6842 2472 8481 6123
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
4232 (8.8%) Soya bean oil 7810 (5.1%) Cars 7821 (3.4%) Trucks & vans 0111 (2.5%) Bovine meat 0114
0813 (13%) Oilcake
0616 0116 0360 (1.1%) 7849 (2.3%) Other vehicles parts 7239 (1.9%) Bulldozers, angledozers & levellers parts N.E.S. 6782 (0.74%) 7831 6251 7924 3413 (2%) liquified hydrocarbons 4236 (2.7%) Sunflower seed oil 0430 2871 (2%) Copper 4311 9710 (1.3%) 6841 (1.2%) Gold, Unwrought non-monetary aluminium & aluminium alloys 5913 (0.79%) 5530 (0.64%) 0819 5831 (0.58%) 0589 0914 5989 (1.9%) Chemical products 5839 6114 (1.6%) Bovine & equine leather 1121 (1.2%) Wine 0579 (0.92%) 0585 0224 (0.89%)
0344
0342
0240
0440 (6.4%) Unmilled maize
0412 (4.6%) Other wheat & meslin, unmilled
0460 (0.8%)
0488 0812
0482
0572
0459 0422
2221
1212
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
AuSTrALiA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
3 2.5
2.5
22% of WT
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
8.8 k 7k 5.2 k 3.5 k 1.7 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
GDP USD 1 T / (14/3) GDPPC USD 48,499 / (12/1)
* Data are from 2008. Numbers indicate: Value (World Ranking / Regional Ranking). East Asia and Pacic.
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
2681 (32%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 3.73 B / 228.33 B (1.63%)

Total Exports: 3.73 B / 228.33 B (1.63%)
1988
2875 2874 2876 6811 (1.5%) 6861 2873 2877 0460 (1.5%) 2879 (2.3%) 5225 (2.3%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 35.26 B / 2.79 T (1.26%)

Total Exports: 35.26 B / 2.79 T (1.26%)
2682 6851 (3.2%) (2.5%)
3222 (16%)
2815 (6.9%)
2681 (13%)
0111 (6%)
0012 (0.93%) 0112 (0.91%) 4113
6512 (0.92%) 0611 (4.5%) 2686 0111 (9.9%) 0112 (2.6%) 0230 (2.3%) 0224 0240 (0.94%) 5922 6749 0116 0149 2116 (2.5%) 2111 0360 6727 (1.6%) 2919 4113 6731
2873 (4.7%)
6673 2872 0612 0574
6861 2877 2682 (2.9%) 2816
2111 (1%) 0360 0224 (1.6%) 0240 6512 2116 0611 (2.4%) 8822 5249 2631 (1.1%) 0372 3345 2460 (1.4%) 6842
0488 0452 0482 6822 0589 (2.4%) 9610 (1.4%) 6712 2820 0579
6841 (6.7%)
6851 2875 2783 2874
2879 (1.6%)
6821
0412 (4.1%)
2871 2872 (1.4%) 5225 6831 5241 3413 0430
0575
6749 6725 1121 0589 7132 0579
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
9710 (8.5%) Gold, non-monetary 0111 (3%) Bovine meat 0112 (0.82%)
3222 (28%) Other coal
0116
0224 (0.82%) 3413 (6.2%) liquified hydrocarbons
2681 (1.2%) Sheep or lambs greasy wool 0360
0240
0412 (2.2%) Other wheat & meslin, unmilled 2815 (18%) Not agglomerated iron ore 2873 (3.9%) Aluminium ore 6841 (3.1%) Unwrought aluminium & aluminium alloys 2875 (0.76%) 6851 0430 (0.75%) 8720 2871 (2.4%) Copper 2877 (1.2%) 6861 (0.62%) 2860
8996
6832
6821 (1.6%) 6831 (1.4%) Unwrought Unwrought nickel copper & & nickel alloys copper alloys 2872 (0.95%)
1121 (1.5%) Wine
2460 (0.68%) 2820
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
AuSTriA
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
22% of WT
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
0 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64
0 -0.07 -0.065 -0.06 -0.055 -0.05 -0.045 -0.04
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
21 k 16.8 k 12.6 k 8.4 k 4.2 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
POPULATION 8.3 M / (77/11) TOTAL EXPORTS USD 172 B / (27/11)
* Data are from 2008. Numbers indicate: Value (World Ranking / Regional Ranking). Western Europe.
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.94 B / 228.33 B (0.85%)

Total Exports: 1.94 B / 228.33 B (0.85%)
1988
8472 (2.6%) 6560 (2.2%) 6522 (1.3%) 8471 6517 (0.8%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 31.40 B / 2.79 T (1.12%)

Total Exports: 31.40 B / 2.79 T (1.12%)
7499 7411 7281 7491 6746 (3.9%) (1.8%)
6623 (2.6%)
7132 (4.3%)
6418 7492 7281 7361
6770 8731 7851 6727 (2.8%) 8812 6631 7212 8947 7788 6577 6822 6783 (1.4%) (1.2%) 6782 6991 6992 6716 (1.2%) 6760 7283 8124 6733 6745 7911 2482 (6.4%) 2483 (3.5%) 6842 6412 6415 (1.5%) (3.3%) (1.4%) 2518 6633 6732 (3.5%) 7731 6911 6996 6341 6416 6618 6953 6924 (1.1%) 6343 8960
6251 7452 7493 7272 7436 7491
2482 (2.7%)
6732 7731
6343 8219 6997 6428
6412 (2.9%) 6415 (1.7%) 8842 (1%) 6413 6411 6652 8960
8510 (2.4%)
7284 (2.5%) 6782 (1.3%) 6991 (1.2%) 7611 (1.8%)
7449 7259 8743
6842 (1.9%) 3510 (1.4%) 5416
6911 6353 6633 8939 (1.1%)
6424 8921 2671 (1.6%) 5621 (1%) (0.9%) 5335 6419 5137 (0.95%) 0011 (2.9%) 6512 2782 (1.4%) 0240 6841 6998 (1.3%) 2789 6421
7721 7234 7499 7162
5831 (1.2%) 6658 5832 6210 5834 0111 5621 0011 6517 6114 6421 0585 0484
7442 6954 6731 7822 6785 6760 8947 7638 6746 (1.5%) (1.7%) 6749 6623 (1%)
2671 6745 6783 (0.86%) 5148 6822 6727 8510 6744 6716 (1.4%) 6252 7915 6560 6770 5839 8742
0118 6658 7852 8998 (1.2%) 8842 8993 6960
6413
8972 8928 2665
8124 7761 8983 7712
8462 8431 6522 8459 8465 (0.98%) 8463 6516
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7849 (3.5%) Other 7234 (1.4%) vehicles parts Construction & mining machinery 6991 (1.3%) 7139 7224 7919 Base metal (0.86%) locksmiths wares N.E.S. 7493 7492 6954 6842 (1.6%) Worked aluminium & aluminium alloys 8219 (1.2%) Furniture parts N.E.S. 7188 7758 7413 6418 8939 (1.1%) Miscellaneous articles of plastic 5821 5416 (1.7%) Glycosides & vaccines 5839 7915 8742 5831 (0.84%) 6353 (1.2%) Builders` carpentry & joinery 5417 (3.2%) Medicaments 2482 (1.4%) 3510 Worked wood of coniferous 6732 7731 (0.84%) 6997 (0.78%) 6924 6973 8211 6416 1110 (1.4%) Non-alcoholic beverages N.E.S. 0980 (0.6%) 6421 (0.58%) 2820 (0.5%) 8928 6745 6210 5832 6998 6821 8972 8931 0113 6633 6415
7810 (5%) Cars
6412 6413
7132 (3%) Internal combustion engines for motor vehicles
7284 (2.5%) Specialized industry machinery & parts N.E.S
7162 (1.1%) 7239 AC electric (0.89%) motors & generators 7452 7281 6782
6911
6343
7491
7499 7272 7832
7361 7283 7436 6785 7416 8121 6760
7842 7259
7821 (1.8%) Trucks & vans
7721 (1.8%) Switchboards, relays & fuses
7442 (1.6%) Lifting & loading machinery
0223
7783 7212 7431
6114
7643 (1.1%) 7712 (0.84%) 8942 (0.82%)
7788 (0.74%) 7763 (0.69%)
8124
6749 (1.7%) Other worked iron/steel sheets 6744
6746 (0.77%)
7711
7415
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
AZErBAiJAn
ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY INDEX [2008] -1.223 / (117/27) EXPECTED GDPPC GROWTH * 1.25% / (112/27)
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.955 0.96 0.965 0.97 0.975 0.98 0.985
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.02
0.04
0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
5.5 k 4.4 k 3.3 k 2.2 k 1.1 k 0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
* Data are from 2008. Numbers indicate: Value (World Ranking / Regional Ranking). Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1994
2631 (61%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 53.45 M / 4.30 t (0.001%)

Total Exports: 53.45 M / 4.30 T (0.001%)
2001
6592 (8.5%) 6521 (5.3%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 2.34 B / 5.90 T (0.04%)

Total Exports: 2.34 B / 5.90 T (0.04%)
3330 (93%)
2634 0577
6513 (2.9%)
1211 1222
6841 (3.8%)
5623 (0.94%) 2820 (2.1%)
5113
7239
2882 (3.1%) 2116 6821 (1.6%) 6861 0571 0572 2320 8973 2112 2681 7415 (1.2%) 8960
7832 5831
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
BAngLAdESH
2008
Product Space
2008

22% of WT

0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
100 80 60 40 20 0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
GDP USD 80 B / (62/3) GDPPC USD 497 / (120/4)
* Data are from 2008. Numbers indicate: Value (World Ranking / Regional Ranking). South Asia.
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 731.88 M / 228.33 B (0.32%)

Total Exports: 731.88 M / 228.33 B (0.32%)
1988
6521 (4.6%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.25 B / 2.79 T (0.04%)

Total Exports: 1.25 B / 2.79 T (0.04%)
2640 (26%)
6513 (8.4%)
8441 (15%)
8439 (8.1%)
0360 (14%)
6114 (5.3%)
6522 (4%)
6592 (1.1%) 6549
6116 (3.3%) 6581 (4.1%) 8423 (3%) 8463 (2.3%) 8431 0342 0350 6545 (8.5%) 8459 (1%) 8429 8434 8421 (0.99%) 0741 (2.1%) 0118 2640 (4.6%)
6113 (3.1%)
2631 (15%)
6545 (9.9%)
6581 (8.4%)
8510 2633
2111 5621 (2.5%)
8435 (3.9%)
6118 (3.7%) 0422 (3.9%) 2634 (1.3%) 6113 6114 2919 0360 (1.3%) 0350 8947 (0.76%) 2911 2681 2682
8462 (3.1%) 6519
8451 8443 8452 8433 (0.93%)
0545
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
8423 (14%) Men's trousers 8439 (10%) Other women outerwear 0360 (2.8%) Fresh, chilled, frozen or salted crustaceans & molluscs
8462 (21%) Knitted undergarments of cotton
8459 (6.5%) Other knitted outerwear 8451 (17%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers & cardigans
6584 (2.7%) Linens & furnishing textile articles
8429 (2.2%) Other men outerwear
8435 (1.7%) Blouses
6114 (1.3%) Bovine & equine leather
2640 (1%) Raw processed jute and other fibres 8510 (1.2%) 8463 Footwear 8434 6581 8465 6582 8431 8484 (0.76%) 8452 (0.72%) 5621
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
BELAruS
2008
Product Space
2008

22% of WT
2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5
1.5
0.5
0 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8
-0.02
-0.01
0.01
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
3.4 k 2.7 k 2k 1.3 k 680 0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1994
5623 (13%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 942.42 M / 4.30 t (0.02%)

Total Exports: 942.42 M / 4.30 T (0.02%)
2001
6672 (2.8%) 7224 (7.2%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 6.25 B / 5.90 T (0.11%)

Total Exports: 6.25 B / 5.90 T (0.11%)
5156 (2%)
6841 (9.1%)
7821 (7.4%)
7224 (4%)
6931 6259 7752 (3.1%) 6732 (1.5%) (2.6%)
8219 (2.3%)
8431 8510 (1.2%) (1.1%) 8465 8459 6514 (1.8%) 6531 (1.1%) 2666 6517 8931 0620 0612 (1.7%) 6522 6544 1124 1123
5138 (1.5%) 8720 5148 5112 5621 (5.8%) 5831 5629 8431 (2.5%) 8439 (1.9%) 8429 8465 8421 6514 (1.7%) 2666 (1.3%) 2651 (1.3%) 6517 6544 6342 7752 6416 5981 2882 2482 (2.7%) 2890 5225 8219 2665 (6.7%) (1.4%) 2471 6732 6618 6351 6643 5922 (1.5%) 0224 0011 0372 (0.97%) (0.77%) 2631 5823 (2.2%) 3224 0546 2820 0579 2672 6821 (1.8%) 6725 (2.2%) 6259 6770 6931 6114 (1.1%)
7832 (2.1%) 7234 7491 7831 7783 7212 7132 7361 5623 (9%)
6252 6644 6633 6770 7711 6624 2482 6353 6251 6572 (1.3%) 6342 7611 8710 7162 7758 (0.85%) 6973 7861 6940 7422 8124 (1%) (0.98%) 6725 7852 6652 6415 5621 5334 6419 6546 0224 (1.3%) 0230 2665 (1.7%) (1.5%) 5922 0240 0113 0251 6114 5823 5831 (1.7%) 5156 (0.95%) (1.2%) 3352 6651 0111
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7832 (2.2%) Tractors for semi-trailers 7212 (1.3%) Harvesting & threshing machines 7234 (1%) Construction & mining machinery 7442 7831 6259 (2.1%) Other tires 6931 articles (1.2%) 6732 (4.3%) Iron/steel rods 7731 (1.1%) Electric wire 6633 (0.99%) 7861 6770 (1.1%) 7711 Not insulated iron/steel wire 6725 (2.9%) Iron/steel billets 6252 8219 (2%) Furniture parts N.E.S. 7752 (1.9%) Refrigerators & freezers 6353 8211 6359 2472 6996 6911 6343 6531 8465 6416 2471 6624 6973
7224 (6.1%) Wheeled tractors
7132 (0.98%) Internal combustion engines 7822 for motor vehicles 7431
6644
6940 7188
0240 (2.5%) Cheese & curd 5989 (2.2%) Chemical products
5623 (20%) Potassic fertilizers
0224 (2.3%) 6514 Preserved, (0.78%) concentrated or sweetened milk & 2666 cream
0230 (1.2%) Butter 5922 5156 (0.86%) 0111 (1.4%) 0113 0149 0142
0223
3413 (1.6%) liquified hydrocarbons
2783
6419 6546
5831 (0.97%) Polyethylene
0371
2665 (0.73%) 5823
0612 (0.96%) Refined sugar 8931 (1%)
6114
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
BELgium
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 0.59 0.6 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.65
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01
22% of WT
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
45 k 36 k 27 k 18 k 9k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
* Data are from 2008 . Numbers indicate: Value (World Ranking / Regional Ranking). Western Europe.
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 7.88 B / 228.33 B (3.45%)

Total Exports: 7.88 B / 228.33 B (3.45%)
1988
5629 (1.2%) 5232 6732 (4%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 93.29 B / 2.79 T (3.34%)

Total Exports: 93.29 B / 2.79 T (3.34%)
6733 (4.9%)
6746 (4.6%)
7810 (9.7%)
8822 (2.4%)
7810 (13%)
6727 (2.2%)
6746 6749 6672 (8.4%) (1.9%)
6842 (1.6%)
5155
3345
6822 (2.4%)
6749 (1.2%) 6747
6725 6731 (1.4%) 8946 7831 7212 6783 6770 (1.6%) 6672 (6.3%) 6644 6998
5137 6419 5542 5621 6649 (0.85%) 6424 0819 6643 8922 5335 6512 (2.4%) 0113 0013
5622 2733 6842 (1.3%)
6618 6911 6633 6924 6412
7821 (1.5%) 6418
6727 (1.3%) 6745 6821 (7.5%)
0114 0545 0730 6130 0565 0484 0980 6935 2820 2926 6651 6932 2665 0482
7234 7783 (1.3%) 7449 7431 7493 5113
7842 8121
6733 (1.3%) 6744 (1%) 6822 (1.2%) 6725 6770 6931 6644 7611 7781
6745
6821 6861 5225 (0.9%) 0113 0224 0230 0730 0111 0149 0011 6595 (1.6%) 5823 0484
8219 (0.81%) 6911 8211 3510 6343 6633 6924 6649 6412 8960
8822 (1.4%) 2331 5156 5839 5989 5148 5824
2682 2686 0224 6851 6861 6811 6522 6517 8472 (0.92%) 6519 (0.93%) 6584 2651 6612
5417 (1.4%)
8939 5831 (1.8%)
5542 8921 6573 0819 5335 5629 5232
5832 (1%) 5834
5621 5913 5833
6514 6516 6539 6594 6596 8423
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
8720 (1.3%) Medical 8822 instruments N.E.S. 5137 5829 5146 5824 2331 5831 (1.9%) Polyethylene 5111 5331 5161 7842 7436 6672 (4.5%) Not mounted diamonds 5145 8996 5123 7810 (9.1%) Cars 7821 (1.1%) 7832 (0.8%) 7493 6746 (1.1%) 7431 7783 7851 7781 6954 6842 (0.7%) 6911 5832 6812 6821 5833 5913 3352 0730 0546 8931 0585 5629 0484 0980 0579 1123 8928 6421 5121 2820 0224 0573 6595 0113 (0.52%) 8124 6428 8510 (1.1%) Footwear 8310 8423 7784 6744 (0.98%) 6733 6727 (1.8%) Iron/steel coils 6749 (1.6%) Other worked iron/steel sheets
5156 (1.8%) 5416 (1.8%) Heterocyclic Glycosides & compound; nucleic vaccines acids 5148 (1.7%) Other nitrogen-function compounds 5989 (1.6%) Chemical products 5417 (12%) Medicaments 5839
7234 (1.1%)
6822
3414 (2.6%) petroleum gases
8939
5530 (0.59%) 5542
5419 5334
5621
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
BOLiViA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
710 568 426 284 142 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 135.17 M / 228.33 B (0.06%)

Total Exports: 135.17 M / 228.33 B (0.06%)
1988
2879 (14%) 0711
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 578.38 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)

Total Exports: 578.38 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)
2876 (50%)
3414 (41%)
2875 (10%)
2876 (5.8%)
0711 (3.7%)
0612 (1.7%)
0813 (1.3%) 2874 (2.2%)

2871 (4.1%) 0612 3330 (13%) 0577 6118 2874 (7.4%) 2875 (2.2%) 6872 2120
2222 0577 (1.3%) 2320
6871 (7.3%)
9710 (9.1%)
2879 (4.2%) 2483 (4%) 6116 6114
2890 (2.6%) 2741
2111
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
2875 (12%) Zinc 0813 (4.6%) Oilcake
4232 (2.7%) Soya bean oil
4236 (1.8%) Sunflower seed oil
2222 2874 (2.7%) Lead ore 2876 (0.87%) Tin
2239 2224
0577 (1.4%) Edible nuts
0612
0542
2890 (8%) Ores and precious metals
9710 (2.2%) Gold, non-monetary
0711 6871 (3.7%) Unwrought tin & alloys
8973 (1.1%) Precious jewellery
2483 (0.87%)
6534 6513
5121
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
BOSniA And HErZEgOVinA

2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
22% of WT
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
1.3 k 1k 780 520 260 0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
1994
8439 (12%)
Petrochemicals
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 22.38 M / 4.30 B (0.001%)

Total Exports: 22.38 M / 4.30 T (0.001%)
2001
7783 (3.9%) 6822 (2.6%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 915.09 M / 5.90 T (0.02%)

Total Exports: 915.09 M / 5.90 T (0.02%)
8510 (5.7%)
8946 (6.1%)
2483 (9%)
8211 (4.8%)
8219 (2.4%)
6841 (19%)
2873
7436 (5.8%) 6123 (3.9%) 8431 (3.6%) 8435 (2.3%) 8441 (2.2%) 8219 (1.2%) 6341 6911 6842
7493 (1.8%)
7284 (1.7%)
6716 (2.1%)
6733
6732 (1.6%) 2482 (5.3%) 3510 (1.5%) 2472
6911 2471 6341 5225 6353 2450 2882 6954 (1%) 7436 2783 8946 7783 2111 (2.8%) 7499 6940 0484 5232 0561 6935 1212 3223
7428 7832 7416 8922 (5%)
7643 (1.7%) 1121 (3%) 6841 (1.2%) 2783 2882 2924 (2.4%) 0118
8434 (3.1%) 6516 (2.3%)
8211 (2.3%) 8451 8424 8462 (1%) 8452 8481 2483 (1.9%) 8459 6513 (1.7%) 6589 6521 6517 6536 6652 (3.1%)
8510 (6.7%)
8424 8429 8431 (1.5%) (1.4%) 8462 8439 (3%) 8423 8421 8451 8422 (1.1%) 8465 8481 8459 (0.83%)
6123 (3%)
0819 (1.7%)
6716 (1.9%) 6783 6770 6733
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
6911 (3.1%) Iron/steel structures 2482 (2.2%) Worked wood of coniferous 7139 (3.9%) Piston engines parts N.E.S. 6731 (2.5%) Iron/steel wire rod 8510 (4.3%) Footwear
3510 (6.1%) Electric current
2483 (3%) Worked wood of non-coniferous 8211 (5.3%) Chairs & seats 6842 (1.7%) Worked aluminium & aluminium alloys 6732 (3.2%) Iron/steel rods 7731 (1.1%) Electric wire 6353 (1.4%) 6912
8219 (2.1%) Furniture parts N.E.S. 6991 (0.69%) 7752 6417 7239 6997 8212 6783 (1.7%) Other iron or steel tubes & pipes 5232 (1.1%) Inorganic acids metallic salts & peroxysalts 5221 (0.85%) 7924 (1.3%) 6770 Aircrafts of more than 15 tons 2111 6114 0484 8931 4236 7491 7169 7449 6123 (1.9%) Non-metal & non-abestos footwear material 8439 (1%) Other women outerwear 6584 8424 6129 0223 0149 8423 8431
2450 6428 3232 (3.9%) Coke & semi-coke of coal 2460 2873 (2.6%) Aluminium ore
6841 (8.2%) Unwrought aluminium & aluminium alloys
2882 (1.2%) Other non-ferrous base metals 6794
2815 (1%) Not agglomerated iron ore
8939 6424 (0.98%) Miscellaneous articles of 5621 5138 plastic 6935 (2.2%) Gauze & 2820 (0.98%) netting
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
BOTSwAnA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
3k 2.4 k 1.8 k 1.2 k 600 0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
2001
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 2.53 M / 5.90 B (0.04%)

Total Exports: 2.53 B / 5.90 T (0.04%)
2005
2871 0111
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 4.43 M / 9.84 T (0.05%)

Total Exports: 4.43 B / 9.84 T (0.05%)
6672 (88%)
6672 (78%)
2871 (11%)
8451 (1.8%) 8435 8439 8423 8459
2111 7832
7832 (1.8%) 0111 (1.7%) 5232 0620
5232 8462
2783
9710
2783
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
2872 (16%) Nickel 8451 (1.4%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers & cardigans 8439 (1.1%)
6672 (67%) Not mounted diamonds
8459
8423
8463
8435
8441 0111 (2%) Bovine meat
2871 (3.4%) Copper
9710 (2.2%) Gold, 7234 non-monetary (0.5%) 7832 5232 7861
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
BrAZiL
2008
Product Space
2008

3
3 2.5
2.5
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.8 0.81 0.82
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
22% of WT
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
1k 800 600 400 200 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0711 (47%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 2.17 B / 228.33 B (0.95%)

Total Exports: 2.17 B / 228.33 B (0.95%)
1988
0577 (1.2%) 2654 (1.2%) 0422 2482 (4.6%) 2472 0149 0111 6649 2681 2120 0360 2222 5513 2877 (1.7%) 6673 2879 6725
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 37.39 B / 2.79 T (1.34%)

Total Exports: 37.39 B / 2.79 T (1.34%)
2631 (8.1%)
0813 (8.2%)
0711 (8.6%)
2815 (5.5%)
2816 (2.4%)
2517 (2%)
6412 6415 6413
2873 6841 (3.7%) 2222 (3.1%) 4232 1212 (1.7%) 0723 0577 (0.88%) 0721 0611 0811 8510 (4.8%) 6727 (1.7%) 6712 (1.5%) 6716 (1.4%) 6746 (1.3%) 6744 (1.4%) 6724 6745 7821 (1.9%) 6731 7431 7224 7139 7132 6251 7842 7259 7138 0111 (1.4%) 6521 0149 6114 (1.2%) 2919 0360
6732 (1.1%) 2483
6342
0440 (3.7%)
0813 (2.2%)
4245 (2%)
0115
6513 6871
6725 (3.2%)
0712 (1.1%) 5831 (0.88%)
0721 (2.7%) 0612
0723 0611 (1.8%) (1.5%)
0585 (4.7%)
0712 (1.3%) 4314 0573 0585
6747 7621 2814
6252 7923 0114
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7821 (1.6%)
7234 (1.2%) Construction & mining machinery 7139 (1.2%) Piston engines parts N.E.S. 6725 (2.9%) Iron/steel billets 6712 (2.2%) Pig & cast iron 2815 (7.9%) Not agglomerated iron ore 0114 (4.3%) Poultry meat
6716 (1.6%) Ferro-alloys 0111 (2.9%) Bovine meat 7924 (3.1%) Aircrafts of more than 15 tons 7643 (1.6%) Television & radio transmitters 7938 (1.1%) 6252 Special floating structures 0711 (3%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee substitutes 0612 (1.3%) Refined sugar 6841 (1.4%) Unwrought aluminium & aluminium alloys 2517 (2.7%) Chemical wood pulp, soda or sulphate 2782 2816 (3.9%) Agglomerated iron ore 2873 (1.3%) Aluminium ore
7832
7132
7841 7169
7212
7431 (0.61%) 7162 (0.6%)
7842 6731 7923 0813 (3.1%) Oilcake
2877 2871 (0.85%) Copper 5112 5146 0712 2483 (0.65%) 6342 6353 6624 5831 5221 5629 5161
0149 (1.7%) Other 0113 (0.97%) prepared or preserved meat & entrails 6114 (1.3%) Bovine & equine leather 0224
6415
0585 (1.5%) 5121 (1.8%) Fruit or Acyclic alcohols vegetable juices & derivatives
0611 (2.6%) Raw 4232 (1.9%) Soya bean oil sugar beet & cane
0440 (1%)
2631
6613
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
BuLgAriA
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5
22% of WT

0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74
1.5
0.5
-0.5 0 5 10 x 10 15
-3
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
3k 2.4 k 1.8 k 1.2 k 600 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0011 (5.2%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 298.17 M / 228.33 B (0.13%)

Total Exports: 298.17 M / 228.33 B (0.13%)
1988
0589 (2.2%) 6861 (4.1%) 6811 (1.5%) 6821 (2.9%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 2.29 B / 2.79 T (0.08%)

Total Exports: 2.29 B / 2.79 T (0.08%)
0113 (3.9%)
0111 0240 0565 (4.4%) (2.1%)
7441 (7%)
7841 (6.4%)
7721 (2%)
5621 (4.1%)
5417 (1.6%) 0819 5530
1121 (3.2%)
0545 (1.7%) 0012 (5%) 0114 (2.1%) 0118 0913 0112 0440 (4%) 4236 (2.8%) 0015 0013 0544 (2.7%) 0230 0585 0561 (0.96%) (0.9%) 5621 (6.4%) 0542
6851 (2.3%) 0583 0579 (0.84%) 1121 0546 6841 (1.8%) 6725 (4.5%)
7361 (1.9%) 7442 (6.7%)

6612 6522 (1.3%) 2613 (1.2%)
7522 (2.1%)
2519
7512 8983 7525
2924 0751 0615 (1.1%) 0541 4232 (1.8%) 5513 (1.6%) 2223 0575
5148 5232 (0.98%) (1.3%) 5169 5413
6727 (1.3%) 7915 (1.2%)
6712 6716 2483 5224 7781 7511 2665 (1.4%)
7528 (1.6%) 7781
7518
7449 7224 7784 5112 2331 5232 (1.2%) (1.2%) 5148 7188 (1.7%) 7783 0012 0011 0240 (2.8%) (0.87%) 6991 0118 7452 7367 0360 0251 7591 6727 (2.7%) 6744 0616 0342 1211 1223 0575 (2.3%) (1.5%) 6725 (2.6%) 6749 5513 7521 1222 (1.1%)
0545 (1%) 0565 5121 8421 (1%) 8441 2882 6851 8219 3510
0579
8435 8431 8459 8462 6861 6821
8998 2820
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7239 7442
7441 7361 6821 (12%) Unwrought copper & copper alloys 8459 (2%) Other knitted outerwear 8431 (1.1%) 8423 (1.1%) 0412 (2.8%) Other wheat & meslin, unmilled
7492 (1.4%) Valves
7721 (1.3%) Switchboards, relays & fuses 7188 (1.1%)
8439 (1.4%)
8462 (1%) 8510 8435 8424 8463
2224 (2%) Sunflower seeds
8451 (0.92%) 7781 (1.1%)
0430 (0.78%) 2226 1211 (1.2%) Unstripped tobacco
4236
6822 (2.4%) 6744 (2.2%) Worked copper & Iron/steel copper alloys >=4.75mm tick sheets
6123 (0.65%) 7611 (0.83%) Color T.V. 7711 2871 6851 (1.1%) 2882 (0.59%) 6861 (1.3%) 2890 Unwrought zinc & alloys 6343 6911 7852 6413 8219 (0.88%) 8212 2517 5831 (0.61%) 5832 6652 8422 (0.64%) 6514 6516
8434 8472 8310
0612
6727 (0.98%) Iron/steel coils
6783
6732 (2.2%) Iron/steel rods
7731 (1.4%) Electric wire
8211 (0.75%) 8122
5232 (1.3%) Inorganic acids metallic salts & peroxysalts 5622 5222
8745 (0.82%) 5148 8822
0484 (1%)
8931 (0.56%) 0589 0586
0565
1121 0114 5621 0240 6512 (0.71%)
7752 (1.1%) 6842 (1.7%) Worked aluminium & aluminium alloys
5530 (0.67%) 0819
2820 (2%) Iron & steel waste
6651 (0.67%)
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
cAmBOdiA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
300 240 180 120 60 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
POPULATION 15 M / (57/10) TOTAL EXPORTS USD 4.4 B / (102/14)
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 71.37 M / 228.33 B (0.03%)

Total Exports: 71.37 M / 228.33 B (0.03%)
1988
0011 (4%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 8.46 M / 2.79 T (0.0003%)

Total Exports: 8.46 M / 2.79 T (0.0003%)
0422 (46%)
2320 (24%)
2320 (39%)
2222 (25%)
2472 (13%)
2111 2471 (2.5%)
0812 (2.9%)
2929 (2.4%)
2472 0440 (4.7%) (1.3%) 0819 (2.7%)
2234 (8.2%)
2238 (1.7%) 2239 (1.4%) 2224 8960 (3.6%)
0751 (2.5%) 0421 2223 2924 (0.93%)
0577 (2.1%)
2221 (1.6%) 2929 (2.7%) 8921
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
8451 (17%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers & cardigans 8928 (21%) Printed matter N.E.S.
8459 (33%) Other knitted outerwear
8464 (6.9%) null
8510 (2.1%) Footwear 8452 (3.7%) Knitted women's suits & dresses 8463 (1.8%) Knitted undergarments of synthetic fibers
8439 (0.67%)
2733 (2.8%) Non metal-bearing sands
7852 (1.1%) 2320 (0.73%)
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
cAmErOOn
2008
Product Space
2008

22% of WT

0.955 0.96 0.965 0.97 0.975 0.98
-1
-1
-2 0.95
-2 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
330 264 198 132 66 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0721 (23%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 206.32 M / 228.33 B (0.09%)

Total Exports: 206.32 M / 228.33 B (0.09%)
1988
2472 (8.5%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.67 B / 2.79 T (0.06%)

Total Exports: 1.67 B / 2.79 T (0.06%)
0711 (28%)
3330 (42%)
0721 (13%)
0711 (13%)
6842 2483 2481 6349 6341 6841 (9.3%) 0723 (7.5%) 0573 (4.4%)
0723 (2.4%)
2320 (2.4%)
0573 (1.4%) 4242 (0.93%) 2631 2483 (2.8%) 1211 6521
2472 (8.7%)
2232 (2.1%) 2320 (2.1%) 4242 2631 (4.9%) 2223 2221 0741 0730 (1.2%) 8510 (0.99%)
6841 (6.6%)
6341 (1.2%)
2471 0360
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
0573 (7.4%) Fresh or dried banana & plantains 0721 (7.3%) Raw & roasted coffee 0711 beans
2631
2320 (2.8%) Natural rubber, latex & gums
0723 (1.1%) Cocoa butter & paste 2472 (3.3%) Sawlogs & veneer logs of non-coniferous 2820
2483 (11%) Worked wood of non-coniferous
6341 (1.5%) NULL 6841

0579 0565
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
cAnAdA
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
22% of WT
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.75 0.8 0.85
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
14 k 11.2 k 8.4 k 5.6 k 2.8 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
* Data are from 2008. Numbers indicate: Value (World Ranking / Regional Ranking). North America.
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
7810 (18%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 13.14 B / 228.33 B (5.75%)

Total Exports: 13.14 B / 228.33 B (5.75%)
1988
6831 (3.1%) 2872 (3%) 6841 (4.7%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 112.98 B / 2.79 T (4.04%)

Total Exports: 112.98 B / 2.79 T (4.04%)
6411 (12%)
7810 (17%)
6411 (6.7%)
2517 (5.7%)
6841 (3.2%)
6831 (1.3%) 2741
2875 2882
2784 (2.5%) 2517 (5.4%) 7842 (6.5%) 7821 (3.4%) 2482 (8.4%) 7212 (1.7%) 6822 (1%) 6783 6994 2518 2516 6821 (3.3%) 6413 6412 6359 2483 5623 (1.2%) 0011 0113 2741 2875 (1.3%) 6851 2874 5225
2872 2784 5241 6821 (0.88%)
7849 (7%)
2871 (1.5%)
7132 (1.7%) 7139
7841 2482 (6%) 7831 6991 5623 (1.5%) 5831 5112 5249
6412 (1.2%)
2518 6413 2471 6997
3222 (2.4%) 2871 (1%) 3414 (2.3%)
6861 2815 6811 9710 5225 (0.88%) 5121 0371 1124
6861 2879 (1%) 5629 5221 1124 (1.9%) 2331 0360 2120 0430 0350 2919 2234 0460
7821 (5.5%)
7832 6251
0412 (2.4%)
2226 0411
0360 0344 0113
7928 (1.8%)
7929 (1.3%) 7149 7148
7641 6745 (0.91%)
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7810 (10%) Cars 7849 (3.3%) Other vehicles parts 7821 7924 (1.1%)
7923 7132 7239 7832 7442 7436 7499 7144 6783
7148
6252
3414 (9.6%) petroleum gases
2482 (1.5%) Worked wood of coniferous
3510 (1.1%)
8219
2517 (1.5%) Chemical wood pulp, soda or sulphate 6411 (1.3%) Newsprint 2519 6415 8939 (0.65%) 5831 (0.93%) Polyethylene 6413
0412 (1.5%) Other wheat & meslin, unmilled 2226 (1.1%)
4239 0411
0542
6842 2872 (1.1%) 6831 5241 (0.59%) 2741 (0.59%) 9710 (2.6%) Gold, non-monetary 3222 (1.8%) Other coal 6861 6899 6841 (2.2%) Unwrought aluminium & aluminium alloys 6821 (0.86%) 2871 (0.54%) 2816 8211 6911
6353 6428 6343
8931
0980
0113 (0.64%) 0011 0360 (0.58%) 2820
0111
5623 (1.9%) Potassic fertilizers
5839 (0.83%) 5112
0484 0546 5121
0730
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
cHiLE
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.87 0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
4k 3.2 k 2.4 k 1.6 k 800 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
6821 (79%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.02 B / 228.33 B (0.45%)

Total Exports: 1.02 B / 228.33 B (0.45%)
1988
2871 0814 (2.4%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 7.37 B / 2.79 T (0.26%)

Total Exports: 7.37 B / 2.79 T (0.26%)
6821 (37%)
0814 (6.7%)
0575 (6.8%)
2681 2517 6411 (0.95%)
2712 (2.2%)
0342 (1.7%) 0360 0341 0574 (3.6%) (0.78%) 0371 4111 0372 0344 0343 0542 2929 2482 (2.3%) 2871 (9%) 2879 (1.5%) 6811 (1.1%) 2815 9710 (1.6%) (0.95%) 2875 2471 2460 2479 0579 (3.3%) 1121 (1.6%) 0545 2472 2517 (4.5%) 6411 6412 5221 5629 2712 6822 0819
2879 0574 0575 6822 (1.6%)
0542 0545 0579
2816 (1.6%)
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
2871 (18%) Copper 0342 (2.2%) Frozen fish, excluding fillets 0344 2517 (4.3%) Chemical wood pulp, soda or sulphate
6821 (38%) Unwrought copper & copper alloys
0343 (0.95%)
0372 0341 2482 (1.6%) Worked wood of coniferous 6342 2460
0814 (0.85%) 0113 (0.57%) 1121 (2.3%) Wine
6416 (0.52%) 0980 (0.59%) 0586 0575 (2.4%) Grapes & raisins
0579 (2.3%) Fresh or dried fruit N.E.S.
0574 (1.1%)
2879 (4.1%) Other non-ferrous base metals 6716 (1.4%) Ferro-alloys 9710 5225 6811 2816 2815 2882 6822 6418 5232 5221 (0.64%)
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
cHinA
2008
Product Space
2008

22% of WT
1.5

0.56 0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66
1.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5 0.54
-0.5 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
1.1 k 880 660 440 220 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
POPULATION 1.3 B / (1/1) TOTAL EXPORTS USD 1.4 T / (2/1)
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.57 B / 228.33 B (0.69%)

Total Exports: 1.57 B / 228.33 B (0.69%)
1988
0113 2919 (4.3%) 2114
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 61.94 B / 2.79 T (2.22%)

Total Exports: 61.94 B / 2.79 T (2.22%)
0422 (9.8%)
2222 (5.2%)
5513 4234 4239
0013 (2.9%)
8310 (3.8%) 8510 (2.9%)
8451 (2.8%) 8439 (2.6%)
6584 8942 (6.6%)
7758 (1.1%) 6940
2631 (1.7%) 0741 0813 (1.6%) 2924 2222 0440 (0.8%) 0548 0565 (1.1%)
0149 6130 0118 0116 0014 0114 0545 0561 0565 (1.1%) 0360 (1.3%) 8942 8947 2783 2879 2683 (0.99%) 6991 7243 6940
0577 (1.7%) 0741 (1.6%) 6522 (5.7%)
2221 (1.3%) 0421 (1.2%)
2235 (0.82%) 4233 0612 (1.4%) 0752 0541 2613 (3.7%) 6584 (2.5%) 6513 (1.8%) 6517 6511 6592
2924 (1.8%) 0542 (1%)
8459 (2.1%) 8429 (1.6%) 8423 (1.5%) 6521 (1.9%) 6522 (1.8%)
8462 (1.7%)
8481 8997 8431 8441
7622 (1.6%)
7638 7611 8482
7161 6716 6712 7711
7628 7757 8852 7512 8442 8463 0360 (2.3%) 8124 2919 2683
8472 0579 0589 8471 6664 (0.99%) 8952
0483 0980 0121
8424 8435 6552 8421 6541 6534 (1.5%)
8472
6521 (4.7%) 6541 (1.4%)
8997 (1.2%) 8510
6612 2789 5981 6871 8999 (0.91%) (0.93%) (1.7%) 0819 5232
6592 6511 0341 6516 8851 8994 6513 2613 6544 (1.3%) 6519 6953 6664
6512 8212 5981
3222 5225 0546 0545 (0.89%) 6899 2879 0589 5221 6871 8999 (1.4%) 5413
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.43 t / 15.56 T (9.2%)

7649 (3.7%) Parts of telecom & sound recording equipment 8942 (2.3%) Toys
Total Exports: 1.43 T / 15.56 T (9.2%)

7638 (2%) Video & sound recorders N.E.S. 7611 (1.6%) Color T.V. 7763 (1.4%) Diodes & transistors 8510 (2.5%) Footwear 8310 (1.3%) Luggage & handbags 8462 (0.84%) 8459 (1.8%) Other knitted outerwear 8451 (1.4%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers & cardigans 8219 (1.2%) 8439 (1.3%) Other women outerwear 8211 8463 6552 6584 8429 6522 (0.8%) 6531 (0.56%) 6514
7522 (6.6%) Digital data processing machines
8710 (2.1%) Optical instruments
8423 6589 8997
7518 (1.3%) 7712 (1.2%) 7643 (3.4%) Television & radio transmitters 7599 (2.8%) Parts of cash registers & calculating machines
7415 (0.84%) 8124 (0.84%)
7781 (0.8%) 7641 (0.8%)
8472 8431 8452 7731 (1%) 8939 5155 (0.85%) Miscellaneous articles 6573 of plastic 3232 (0.52%) 6613 7853 0372 0344 8931
7525 (2.8%) Control & peripheral hardware
7758 (1%) 7492 Electro-thermal (0.86%) home appliances N.E.S.(0.77%) 7239 7442 7162
6991 6940
6782 6251
8947 7788 (1.1%) 7523 (0.71%) Other electrical 7757 machinery (0.59%) & equipment 7722 7642 N.E.S. 6749 (0.63%) 7782 6744 6716 (0.52%) 6746 6733 6252 7711 7932 (1.5%) Ships & boats
7861 (0.83%) 6911 (0.81%) 6732 8212 7752 6624
6974 6953
7784
6783
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
cOLOmBiA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.76
0.78
0.8
0.82
0.84
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
840 672 504 336 168 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0711 (67%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 596.39 m / 228.33 B (0.26%)

Total Exports: 596.39 M / 228.33 B (0.26%)
1988
0573 (5.5%) 3330 (8.2%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 5.56 B / 2.79 T (0.2%)

Total Exports: 5.56 B / 2.79 T (0.2%)
0711 (39%)
3330 (15%)
3222 (6.3%)
0611 2634 (2.8%) 6673 (2.5%) 6812 (0.91%) 6612 2119 2631 (2.1%) 2483 0360 2120 6521 2671 6513
3221 6673 (3.9%)
6612 0573 (8.9%) 2927 (6%) 0611 2631 0712 (1.2%) 8921 0721 5834 5913 6716 (3.3%) 6584
0360 6114
5833
0813
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
0711 (6.3%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee substitutes 5530 (1.2%) Perfumery & cosmetics 8921 5834 (1.2%) Polyvinyl chloride 0712 (0.64%) 5912 6552 (0.78%) 8423 8462 6428 (0.87%) Articles of paper pulp 6624 N.E.S. 7752 0620 (0.77%) Sugar confectionary 8931 (not chocolate) 0484 6123 8465 0111 (2.5%) Bovine meat 6114 (1.1%) Bovine & equine leather 5832 (1%) Polypropylene 5334
2927 (3.6%) Flora
0573 (2.2%) Fresh or dried banana & plantains
5541 5913
5514
4242 (1.1%)
3222 (15%) Other coal
6716 (2.8%) Ferro-alloys 2890 2882 (0.96%) Other non-ferrous

7499 6954 7711 (0.51%) 6252
6612
6415
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
cOngO rEpuBLic
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.975
0.98
0.985
0.99
-0.02
0.02
0.04
0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
3.2 k 2.5 k 1.9 k 1.2 k 640 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 96.97 m / 228.33 B (0.04%)

Total Exports: 96.97 M / 228.33 B (0.04%)
1988
6341 (7.3%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 959.93 m / 2.79 T (0.03%)

Total Exports: 959.93 M / 2.79 T (0.03%)
6672 (22%)
2771 (5.1%)
2472 (30%)
3330 (71%)
6672 (7.3%)
2472 (11%)
6821 (12%)
6861 (4.8%) 0612 (5.5%) 0711 (1.3%) 0615 0813 0611 (2%)
2483 (1.3%) 0721 (1.1%) 6822 2232 4242 2634 2119 (0.99%)
2877 (3%)
6341 (2.7%)
2479 (1.2%) 2483 (0.87%) 2911 (0.81%)
0611
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
2871 (3%) Copper
2879 (1.8%) Other non-ferrous base metals 2876 (1.1%) Tin
6672 (0.75%) 6899

Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
cOSTA ricA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.79 0.8 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
2.2 k 1.7 k 1.3 k 880 440 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0711 (38%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 194.85 m / 228.33 B (0.09%)

Total Exports: 194.85 M / 228.33 B (0.09%)
1988
0111 (7.2%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.55 B / 2.79 T (0.06%)

Total Exports: 1.55 B / 2.79 T (0.06%)
0573 (31%)
0573 (35%)
2926 8423 (3.8%) (2.1%)
8465 (3%) 8439 (2.5%)
0360 5417 5530 0914 (1.2%) 5629 0980 5621 0620 7781 0721 0611 2925 6749 (1.1%) 8472 (0.99%) 8471 6341 6998
2927 8462 8441 (1.8%) (1.8%) (1.6%) 8435 0111 (4.3%) 0711 (24%)
8434 8424 8431 8421 8463 0579 (3.2%) 0589 6421 0545 6428 8973 8972
0612 (4.6%)
0360 0341 (1.6%) (1.2%)
7731 7723 (0.79%)
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7721 (1.6%) Switchboards, relays & fuses 6251 (1.3%) Tires & pneumatic for cars 0579 (7.6%) Fresh or dried fruit N.E.S. 8720 (7.1%) Medical instruments N.E.S.
7599 (12%) Parts of cash registers & calculating machines
7764 (12%) Electronic microcircuits
6289
7758 8812
0980 (3.6%) Edible products N.E.S.
8931 (0.94%)
0583
8996 (3.1%) Orthopaedic appliances
6749
7131
0484 6421
5417 (3.7%) Medicaments
5334 5542 0819
5834
6252 0573 (8.1%) Fresh or dried banana & plantains 4242 (1.6%) Palm oil 0711 (3.9%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee substitutes
0585 (1.5%) Fruit or vegetable juices
5629 8423
2927 (1.3%) Flora
7731 (1.9%) Electric 6732 (0.77%) wire 6842 (0.74%) 6428 (1.3%) Articles of paper pulp N.E.S. 6996
0343 0371 0111 0223
8442 (0.83%) 8462 (0.63%) 6651 (0.73%)
2926 (0.96%) Live plants
0611
0548 (1.1%)
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
cTE diVOirE
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94
-2 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
1k 800 600 400 200 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0711 (32%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 506.69 m / 228.33 B (0.22%)

Total Exports: 506.69 M / 228.33 B (0.22%)
1988
2472 (28%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 2.37 B / 2.79 T (0.08%)

Total Exports: 2.37 B / 2.79 T (0.08%)
0721 (25%)
0711 (21%)
2483 (7.8%)
2472 (4.2%)
6341 (1.9%) 0371 (4.1%)

0721 (16%) 0573 (5.5%)
2481 2479
0579 (4.2%)
0723 (5.6%)
0723 (4.1%) 2483 (3.8%) 0589 (1.7%) 0579 0712 2877 6341
2320 (3.3%)
0573 (2.5%) 0342 4242 (1.1%) 4243 0722 4244 2631 (5.1%) 6672 (3%) 0730 0712 (2.4%) 6521 (0.98%) 6522
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
3330 (21%) Crude petroleum 6612
0721 (24%) Raw & roasted coffee beans
9710
0723 (9.6%) Cocoa butter & paste
0573 (1.6%) Fresh or dried banana & plantains 4242 (1.5%) Palm oil
5530 (2%) Perfumery & cosmetics
5541 (1.2%) Soaps
0730 (2.2%) Chocolate
0980 (0.86%) 8931
0712 (0.97%) 0819 (1.5%) Animal feed and food waste 2483 (2.9%) Worked wood of non-coniferous 5629 6341 (1%) 2472 7921 (1.2%) 2479
0579
0483
7938 (1.3%)
0722 (0.83%)
4244
0371 (2.4%) Fish N.E.S.
2631 (1.1%) Raw cotton
0711 (1.8%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee substitutes
1223 9510 (0.64%) 6954
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
crOATiA
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
22% of WT
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.7
0.72
0.74
0.76
-15
-10
-5
5 x 10
-3
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
3.2 k 2.5 k 1.9 k 1.2 k 640 0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1992
8424 (3%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 3.29 B / 4.30 t (0.08%)

Total Exports: 3.29 B / 4.30 T (0.08%)
2001
5831 (2.4%) 5834 (1.6%) 5417 8922 0819 3345 5621
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 4.35 B / 5.90 T (0.07%)

Total Exports: 4.35 B / 5.90 T (0.07%)
8510 (4.8%)
8423 (2.4%) 8439 (2.3%)
8462 (1.6%) 8422 (1.3%)
7932 (10%)
7932 (18%)
8743 7162 2483 (3.2%) (0.97%) 7239 6782 7758
6842 (1.9%)
8211 (1.9%)
5413 (2.4%)
8922 5542
8451 8429 8441 8435 6123 (2.9%) 8431 (2.4%) 8434 8459 6584 8997 8481 7731 6842 (1.6%) (1.5%) 8433 7721 (1.3%) 7162 8743 7758 6716 5833 (2%) 8942 7712
5413 5113 5411
2483 (4.4%)
6415 0980 (2%)
8211 (2.3%)
6421 8931 8219 (2%) 2472 6341 6997 6624 2512 6911 6342 8122 0484
5157 5629 (1.2%) 6612 3413 2882 6998 (1.4%) 3354 3232
8510 (3.1%) 8451 (2.6%)
8462
6651 8928 0111 0149 0341 0371 (0.91%) 0114 6114
8422 8424 (1.5%) 6123 (1.5%) 8439 8463
5417 (2.2%) 7731 8219 6911 2472 6341 (1.5%) 7641 7768 5831 (1.8%) 5621 6353 (1.3%) (1.1%) 6997 6624 5629 7711 (1.6%) 5113 6415 2512 3414 (1.9%) 6612 (2%) 1222 (2.2%) 0412 8431 8423 0612 3413 (1.4%) 8459 6998 2734 0341 6114 5833 8434 8481 (1.1%) 2111 0980 0484 6584 8432 0371 (1.7%) 8931 2820 8435 0149 6421 6635 8465
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7284 7239 7139 7491 7169 8743 (0.72%) 7212 7499 7919 6782 7162 7788 7712 (0.71%) (0.94%) Other 7768 (0.64%) electrical machinery & 7763 equipment 7723 (0.73%) N.E.S. 7149 6997 (0.82%) 6343 6341 8472 2472 2450 0980 (1.6%) Edible products N.E.S. 0730 6421 5833 6129 (0.81%) 0484 1110 8931 5831 (2.1%) Polyethylene 5621 (1.7%) Nitrogenous fertilizers 5629 (1.2%) 2882 (0.87%) 6998 6612 (1.6%) Cement 5417 (2.6%) Medicaments 5530 3414 (2.8%) petroleum gases
7932 (15%) Ships & boats
7711 (3.2%) Electrical transformers
7931 2483 (2.8%) Worked wood of non-coniferous
7915 8211 (2.1%) Chairs & seats
7119 8219 (1.2%) 6911 (1.1%) Furniture Iron/steel parts N.E.S. structures
8463
6123
8451 (1.2%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers & cardigans
0612 (1.6%) Refined sugar
1222 (0.92%)
0488 2820 (1.5%) Iron & steel waste 6651 (0.71%) 8928
6353 (0.93%) 6842 (2.3%) Worked aluminium & aluminium alloys 7731 (1.3%) Electric wire
6624
3510 (0.91%)
0341 (0.81%) Fresh or chilled fish, excluding 0223 fillets
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
cuBA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.94 0.945 0.95 0.955 0.96 0.965 0.97
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.935
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
260 208 156 104 52 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
EXPORTS PER CAPITA USD 261 / (109/21) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP 4.7 % (128/21)
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0612 (28%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 157.55 m / 228.33 B (0.07%)

Total Exports: 157.55 M / 228.33 B (0.07%)
1988
2872 (8.2%) 2871
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.29 B / 2.79 T (0.05%)

Total Exports: 1.29 B / 2.79 T (0.05%)
0611 (30%)
0611 (50%)
0612 (5.6%)
0360 (10%)
0372 (2.5%)
6811 5225 1221 (4.3%) 5121 (2.3%)
0711 (3.7%) 2872 (4.8%) 0615 2890 2871 (1.4%) (0.87%) 2879 0571 (1.8%) 2882 1221 (3.8%) 2820 (2.3%)
0615 (11%)
0711 (4.3%)
0360 (3.1%)
9610 (2.1%)
0572 (1.9%) 1211 (2.4%)
0111 (2.1%) 6581
0585
7842 (1.1%)
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
1221 (12%) Cigars 0611 (20%) Raw sugar beet & cane
2872 (35%) Nickel
1124 (7%) Alcoholic beverages
0585 6724 (2.2%) Iron/steel 7272 (1.1%) Food bars processing 2882 (1.8%) machinery & Other parts N.E.S. non-ferrous base 7782 metals (0.88%) 6725 Incandescent &
1211 0360 (4.8%) Fresh, chilled, frozen or salted crustaceans & molluscs
1222 5416 (2.4%) Glycosides & vaccines
6612 (1.8%) Cement
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
cZEcH rEpuBLic
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
2

0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -0.06
22% of WT
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5
-0.055
-0.05
-0.045
-0.04
-0.035
-0.03
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
14 k 11.2 k 8.4 k 5.6 k 2.8 k 0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1994
6731 (1.9%) 7721 (1.7%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 14.34 B / 4.30 t (0.33%)

Total Exports: 14.34 B / 4.30 T (0.33%)
2001
8439 6123 6589 8429 8471 8435 6521 6544 3232 (1.2%) 3223 (1.1%) 5111 5311 5145 5112 2671 5331 8939 5834 (1.1%) 5831 5542 5621 6573 6658 (1.3%) 5833 6651 2820 8972
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 33.38 B / 5.90 T (0.57%)

Total Exports: 33.38 B / 5.90 T (0.57%)
7821 (1.2%)
7162 7361 6744 (0.91%) (1.5%)
6727 6725 8510 (1.6%) 6746 6712 6745 6770 6259 6584 8431 6522 (1.2%) 3222 (2.9%)
7810 (11%)
7721 (2.7%)
7162 7919 7361 7731 (2.4%) 7493 7139 6647 6954 6251 7492 8211 (2.2%)
7492 6991 7919 6954
7369 7493 7244 6732 (2.6%) 2482 (1.7%)
7449 7224 6782 6733 (0.94%) 7758 8121 7283 7264 6785 8947 8124 7781 8219 2471
8219 (1.1%) 6732 6842
6353 3510 6652 2482 2471 6633 6664
7783 (1.3%)
6991 (1%) 7499
6782 6731 7849 (7.3%) 7239
6252 8981 6911 (1.1%) 6652 (1.4%) 6997
7842 7169 7416 6289 7452 7244 7442 6940 7788 7522 (1.4%) 7421 (1.2%)
6911 6997 6428 7414 (1.3%) (1.2%) 7243 6572 6359 6624 7732 7413 8939 5542 6794 (1.3%) 5111 6210 5831 6522 6584 6123 8931
6415
7731 8211 6353 6624 6842 6924 6973 6921 (1.5%) (1.5%) (1.4%) 6633 6351
6415 2518
0224 0548 (0.89%) 2882 6794 6612 0482 (0.89%) 0011 1123 6891 5121
7611 (2.1%) 7781 (1.7%)
7369 8121 7641 7415 6770 (1.1%) 6252 6744 6733 8124 8947
3222 (1%) 3232
8928 6658
0224 1222
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7849 (8.3%) Other vehicles parts 7611 (3.2%) Color T.V. 7522 7731 (2.3%) Electric wire 8211 (1.5%) Chairs & seats 3510 (1.2%)
7810 (9.4%) Cars
6911 (1.2%) 7523 (2.9%) CPUs 6997 (1.1%) 6732 7414
7525 (1.8%) Control & peripheral hardware 7721 (2.9%) Switchboards, relays & fuses 7493 6782 7831 7842 7431 7415 (1.3%) 7919 7783 (1.1%) Auto 7162 (1.1%) AC parts electric motors & generators 7284 (1.1%) 7139 6251 8121 7361 6289 7416 7449 7436 6647 6940 7763 6770 7784 7499 6954 6793 6252 6259 6731 7161 7421 (0.95%) 7638
8942 (1.3%) Toys 6353 7643 (1.1%) Television & radio transmitters 7621 7781 8219 7861 6359 8939 (1.3%) 5831 (0.63%) Miscellaneous articles of plastic 6210 5542 6794 (0.59%) 6998 3222 (0.96%) Other coal 2882
7788 (0.9%)
7518 7648 8928 2820
7492
6991
7239
6744 6733 6658 5833
6421 1222 0223
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
dEnmArk
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
22% of WT
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.7
-0.025
-0.02
-0.015
-0.01
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
21 k 16.8 k 12.6 k 8.4 k 4.2 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 2.56 B / 228.33 B (1.12%)

Total Exports: 2.56 B / 228.33 B (1.12%)
1988
7411 (2.9%) 7283 7212 7452
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 28.69 B / 2.79 T (1.03%)

Total Exports: 28.69 B / 2.79 T (1.03%)
0149 (8.1%)
0113 (2.4%) 0011 (1.9%)
0121 (14%)
0113 (6.3%)
0344 (2%) 0341 (1.6%)
7499 (2%) 0111 (4.5%) 0114 (1.3%) 0116 7932 (4.3%) 0980 0484 0620 0814 1123 (1.8%) 5989 (1.4%) 5169 2925 (1.1%) 5411 8996 0350 8745 (1%) 8720 0813 5417 5335 6424 2919 (1.1%) (1.9%) 5542 0819 2929 2111 5530 5413
7211
8121
7271 6991 8942 7781
0149 (2.6%)
0111 (2%)
0013 0142 0913 0230 (5.4%) 0240 (3.1%)
0240 (2.5%)
2926 2927 0430 0811 1222
8124 8731 (1.2%) 6341 2483 8472 (1.9%)
7492 7452 7283 (1.7%) 7442 7416 (0.95%) 7272 7212 7431 6991 7449 7188
7429
0224 (2.5%)
2120 (2.5%)
6998 2785
8928
0814 5169 8748 5311 5983 8219 (3.1%) 6353 (0.91%) (1.2%) 5839 7741 0342 7752 8720 5415 (0.93%) 0372 5411 0343 6912 6997 5417 8939 (1.7%) 5629 8211 2120 0224 0230 (2.8%) 6428 8212 (2%) 7414 5334 5542 6911 5911 5922 0451 8921 7422 8942 7643 8813 0121 (1.7%) 0980 0430 0412 8451 (1.5%) (1.2%) 2226 8459 8124 8983 2926 2925 6595 8931 4312 (1.3%) 7932 (3.3%) (0.94%) 8928 0484 6421 2929 0542 2882 0546 0612 1123
0360 (1.1%) 0350 0371
2008
7492 (1.8%) Valves
EXPORT TREEMAP
7442 7272 7283 7932 (1.7%) Ships 0113 (4.8%) Swine meat & boats 0013 0149 8219 (2.5%) Furniture parts N.E.S. 6911 (1.9%) Iron/steel structures
7161 (1.7%) 7452 DC motors & generators
7429 7422 (0.85%) 7162 (1.6%) 7493 7169 (1.3%) Parts of rotating 7449 electric plants N.E.S. 7212
8743 7712 0240 (1.9%) Cheese & curd 0341
0111 0114
0116
6649 (1.5%) Glass N.E.S.
0360 (0.72%) 0371
3510 (1.1%) Electric 8211 current (0.58%) 7861 6353 (1.1%) (0.54%) Builders` carpentry 6428 & joinery 6842 7414 6912 6924
8212 (0.54%) 6997 (0.52%) 6973
7188 (1.4%) Engines & motors
7642 6991 6744 (1%)
2120 (1.2%) 0224 5922 0223 0980 (1.9%) Edible products N.E.S.
0372 0343 0350 8931 8510 8439
7416 5417 (7.3%) Medicaments 5416 (1.8%) Glycosides & vaccines
7711 8996 (1.5%) Orthopaedic appliances 5169 (1.2%)
8451
2926 (0.65%) 2925
0488
8939 (1.5%) Miscellaneous articles of plastic
0819
5542 5334
8720 (1.2%) Medical instruments N.E.S. 5145
8744
0914
8459 (0.56%) 8462
2820 (1.1%) 8928
2882
5311 7741 1123
8423
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
dOminicAn rEpuBLic
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
900 720 540 360 180 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0612 (57%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 176.31 m / 228.33 B (0.08%)

Total Exports: 176.31 M / 228.33 B (0.08%)
1988
0721 (9.1%) 2873 (7.5%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.80 B / 2.79 T (0.06%)

Total Exports: 1.80 B / 2.79 T (0.06%)
0711 (12%)
8423 (8.2%)
8462 (3.1%)
8465 (2.5%)
8463 (2%) 8435 (1.6%)
6716 (14%)
7721 (3.3%)
6123 (4.8%)
8439 (3.8%)
8441 (1.6%) 8434
8422 8459 8432 8481 9710 (5.8%) 0565 0579 1221 (1.4%) 0545 0546 0111 (2.3%) 8720 (1.9%) 6428
0611 (3.2%) 0615 (3%) 0813
0565 (1.1%)
0619
0612 (5.5%)
0545 0111 (2.4%)
8310 8443 8442 8431 8424 8471 8433 (1.1%) 8451 8452 0711 (4.6%) 0721 (4.2%) 1211 (2.4%)
8973 (4.8%)
0615
0548
0611
0577
6831
6811
6812
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7721 (5.5%) Switchboards, 8720 (9.3%) Medical instruments N.E.S. relays & fuses 7741 1221 (5.3%) Cigars 1124 (1.7%) Alcoholic beverages
6716 (8.6%) Ferro-alloys
1123 7649 (2.3%) Parts of telecom & sound recording equipment 7788 (1.9%) Other electrical machinery & equipment N.E.S. 7712 (1.4%) Parts of electric power machinery N.E.S. 7599 (1%) Parts 7711 (1.1%) of cash registers & calculating machines 8451 (1.7%) 8429 (1.2%) 6521 (4.4%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers & cardigans 8465 (1.9%) Corsets 8463 (0.79%) 8441 8423 (1.8%) Men's trousers 8442 (1.7%) Men's underwear 8464 8459 (0.74%) 8439 Other men outerwear 8462 (0.86%) Unbleached cotton woven fabrics 0980 (1.3%) 5530 (0.7%) 8939 (0.7%) 0573 (1.4%) 5629 (0.8%) Fertilizers 0579 (0.65%) 0545 (0.57%) 6732 (3%) Iron/steel rods 6428 (2.1%) Articles of paper pulp N.E.S. 6421 0484
8931 (1%)
0721 (2%) Raw & roasted coffee beans
0611 (1.4%) Raw sugar beet & cane 1212 (1.2%) 0460 Wholly or partly stripped tobacco 1222 1213 2882 0711 8933 (1.6%) 6612 (1.3%) 2820 (1.3%) Iron & steel waste 6118
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
EcuAdOr
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.89
0.9
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
1.4 k 1.1 k 840 560 280 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 287.52 m / 228.33 B (0.13%)

Total Exports: 287.52 M / 228.33 B (0.13%)
1988
0711 (14%) 0360
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 3.02 B / 2.79 T (0.11%)

Total Exports: 3.02 B / 2.79 T (0.11%)
0573 (59%)
0721 (15%)
3330 (43%)
0573 (20%)
0721 (3.2%)
0711 (5.9%)
0011 2483
0723 (1.5%) 0360 (16%) 2927 0814 (2.7%) 2483 6342
0612 (3.4%)
6576 2871 0579
0371 0342 0341
0730 0712
0723
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
0573 (9.9%) Fresh or dried banana & plantains 2927 (3.4%) Flora
0721 (1.2%) 4242 (1.1%) Palm oil 0371 (4.9%) Fish N.E.S. 0980 0579
7821 (1.3%) Trucks & vans 0360 (4.1%) Fresh, chilled, 0814 frozen or salted crustaceans & molluscs 0342 0343 0344 0341
6973
3352 (0.98%)
0712
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
EgypT
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5 2

0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
22% of WT
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
320 256 192 128 64 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
2631 (41%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 696.77 m / 228.33 B (0.31%)

Total Exports: 696.77 M / 228.33 B (0.31%)
1988
6513 (11%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 3.41 B / 2.79 T (0.12%)

Total Exports: 3.41 B / 2.79 T (0.12%)
0422 (14%)
3330 (65%)
6841 2631 (9.4%)
6522 (3.5%)
6521 (1.9%)
0541 (1.2%)
0615
0752 6513 (5.9%)

3330 (7.6%) 0545 (2.4%)
0571 1222 5513 6521 8462
0421 (3.2%)
2634 (0.88%) 2221 (0.75%) 6612
6516
1124 2713 5542 9610
0612
0541
0571
0813
0545 (0.93%) 0561 6731 0546
6842 8921 0341
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
2731 (1.3%) Building stone 6998 (1%) 5221 (1.6%) Chemical elements 5622 2713 (0.73%) 5232 5621 (2.5%) Nitrogenous fertilizers 6612 (0.94%) 5225 3232 (0.74%) 5831 (1.8%) Polyethylene 5542 3351 (0.86%) (0.81%) Organic surface-active 8939 agents N.E.S. 6727 (4.1%) Iron/steel coils
6841
2789
6822 (3.7%) Worked copper & copper alloys
6749 (0.74%) 6733 (0.63%)
7831 0571 (2.3%) Fresh or dried oranges & m&arines 0575 8462 (1.9%) Knitted undergarments of cotton 6584 (1.5%) Linens & furnishing textile articles 8459
6731 0545 (1.2%) Other fresh or chilled vegetables 2711 0980 0620 0546 (0.77%) 0579 (0.67%) 0585 6421 0561
6624 (1.3%) Non-refractory ceramic bricks 8932 (0.83%) 7414 6732
6997 (1.3%) Articles of iron or steel N.E.S. 6911 8122 6618
6428
5981 (3.9%) Woods & resin chemical 0541 products (0.96%)
0542 8439
6842 (2.1%) 8219 Worked aluminium (1.4%) & aluminium alloys
2631 (1.1%) 0422 (1%) Semi or wholly milled rice
6592 (0.96%)
6513 0240 (1.8%) Cheese (0.78%) & curd Cotton yarn
6522 (0.88%)
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
EL SALVAdOr
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
-2 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
740 592 444 296 148 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0711 (53%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 225.20 m / 228.33 B (0.1%)

Total Exports: 225.20 M / 228.33 B (0.1%)
1988
8510 (2.2%) 8472 6522 (2.8%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 588.74 m / 2.79 T (0.02%)

Total Exports: 588.74 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)
2631 (8%)
0711 (72%)
8435 (1.6%) 8439 (1.5%)
8433 6584 (1.2%) 8434 8465
6584 6581 5417 5530
6513 (1.8%)
6521 6549
6513 (2.2%) 0360 (5%)
5541 5629 (1.1%) 5335 0819 0712 7731 6842 0360 (1.2%) (2.1%) 0422 (1.5%) 6996 6732 4233 2632 6421 (1.7%) 0813 0611 0615 (0.91%) 0914 8928 6951 (0.88%) 7782 6612
7788 (4.8%)
6421 (0.9%) 0579 0712
0612
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
8931 (2.2%) Closable plastic packing 0980 (1.6%) 5121 (4.8%) Acyclic 0711 (6.3%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee alcohols & substitutes derivatives
1110 (1.7%) Non-alcoholic beverages N.E.S. 6421 (1.5%) Paper packing containers 0484 (1.4%) Bakery 0585 (0.81%)
0470 (0.92%)
0615
0914
0611 (1.9%) 8939 (1.4%) Miscellaneous articles of plastic 5542 (1.1%) 6732 (1.3%) Iron/steel rods 7731 8219
8459 (4.3%) Other knitted outerwear
8463 (4.2%) Knitted undergarments of synthetic fibers
8441 (1.1%) Men's undershirt 8465 (1.1%)
6584 (1%) Linens & furnishing textile articles 6552 (0.83%)
6424 (2.4%) Cut to size paper N.E.S.
6842 (0.88%) 5334 0371 (2.6%) Fish N.E.S.
3510 6428 8928
8439 (0.76%) 8451 (3.7%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers & cardigans
8471 7788 (3.6%) Other electrical machinery & equipment N.E.S.
8510 (0.76%) 8433 8442 2690
6746 (1.5%) Iron/steel <3mm tick sheets 6744
2882 2789
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
ESTOniA
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5 2
22% of WT

0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
10 k 8k 6k 4k 2k 0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1994
2471 (5.1%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 852.72 m / 4.30 t (0.02%)

Total Exports: 852.72 M / 4.30 T (0.02%)
2001
2890 (1.6%) 7599 (3.5%) 8947 (1.2%) 5225 6612 (1.3%) 6716 7712 6647
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 4.50 B / 5.90 T (0.07%)

Total Exports: 4.05 B / 5.90 T (0.07%)
8219 (2.5%) 6342 (1.7%)
7731 (1.7%) 8211 (1.5%)
2882 (2.7%)
7643 (15%)
7649 (11%)
8749 6584 8439 8510 7449 (1.2%) 8423 8429 8431 6749 5224 8462 8441 6724 6521 6544 6522
0371 (1.9%) 0342 0350 0240 0230
2482 (4.6%)
2472 (2.7%)
6841 2460 (1.5%) 2483 7861 6521 (2.4%) 0341 (1.1%) 0342 6522 (1.3%) 6513 3345 (1.5%) 5249 (1.1%)
6831 6672 3222
0343 8421 0344 6589 0224 (1.2%)
8439 (3.3%)
6353 8212 6911 (0.96%) 6351 8431 8423 8435 (1.5%) (1.2%) 8462 8459 8424 6123 8434 8433 6354 8451 8441 6589 8452 8484
6861 6899 6712 6744 6863 0371 0224 (2.4%) 2820 (3.2%)
6130 0113 2820 3224 (1.4%) 6423 2882 6998 8931 1110 5225 6612
2482 (4.3%)
8219 (3.4%) 7731 (2.1%) 2471 (2%)
6584 (2.7%) 8429 (2%) 8510 (1.6%)
2111 5621 (2.4%)
3224 (2.2%)
6912 (1.3%) 2483 (0.81%) 2460 8211 (0.8%) 6359 6997 7861 6633
5334 8939 5335 0721 (2.2%) 2631 5621 5629
6353 (2.7%)
5629 0586 (1.2%) 0488
6911 (2.6%)
8212 2472 6343 (1.4%) 6342
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
6251 (1.5%) Tires & pneumatic for cars 7449 (1%) 7239 7442 (0.92%) 7649 (5.3%) Parts of telecom & Lifting & sound recording equipment loading machinery 7169 (0.88%) Parts of rotating electric 7234 plants N.E.S. 6647 6749 (2.8%) Other worked iron/steel sheets 7712 (1.4%) Parts of electric power machinery N.E.S. 8947 8124 (0.53%) 6252 (0.61%) 6584 7416 8459 8219 (1.9%) Furniture parts N.E.S. 8212 (1.8%) Medical & dental furniture 3510 (1.6%) Electric current 8211 (1.5%) 6413 2460 (0.97%) 2472 Pulpwood 6343 7861 6633 6997 6359 2483 2471 6415 2519 0980 8931 2512 0240 0371 (0.52%) 0342 6130 0113 1124 (1.8%) Alcoholic beverages 6612 (0.72%) 5225 0360 0344 6841 5335 (1.2%) Glazes, driers, putty 8939 (1.2%) Miscellaneous articles of plastic 8922 5621 (1.2%) Nitrogenous fertilizers 5137 (0.79%) 2820 (3.2%) Iron & steel waste
7810 (5.7%) Cars
7868 7162 (2.1%) AC electric motors & 7441 generators
5334 (0.84%) Varnishes & lacquers 8510 8439
8462 8429
8431
3224 (0.77%) 8928 6423 2882 6998 6851 5825
6353 (4.5%) Builders` carpentry & joinery
6911 (2.7%) Iron/steel structures
0721 (1%) Raw & roasted coffee beans 0430
0711
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
ETHiOpiA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2 0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94
-2 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
33 26.4 19.8 13.2 6.6 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
EXPORTS PER CAPITA USD 20 / (128/26) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP 6.3 % (127/26)
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0711 (61%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 106.21 m / 228.33 B (0.05%)

Total Exports: 106.21 M / 228.33 B (0.05%)
1988
0542 (8%) 0813 2116 (3.1%) (2.5%) 2117 (2.5%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 355.91 m / 2.79 T (0.01%)

Total Exports: 355.91 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
0711 (65%)
2925 2117 (9.1%)
2114 (2%) 2111 (1.3%) 2234 0573 0149 (1.7%) (1.5%) 4314 2223 2221 0545 (1.9%) 2783 (1.7%)
6116 (5.4%)
2919 0012 2120 (1.2%)
2927
6114 2116 (1.4%) (1.4%) 6113 2919 2114
4314
9610 (4.4%)
2922
6115 0012 (3.7%)
2632 8741 0813 (1.1%) 7148 2238
5514 8462 (0.94%) 0545 5322 (0.99%)
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.64 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
Total Exports: 1.64 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)

2225 (13%) Sesame seeds 2117 (1.9%) 6115 (1.8%) 0112 (1.8%) Sheep Raw sheep skin Sheep & lamb & goat meat with wool leather
0711 (36%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee substitutes
6116 (1.7%) Leather of other hides or skins
0011 (1.7%) Live bovines
0545 (6.2%) Other fresh or chilled vegetables
2634 2927 (6.7%) Flora
2922 2926 (1.2%) 9710 (5.1%) Gold, non-monetary 0611 (0.86%) 7924 (1.8%) Aircrafts of more than 15 tons
0542 (7.4%) Dried or shelled legumes
2929 (2%) Vegetable origin materials 2238 (2.6%) Oil seeds & fruits N.E.S.
7234 9410 6123
0752 (0.67%)
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
FinLAnd
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
22% of WT
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
0 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8
0 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
18 k 14.4 k 10.8 k 7.2 k 3.6 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
6411 (12%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.79 B / 228.33 B (0.78%)

Total Exports: 1.79 B / 228.33 B (0.78%)
1988
7932 (7.4%) 6712 (2%) 6822 5224 (1.2%) 7411 (1.6%) 7281 6419 (4.2%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 23.87 B / 2.79 T (0.85%)

Total Exports: 23.87 B / 2.79 T (0.85%)
2517 (10%)
2482 (13%)
6415 (10%)
2517 (5.3%)
6418 (4.8%)
7259 (1.4%) 7442 (1.2%)
6746 6822 6745 6783 (1.4%) 6727 6716 6744 7932 (3.3%) 6749 7931 (1.5%)
6411 (5%) 6412 (9.9%) 6413 (3%) 2516
7251 7234 7441 7449 7492 7239 7416 6572
6413 (7.1%)
6415 (5.9%)
2120 (3.4%)
7224 7162 7283
7611
7938 7915 (0.85%) 7641 7643 7712
2518 (5.6%) 6412 (6.5%) 2516 (2.6%) 2512 5981 6416 (1.1%) 7731 2479 6911 2483
0240 0230 2671 6421 (1.8%) 6831 2875 5331
2482 (6%)
6342 (2%)
7731 8219 6911 6417
5331 (1.4%) 2671 6424 8922 5831 3352
6428 6353
6861 6821 8431 (0.79%) 8459 6831 6421 2120 (1.5%) 8931
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7162 (2.2%) AC electric motors & generators 7821 (1.2%) 7493 7449 (0.86%) 7259 7416 7219 6251 6412 (3.6%) Printing & writing paper in rolls or seets 2482 (2.7%) Worked wood of coniferous 6342
6418 (3.2%) Rolls/sheets of coated paper
7169 (1.1%)
7284 (2.2%) Specialized industry machinery & parts N.E.S 7442 (2%) Lifting & loading machinery
7234 (1.7%) Construction & mining machinery
7283 (1.2%) Mineral working machinery & parts N.E.S. 7643 (15%) Television & radio transmitters
7239 (0.92%) Bulldozers, angledozers & 7492 (0.91%) levellers parts N.E.S. 7251 (0.91%)
7224 (0.92%) Wheeled tractors 7139
7138 7441 6647 7188
6415 (3%) Paper & paperboad in rolls or sheets
6353 (1%)
7731
2517 (2.2%) Chemical 6413 wood pulp, soda or (0.79%) sulphate 6749 (1.1%) 6822 Other (0.96%) worked iron/steel sheets 6783 (0.85%) 6745
6428 3510
7649 (2.3%) 6746 (2.8%) Iron/steel Parts of telecom <3mm tick sheets & sound recording equipment 6727 (1.7%) Iron/steel coils
8720 (0.97%) Medical instruments N.E.S.
5331 7741
5123 8744
6899 (0.82%) 6861 (0.81%) 6821 (1.1%)
6831 (1.3%) Unwrought nickel & nickel alloys
6744 (0.78%) 7712 (1.9%) Parts of electric power machinery 7932 (2.9%) Ships & boats 7711 N.E.S.
5629 5231
5831 2120 (0.64%) 8928 (0.52%)
8124
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
FrAncE
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.6 0.62
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -0.07 -0.06 -0.05 -0.04
22% of WT
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
9.6 k 7.6 k 5.7 k 3.8 k 1.9 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 12.71 B / 228.33 B (5.57%)

Total Exports: 12.71 B / 228.33 B (5.57%)
1988
6512 (1.6%) 6118 6113 6652 8842 0430 (2.5%) 0440 5513 (1.4%) 0460 0574
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 164.72 B / 2.79 T (5.89%)

Total Exports: 164.72 B / 2.79 T (5.89%)
7810 (8.3%)
7842 (3.8%)
6746 (2.4%) 6747
6733 0224 0240 0111 (1.4%) (1.4%) 6749 6727 0230 (0.87%) 6732 (1.2%) 6842 6911 0011 5922 (1%)
7810 (8.4%)
7721 (1.7%)
6783 6716 6725 7244 7411 6731 (1.6%) (1.6%) (1.3%) 7499 5989 (1.3%) 5148 2331 8822 5137 3345 5417 (1.8%) 5530 7518 6782 (1.4%) 7788
6973 8960 6341 (1.4%) 6953 8472 (1.4%) 6560 6522 (0.83%) 6513
6251 7234 5989 (0.85%) 8822 7492 6782 2331 7132 7139 6731 5112 8720 7491 7783 7758 7499 7162 7442 7416 7449 6289 8121
5839 5137 5982
5530 (1.9%)
5417 (1.7%)
5311 5145 8939 8742 5146 0819 5831 5834 5832 2224 0430 2226 0612 0011
6842 6732 8211 (0.97%) 6911 7414 3510 6428 6997 8219 8960 (1.5%) 6652 0240 6412 6415 6512 2111 5241 (0.97%) 2882
8947 7131 (1.2%) 8731 7928 6770
1121 (2.9%)
0482 0541 8510 6841 5225 (1.2%) (1.2%) 2741 2820 (1.1%) 2665
7849 (4.9%)
0412 (2.1%) 6252 7523 0440 1121 (3%)
7924 (4%)
6746 6822
8921 0819 5232 8922 6573 5623 5335 6424
0565 0579 1124 (1.8%)
0460 0111 0482 0574 0114 1124 8439 8310 5833 8928
7929 7149 7148 7923
6727 6783
0980
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7132 (1.3%) Internal combustion engines for motor vehicles 7492 (0.72%) 7783 7821 (1.2%) 7239 7442 7162 5417 (6.2%) Medicaments 5989 (1.1%) 5156 5839 (0.5%) 5982 7139 (0.56%) 6251 (0.56%) 7234 (0.54%) 7491 5530 (3.1%) Perfumery & 8939 (0.84%) cosmetics 5542 8741 7493 5831 (0.73%) 3510 (1.1%) Electric current 6842 (0.66%) 6732 8851 6652 0412 (1.1%) Other wheat & meslin, unmilled 0440 0612 0488 6749 7929 (1.4%) Aircraft equipment parts N.E.S. 7518 7523 5241 (0.98%) 6745 1121 (2.2%) Wine 0980 8931 8310 (0.87%) 2820 (0.73%) 5834 5832 0430 0240 5913 5912 0819 8996 5416 8720 7742 5514
7810 (6.1%) Cars
7832 (0.69%) 7431
7721 (2.2%) Switchboards, relays & fuses 7924 (5.9%) Aircrafts of more than 15 tons
8743 7224
6782 7758 6822 (0.67%) 6746
0224 0011 0111 0113
7149 (1.5%) Parts of gas & reaction engines
0484 7923 7148 (0.78%) 0730 Aircrafts of 7144 7921 between 2 * Numbers indicate SITC-4 rev 2 codes. Parenthesis indicate percentage of total exports. Treemap Headers show: Total Trade/Total World Trade (share of world trade represented by the country).
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
gABOn
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.982
0.984
0.986
0.988
0.99
0.992
-0.02
0.02
0.04
0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
5.4 k 4.3 k 3.2 k 2.1 k 1k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 157.67 m / 228.33 B (0.07%)

Total Exports: 157.67 M / 228.33 B (0.07%)
1988
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.27 B / 2.79 T (0.05%)

Total Exports: 1.27 B / 2.79 T (0.05%)
3330 (29%)
2472 (40%)
3330 (60%)
2877 (13%)
2472 (15%)
2877 (20%)
2860 (5.7%)
5241 (6.4%) 6342 (1.8%)

2481 0721 6341 6716 2483
2479 (1.4%) 0612 0721
0360 (1.5%)
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
2877 (18%) Manganese 2472 (8.9%) Sawlogs & veneer logs of non-coniferous
6341 (1.7%) NULL
2483 (1.4%) Worked wood of non-coniferous 2320

6342
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
gEOrgiA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
350 280 210 140 70 0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1994
6716 (32%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 44.63 m / 4.30 t (0.001%)

Total Exports: 44.63 M / 4.30 T (0.001%)
2001
3330 (12%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 348.45 m / 5.90 T (0.01%)

Total Exports: 348.45 M / 5.90 T (0.01%)
2820 (20%)
7923 (9.9%)
6716 (6.1%)
1121 (11%)
2820 (12%)
2871 (3.3%) 6725 (6.7%) 6712 (3%) 6744 (1.3%)
2882 6841 (1.2%) (1.1%) 6831 (1.4%)
2882 (8%)
7452 7921 7239 7272 (2.5%) 6782 7911 7126 7919 9710 (4.4%) 2890 (3.2%)
7441
1110 (5.3%)
1124 0577 (3.4%)
0741 (2%)
5121 5111 (1.6%)
5138 3510 (4.3%) 5249 2483 2472
5621 (3.5%)
5156 (1.2%)
2925 (4.1%)
6732 (1%)
2871 (3.3%) 6841 8974
6782
7528
7923
5621 (1.7%) 2877 (1.6%) 0612 0460 0571 1223 5530 5232 0752 0412
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.53 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
Total Exports: 1.53 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)

1121 (3%) Wine 0980 2820 (9.4%) Iron & steel waste
6716 (20%) Ferro-alloys
7810 (8.3%) Cars
0585 1110 (2.9%) Non-alcoholic beverages N.E.S.
7911 (2.3%) Electric trains
7239
7919
1124 (4.3%) Alcoholic beverages
6782 9710 (7.4%) Gold, non-monetary 6612 (5.9%) Cement 2871 (8.7%) Copper 5621 (7.8%) Nitrogenous fertilizers 0577 (2.3%) Edible nuts 0612 0813
2882 (3.4%) Other non-ferrous base metals 5530 (0.7%)

3510 (1.2%) Electric current 5249 (0.49%) 6732 (0.69%)
2483 (1.1%) Worked wood of non-coniferous
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
gErmAny
2008
Product Space
2008

22% of WT
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
0 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5 0.52 0.54
0 -0.105 -0.1 -0.095 -0.09 -0.085 -0.08 -0.075 -0.07
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
18 k 14.4 k 10.8 k 7.2 k 3.6 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
POPULATION 82 M / (14/1) TOTAL EXPORTS USD 1.5 T / (1/1)
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
7810 (15%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP*
Total Exports: 24.78 B / 228.33 B (10.85%)

Total Exports: 24.78 B / 228.33 B (10.85%)
1988
5148 5417 (1.7%) 5542 6419 6424 5530 5621 5623 6210 5335
EXPORT TREEMAP*
Total Exports: 113.86 B / 2.79 T (11.16%)

Total Exports: 311.86 B / 2.79 T (11.16%)
7244 (3.5%)
7821 (2.3%)
7411 5989 (1.6%) (1.9%) 8745 5155 (1.1%) 7243 6940 5137 6731 8822
7810 (13%)
7821 (1.5%) 7139 7492 7416 6418 7162 7284 (2.2%) 7428 7499 7758 7721 (1.8%) 7247 6940 7611
7499 (3%) 7452 7281 6782 6991 (1.3%) (1.3%) 7491 7842 (4.1%) 7788 (1.3%) 7511 8852 7512 7518 8124 7212 (1.1%) 7783 7126 7784 7919
8720 5411
6573 7742 2671 5232 5331 5629
7283 7371 (0.89%) 8942 6746 6733 6783 6725 8811 (1.4%) 6727 6749 5224 6822 6712
8731 (1.2%) 6770 7782
6732 6842 2665 8928 (1.3%) 2820 7731 6911 6973 3232 6998 6812 (1.5%) 6953 5121 (1.2%) 6960 6517
7849 (4.7%)
7452 7264 7244 7493 (1.2%) 7442 6782 6991 7132 7361 7491 7234 7822 7783 7449 7369 7436 7441 7362 7784 7367 6954 7243 8749 7372 8743 7832 7831 7252 7281 7224
5989 (1.4%) 5839 5148 5156 5836 5137
5311 8742
8748 5417 (1.1%) 5542 5334 5530 5834 5831
8939 (1.1%)
6842 8219 8211 8928 6428 2820 6514
0224 0223 5922
6746 6822
8124
7782
6415 6412
6953
8931 6421
5121
8983
* Values for The Federal Republic of Germany
* Values for The Federal Republic of Germany
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.47 t / 15.56 T (9.45%)

7821 (1.4%) Trucks & vans 7139 (1.3%) Piston engines parts N.E.S.
Total Exports: 1.47 T / 15.56 T (9.45%)

7492 (1%) 7132 7442 (0.79%) 7832 (0.75%) 8743 6991 7234 7162 5989 (1.5%) Chemical products 5416 (1.1%) 5156 (0.84%) 8742
7810 (13%) Cars
7452 (1.2%) Non-electrical machines parts N.E.S. 7822 7491 7849 (4.3%) Other vehicles parts 7721 (2.6%) Switchboards, 7431 relays & fuses 7361 7283 7284 (2%) Specialized industry machinery & parts N.E.S 7788 (0.78%) 7763 (0.75%) 7712 8124
7493 (1.2%) Mechanical tools for building 6954 6940 7264 7499 7212 7783 7441
7416 7161 7281 6289 7188
7436
7742 5839 (0.96%) 8720 Other (0.87%) 8744 polymerization Medical & instruments 5417 (4.5%) Medicaments 8939 (1.1%) copolymarization N.E.S. Miscellaneous products articles of plastic 5334 5542 5414 6842 (0.97%) 6911 3510 2820 5823
5530
5831
6210
8928
8931 0484 6421
0980 0730
8219 7861 7929 6822 (0.99%) Worked copper & 6746 copper alloys 6783 6733 6415 6997
6782
7758
7924 (1.9%) Aircrafts of more than 15 tons
0240
2882
7421
0113
1222
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
gHAnA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2 0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95
-2 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
270 216 162 108 54 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0721 (52%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 367.72 m / 228.33 B (0,16%)

Total Exports: 367.72 M / 228.33 B (0.16%)
1988
6841 (16%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 910.85 m / 2.79 T (0.03%)

Total Exports: 910.85 M / 2.79 T (0.03%)
0721 (35%)
6841 (30%)
6672 (3.7%)
2771 (1.6%)
2877 (4%) 6672 (3.1%) 2771
2877 (1.6%) 2873
2472 (7.2%)
2483 (5%)
2483 (7.6%)
2472 (7.3%)
6341 0360 (1.4%) 0342 0579 7923 0819
0723 (8.2%)
0723 (5.6%)
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
0721 (27%) Raw & roasted coffee beans 0577 (3.1%) Edible nuts
9710 (48%) Gold, non-monetary
2223 2238 (1.2%) Oil seeds & fruits N.E.S.
0723 2483 (3.8%) Worked wood of non-coniferous 6341 (1.5%) NULL 6342 (1.2%) Sheets of plywood 6842
2320 7499 (1.2%) Non-electric parts of machinery N.E.S. 0342 0371 5233
8931
6344 (0.8%) 2877 2873 2882
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
grEEcE
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
-1
-1
-2
-2 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02 0.022 0.024 0.026
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
2.3 k 1.8 k 1.3 k 920 460 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
EXPORTS PER CAPITA USD 2,278 / (57/16) EXPORTS AS SHARE OF GDP 7.3 % (126/16)
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
2631 (13%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 556.98 m / 228.33 B (0,24%)

Total Exports: 556.98 M / 228.33 B (0.24%)
1988
0565 (3.4%) 1121 (2.5%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 7.98 B / 2.79 T (0.29%)

Total Exports: 7.98 B / 2.79 T (0.29%)
0571 (4.2%)
4235 (9%)
8462 (5.1%)
8451 (2.8%) 8459 (2.4%)
6513 (3.8%)
6716 (2.5%)
6822 6746 0589 (3.5%) (1.3%) (1.2%) 6783 6749 6747 6745
0546 (2%)
0575 (1.4%)
0572 (1.4%) 0579 (3.7%) 6130 (6.5%)
6727 (2.3%)
0430 (2.1%) 0548 0422 2922 6841 (9.9%) 2634 2782 (4.5%)
0585 (2.1%) 6513 (3.5%)
0589 0546 (1.1%) 5629 5622
8435 (1.6%) 8431 (1.5%) 8434 (1.5%) 0411 (4.6%)
8439 (1.4%) 6589 8463
8452 8423 6522 (1.2%) 6517
0565 (1.7%) 4235 0545 (1.3%) 0585 7731
7932 (4.2%)
6623 0579 (1.7%) 1121 7144 8483 (4.5%) 6842 (2.5%)
2873 (3.5%)
8471 2789 2731 (0.92%) 2875 2874 5225 (2.2%) 6612 2116 (2.9%) 2114 (1.1%) 2919 (1%) 6842 5981 (1%)
5989 6560 (1%) 6924 6716 (1.3%) 7933
8433 8424 6584 8432 1211 (3.6%) 0575 (2.5%)
6841 (2%)
2782 (1.3%)
6612 (3.1%) 2873 0440 (2.3%) 1212 0571 2631 (0.99%)
6130 0240 0350 6512
8939 5417 6613 (0.87%) 3345 5621 5113
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
6842 (4.4%) Worked aluminium & aluminium alloys 7731 (2.1%) Electric wire 1211 (1.8%) Unstripped tobacco 2631 (1.8%) Raw cotton
6822 (4%) Worked copper & copper alloys
6783 (2.9%) Other iron or 5417 (6.8%) Medicaments steel tubes & pipes
1222 (1.2%) Cigarretes 6749 6724 5530 (1.9%) Perfumery & cosmetics 6282 6731 7781 7924 (1.5%) Aircrafts of more than 15 tons 8731 0565 (2.8%) Prepared or preserved vegetables 4235 0579 (1.7%) Fresh or (2.1%) Olive dried fruit N.E.S. oil 0980 (0.98%) 0545 0484 8931 0483 0583 1110
2223
6732 (1.9%) Iron/steel rods 7414 5542 (0.69%) 5334 8939 (1%) 5821 7415 5832 (1.7%) Polypropylene 5831 5989 (0.93%) Chemical products 5629 (0.57%) 8921 6624 6912 6911 (0.76%) (0.84%) Aluminium structures 8459 (2.6%) Other knitted outerwear 6428 6973 6552 (0.81%)
7752 0575 (1.1%) 0411 (0.74%)
6975
7932 (1.5%) Ships & boats
0571 (0.91%) 8463 6575 6513 6522 6841 (1.4%) Unwrought aluminium & aluminium alloys 6612 (1.5%) Cement 2882 2789
8462 0341 (2.9%) Fresh or chilled fish, excluding fillets 8483 (1.9%) Fur clothing (not headgear) 0240 (1.6%) Cheese & curd
2873 (1.1%) Aluminium ore 3354
0589 (2.3%) Prepared or preserved fruit
5833 0223
5823
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
guATEmALA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86
-2 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
570 456 342 228 114 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0711 (38%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 269.04 m / 228.33 B (0,12%)

Total Exports: 269.04 M / 228.33 B (0.12%)
1988
0111 (4.1%) 0141 0616 8472 (1.9%) 8510 (1%) 6522 (1.7%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 969.78 m / 2.79 T (0.03%)

Total Exports: 969.78 M / 2.79 T (0.03%)
2631 (17%)
0711 (40%)
0573 (13%)
8439 (3%)
8423
8435 8462 8434 2926 (1.6%) 0611 (1.5%) 2631 (4.1%) 0752 (4.2%) 0612 (4.1%) 0615 (1.9%) 2320 0545 (1.5%)
8441 8463 8452
8431
2223 0573 (7.8%)
4233
2634 2632
6581 5417 (1.7%) 0620 0980 (1.1%) 0545 0585 0914 6651 (1%) 2890
0579 (1.2%) 0360 (1.7%) 5913
0813 5530 (1.4%) 0712
0546 2927 2925 (0.82%) 0111 (2.1%) 2225 1212 (1.2%) 1211 0577 5513 2483 (1.1%)
0612 (2.7%)
0752
0541 2929
2320
0611
5513 7781 (1.2%) 1222 6749
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 7.74 B / 15.56 T (0.05%)
Total Exports: 7.74 B / 15.56 T (0.05%)

0579 (1.9%) Fresh or dried fruit N.E.S. 0980 (1.7%) Edible products N.E.S. 5417 (2.5%) Medicaments 5530 (1.9%) Perfumery & cosmetics
0611 (5.8%) Raw sugar beet & 0573 (5.2%) Fresh or dried 0711 (9.8%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee substitutes 0545 (2.2%) cane banana & plantains Other fresh or chilled vegetables
1110 (1.2%)
0484 (1.1%) Bakery
0585
4242 (2.5%) Palm oil
2926 2927
0752 (3.2%) Spices other than pepper
0481
8931 (1.1%) 0620 (0.64%) 6421 (1.1%) 4312 0565
5542 (1.1%) Organic surface-active agents N.E.S. 8939 5541 (0.94%) 5911 5913
5334
5543 5147 (0.78%)
5629
5834
1212 8459 (9.7%) Other knitted outerwear 8462 (2.9%) Knitted undergarments of cotton 6552
2225 8451 (0.81%) 6522
5121 (1.4%) 2890 (4%) Ores and precious metals 6924 (0.7%) 6911 (0.65%) 6513 6531 3413 (0.98%) liquified hydrocarbons 2882 6624 6732
6749 (1.3%) Other worked iron/steel sheets 6783 (0.74%) 6651 (0.89%)
7781
8423 (0.72%) 8431 8439 (2%) Other women outerwear 8463
0360 (0.85%)
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
guinEA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.965
0.97
0.975
0.98
0.985
0.02
0.04
0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
180 144 108 72 36 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
GDP USD 3.8 B / (126/24) GDPPC USD 384 / (124/22)
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 47.16 m / 228.33 B (0,02%)

Total Exports: 47.16 M / 228.33 B (0.02%)
1988
0711 (12%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 535.41 m / 2.79 T (0.02%)

Total Exports: 535.41 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)
5225 (73%)
2873 (78%)
6672 (16%)
0711
2232 (4.1%)
0573 (3.8%)
0577
2631 0721
5513 0579 (2.3%) 2820
0579
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.77 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
Total Exports: 1.77 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)

9710 (27%) Gold, non-monetary 8928 (6.6%) Printed matter N.E.S.
2873 (43%) Aluminium ore
3413 (7.4%) liquified hydrocarbons 2320 (1.3%) Natural rubber, latex & gums 0411 2483 (1.4%) Worked wood of non-coniferous
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
HOndurAS
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9
-1
-1
-2
-2 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
910 728 546 364 182 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 225.34 m / 228.33 B (0,1%)

Total Exports: 225.34 M / 228.33 B (0.1%)
1988
2482 (8.4%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 960.74 m / 2.79 T (0.03%)

Total Exports: 960.74 M / 2.79 T (0.03%)
0573 (56%)
0711 (13%)
0573 (44%)
0711 (20%)
0360 (8.6%)
0111
0342
0111 (2.6%) 0011 0360 (1.4%) 0013 0542 (2%) 2631 (2.1%) 0440 (1.5%) 2223 2874 (3.1%) 2879 6612 5541 (1.4%) 0583
8465 (1.7%) 8423 8462 2482 (2%) 6359
8441 (1.4%) 8432
0579 (2.2%)
0589 1221
0583
0572
2875 (1.5%) 7932 (0.81%) 8947 2874 9410
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
8451 (14%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers & cardigans 0711 (11%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee substitutes 0573 (4%) Fresh or dried banana & plantains
4242 (3.2%) Palm oil
0611 4244
1222 7731 (5.9%) Electric wire 3413 (2.1%) liquified hydrocarbons 9710 (1.6%) Gold, non-monetary
8472 (2.5%) Knitted clothing accessories of textile fabrics
8429 (1.7%) Other men outerwear 6552 (1.3%)
2874 (0.72%) 0360 (2.5%) Fresh, chilled, frozen or salted crustaceans & molluscs
2882
5541 (0.88%)
8463 (2.8%) Knitted undergarments of synthetic fibers
8465 (2.3%) Corsets 8439 (0.54%) 8441 (1.9%) Men's undershirt 2690 8997
8931
1221 (1.8%)
0819 6421 0484 0343 (1.2%) Fresh or chilled fish fillets 2820
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
HOng kOng SAr, cHinA

2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5 2

0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5
22% of WT
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 0.74
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
53 k 42.4 k 31.8 k 21.2 k 10.6 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.68 B / 228.33 B (0,73%)

Total Exports: 1.68 B / 228.33 B (0.73%)
1988
8124 (2.3%) 7788 (2%) 6991 6577 7782 5852 6673 8973 (1.6%) 2890 6998 8994 8851 8998 6960
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 42.13 B / 2.79 T (1.51%)

Total Exports: 42.13 B / 2.79 T (1.51%)
8472 (22%)
8510 (5.1%)
8942 (11%)
8942 (5.9%)
7649 (2.5%) 7599 (2.3%)
7628 8439 (3.8%) (2.1%) 8451 (3.7%)
8441 (2%) 8459 (2%)
8462 (2%) 6522 (7.4%)
8310 (4%) 7781 6584 (3.5%) 8471 (1.9%) 6521 (6.1%) 6522 (5.4%) 8997 8481 6513 (1.8%) 8972 (1.7%) 8830 6658 8999 (10%) 6672 (2%)
8310 (1.1%) 8481 8452 6560 6531 6534 6541
8852 (1.8%)
7764 8983 (1.6%) 7622
7712 7757
7512 8435 (2.1%)
7788 7611 (1.1%) (1%) 7641 7722 (1.1%) (1%) 7849 (5.1%)
8423 7763 7638 7522 8124 7518 (2.1%) 8811 7768 7284 (2.8%) 7758 (1%) 7243 7162
8429 (1.1%) 8463 8431 6552
8851 (4.7%)
6974 8973 (2.3%) 8998 6672 (1.2%) 6673
2923 8921 0360 (1.1%) 5335 1222 5530
8939 8972 (1.3%) 8999 8921 (0.87%) 8928 8483 0341 8931 (0.9%)
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7599 (6.1%) Parts of cash registers & calculating machines 7712 (2.4%) Parts of electric power machinery N.E.S. 8451 (2.2%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers & cardigans 8459 (1.1%) Other knitted outerwear 8439 (1.1%) 8310 (1.9%) Luggage & handbags 6552 6522 (0.89%) Non synthetic knitted fibres 8462 (0.74%) 6513 8463 8481
8942 (4.4%) Toys
8465 8423
8431 8441
7638 (2.3%) Video & sound recorders N.E.S. 7649 (10%) Parts of telecom & sound recording equipment
7763 (1.6%) Diodes & transistors 7641 8710 (0.76%)
7781 (0.81%)
6672 (3.1%) Not mounted diamonds
8851 (1.8%) Watches
7768 (0.79%) 8842 (0.53%) 7731 5833 (0.94%) Polystyrene 8921 (0.53%) 8972 6114 (0.54%)
7722 (2%) Printed circuits & parts N.E.S. 7788 (1.9%) Other electrical machinery & equipment N.E.S.
7642 (0.5%) 7518 7723 7757
8852 8124
7643 (1.6%) 7528 Television & radio transmitters 8841
8973 (1.5%) Precious jewellery 6811 5839 8748
7169
7149
6822
8939
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
HungAry
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5

0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -10 -5 0 x 10

-3
22% of WT
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
11 k 8.8 k 6.6 k 4.4 k 2.2 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0011 (12%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 460.81 m / 228.33 B (0,2%)

Total Exports: 460.81 M / 228.33 B (0.2%)
1988
6782 (1.1%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 6.64 B / 2.79 T (0.24%)

Total Exports: 6.64 B / 2.79 T (0.24%)
6733 (2.5%)
0111 (4.6%)
0012 (2.1%) 0015 0118
0113 (1.6%) 0142
0114 (3.9%)
0149 0616 (0.92%) 0013 6521 (1.2%) 6544
7919 6991 0545 0565 0561 (1.5%) 6731 7914 6725 (2%) 8946 0586 0121 7782 8942 0579 (1%) (1.4%) 6746 6712 0589 1121 7915 (1.3%) 6931 (0.97%) 0546 5148 5155 5413 5414 2482 6582 7852 (1.1%) 6573 (1.6%) 8822 5169 6841 (3.5%) 5621 (1.5%) 5225 6612 6732
7841 (2.1%) 7212 (1.4%) 7831 (1.6%) 7219 (1.3%)
7782 (2.1%)
6259 6931 5112 (1%) 6252 5111
5156 (1%) 7742
5417 (1.8%) 5414
8510 (1.8%)
8431 8459 8439
8472 (2%) 6584 8510 (1.1%) 8481 (1.1%) 8997 (0.81%) 8471
6522 (4.4%)
0751 0542 2924 2665 (1.1%) 2923 (0.86%) 9410 4236 0574 6658 3354 3232 (1.2%) (0.81%)
8424 5413 8310 8423 3351 6123 5161 6573 8481 7528 7641 7521 5148 8434 8433 5831 5834 5621 5913 7842 7361 8121 7522 7611 7642 8124 (2.1%) (1.2%) (1.2%) (1.3%) 3352 7491 7415 5832 6522 6542 6513 5629 6727 6725 6733 6782 7783 6842 (2.3%) 8219 1121 0545 0440 0411 (1.6%) 7272 6744 7367 6731 2224 2238 7449 0565 4236 7169 7752 0114 (2.9%) 0149 0113 0012 2919 8211 6997 6351 0546 0585 0542 0751 0811 (1.3%) (1.2%) 2450 6353 2925 2471 2472 0579 0561 2882 5225 2820 0142 0118 (2.7%) 6911 0980 0620 2483 6651 0913 5121 1124 0011 0451 6652 3232
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7810 (8.1%) Cars 7643 (12%) Television & radio transmitters 7731 (2.9%) Electric wire 6842 (1%) 7752 (0.71%) 6911 6428 3510 (1.2%) Electric current 8211 (1.1%) Chairs & seats 6353
7132 (8.2%) Internal combustion engines for motor vehicles
7611 (5.1%) Color T.V. 7849 (4.4%) Other vehicles parts 7139 (1.1%) 7212 7868
7649 (2.2%) Parts of telecom & sound recording equipment
5831
5834 (0.51%)
7431
7783
7239
7162 7525 (2.2%) Control & peripheral hardware 7528 7518 7763
8939 (1.1%) 0819 Miscellaneous articles of plastic 0440 (1.2%) Unmilled maize 2224 2226
5148
6251 7721 (2.7%) Switchboards, relays & fuses
7169
7434 7422
7784 7758 6289 7415 7722 7782 (0.83%) 7149 (0.5%) 6727 (0.5%) 7523 (1.7%) CPUs 7638 7757 8124
0980 (0.68%) 8931
8749 6991 7919 7732
7429 6418 7499
0412 (0.7%) 0114 (0.58%) 0113
2820 (0.58%)
8743 (1.4%)
8732
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
IndiA
2008
Product Space
2008

3 2.5 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
22% of WT
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
160 128 96 64 32 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
POPULATION 1.1 B / (2/1) TOTAL EXPORTS USD 182 B / (24/1)
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0741 (16%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.97 B / 228.33 B (0,86%)

Total Exports: 1.97 B / 228.33 B (0.86%)
1988
6513 (1.2%) 6519 6592 (0.92%) 6584 8510 0360 (1.2%) 6673 6712 (2.5%) 6733 (1.8%) (0.96%) 6725 2877 (1.3%) 2879 6732 (1.5%) 6911 2820 8999 7731 0545 2911 6118 (4.8%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 16.03 B / 2.79 T (0.57%)

Total Exports: 16.03 B / 2.79 T (0.57%)
6545 (16%)
6522 (3.5%)
8435 (2.9%) 8441 (2.6%)
8481 (1.5%)
8433 (1%)
6584 6592 (3.1%) 6521 0741 (3.6%) (0.98%) (1.9%)
0711 (1.4%) 0751 (1.3%)
2929 (1.1%) 2924 0752
6521 (3%) 6581 (4.4%) 0577 (5.4%) 2631 (1.4%) 6672 2922 2640 (2.3%) 2221 0752 2929 2785 (1.1%) (1.3%) 2924
6114
2919 2114
6123 (2.3%)
8310 8451 8510 (0.94%) (0.89%) (1.2%) 0577 8434 8471 6594 8462 6581 6513 (1.8%) 6541 (1.6%) 8439 (0.95%) 0422 (1.7%) 8459 6596 6522 (1.6%) 6116 (2.1%) 8463 2815 (4.6%) 6114 6113 2873 2731 2816 8973 2879 0360 (3.1%)
6545 (0.79%) 0813 (2.2%) 0421 2922 5311 5146 6115 7244 6975 7522 7761 6716
6672 (20%)
5417 5530 (1.3%)
0813 (5.1%)
4245 0711 (1.8%) 0751 (1.4%)
6953 6978 7853 0545 0579
5513
7852 8960
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
2815 (4.6%) Not agglomerated iron ore 2873 6783 (1.7%) Other iron or steel tubes & pipes 6716 (1.5%) Ferro-alloys 6727 5169 (2.1%) Organic chemicals 5311 (0.9%) Synthetic organic dyes
6861 2816 8973 (4%) Precious jewellery 6794 2731
6822 6749 (1.6%) Other worked iron/steel sheets
6725
6746 6712 5112 (1.3%)
7161
7139
7851 7416
3352 5911
7831 6821 (1.1%) Unwrought copper & copper alloys 8462 (2.1%) Knitted undergarments of cotton 8459 (1%) Other 8310 knitted outerwear 8441 6584 (1.4%) 8439 8481 6596 8432 8423 8434 6123 6594 0577 (0.62%) 2225 6522 6514 2631 (1.4%) 8433 6513 (1.6%) Cotton yarn 6531 0422 (2.5%) Semi or wholly milled rice
7929 (1.2%) Aircraft equipment parts N.E.S. 0813 (2.3%) Oilcake
7938 (1.1%) Special floating structures 0440 (0.8%) Unmilled maize 0360 (0.86%) 0111 6911 6732 (0.59%) 6114 6116 0545
8510 (1.1%) 8435 (1.1%)
0612 (0.65%) 0752 0741 0711 0751
0611 6613 (0.69%) 5823
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
indOnESiA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82
-2 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
600 480 360 240 120 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
2320 (17%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 973.06 m / 228.33 B (0,43%)

Total Exports: 973.06 M / 228.33 B (0.43%)
1988
2876 (11%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 21.93 B / 2.79 T (0.78%)

Total Exports: 21.93 B / 2.79 T (0.78%)
2231 (5.1%)
3330 (32%)
3330 (23%)
2320 (8%)
4242 6342 (12%) (1.8%)
4243
4242 (3.2%)
0721 0711 (3.2%) 2923 0751 0741 2483 (4.1%) 0548 0752 0813 1211 0360 (3%) 6344 (0.87%) 6349 5621
0711 (7.9%)
2232 0751 (1.8%) 0741 (2.8%) 0752 (1.3%) 2221 0615 2923 0813 0548 (1.3%) 2472 (3.4%) 2471 6871 (2.1%) 2483 2873 8999 (1.5%) 5723 2114 6584 2872 0360
3413 (17%)
6841 (1.8%)
2872 (1.8%)
2871 (1.7%)
6612 8973
8439 8441 8435 8423 8462 8463
6531 6534 6516
0342 6871 (1.6%) 0341 6727
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
3330 (11%) Crude petroleum 4242 (11%) Palm oil 2320 (5.3%) Natural rubber, latex & gums 0711 8510 (1.6%) Footwear 8459 (1%) Other knitted outerwear 8439 8451 8462 8465 0813 4244 (1.3%) 0721 (0.75%) 0577 4243 3354 (2.1%) 8219 (1.2%) Furniture parts N.E.S. 6342 (0.91%) 2483 6415 (1.7%) Paper & paperboad in rolls or sheets 2517 (1.3%) Chemical wood pulp, soda or sulphate 6412 (0.58%) 7452 (0.81%) 6251 5541 4313 6716 0914 5823 (0.53%) 7731 (0.84%) Electric wire 8211 6353 7638 (1%) Video & sound recorders N.E.S. 7781 7641 6871 (1.7%) 0360 (1%) Unwrought tin & alloys Fresh, chilled, frozen or salted crustaceans & 0342 molluscs 5146 0372 8441 8423 6514 6516 8429 6354
3222 (9.2%) Other coal
2871 (2.9%) Copper
6821
2872 (1.7%) Nickel
5225 (0.51%)
6822 6744
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
iSLAmic rEpuBLic OF irAn

2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.935
0.94
0.945
0.95
0.955
0.96
0.965
0.97
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
1.4 k 1.1 k 840 560 280 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 2.12 B / 228.33 B (0,93%)

Total Exports: 2.12 B / 228.33 B (0.93%)
1988
6592 (5.7%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 8.64 B / 2.79 T (0.31%)

Total Exports: 8.64 B / 2.79 T (0.31%)
3330 (87%)
3330 (88%)
6592 (5.3%)
2631 (2.4%)
0577 (2.8%)
0577 2922 2117 2919
0575 0752 2117 (0.84%) 0579
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 2.12 B / 15.56 T (0.93%) Total Exports: 2.12 B / 228.33 B (0.93%)
3330 (87%)
6592 (5.7%)
2631 (2.4%)
0577 2922 2117 2919

Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
irELAnd
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5 2

0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.9
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
22% of WT
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
32 k 25.6 k 19.2 k 12.8 k 6.4 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0011 (17%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 921.12 m / 228.33 B (0,4%)

Total Exports: 921.12 M / 228.33 B (0.4%)
1988
2771 0730 (3.4%) 0121 (3%) 0620
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 18.36 B / 2.79 T (0.66%)

Total Exports: 18.36 B / 2.79 T (0.66%)
0111 (13%)
6672 (8%)
7523 (6.6%)
8983 (3.9%)
7522 7721 7758 6954
0111 (5.9%)
0230 (2.9%)
0240 (1.7%) 5922 (1.4%) 2111 6522 6514 6534 8462
2874 (2.3%) 0015 (2.5%) 0149 (1.4%) 0116 0113 5413 (1.4%) 0819 8472 (1.9%)
0112 (1.7%) 0230 (3.7%) 0240 (2.2%) 0224
0115
2772 (2.5%)
2875 (1%) 2789
1123 (3.4%) 5415 (1.2%) 8720 8731 6931 6623
0980
7599 (6.2%)
7764 (1.4%)
6251 7525 7528 7822 (0.84%) 7757 8841 6733 5413 5530 8921
0011 0015 0112 (1.6%) 0149 0116 0980 (5.4%)
0224 (1.8%)
6940 7452 8942 9410 6658 0541 0542
5156 (4.1%)
7649 (0.96%) 7722 8720 5417 (3.1%) (1.4%) 5989 5154
7731 (1.3%) 7414 6652
0012 6114 (1.4%) 2681 2111 2919 6512 (0.78%) 0360
8510 6584
6210 6521 6519 8960
5148 5514 (1.1%)
8939 2772 (1.8%)
5139 5621
0730 (1.1%)
8931
8748 5146 5147
0620 1124 (1.9%) 1123 2873 (1.1%)
2875 6998 0488 2929 0430 0612 2665 3224 8924
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
5514 (6.9%) Odoriferous substances 5417 (18%) Medicaments 7523 (5%) CPUs 7764 (4.6%) Electronic microcircuits
5156 (15%) Heterocyclic compound; nucleic acids
7599 (2.9%) Parts of cash registers & calculating machines
8841 (1.2%)
7525 (1.1%)
5148 (5.3%) Other nitrogen-function compounds
8720 (3.3%) Medical instruments N.E.S.
8996 (3.3%) Orthopaedic appliances 0111 (1.9%) Bovine meat
7528
0980 (0.94%)
0730 0149 5989 (4.3%) Chemical products 5416 (2.5%) Glycosides & vaccines 5155 (0.73%) 5145 (0.6%) 5157 (1.1%) 5415 5146 5413 (1.4%) Antibiotics 5139 5530 5419 0240 (0.86%) Cheese & curd 5922 0230 0224 0484 0488 (1.3%) Malt extract & cereal preparations containing less than 50% cocoa 7414 2873 2875
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
iSrAEL
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5 2

0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
22% of WT
1.5
0.5
-0.5
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
8.6 k 6.8 k 5.1 k 3.4 k 1.7 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 575.78 m / 228.33 B (0,25%)

Total Exports: 575.78 M / 228.33 B (0.25%)
1988
0572 (6.8%) 2221 2634 0813 4232 2927
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 10.20 B / 2.79 T (0.36%)

Total Exports: 10.20 B / 2.79 T (0.36%)
6672 (40%)
0571 (19%)
6672 (37%)
7499 (3.2%)
7284 (2%) 7281 8946
7622 (2.2%) 7641
7788 7649
7929 (3%)
0585 (4.7%)
8472 (3.4%)
5623 (3.7%) 2713 (2.2%)
0589 (1.8%) 2871 6998 6612 0579
0545 0561
8481 6513 (2.3%)
5221 6521 7131 6517 7928 8960 2665
7643 7781 7757 7763 7149 9510 7452 7768 7754 8710 6259 7528 8748 8742 5232 2713 0585 (3.3%) 0571 0572 (1.1%) (1.9%) 8720 7741 2927 2631 5222 5622 0579 0589 (1.7%) (0.9%) 5629 0980 0546 6954 5623 (1.8%) 8973 2782 5911 8939 5914 (1%) 5834 8462 (1.1%) 5831 8459 6514 0149 8424
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
5989 (5.3%) Chemical products 7742 (1.3%) X-ray apparatus 8742 8720 7649 (3.8%) Parts of telecom & sound recording equipment 7788 (1.4%) Other electrical machinery & equipment N.E.S. 7622 (0.55%) 7723 6954 (1.6%) Interchangeable hand and machine tools 7492 7929 (2.6%) Aircraft equipment parts N.E.S. 7923 (1.7%) Aircrafts of between 2 and 15 tons 7452 (0.75%) 8749 6572
7741 (0.89%) 5112
5839
8939 (1.8%)
7149 5629 (4%) Fertilizers 5622 (1.1%) Phosphatic fertilizers 5222 5832 (0.8%) 0579
5913 (1.1%) Herbicides
6997 (1.3%) 3510 Articles of iron (0.72%) or steel N.E.S. 6633 0545 0980 6514
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
iTALy
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.6
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -0.07 -0.06 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03
22% of WT
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
9k 7.2 k 5.4 k 3.6 k 1.8 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
7810 (10%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 10.28 B / 228.33 B (4.5%)

Total Exports: 10.28 B / 228.33 B (4.5%)
1988
6732 6842 6624
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 127.35 B / 2.79 T (4.56%)

Total Exports: 127.35 B / 2.79 T (4.56%)
7411 (2.7%)
7499 (2.3%) 7512 (2.3%)
0579 (2%) 1121 (1.9%) 6973
7849 (3.2%) 7284 (2.4%)
7245 6991 7442 7499 7431 6782 7162 7428 7449 7283 7783 7362 7373 6785 8310 8459 8439 8471
7244 6251 7523 8124 7751 (0.83%) 7415 6783 6822 6542 6514 6543 6541 6522 6534
7452 7851 7281 7244 (3.1%) 8510 (8.2%) 6782 7243
7283 7271 6785 8946 7371 6940 7832 8472 (7.9%)
6341 8942 7511 0545 (1.6%) 0589 6924 6911 (0.95%) 0585 6633 8842 6652 6960 8124 0565 7852 8952 8998 6746 5413 8922 5629 6613 6822 6783 (1.1%) 5221 8921 6573 2665 5148 3345 5621 (1%) (0.91%) 8310 6513 8973 6998 2671 (1.7%) 0572 0574 0577 (1.5%) 8471 6541 2731 6584 6517 0575 0571 2927 5513 6114 0240 6512
7493 7272 6940 7491 7369 7434 7439
8219 (2.4%)
6624 (2%)
8211 8939 (1.6%) (1.3%) 8921 6573 5839 5147 6412 5834 6210
7452 (1.6%) 7492 (1.3%) 7281 (1%) 7416 7758 7224 7361 8510 (5.7%)
6732 7752 6842
7414 6911 6997
6973
1121 (1.4%) 0545 0579 0546 0730 0589 6613 (1.5%) 2665 7853 7248
8973 (2.9%)
8451 (2.9%)
8481 8463 8472 8424 8422 8434 8431 6552
6114 0240
0575
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7721 (1.3%) 7442 Switchboards, relays & fuses 7416 (0.95%) 7493 8219 (2.2%) Furniture parts N.E.S. 6624 6732 (1.2%) Iron/steel rods 8211 (1%) 8451 6997 (0.85%) 6842 (0.72%) 8842 5417 (3.2%) Medicaments 7731 (0.83%) 7414 6911 7752 6428 8422 8463 6522 8432 6552 8510 (2.4%) Footwear 8310 (1%)
7284 (2.4%) Specialized 7452 (2%) industry machinery & parts Non-electrical N.E.S machines parts N.E.S. 7492 (2.2%) Valves 7821 (1.6%) Trucks & vans
8439 (0.78%) 8481 8471
7281
7234
6785
7758
7499 7272
7372 8121 7361
7436 7822 7428
7491 7212 7449
7413
7239 6991 7224
7139 7431 7162
7362 7441 6954
1121 (1.3%) Wine
0565
0484 0730
6782
7283
7851 7132
6731 8743 6572 6727 8124 7751 7757 7415 8947 7921 7932 (1.4%) Ships & boats 7149 7929
8939 (1.1%) Miscellaneous articles of plastic 5530 (0.78%) 5831 (0.59%) 6210
0980 (0.62%) 6613
0483
7853
6114 (0.89%)
0240
6783 (1.1%) Other iron or steel tubes & pipes 6822 (0.72%)
6746 6749 6744
6998 (0.55%)
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
JAmAicA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
1.2 k 960 720 480 240 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 273.11 m / 228.33 B (0.12%)

Total Exports: 273.11 M / 228.33 B (0.12%)
1988
0611 (13%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 979.83 m / 2.79 T (0.04%)

Total Exports: 979.83 M / 2.79 T (0.04%)
2873 (47%)
2873 (42%)
8462 (5.8%)
8459 (2.3%) 8451 (2.2%)
8465 8441 (1.6%) (1.6%) 8429 (1.2%) 8435 (1%) 5121 (1.7%) 1221 (0.94%) 8434 8433
8439 (3%)
0573 (9.9%)
8423 (2.7%) 8463 (1.7%)
0611 (8%)
0573 (2.8%)
1124 (4.7%)
0612 (4.6%) 5225 (14%)
0615 (1.3%) 0751
0721
3345 (0.87%)
7932 (3.6%)
1124 (2.1%)
0589 0585
8471 (1.8%)
0548 (1.3%)
0711 0612 0571 (1.2%) 0751
0360 0344 (1.1%) 0342 5832 8212 (0.97%)
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
5121 (7.8%) Acyclic alcohols & derivatives 1124 (2.5%) Alcoholic beverages
2873 (69%) Aluminium ore
1123 (1.7%) Beer
0980 (1.1%) Edible products N.E.S.
0484
1110
0589 0579 0711 (1.4%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee substitutes 0548 (1.3%) Fresh & dried vegetables, roots & tubers N.E.S.
0611 (5.4%) Raw sugar beet & cane
5156 (1.3%) Heterocyclic compound; nucleic acids

5114
2820 (1%)
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
JApAn
2008
Product Space
2008

2.4
2.4 2.2
2.2
2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72
2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 -0.05 -0.045 -0.04 -0.035 -0.03
22% of WT
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
6.1 k 4.8 k 3.6 k 2.4 k 1.2 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 12.47 B / 228.33 B (5.46%)

Total Exports: 12.47 B / 228.33 B (5.46%)
1988
8510 (1.8%) 8472 (1.5%) 8310 8471 6575 6560 6354 6584 6664 6960 6953 8851 7852 6517 6521 6732 6624 6665 (1.3%) 8952 8994 7731 6911 8998 6998 6612 6522 (3.4%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 278.88 B / 2.79 T (9.98%)

Total Exports: 278.88 B / 2.79 T (9.98%)
7810 (6.7%)
7821 (2.3%) 7244 (1.8%)
6731 6940 7919
7491 (1.1%) 8812 7822 7832 6781 7788 (1.4%) 8811 (1.4%)
7810 (19%)
7849 7638 (3.3%) (3.8%) 7764 (3.1%)
7599 (3%)
7649 (2.7%)
8822 8748
7641 (1.9%) 8947 7761 7763 7642 7512 7762 8841 8710
7851 (3.1%)
6782 (2.4%) 7243 (1.7%) 6746 (2.6%)
7932 (12%)
7411 6785 (1.3%) 7271 7783 6749 8942 (1.9%) (2%)
5156 8742
7788 (1.6%) 7768 7628 7611 7821 (3.4%) 7284 7139 7132 7783 7442 7441 7518 (1.3%) (1.9%) 7243 7244 7648 8983 7431 7491 7758 7831 (1.2%) (0.99%) 7162 7591 7525 6782 (0.98%) (1.1%) 7245 7499 6746 (1.3%) 6783 7361 6954 6731 7138 6940 7851 6744 6749 7362 7367 8811 7415 7712 8982 7621 7932 (1.8%)
6783 (1.9%)
6747 (1.5%)
8710 8947 7512 6770
7781 8841
6822 6733 6727 5224
8982 7511 8852 5621 6931 7782 (1.3%)
5148 2331 2665 (1.7%) 2671 (0.99%) 8720
8851 (0.99%) 8952 6531 7853
7721 (1.6%) 7234 (1.1%)
6573 6512 0589 0611 (0.96%) 5231
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7849 (4.8%) Other vehicles parts 7764 (4.7%) Electronic microcircuits 7649 (2.4%) Parts of telecom & sound recording equipment 5989 (1.8%) Chemical products 5112 (0.91%) 5839 (0.75%) 5156 8742 (0.5%) 8748 8822 2331 7741
7810 (19%) Cars
7638 (2.1%) Video & sound recorders N.E.S.
7788 (1.8%) Other electrical 7768 (1%) 7781 (0.74%) machinery & equipment N.E.S. 8710 (0.73%) 7284 (4.3%) Specialized industry machinery & parts N.E.S 7721 (2.2%) Switchboards, relays & fuses 7132 (0.83%) 7493 (0.8%) 7491 (0.64%) 8749 Internal Mechanical combustion tools for 7783 engines for 7361 7239building 7442 (0.63%) 6251 motor vehicles 7492 (0.62%) 7367 7234 (2.1%) Construction & mining machinery 7139 (1.1%) 7499 Piston engines parts N.E.S. 6954 7851 (0.94%) Motorcycles 6940 7133 7138 (0.51%) 7162 7441 8743 6782 6822 (0.59%) 6745 6733 6744 (0.66%) 6725 6252 7782 7436 7431 7763 (1.5%) Diodes & transistors 8841 (1.4%) 7722 7518 7712 7161 6727 6749 6746 7932 (3.2%) Ships & boats 7415 7648
7831
2820 5823
5833
7821 (2%) Trucks & vans
6821
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
JOrdAn
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
2

0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
22% of WT
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
1.4 k 1.1 k 840 560 280 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
2713 (54%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 33.54 m / 228.33 B (0.01%)

Total Exports: 33.54 M / 228.33 B (0.01%)
1988
0571 (2.4%) 0574 (1.2%) 0575
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 764.43 m / 2.79 T (0.03%)

Total Exports: 764.43 M / 2.79 T (0.03%)
0542 (5.8%)
2713 (30%)
5623 (18%)
0545 (7.9%)
0579
0544 (2.8%)
0460 (2%)
1222 (1.7%)
0577
3330 (11%)
0811 0430 0545 (2.5%) 0579 (1.1%) 7821 0620
0544 (3.1%)
0571 (1.6%)
0572
0577 1222 7149 (2.4%) 2882 (2.1%) 5629 (13%) 5622 (2.2%) 5231 5232 5621 5417 (3.8%) 7928 7144 6613 (2.1%) 7131 8743 0012 6973
6612 (3%) 5622 5629
6731
7283
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
5621 (6.7%) Nitrogenous fertilizers 8459 (7.6%) Other knitted outerwear 8439 (1.6%) Other women outerwear 8462 (1.4%) 7643 (3.2%) Television & Knitted radio transmitters undergarments of cotton 7162 (1.1%) AC electric motors & generators 7831 7415
5623 (11%) Potassic fertilizers
7751 7929 (1.2%) Aircraft equipment parts N.E.S. 7131 6749
8451 (1.3%) 8463 (1.2%) Knitted undergarments of synthetic fibers 8434 (0.83%) 0545 (2.7%) Other fresh or 0980 chilled vegetables (0.96%) 1110 8931
2713 (7.6%) Natural calcium phosphates & aluminium
9710 (1.2%) Gold, non-monetary 6612
2882
0579 5222 (3.8%) Non-metals inorganic acids & oxygen compounds 5232 (1.9%) Inorganic acids metallic salts & peroxysalts 8939 5530 0819 5334 5542 5335 6924 (2%) Metal cask for packing goods 6842 7414 4312 (1.1%) 7731 (2.1%) Electric wire 6417 8219 6428 0114 0149 0251
0544 (2.8%) Fresh or chilled tomatoes
1222
5622 (1.1%)
5231 (0.72%) 5629 (0.63%)
0224
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
kAZAkHSTAn
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
4.6 k 3.6 k 2.7 k 1.8 k 920 0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1994
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.05 B / 4.30 t (0.03%)

Total Exports: 1.50 B / 4.30 T (0.03%)
1988
6716 (5.5%) 6727 (3.8%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 8.64 B / 5.90 T (0.15%)

Total Exports: 8.64 B / 5.90 T (0.15%)
3330 (39%)
6821 (11%)
3330 (53%)
6821 (7.8%)
6716 (3.9%)
6746 (2.7%)
6746 (3.4%) 6811 (7.5%) 6861 (3.1%)
6744 (1.1%) 6745
5224 6733 6747 2631 (2.9%)
2873 (2.2%)
6811 (1.7%) 6899 2816
6749 (1.6%) 6727 (1.4%)
6747 6822 6744 2631
2681 (3%)
2116 2111
6861 (2%) 3222 (2.9%)
5241 (2.9%)
6899 (0.83%) 6851 2881
2682 5221 (1.8%)
0371 5629 3345 (0.94%) 0411
2877 2815 0412 (3.9%) 5241 (1.8%) 9710 (1.3%) 2820 (1.1%) 5232
6851 2875
6841
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
6821 (3.7%) Unwrought copper & copper alloys 6716 (4.4%) Ferro-alloys
2879 (0.68%) 2816 (1.2%) Agglomerated iron ore 2873 (0.73%) 2815 (0.72%)
2871 (0.53%) 6861 (0.95%) Unwrought zinc & alloys 6811
6725 (0.93%) 6727 (0.92%) Iron/steel Iron/steel coils billets 6749 (0.79%) 6746 (0.78%) 7924 0412 (2%) Other wheat & meslin, unmilled 0460 (1.3%) 6822 (0.51%)
5241 (1.9%) 2741 Radioactive chemical elements
3222 (1.2%) Other coal
6851 2820 (0.87%) 6114
9710 (0.82%)
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
kEnyA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.74
0.76
0.78
0.8
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
170 136 102 68 34 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0711 (29%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 170.69 m / 228.33 B (0.07%)

Total Exports: 170.69 M / 228.33 B (0.07%)
1988
0149 (3.1%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 896.34 m / 2.79 T (0.03%)

Total Exports: 896.34 M / 2.79 T (0.03%)
0741 (20%)
0711 (34%)
0741 (28%)
0589 (4.1%)
0545 (4.1%)
2111
2114 6118
2120 2911 5322 (2%)
0579 (3.1%)
5232 (2.4%) 2631 (3.5%) 2654 (3.3%) 0577 (1.4%)
0585 (1.4%) 0565 6113 0344 (0.94%) 6115
6116 (2%) 6114 (1.9%) 0577 2927 (4%) 2929 0615 2654 5232 (1.7%)
0440 (9.1%) 2929 (3%) 2924 (2.5%) 0542 (1.4%) 0615
0819 8921 2634 2235 6612 0589 (0.84%) 2221 0813 2876 (2%) 7131 8731 6354 9610
2111 2114 5989 2785 6673 (0.83%) 5322 8741 8997
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
0545 (6%) Other fresh or chilled vegetables 5232 (4.8%) Inorganic acids metallic salts & peroxysalts
0741 (22%) Tea
0589 (1.8%) 8931 (1.6%) Prepared or Closable preserved fruit plastic packing
0914 (1%) Margarine 6421 (0.64%)
0565 5541 (0.97%) Soaps 5621 5542 (0.62%) 5543 8921 6842 (0.74%) 6732 6996 6911 (0.64%) 3510 7144 6749 (2.4%) Other worked iron/steel sheets
0585 (0.54%)
0620 2927 (12%) Flora 0711 (3.6%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee substitutes 8439 (1.5%) Other women outerwear 8459 (1.5%) Other knitted outerwear 6612 (2.8%) Cement 8510 (0.91%) Footwear 8432
0579 (0.59%) 8423
2929
0488 0542
8451 2783 (0.94%) 2785
6974 (0.82%) 0342 (0.67%) 6114 0344 2882 0343 6116 8928 (0.98%) 6651
1222 (2.1%) Cigarretes 2926 (1.2%) 4242 (1.2%)
1212
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
kOrEA, rEpuBLic
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
2

0.8 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
22% of WT
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
8.7 k 6.9 k 5.2 k 3.4 k 1.7 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 421.91 m / 228.33 B (0.18%)

Total Exports: 421.91 M / 228.33 B (0.18%)
1988
0548 (7.1%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 60.08 B / 2.79 T (2.15%)

Total Exports: 60.08 B / 2.79 T (2.15%)
8472 (23%)
8510 (4.6%)
8999 (14%)
7764 (4.5%)
7649 (1.7%) 8983 (1.4%)
7761 7621 8510 (7.8%) (1.3%) (1.2%)
8481 (3.5%)
6531 (3.2%)
6575 (1.6%) 8471 6584 2613 (7.4%) 6541 (7.3%) 6521 (5.5%)
6560 (1.4%) 2924 (2.7%) 8997 8310 2874 (1.2%) 2785 2782 2875 0360 (2.6%) 2789 7788 (0.79%) 5621 (1.2%) 6597 6960 2919 2929
7638 (3%) 8942 (2.3%) 7810 (6.1%) 7611 (2.2%)
8947 7788 7628 7522 7763 7642 7641 7622 7525 8310 8482 (2.3%)
8451 (2.6%) 8441 8459 8463 8435 8424 8472 8439 (1.1%) 8431 8462 6534 6541 6516
7523 8429 6727 (1.6%) 6744 6746 (1.3%) 6783 6974 6252 6931 8851 7731 7711 6732 6259
2879 (4.3%) 6511 2614
7758 (1.8%)
6251 6940
7932 (2.8%)
8421 8842 0360 0342 8939 (1.1%) 6573 0344 3345 0341 8483 6512 5629
6613 8972 2929 6612
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
8710 (7.3%) Optical instruments 7810 (9.9%) Cars 7849 (4.1%) Other vehicles parts 7284 (1.7%) 5112 (1.7%) Cyclic 5138 (1.2%) Specialized hydrocarbons Polycarboxylic industry acids & machinery & derivatives parts N.E.S 5839 2331 5148 (0.88%) (0.63%) Other 7499 polymerization 5111 (0.63%) & 6954 copolymarization 5831 5832 products (0.94%)
7764 (8.1%) Electronic microcircuits
7234 (1%) 7239 Construction & mining machinery 7416 (0.63%) 7643 (7%) Television & radio transmitters 7649 (5.5%) Parts of telecom & sound recording equipment 7932 (11%) Ships & boats 7133
6785 7247 7831 7361 7431
6749 (1.6%) Other 6746 (1.3%) worked iron/steel Iron/steel sheets <3mm tick sheets 6727 (1.2%) Iron/steel coils 6783
7731 (0.9%) Electric wire 6842 6552 (0.95%)
7752
6531 6514
7722 7788 (0.86%) 7938 (2%) Other electrical 7415 machinery & equipment * Numbers indicate SITC-4 rev 2 codes. Parenthesis indicate percentage of total exports. Treemap Headers show: Total Trade/Total World Trade (share of world trade represented by the country).
7525 (2%) Control & peripheral hardware
7781 (0.92%) Batteries
8841 (0.81%) 6822 (0.83%)
6733
6745
5833 (1.1%) 5823 (0.93%) Polyesters 3354
6770
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
kuwAiT
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.986
0.988
0.99
0.992
0.994
-0.02
0.02
0.04
0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
18 B 14.4 B 10.8 B 7.2 B 3.6 B 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 2.07 B / 228.33 B (0.91%)

Total Exports: 2.07 B / 228.33 B (0.91%)
1988
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 7.95 B / 2.79 T (0.28%)

Total Exports: 7.95 B / 2.79 T (0.28%)
3330 (100%)
3330 (79%)
3413 (8%)
3345 (3.9%)
5621 (2.5%)
3352 5221 (0.82%) 6531 (0.8%) 6911 6649
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
kyrgyZ rEpuBLic
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
-1
-1
-2
-2 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
310 248 186 124 62 0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1994
2882 (13%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 121.56 m / 4.30 t (0.003%)

Total Exports: 121.56 M / 4.30 T (0.003%)
2001
6746 (6.1%) 6744 6745 (1.5%) 6783 6733 (1.2%) 6747 (2.9%) 6725 6727
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 470.38 B / 5.90 T (0.01%)

Total Exports: 470.38 M / 5.90 T (0.01%)
2112 (6.6%)
9710 (52%)
1211 (5.7%)
3510 (11%)
2116 (5.4%) 6899 (11%)
2111 (3.4%)
2631 (5%)
2117 6114 2681 (9.5%) 2879 (5%) 6821 5225 (2.5%) 2682 (1.8%) 2687 6512 2686 (1.3%) 2683 2632 2631 (8.3%) 6513 2614 6522 6732 (2.1%)
0542 (1.1%) 7832 (2%)
6618 7831 (1.5%) 2111 2116 (1.2%) 5221
6924 0240 2820 (1.2%)
5241 (1.7%)
2634
5629 5221
7782 (2.8%) 5241 2882 6899
8931
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.63 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
Total Exports: 1.63 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)

8435 (3%) Blouses 8439 (1.4%) 2631 (2.3%) Raw Other women cotton outerwear 0542 (2%) Dried or shelled legumes
8433 (1.2%) Dresses 8432 (1.1%) Women's suits 0579 (2.1%) Fresh or dried fruit N.E.S.
8434 (0.99%) Skirts
8423
0577 (1.1%) 0544 1211 (1.4%) Unstripped tobacco 0575 (1.2%) Grapes & raisins 2112 (0.63%) 6114 0240 (0.92%) 0011 2685
0914 (1%)
8931 (0.56%) 0546
0223 (1.6%) Fresh milk & cream
6421 0545 (1.2%) Other fresh or chilled vegetables 6644 (3.1%) Unworked surface-ground cast glass 0980
0730
6612 (4.6%) Cement
8973 (1.6%) Precious jewellery 6841 6811
2890 2732
7782 (2.1%) Incandescent & fluorescent bulbs
2820 (1%)
2882
3354
6618 (0.51%)
5221 (0.56%)
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
LAO PDR
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94
-2 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
220 176 132 88 44 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 5.28 m / 228.33 B (0.002%)

Total Exports: 5.28 M / 228.33 B (0.002%)
1988
0752 2221
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 53.05 m / 2.79 T (0.002%)

Total Exports: 53.05 M / 2.79 T (0.002%)
2876 (37%)
0711 (26%)
2472 (45%)
2820 (11%)
0542 2924 2483 (19%)
6545 0577 2922
2882 (11%)
0711 (4.6%) 2483 (12%) 2471 (6.6%) 2923 (2.1%) 2924 (1.3%)
6584 6552 2911 (1.9%) 2111
8423 8441
6811 (6.8%)
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.39 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
Total Exports: 1.39 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)

2483 (12%) Worked wood of non-coniferous 3510 (8.4%) Electric current
2472 (5.6%) Sawlogs & veneer logs of non-coniferous
7731
8459 (1.8%) 0711 (3.3%) Green & roasted Other knitted coffee & coffee substitutes outerwear
8451 (3.2%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers & cardigans 8463 (1.6%) 8429 Knitted undergarments of synthetic fibers 8439 (0.78%) 2732 3222 2876 6899
2871 (4%)
5221
0545
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
LATViA
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
22% of WT

0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 5 10 15 x 10

-3
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
4.1 k 3.2 k 2.4 k 1.6 k 820 0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1994
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.46 B / 4.30 t (0.03%)

Total Exports: 1.46 B / 4.30 T (0.03%)
2001
2471 (5.2%) 2472 (3.9%) 6342 (2.1%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 2.04 B / 5.90 T (0.03%)

Total Exports: 2.04 B / 5.90 T (0.03%)
3330 (28%)
2482 (11%)
2482 (17%)
6732 (5.7%) 8451 (1.4%) 8465 8439 6514 5417 (2.9%) (1%) (0.99%) 8423 6513 6546 5530 8462 8431 8435 (0.94%) 6519 5334 8921 8434 8429 8459 5629 5621 (0.75%) 0371 (2.7%) 5922 0240 7784 7499 8928 6992 7913 (1.4%) 0344 6359 (2.1%) 6341 6633 6911 8211 6343 6512 3222 0980 8931 1222 0585 1110 0412 6421 3224 6584 6553
6732 (1.4%) 8219 (1.2%) 5623 (3.9%)
6343 2460 8211 2483 6341 6359 0342 0371 (1.2%) 0341 2111 6114 (0.94%) 5922 2820 3224 (1.2%)
6584 8439 2882 (3.4%) 5225 (3.8%) 6821 (1.3%) 8451 8429
8423 8431
8434 6514 (1.1%) 8424
8219 (4.7%)
6353 (3.1%)
2483 (3%) 2472 (2.5%)
6342 (3.7%)
8465 6712 (1.5%) 6744 6733
6731 6992 6770
3345 5824 2631 (2.1%)
6841 (2%)
6831 (0.88%) 6716
2471 (3.3%) 2460
6841 (3.1%) 2882 (1.5%) 8974
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
6342 (2.5%) Sheets of plywood 8219 (2%) Furniture parts N.E.S. 5417 (3.9%) Medicaments 5530 (0.76%) 5335 (0.53%) 6546 (0.5%) 0412 (3%) Other wheat & meslin, unmilled 2226 (1.1%) 0813 Rape & colza seeds 0430 6633 (0.73%) 7861 8211 7611 (2.3%) Color T.V. 7643 (1.2%) Television & 8465 radio transmitters 8451 6552 0484 3510 1121 (1%) Wine 1124 (2.3%) Alcoholic beverages 2820 (2.8%) Iron & 3224 (1.4%) steel waste Peat 1222 (0.98%) Cigarretes 8939 5989 (1.2%) 0223 (1.4%)
8921
2471 (1.9%) Sawlogs & veneer logs of coniferous
0240 (0.95%) Cheese & curd 0371 (1.7%) Fish N.E.S. 0341 0344
2472 (1.9%) Sawlogs & 6911 (1.6%) veneer logs of Iron/steel non-coniferous structures 6343 (1.8%) Improved wood & reconstituted wood 6359 (1.6%) Manufactured of wood N.E.S. 6783 (0.89%) 6744 (0.87%)
2483 (1.1%) Worked wood of non-coniferous 6997 (0.86%)
2460 (2.5%) Pulpwood
7721 (1.5%) Switchboards, relays & fuses 8121 7842
7436 7868
6584 8423
6519
6749 (0.81%)
6733 6745 7131 (0.59%)
6746
5225 (1.5%) Inorganic bases & metallic oxides, hydroxides & peroxides 6612
6841 (0.72%) 2882 (0.69%) 6794
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
LEBAnOn
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
22% of WT
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
870 696 522 348 174 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 275.58 m / 228.33 B (0.12%)

Total Exports: 275.58 M / 228.33 B (0.12%)
1988
2117 (1.9%) 5417 (2.3%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 587.44 m / 2.79 T (0.02%)

Total Exports: 587.44 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)
3330 (29%)
6811 (5.3%) 2919 (5.5%)
8973 (19%)
6672 (3.1%) 0545 (7%)
0571 (2.4%) 0541 (3.7%)
0574 0575 (1.2%) 0572 1211 (1.1%) 0577 2238 2919 (1.4%) 2111
5222 5622 (1.2%) 8973 6612 7928 (2.3%) 7821 (1.3%) 0980 0579 0585 0014 6611 0574 (6.6%) 0571 (3.3%) 0542 (3.3%) 0541 7131 (0.77%) 0812 6842 (1.4%) 2221 6732 7283 6785 6618 7731 6973 8830 2820 6513 6592 6781 6421 0484 9610 (2.3%) 8310 0545
2681 (1.4%)
2682 0114
8921 (2.2%) 6118 2116 2114 5335 8922
0579 (3%) 6673 (1.3%) 2882 (2.6%)
0620 0565 (0.85%) (0.79%) 1110
6612 8421 (3.9%)
8462 (2%) 8433 8310
8510 (3.4%)
0572 (1.7%)
8439 (1.4%) 8423
0980 6842 (2.2%) 8219 (0.81%) 8122 6584 6624 6911 8471 8921 (4.9%) 8431 8472
8851 2117 (3.5%) (1.2%) 8960 7929 7272 8124 7711
2820 (1.5%) 6423 6651
0813
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
2882 (3.5%) Other non-ferrous base metals 8219 (2.7%) Furniture parts N.E.S. 6428 (1.4%) Articles of paper pulp N.E.S. 7752 (1.1%) 7731 (1.9%) Electric wire 6998 6672 (3.8%) Not mounted diamonds 7414 (0.74%) 6353 (0.7%) 6842 (1.5%) Worked aluminium & aluminium alloys 7861 6417 (0.7%) 6912 0565 (1.2%) Prepared or preserved vegetables 0980 (1%) 6924 6997 9510 7283 7144 (0.83%) 7252 7272 7131 7169 7138 7436 6783 8124 (0.86%) Other iron or steel 0481 tubes & 1211 (1.1%) pipes Unstripped tobacco 6911 7162 (4.7%) AC electric motors & generators
6612 (3.7%) Cement
2820 (6.4%) Iron & steel waste
0589 (0.97%) 0541 Prepared or preserved fruit 1110 (0.92%) Non-alcoholic beverages N.E.S. 1121 0545
5622 (6.9%) Phosphatic fertilizers
5530 (1.6%) Perfumery & cosmetics 8921 (1.5%) Printed books & maps
8939 (1.2%) Miscellaneous articles of plastic 5334
0574 0571 8433 (0.69%) 8510 (0.57%) 6534
0620 (0.76%) 8928 6613 6423 7853 6421 (0.69%) 8931 (0.57%)
5222 (3.2%) Non-metals inorganic acids & oxygen compounds
0585 4235
5831 (1.1%) Polyethylene
5832 5834
5839
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
LiBEriA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.975
0.98
0.985
0.02
0.04
0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
1.2 k 960 720 480 240 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
GDP USD 843 M / (128/26) GDPPC USD 222 / (128/26)
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 237.26 m / 228.33 B (0.1%)

Total Exports: 237.26 M / 228.33 B (0.1%)
1988
2771 (5.4%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.55 B / 2.79 T (0.06%)

Total Exports: 1.55 B / 2.79 T (0.06%)
2320 (39%)
6672 (24%)
7932 (41%)
6672 (20%)
2815 (12%)
2816 (6.1%)
7932 (13%) 7933 (4.3%) 2472 (4.1%)
2320 (9.2%)
2472 (9%)
2232 0711
0721
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.06 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
Total Exports: 1.06 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)

3330 (25%) Crude petroleum 9710 (1.3%)
5225 6672 (0.71%) 2815 2882 2320 (25%) Natural rubber, latex & gums 2820
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
LiByA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.986 0.988 0.99 0.992 0.994
-1
-1
-2
-2
-0.02
0.02
0.04
0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
9.3 k 7.4 k 5.5 k 3.7 k 1.8 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.96 B / 228.33 B (0.86%)

Total Exports: 1.96 B / 228.33 B (0.86%)
1988
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 7.20 B / 2.79 T (0.26%)

Total Exports: 7.20 B / 2.79 T (0.26%)
3330 (100%)
3330 (92%)
5111
5621 3352 5834 5121
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
LiTHuAniA
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 0.6 0.65 0.7
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -5 0 5 10 x 10

-3
22% of WT
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
7.1 k 5.6 k 4.2 k 2.8 k 1.4 k 0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1994
8439 (2.6%) 8423 (1.5%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.35 B / 4.30 t (0.03%)

Total Exports: 1.35 B / 4.30 T (0.03%)
2001
2881 6841 7599 (2.5%) (0.97%) 6794 6831 (1%) 6821 (1.3%) 6899 2820 (5.7%) 7523 (2%) 7761 (1.5%) 7522 (1.4%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 3.80 B / 5.90 T (0.06%)

Total Exports: 3.80 B / 5.90 T (0.06%)
8435 8451 6584 8462 (1.5%) 8434 8424 (1.5%)
6517 6544 6522
2882 (2.4%)
8439 (3%)
8435 (1.4%) 8462 (1.3%) 8459 (1.4%) 8424 6584 (1.2%)
6542 6517 6534 6544 6521
7810 (8.1%)
5621 (3.6%)
0224 (6.6%)
8441 8431 8429 8472 2651 6519 2890 (3.2%) 6534 8421 8442 6521 8459 6542 5922 (3.3%) 2482 (3.4%) 2471 (1.8%) 6612 5621 (6.4%) 0240 8219 (1.6%) 2472 2483 7752 0342 6342 6416 6343 5629 (3%)
8423 (1.9%) 8431 (1.8%)
0819 (2.5%) 7761 (3.4%) 7768 7932 7938 7921 7931 5629 (2.1%) 5831 5834 7923
6712 (1.5%) 6725 6744 (1.4%) 6727 6733 3224
8451 (1.4%) 8434
8219 (3.6%)
8463 3510 (1.5%) 7752
8429 2690 2483 (1.3%) 6353 8212 6343 0371 6416 0240 (2.9%) 7518 0224 (1.9%) 0230 6114 2111 6113 03440342 6130
8931 (2%) 0412 2226 1222 (1.4%) 0730 3413 (2%) 6421 2882 6612 2890 2820 (1.1%) 3224
2482 (2.4%)
0545 0585 2631 2226
6114 (1.2%) 2111
6113 2112
0011 (1.7%) 0371
8211 6359 2471
7731 (2.3%)
0546 0586
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7731 (1.4%) 7861 Electric wire (1.2%) 7752 (0.72%) 2483 (0.71%) 6911 (1.1%) Iron/steel structures 3510 6359 (1%) 2472 7414 6997 2482 8212 6618 0111 (0.87%) Bovine meat 0114 0011 7821 (1.7%) Trucks & vans 6940 7224 8121 7211 7219 7492 (1.1%) 0545 (1.6%) Other fresh or chilled vegetables 7938 (1.3%) Special floating structures 5823 (4.6%) Polyesters 2820 (1.8%) Iron & steel waste 8931 (2.3%) Closable plastic packing 0579 (1.1%) 0730 (0.7%) Fresh or dried fruit 0980 (0.69%) N.E.S. 8463 (1.1%) 8459 (0.59%) 8431 8424 6589 8435 8433 0013 5922 0371 (1.2%) 0574 (1%) Fresh apples 0544 0612 4239 1222 (1.2%) Cigarretes 0240 (2.6%) Cheese & curd 0224 0223 0412 (2.7%) Other wheat 2226 & meslin, unmilled
8219 (5.5%) Furniture parts N.E.S.
8211 (1.6%) Chairs & seats
0344 (0.48%)
5629 (6%) Fertilizers
5621 (5.9%) Nitrogenous fertilizers
8439
7832 (0.91%) 8710 (2%) Optical instruments 0819 (1.7%) Animal feed and food waste 5334 5831 (0.82%) 7611 (1.3%) 5834 6770
6635 5921
3224 5825
2890
5225 3354
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
mAcEdOniA, Fyr
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
1.9 k 1.5 k 1.1 k 760 380 0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
GDP USD 9.5 B / (112/24) GDPPC USD 4,663 / (71/19)
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1994
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 956.95 m / 4.30 t (0.02%)

Total Exports: 956.95 M / 4.30 T (0.02%)
2001
6821 (5.6%) 6822
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.12 B / 5.90 T (0.02%)

Total Exports: 1.12 B / 5.90 T (0.02%)
8441 (8.4%)
8439 (2.6%) 8431 (2.4%)
6584 (2.3%)
2666 6716 (5%) 6513 6521 6583 6516 6517 6744 (2.1%) 6954 (1%) 6785 7731 (2.7%) 7758
8441 (6.4%)
8510 (3.1%)
8459 (1.9%) 8462 (1.8%) 6584 8421 (1%) 8422 6123 8429
6861 (5%)
1211 (4.5%)
8429 (2%)
8431 (2.6%)
6841 (3%) 6861
8510 (3.6%) 8435 (2.8%)
8424 (1.6%) 6123 8451 8434 (1.1%) 8423 (1.4%) 6552 8462
8435 (5.9%)
8423 (1.8%) 8424 (1.8%)
6851 (1.1%) 2875 1121 (2.8%)
6612 (1.3%) 2871
1222 (2.6%) 0544 5417 (2.3%)
2731 2483 (1.1%) 6842 2924 8211 6114 (1.2%) 2111 8483 5221 5233 2116 6113 0112 2665
0586 (13%)
8421 6589 8433 1121 (2.2%) 0546 (1.6%)
8439 (3.7%) 8434 6744 (8.3%) 6749 (3.7%)
0545 0565 0980 0730 6911
6552 8463 6783 (1.6%) 6746 (1.6%)
1110 7731 (2.8%)
5629 0112 (1.2%) 8483 6935
5834
0561 (1%) 0585 0579 1211 (3.3%) 0545 0980 0589
6716 (2.8%) 6727 6733 6842
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
6744 (11%) Iron/steel >=4.75mm tick sheets 8441 (3.7%) Men's undershirt 8435 (3.5%) Blouses 2874 (2.2%) Lead ore 1121 (1.9%) Wine 0545 (1.2%)
6716 (12%) Ferro-alloys
2875 (1.4%) Zinc
2882
2731 0484 (0.86%) 0565 0980
8439 (3.4%) Other women outerwear
6998 2871 (1.6%) Copper 6612 (0.55%) 8973 1211 (3.4%) Unstripped tobacco 6911 (1.4%) Iron/steel structures 6633 (1%) Non ceramic mineral materials 7731 (0.69%) N.E.S. 2820 (1.9%) Iron & steel waste 6732 (1%) Iron/steel rods 0579 0620
8431 (2.2%) Women's coats & jackets
8510 (2%) Footwear
6783 (4%) Other iron or steel tubes & pipes
6749 (3.5%) Other worked iron/steel sheets
6727 (3.3%) Iron/steel coils 8423 (1.9%) Men's trousers 6746 (1.9%) Iron/steel <3mm tick sheets 8462 (0.87%) 6123 (0.81%) 8434 8424 8463 8433 6584 8429 0544 (0.97%) Fresh or chilled tomatoes 5417 (2%) Medicaments 0575 4236 8939
6624 8212 0112 (0.58%) 0372
7932 (1.3%)
7758
6785
6623 (0.6%)
5335
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
mAdAgAScAr
2008
Product Space
2008

3
3 2.5
2.5
22% of WT
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
140 112 84 56 28 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0711 (31%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 139.57 m / 228.33 B (0.06%)

Total Exports: 139.57 M / 228.33 B (0.06%)
1988
0422 (9%) 0149 (2.3%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 317.31 m / 2.79 T (0.01%)

Total Exports: 317.31 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
0752 (27%)
0611 0360 (14%) (1.7%) 0721 (1.6%)
0111 (1.9%) 0011 2221 (1.2%) 2111 2119 2782 (1.6%) 0542 (2.1%) 2923 (1.8%) 0751 (1.6%) 0611 0615 2924 (1.7%) 0548 0812 0573 (1.7%) 0721 2785 0564 6597 (0.88%)
2654 (2.6%) 0752 (19%) 0612 (7%) 5513 (4.4%)
0360
0711 (27%)
0751 (2.7%)
2654 2782 (3.5%) (1.4%) 0577 (0.97%) 2785 2631 6521 (5.4%) 5513 (1.4%)
2879 (4.3%)
0612 0615 2924
0579 (1.7%)
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.67 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
Total Exports: 1.67 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)

0360 (8.2%) Fresh, chilled, frozen or salted crustaceans & molluscs 0371 (2.2%) Fish N.E.S.
8423 (19%) Men's trousers
8451 (13%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers & cardigans
0752 (5.5%) Spices other than pepper
0711 (1%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee substitutes 0542
0721 (1.1%) Raw & roasted coffee beans 5513 (0.97%)
8439 (12%) Other women outerwear
8435 (4.2%) Blouses
8462 (1.9%) Knitted undergarments of cotton 8433 8463
8441 (1.5%) Men's undershirt 7924 (4.1%) Aircrafts of more than 15 tons 8429 6575 0586 (0.93%) 0565 6421 8928 (1.6%) Printed matter N.E.S. 2879 (2.2%) Other non-ferrous base metals 6673 2482 8851 8998
8471 (2.2%) Clothing accessories of textile fabrics
8997 8424
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
mALAwi
2008
Product Space
2008

3
3 2.5
2.5

0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
22% of WT
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
62 49.6 37.2 24.8 12.4 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
POPULATION 15 M / (56/14) TOTAL EXPORTS USD 926 M / (128/26)
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0741 (39%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 55.56 m / 228.33 B (0.02%)

Total Exports: 55.56 M / 228.33 B (0.02%)
1988
0440 (16%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 241.37 m / 2.79 T (0.01%)

Total Exports: 241.37 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
1212 (52%)
0741 (13%)
6521
2221
0548 (11%) 2221 (21%) 2634 (2.3%) 2631 (2%) 0542 (4.8%)
0577 6522 8462
0611 (8.4%)
0711 (3.6%) 1211 (8.8%)
0612 (2.5%)
0542 8423 (1.6%) 2111
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 926.04 m / 15.56 T (0.01%) Total Exports: 926.04 M / 15.56 T (0.01%)
1212 (18%) Wholly or partly stripped tobacco 0741 (4.2%) Tea 6552 (2.1%) Non synthetic knitted fibres
1211 (49%) Unstripped tobacco
8451 (1.2%) 2631 (2.5%) Raw cotton 0577 8429 8471
2221 0611 (5.8%) Raw sugar beet & cane
7923 (4.8%) Aircrafts of between 2 and 15 tons
2224 (1.8%) Sunflower seeds
0542 (1.8%) Dried or shelled legumes 7861 0751 0711 0615 2483 5541
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
mALAySiA
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
2

0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1
22% of WT
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.8
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
7.4 k 5.9 k 4.4 k 2.9 k 1.4 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.75 B / 228.33 B (0.77%)

Total Exports: 1.75 B / 228.33 B (0.77%)
1988
2483 (5.5%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 25.96 B / 2.79 T (0.93%)

Total Exports: 25.96 B / 2.79 T (0.93%)
2320 (46%)
2472 (16%)
7764 (13%)
7622 (2.5%)
7763 (1.9%)
7649 (1.8%)
2472 (12%)
2483 (4.8%)
7611 (1.5%) 7768 (1.4%)

6871 (19%) 0589 (1.6%)
7415 7638 7712
7628 6342 (1.4%) 3330 (11%) 8459 (0.91%) 8441 4313 (1.6%) 6871 (1.5%)
8482 2320 (13%)
7621 4242 (6%)
4312 0589 0360
2873 4242 4243 2232 0360
0721 (1.8%)
4244 (1.2%) 0723
3413 (4.8%)
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7522 (4.8%) Digital data processing machines 7528 (3.8%) Data processing equipment N.E.S. 4242 (11%) Palm oil 3413 (11%) liquified hydrocarbons
7768 (2.7%) 8482 (1.8%) Parts N.E.S. of Clothing electronic circuits accessories from rubber
7643 (1.7%) Television & radio transmitters
7611 (1.4%) Color T.V. 2320 (2%) Natural rubber, latex & gums 7641 (1.2%) 8219 (1.6%) Furniture parts N.E.S. 6342 (1.5%) Sheets of plywood 4244 0723 (0.59%) 8973 (1.2%) 8748 (1%) 5137 Electrical measuring & controlling 5112 instruments6871 5138 N.E.S. 5831 (0.96%) 5621 5541 6210 (0.95%) 7853 4312 (1.5%) Hydrogenated oils 4313 (1.1%) 6998
7638 (1%) 7763 (2.7%) Diodes & 7649 (2%) transistors Parts of telecom & sound 7722 recording (0.96%) equipment
7788 (0.99%)
7628 7621
7781 7622
7415 (0.93%)
7757 7761 2483 (0.94%) 2472 Worked wood of non-coniferous 6911
8931 (0.93%) 0914 Closable plastic packing 5823 5833 0360 6514 0224
8749 7758
6822 (1.2%) 6783 Worked copper & copper alloys
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
mALi
2008
Product Space
2008

3
3 2.5
2.5
22% of WT
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 0.945 0.95 0.955 0.96 0.965 0.97 0.975
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
150 120 90 60 30 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
2631 (34%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 11.89 m / 228.33 B (0.01%)

Total Exports: 11.89 M / 228.33 B (0.01%)
1988
2631 (75%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 112.69 m / 2.79 T (0.004%)

Total Exports: 112.69 M / 2.79 T (0.004%)
0011 (31%)
2114 (2.5%) 2111 (2.5%)
2119 (1.9%)
2116 (1.3%)
7144 (5.5%)
2223 (11%)
2221 (8.8%) 0012 0350 (5.5%) 0015 2111 2119 2114
0579 (2.8%)
6672 (1.4%) 8960
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.93 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
Total Exports: 1.93 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)

2631 (11%) Raw cotton
0011 (4.4%) Live bovines
0012
7821
7234
5629 (0.92%) Fertilizers 0579
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
mAuriTAniA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.965 0.97 0.975 0.98 0.985 0.99
-1
-1
-2
-2 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
610 488 366 244 122 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 87.45 m / 228.33 B (0.04%)

Total Exports: 87.45 M / 228.33 B (0.04%)
1988
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 435.68 m / 2.79 T (0.02%)

Total Exports: 435.68 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)
0350 (60%)
2922 (27%)
0360 (50%)
2815 (40%)
0615 (8.4%)
2789 (4.3%)
0342 (6.1%)
0350 0341
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.96 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
Total Exports: 1.96 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)

3330 (18%) Crude petroleum 0360 (12%) Fresh, chilled, frozen or salted crustaceans & molluscs
2815 (42%) Not agglomerated iron ore
0342 (9.8%) Frozen fish, excluding fillets 2871 (6.9%) Copper 9710 (6.5%) Gold, non-monetary
2816 (3.5%)
0814
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
mAuriTiuS
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.9
0.92
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
2.2 k 1.7 k 1.3 k 880 440 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0611 (89%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 73.47 m / 228.33 B (0.03%)

Total Exports: 73.47 M / 228.33 B (0.03%)
1988
0615 (5.8%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.02 B / 2.79 T (0.04%)

Total Exports: 1.02 B / 2.79 T (0.04%)
8451 (18%)
8441 (7.5%)
0611 (33%)
8462 (5%)
0612 (2.8%)
8423 (4.1%)
8471 (2.9%) 8463 (2.2%)
8459 (1.7%)
8439 (3.7%)
0741 (1.1%)
8435 (1.5%) 8422 6584 8472 0615 8465 8851 (3.4%) 8452 8434 8431
0612 6672 (1.8%)
0741 8973 0371 (1.3%) 8942 8720
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
0611 (15%) Raw sugar beet & cane 0371 (11%) Fish N.E.S.
8451 (3.4%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers & cardigans
8463 (2.6%) Knitted undergarments of synthetic fibers 8459 (2.2%) Other knitted outerwear
0342 (3.1%) Frozen fish, excluding fillets
8439 (1.5%) Other women outerwear 8452 (0.73%) 8435 (0.73%) 8465
8481
6552 8973 (1.6%) Precious jewellery 8852 6783 2871
9410 (1.8%) Live animals, N.E.S. (zoo animals, pets, insects, etc) 2820 8972
8931
5121 0819 (0.63%) 8921 5541 5629 6649 6912
8464
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
mExicO
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
22% of WT
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5 0.78 0.79 0.8 0.81
-0.5 0 5 10 15 x 10
-3
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
2.7 k 2.1 k 1.6 k 1k 540 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0711 (7.2%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.48 B / 228.33 B (0.65%)

Total Exports: 1.48 B / 228.33 B (0.65%)
1988
0011 (5%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 31.57 B / 2.79 T (1.13%)

Total Exports: 31.57 B / 2.79 T (1.13%)
0544 (4.9%)
6851 (2%)
2783 6811 (5.7%) (1.9%)
7810 (8%)
7132 (4%)
3330 (26%)
6811 (1.8%) 6861 6612 2783 2871 2741
0612 (6.2%)
2929 0615 (1.4%) (1.1%) 0542 0422 0440 (2.8%) 0459 5513 2632 0611 (1%) 2654 0571 2634
2785 (1.9%)
2875 (1.7%) 6861
0111 (2.6%) 0360 (6%)
0616
7721 (2.7%) 7162 6991 8743 7783 7169 7139 7434 6647 6782 7239 7599 (1.7%) 7788 (1.5%) 7621 (2.3%) 7611 (2.1%) 8942 7763 8983 7781 0711 (2%) 7415 7757 7723 0544 0612 7712 7731 (5.4%) 6428 0545 (1.4%) (0.89%) 6349 0579 0585 0611 5138
7849 (4.4%)
2631 (16%)
2741 (6.2%)
7649 (3.6%)
0545 (2.1%) 0586 (1.6%) 5415 (1.7%) 8942 7788 5224 6783 6953 5981 6575 (0.84%) 6354 6513
1123 0360 (1.5%) 1124 0011 (1.1%)
0579 8921 5221 6349 (1.2%) (0.92%) 6624
8720 5834 8423 5222 6514
2631 0575 5137 2331
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7821 (3.2%) Trucks & vans 7721 (2.6%) 7139 Switchboards, relays & fuses 3330 (19%) Crude petroleum 9710 (1.2%)
7810 (9.2%) Cars
2882 7783 (0.98%) Auto parts 7849 (5%) Other vehicles parts 7162 (0.81%) 7132 (0.74%) 7611 (9.6%) Color T.V. 7649 (2.2%) Parts of telecom & sound recording equipment 8743 7239 6991 7436 7832 7431 7758 7784 7523 (1.7%) CPUs 7711 (0.79%) 7731 (3.1%) Electric 8211 (1.3%) wire Chairs & seats 7752 0545 (0.93%) Other fresh or chilled 8931 vegetables 0579 1123 6811 (0.74%)
7788 (1.6%) Other electrical machinery & equipment 6725 N.E.S. (0.89%) 7641 7621 7149 8720 (1.7%) Medical instruments N.E.S.
7414
1124 0544
8942
5138
5530 8423 (0.67%)
7643 (3.9%) Television & radio transmitters 7415 8124 7915
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
mOLdOVA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
440 352 264 176 88 0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1994
6725 (18%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 212.25 m / 4.30 t (0.005%)

Total Exports: 212.25 M / 4.30 T (0.005%)
2001
8423 8421 0585 (6.1%) (1.1%) 8439 6594 8422 8443 1121 (2.3%) 5121 2111 2116 (0.95%) 2112 6114 0224 8921 5514 2820 6595 6413 0546 6421 8424 6522 (1.4%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 577.52 B / 5.90 T (0.01%)

Total Exports: 577.52 M / 5.90 T (0.01%)
6731 (5%)
8431 (2.5%) 8510 (2.2%) 6584 (2.1%)
1121 (29%)
8431 (2.7%) 8439 (2.3%) 8429 (1.4%) 8423 8422 8451 8310 8510 8421 8424 6594 0224 (1.2%) 2111
8459 (1.9%) 2224 (3.8%) 8462 (1.9%) 0440 6589 8463 8434 6596 8452 8435 0577 (3.4%) 8432 7422 (1.1%) 7223 7129 6651 (2.3%) 1211 (4.5%)
4236 0430 (1.5%) 2239 0412 (0.81%) 0612 (1.5%) 2925 (1.2%) 0574 2732 8742 6353
7822 (4.2%) 6521 (1.4%) 6712 (2.1%) 0612 (7.6%) 6724 (1.2%) 6733 0611 (3.3%) 7371 1211 (1.3%) 4236 2224 6618 (1.5%) 5513 0577 6415 6996 6732 3510 (6.3%)
0111 (3.3%)
2882 (3.6%)
0585 (4.5%)
0565 (1.5%)
0111 (1.1%) 0149
1124
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.60 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)

8451 (1.5%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers & cardigans 8310 (1.5%) Luggage & handbags 6123 (1%) 6594
Total Exports: 1.60 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)

1121 (11%) Wine 7731 (6.8%) Electric wire
8429 (1.4%) Other men outerwear 8423 (1.3%) Men's trousers 8463 (0.76%) 8441
8431 (2.2%) Women's coats & jackets
8439
8424 (0.9%)
8435
8433 8421
0565 0585 (1.3%) Prepared or preserved vegetables 1124 (2.6%)
8931 (0.8%)
0980 (0.72%)
8219 (2%) Furniture parts N.E.S.
6911
6624 8212
0579 (0.75%) 0583 8211 2732 (4.1%) Gypsum, plasters, limestone flux & calcareous stone
6921 6996
4236 (3.2%) Sunflower seed oil
2226 (2.6%) Rape & colza seeds
6731 (3.1%) Iron/steel wire rod
6651 (2.9%) Glass bottles
6595 (1.3%)
0430 (2.3%) Unmilled barley
0813 (1.1%) Oilcake 0412
0574 (1.7%) Fresh apples
7239 0612 6991 (0.82%) Refined sugar 8731 (1.2%)
7491 6975 8741 2882 (0.99%) Other non-ferrous base metals 6998 8742 0224 8939 6210 6114
2224 (1.5%) Sunflower seeds
4232 (0.6%) 2222
0440
1222 (0.79%) 1211
5513
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
mOngOLiA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.92
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
780 624 468 312 156 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 4.32 m / 228.33 B (0.002%)

Total Exports: 4.32 M / 228.33 B (0.002%)
1988
2685 (11%) 2120 (7.6%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 89.77 m / 2.79 T (0.003%)

Total Exports: 89.77 M / 2.79 T (0.003%)
2683 (75%)
2683 (33%)
6114 (3.2%) 2919 (2.9%)
8481 (4.6%) 6123 (1.8%) 8451 2690 8459
6583 6542 6516 6592
2111 (1.9%)
2114 6116 2871 (5.4%)
6594 8484 2789 (2.4%) 2872 (1.5%) 6595 5232
8483 (3.9%)
0113 (1.5%) 0115
2682 (1.8%) 2681 (1.5%)
2911 (1.7%)
2687 (9%)
2681 (2%) 2686 (0.9%)
2120 (6.1%)
2879 (2.4%) 2482 (3.1%)
2631
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
3222 (13%) Other coal 2683 (3.6%) Fine animal hair
2871 (45%) Copper
2687 0115 0111
2919 2815 (7.6%) Not agglomerated iron ore 2875 (3.8%) Zinc 8451 (1.8%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers & cardigans 8439 (0.6%) 7938
2785 (3.6%) Quartz metal family 2879 (5.8%) Other non-ferrous base metals 6821 (1.3%) Unwrought copper & copper alloys
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
mOrOccO
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
0.055
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
640 512 384 256 128 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0544 (7.1%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 436.31 m / 228.33 B (0.19%)

Total Exports: 436.31 M / 228.33 B (0.19%)
1988
2713 (15%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 4.24 B / 2.79 T (0.15%)

Total Exports: 4.24 B / 2.79 T (0.15%)
0541 (2.3%)
2713 (33%)
5222 (13%)
0571 (7.3%)
0544 (2%)
0541 0542
2929 (1.5%) 0542 (4.9%) 2440 0752 0459 (2.3%) 2874 (3.4%) 6851 (1.4%) 2631 (1.2%) 0577 (0.88%) 5513 2875 2789 2877 (1.6%) 2879 0565 (1.8%) 0589 0585 0561 0546 2517 6592 8310 1121 (2.3%) 0545 (2%) 6118 2919 (0.94%) 0814
0430 5629 (3.8%) 5622 (3.2%) 0360 (6.3%)
2924 2631
0371 (2.9%)
0571 (17%)
8423 (3.4%) 8459 (2.6%)
8510 8451 8434 8431 (1.5%) (0.97%) 8435 8421 8429 8481 8462 (1.2%) (1.2%) 6123 8452 8424 8310 6584
6592 (1.7%)
0341 (1.2%)
0342 (0.86%)
8439 (2.3%)
8441 (1.6%)
6513 6539
0565 0585 6851 2874 2517 (1.6%) (1.6%) (0.99%) 2785 2789 0546 0545 2871 6811 7763 (1.2%) 6330 7148
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
2713 (13%) Natural calcium phosphates & aluminium 0360 (3.9%) Fresh, chilled, frozen or salted crustaceans & molluscs 7731 (8.1%) Electric wire
5222 (16%) Non-metals inorganic acids & oxygen compounds
0371 (3.2%) Fish N.E.S.
0341 (0.89%) Fresh or chilled fish, excluding fillets 0342 0814
5629 (5.1%) Fertilizers
5622 (2.7%) Phosphatic fertilizers 7763 (3.2%) Diodes & transistors 7721 (1.7%) 0545 (1.3%) Switchboards, relays & Other fresh or fuses chilled vegetables 6577 6749 (0.8%) 2882 0544 (1.4%) Fresh or 0571 (2.2%) Fresh or chilled tomatoes dried oranges & m&arines 2929 6123 6899 (0.63%) 6811 2874 2789 0579 0586 0565 (1%) Prepared or preserved vegetables
8435 (1.4%) Blouses
8431 (1.3%) 8462 (1.2%) 8433 8463 8465 Women's coats Knitted (0.99%) (0.97%) & jackets undergarments of cotton 8441 (0.69%) 8452 8422 8429 (1.1%) 8451 8434
8459 (1%)
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
m0ZAmBiQuE
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95
-1
-1
-2
-2 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
130 104 78 52 26 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 205.11 m / 228.33 B (0.09%)

Total Exports: 205.11 M / 228.33 B (0.09%)
1988
4234 6821 (4.8%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 320.10 m / 2.79 T (0.01%)

Total Exports: 320.10 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
0577 (20%)
0440 (18%)
6725 (7.8%)
6733 (5.4%)
6746 (4.5%)
0577 (6.4%)
0612 (1.7%)
0615 (1.6%)
1211 (1.5%) 1212 (1.1%)

0813 2631 (15%) 0741 (6.6%) 0611 (8%) 2231 (6.1%) 0612 (1.6%) 0615 (1.2%) 4243 2789 2784 6861 2483 2111 (0.99%) 2879 (2%)
6744 (7.2%)
6716 (2.8%)
6749 6783 (1.5%) 6745 (1.1%)
0611 (3.4%) 6821 (3.9%)
0571 (1.5%) 2877 (1.9%) 2517 (1.9%)
0412 4234 2516
0360 (18%)
0342 (2.5%) 2879 2911 (1.1%)
2519 2784 3222 6732 (1.5%) 2472 (1.2%) 2820 (2.9%)
2654 (2.2%)
0542 6575 6716 0571 6581 5322
5629 (2.6%) 5222 5322 (1.5%)
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 2.81 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
Total Exports: 2.81 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)

1212 (6.8%) Wholly or partly stripped tobacco 2631 (2.1%) Raw cotton 2225 (1.3%) Sesame seeds
6841 (60%) Unwrought aluminium & aluminium alloys
0577 (1.3%)
0611 (3.8%) Raw sugar beet & cane
1211 (1.2%) 3510 (9.3%) Electric current 0360 (2.8%) Fresh, chilled, frozen or salted crustaceans & molluscs
5621 (2%) Nitrogenous fertilizers
7234 (0.75%) 7239 2483 (0.92%)

2472
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
nAmiBiA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.9
0.91
0.92
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
2.2 k 1.7 k 1.3 k 880 440 0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
2001
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.41 B / 5.90 t (0.02%)

Total Exports: 1.41 B / 5.90 T (0.02%)
2005
0344 (4.3%) 0012 (2.6%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 2.51 B / 9.84 T (0.03%)

Total Exports: 2.51 B / 9.84 T (0.03%)
6672 (35%)
0342 (17%)
6672 (31%)
0342 (9.6%)
0111 (3.6%)
0111 (2.1%) 0341 (1.7%) 0814 0011 6114 1110 0112
0011 (3%) 0344 (3.3%) 0341 (1.4%) 0371 8928 (9.5%) 5241 (6.4%) 6821 (3.9%) 2783 2785 6861 (2.3%) 0575 (1.1%) 8435 8459 0814 0112 (1.9%) 0360 1123 (3.4%) 6863 (1.9%) 7234 7822 7851 8219 2450 0012 (1.2%)
0360 0371 8928 (12%) 2860 (7.9%) 9710 (1.9%) 2783 2785 2874 0575 0611
1123 (3.4%)
8423
2731 9710
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
6861 (6.4%) Unwrought zinc & alloys 8928 (19%) Printed matter N.E.S.
2860 (17%) Uranium & thorium
2771
6821 (3.6%) Unwrought copper & copper alloys
0342 (8.3%) Frozen fish, excluding fillets
0344 (2.2%) Frozen 1123 (2.7%) Beer fish fillets
0341 2875 (1.7%) Zinc 2783 (0.55%) 2731 0111 (2.2%) Bovine meat 9710 (1.3%) Gold, non-monetary
0814
7821 (0.83%) 7234
7851
0371 0343 0112 (1%)
1212 (1%) Wholly 8219 or partly stripped (0.57%) tobacco 0575 (0.75%) Grapes & raisins
0011 (0.92%)
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
nETHErLAndS
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 0.56 0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01
22% of WT
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
33 k 26.4 k 19.8 k 13.2 k 6.6 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
2331 (1.5%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 9.95 B / 228.33 B (4.36%)

Total Exports: 9.95 B / 228.33 B (4.36%)
1988
7788 (1.3%) 6712 7511 8983
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 114.32 B / 2.79 T (4.09%)

Total Exports: 114.32 B / 2.79 T (4.09%)
5989 (1.7%)
7742 (1.1%) 5137 (1.1%)
5417 (1.7%) 8921 6419 5335 0819 6424
2926 (2.8%)
0723 (1.7%) 2925 6746 (1.4%) 0722 2927 (1.2%) 4243 0541
5112 (2.4%)
5111 (1.3%)
8939 (1.2%)
5417 (1.1%) 5413 5335 5834 5832
0113 (2%)
0240 (2.1%) 0224 (1.8%) 0230 (1%) 0341 5922
2927 (2.2%)
2926 (2.1%)
0723 2925
5148 (1%) 6871 5415 3345 5155 5161 5162
0544 5414 5629 (1.5%) 5621 (1%) (2%) 5222 3352
0542 0481 1223 0545 (2.8%) 0484 0565 5121 0980 0620
0813 5513 7782 (2.8%) 6731 7271 7938 6672 (1.9%) 3232
8822 5829 0819 (1%) 5334 5113 5161 5824 5137 5831 2331 (1.7%) 5839 5138 8996 5148 5514 5836 5232 5989 (1.5%) 5156 8983 (1.6%) 7518 7832 6418 (0.95%) 7272 7525 7754 7763 6251 (0.84%) 7449 7591 6572
6419 0111 (1.6%) 0114 0013 0251 0149
0544 0541
0813 1222 (0.99%) (1.2%)
0149 (2.7%) 0111 (2.5%) 0224 (3.4%) 0240 (2.6%) 5922 (1.1%) 0230 (1%)
0113 (2.4%)
0114 (2.3%)
2783 1221 4313 3330 3354 1123 0914 0730 0619 6522 (1.4%) 2665 2820 6421 7731 6842 6911 6624 6412 6415 6517 8928 6649 6960 2690 6591
2919 2111
0488 0545 (1.4%) 0565 8931 5121 6842 6412 5621 (0.81%) (0.97%) 0484 0121 1123 6911 0980 6415 (0.81%) 6428 7782 (1.5%) 0730 0619 5823 5833 6514 (1.4%) (1%) 6841 (1.8%) 3414 (2.8%) 6725 6747 5241 2820 8928 6517 6745 7923 2882 6595
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7525 (2.7%) Control & peripheral hardware 7518 (2.7%) Office machines N.E.S. 7284 (2.7%) Specialized industry machinery & parts N.E.S 7832 (2.2%) Tractors for semi-trailers 2926 (1.9%) Live plants 0723 (0.73%) 0545 (1.5%) Other fresh or chilled 4242 (0.68%) vegetables 2925 8741 7429 0813 (0.77%) Oilcake 4236 7441 6746 (0.97%) 6727 Iron/steel <3mm (0.77%) tick sheets Iron/steel 5161 (1.2%) Ethers, coils 0819 (1.1%) epoxides, acetals 7742 (0.9%) 5514 Animal feed and food waste 5334 5831 (1.3%) Polyethylene 5621 (0.75%) 0240 (1.5%) Cheese & curd 7938 0111 (1.1%) Bovine meat 0114 (0.82%) Poultry meat 0149 0251 0224 (0.73%) 0230 0223 0544 0488 0575 5121 (1.3%) Acyclic alcohols & derivatives 1123 (0.85%) 8928 4239 4232 1222 (1.4%) Cigarretes 0730 4313 0121 0546 0980 (1.3%) Edible products N.E.S. 0579
7234 7442 (0.73%) 7611 (2%) Color T.V. 7523 (1.6%) CPUs 7638 (1.3%) Video & sound recorders N.E.S. 7641 8942 (1.4%) 5989 (2.3%) 5112 (2%) Chemical products Cyclic hydrocarbons 8996 5111 (1.3%) (1.4%) Orthopaedic appliances 7648 7528 6954 6251 7272 7212 6418 7219
2927 (1.8%) Flora
5542
2820 (1.4%) Iron & 5833 steel waste 6595 5823 (0.82%) 6841 (0.87%) 2882 (0.59%) 6428 5241 2879 6861 6514 2511
0113 (0.88%)
5829 8720 (1.9%) 5839 (1.5%) Medical Other instruments N.E.S. polymerization & 5137 copolymarization products
7741
7852
3352 5138 5834 5221
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
nEw ZEALAnd
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
7.2 k 5.7 k 4.3 k 2.8 k 1.4 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0112 (20%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.17 B / 228.33 B (0.51%)

Total Exports: 1.17 B / 228.33 B (0.51%)
1988
2471 (3.5%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 9.28 B / 2.79 T (0.33%)

Total Exports: 9.28 B / 2.79 T (0.33%)
0111 (11%)
2681 (15%)
0111 (9.4%)
0112 (9.2%)
2682 (8.2%)
2517 (1.7%) 6411 (1.1%)
2512 2482 2471 (1.2%) (1.3%) 6413 2519 6416 0545 0980 0730 0546 0574 (2.9%) 7752 5121
2681 (6.3%)
0116 (2%) 4113 2682 (7.2%) 0015 0230 (13%) 0240 (5%) 0224 (4%) 2117 (3.9%) 5922 (2.2%) 2517 0574 2919 (2.2%) 0360 (1.2%) 2925 2111 2112 0814 (0.83%) 6411 (1.7%)
6512 0579 (4.9%)
0015 (1.1%) 0116 0224 (6.3%)
4113 0012 5922 (2.9%) 2117 (3.2%)
2919 (1.6%) 2111 6115
6114 6841 (6.2%)
0230 (5.7%)
0240 (2.5%)
0542
2925 5530
0343 0360 0342 0344 (1.4%) (0.79%) 0341 0814
6749 6594
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
0240 (4.9%) Cheese & curd 0579 (3.3%) Fresh or dried fruit N.E.S. 1121 (2.8%) Wine 2482 (2.5%) Worked wood of coniferous 2471 (2.2%) Sawlogs & veneer logs of coniferous
0224 (15%) Preserved, concentrated or sweetened milk & 0230 (5.2%) Butter cream
5922 (3.6%) Glues
0223 (3%) Fresh milk & cream
0980 (2%) Edible products N.E.S.
0546
6416 (0.73%) 6353 6997
0730 0545 5121 0112 (8.4%) Sheep & goat meat 0111 (5.8%) Bovine meat 0360 (1.6%) Fresh, 0344 chilled, frozen or salted crustaceans & molluscs 0814 0342 (1.2%) 6841 (3.6%) Unwrought aluminium & aluminium alloys 1110 0619 2517 (1.2%) 6413 Chemical wood pulp, soda or 2519 sulphate
9710 (1.7%) 0488 (1.9%) Malt 0574 (1%) extract & cereal Fresh apples preparations containing less than 50% cocoa
2919 0118 (0.99%) Other animal meats 0116 4113 0149 0015 2117
6114
2682 (1.2%) Degreased sheep or lambs wool 2681
6418 7188 6731
7932 (0.98%) Ships & boats 6727
2820 (0.67%)
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
nicArAguA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
460 368 276 184 92 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
2631 (40%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 173.44 m / 228.33 B (0.08%)

Total Exports: 173.44 M / 228.33 B (0.08%)
1988
0111 (10%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 238.78 m / 2.79 T (0.01%)

Total Exports: 238.78 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
0711 (15%)
0711 (42%)
2631 (21%)
0111 (8.6%)
0360 (3.6%)
2120 5922
0360 (4.1%) 0573 (14%) 3330 (5.7%)
0612 (1.2%)
0481 0542 2924 2871 (4.8%) 0813 5530 5162 8510 5852 6210 2483 6924 6932
0573 (3.7%) 2223 (2.6%) 4233 (2.4%) 2634 (1.7%) 2632
0611 (2.1%)
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
0542 (3.6%) Dried or shelled legumes 2221 (4.2%) Green groundnuts 0111 (9%) Bovine meat 0360 (5%) Fresh, chilled, frozen or salted crustaceans & molluscs 0341
0611 (2.3%) Raw sugar beet & cane 0460 0548 4242 8459 (5.8%) Other knitted outerwear 8423 (3.9%) Men's trousers
1211 (0.97%)
0240 (3.1%) Cheese & curd
4234 (0.7%) 2238 8439 (3.6%) Other women outerwear 0011 1221 (3.3%) Cigars 0116 5121 (1.3%) 1110 (0.74%) Acyclic alcohols & derivatives 6421 1124 (0.89%) Alcoholic beverages 0484 0545
0224 (2.1%) Preserved, concentrated or sweetened milk & cream
8435 (4.7%) Blouses
8441 (1.2%) Men's undershirt 8451 (0.66%)
8424 8431
7731 (6.4%) Electric wire 2820 (0.67%) 8928 0712 (0.92%) Coffee extracts, essences or 6733 concentrates
8429 (1.3%)
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
nigEriA
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 0.955 0.96 0.965 0.97 0.975 0.98
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
22% of WT
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
540 432 324 216 108 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0721 (23%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 531.08 m / 228.33 B (0.23%)

Total Exports: 531.08 M / 228.33 B (0.23%)
1988
3330 (17%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 7.55 B / 2.79 T (0.27%)

Total Exports: 7.55 B / 2.79 T (0.27%)
2221 (20%)
3330 (92%)
0721 (4%)
2232 (5%)
0723 (2.7%)
2631 (2%) 4234 (5.5%)
2223 2922 (0.8%) 0813 (4.1%)
6871 (6.7%)
2472 (2.5%)
2320 (1%) 0723
2320 (3.2%)
4244 (1.8%)
2483 2114 6118
2119 2116
6116 5621
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7938 (2.1%)
0721 (0.64%) 2320
5530 (0.59%)
5831 (0.64%) 6116 (0.85%)
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
nOrwAy
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
22% of WT
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
37 k 29.6 k 22.2 k 14.8 k 7.4 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
6841 (15%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 2.04 B / 228.33 B (0.89%)

Total Exports: 2.04 B / 228.33 B (0.89%)
1988
6412 (2.4%) 2518 (2.3%) 6732 3510 6842 6415 (2%) 6413 2516
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 24.42 B / 2.79 T (0.87%)

Total Exports: 24.42 B / 2.79 T (0.87%)
6831 (5.6%)
6411 (3.9%)
3330 (28%)
3414 (12%)
7932 (3.5%)
7938 5629 (2.1%) 5831 (2%) 5822
2512 (3.7%) 6612 (1%) 2742 2731 6998 2785 2789 5225 6861 (1%) 2879 2871
6716 (3.2%)
6911 6633 0350 (3.5%)
5621 (4.8%)
0814 (4.7%)
7442 8741 6411 (2.4%) 6413
6733 5221 5239 6747 5113 (1.7%)
5834 5147 5621 (1.1%) 5331 0350 (1.8%)
7932 (12%)
6716 (5.6%)
0341 (2.9%)
5629 (2.3%) 5239 (1.4%) 6725 7211 6712 6747 6419 8947 6931 (1.6%) 5221 2671 5331 2120 (2.1%) 4312 (1.5%)
2516
4111 0360 (0.97%) 0240 6130 6421
6841 (6.9%)
6891 (1.4%) 2731 2882
6831 (2.6%)
2517 6861 2815 6415 (1.3%) 2512 2890 2879 6842 (1.6%) 5225 2871 3510 6633
0344 (1.4%)
0342 0371 0814 5823
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
3414 (28%) petroleum gases 6841 7239 9510 8743 8749
7932 (1.5%) Ships & boats
6716
0341 (2.1%) Fresh or chilled fish, excluding fillets
0342 (1.1%)
0350 (0.72%) 0343
6831
3510
6842 (0.7%) 6911
3413 (3.3%) liquified hydrocarbons
5989 (1%) Chemical products
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
0mAn
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.95
0.955
0.96
0.965
0.97
0.975
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
14 k 11.2 k 8.4 k 5.6 k 2.8 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 591.67 m / 228.33 B (0.26%)

Total Exports: 591.67 M / 228.33 B (0.26%)
1988
6811 (23%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 4.01 B / 2.79 T (0.14%)

Total Exports: 4.01 B / 2.79 T (0.14%)
3330 (77%)
3330 (95%)
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
3413 (16%) liquified hydrocarbons 5621 (1.4%) Nitrogenous fertilizers
5832 (1.1%) Polypropylene
0224 (1.2%) Preserved, concentrated or sweetened milk & cream 4242 5121 (0.72%) 6783
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
pAkiSTAn
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9
-2 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
120 96 72 48 24 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 731.88 m / 228.33 B (0.32%)

Total Exports: 731.88 M / 228.33 B (0.32%)
1988
6521 (4.6%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 4.51 B / 2.79 T (0.16%)

Total Exports: 4.51 B / 2.79 T (0.16%)
2640 (26%)
6513 (8.4%)
6513 (14%)
6592 (5.7%)
6522 (5.2%)
2631 (19%)
0615 (2%)
6522 (4%)
6592 (1.1%) 6549
6521 (3.5%)
6534 (2.3%) 0422 (5.7%) 0421 (1.7%) 0360 (1.8%) 0350 2682 8947 (1.6%)
2929 (1.2%)
2631 (15%)
6545 (9.9%)
6581 (8.4%)
8510 2633
6584 (5.6%)
8462 (2.3%)
6531 6589
8435
6118 (3.7%) 0422 (3.9%) 2634 (1.3%) 6113 6114 2919
0360 (1.3%)
0350 8947 (0.76%) 2911 2681 2682
8439 (1.9%) 8481 (3.4%) 8441
6116 6114 8423 8459 (2.3%) (2.2%) 8424 8472 8463 6560 8442 6113 (1.5%) 6115
1222 0579
8720 6582 (1.3%)
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
8481 (4.2%) Clothing 8423 (3.9%) Men's accessories from leather trousers 8462 (3.8%) Knitted undergarments of cotton 0422 (14%) Semi or wholly milled rice 0615
6584 (12%) Linens & furnishing textile articles
0612
8510 (0.73%) 6552 8451 6612 (3.2%) Cement 8947 (1.3%) Sporting goods 7281 (0.65%)
0571
8429 6589 (4.7%) Other textile articles N.E.S. 8472 (1.8%) Knitted clothing accessories of textile fabrics 6522 (8.5%) Finished cotton woven fabrics 6513 (6.8%) Cotton yarn 8464 (1.2%) null 8471 8424 8463
6783
6521 (4%) Unbleached cotton woven fabrics
8973 (1.3%) 2879 6116 (1.2%) Leather 0342 of other hides or skins 0360 6114 0341 (0.76%)
4312
0579
5121 (1.2%) Acyclic alcohols & derivatives 6582 6960
6534 (1.3%) 6592 (1%) <85% Knotted discontinuous carpets synthetic woven fabrics * Numbers indicate SITC-4 rev 2 codes. Parenthesis indicate percentage of total exports. Treemap Headers show: Total Trade/Total World Trade (share of world trade represented by the country).
5823 (1.1%) Polyesters
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
pAnAmA
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5 2

0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035
22% of WT
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
1.5 k 1.2 k 900 600 300 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 162.06 m / 228.33 B (0.07%)

Total Exports: 162.06 M / 228.33 B (0.07%)
1988
5417 (5.5%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.99 B / 2.79 T (0.07%)

Total Exports: 1.99 B / 2.79 T (0.07%)
0573 (50%)
5415 (7.4%)
7932 (38%)
0573 (24%)
5413 (2.8%) 5155 (1.6%) 5162 5137 8822
8921 (1.1%) 5530
0360 (8.9%)
7938 (1.6%) 8851 (1.3%) 7933 8942 6960 8960
0360 (5.4%)
6672 (4.6%)
6673 8973 (1.8%) (1%) 9710 2882 8921 5139 5156 5530 5413 0579 8960 (0.92%)
0342 (5.2%)
6842 6673 0980
0341
0611
0721
0814 0111
2820 (1.1%)
7638 (1.4%)
7611 7628 7642
7491 7234
8421 8459 0350 (0.97%) 8462 8439 8451
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7638 (2%) Video & sound recorders N.E.S. 0342 (3.1%) Frozen fish, excluding fillets 0360 (2.1%) Fresh, chilled, frozen or salted crustaceans & molluscs 0343 (1.6%)
7611 (1.9%) Color T.V.
0341 (2.3%) Fresh or chilled 0344 (1.5%) Frozen fish, excluding fillets fish fillets 7415 (1.5%) Air conditioning machines
0545
7642
8983 6421
7621 7641 7234 (1%) Construction & mining machinery 7784 7491 7938
0573 (2.5%) Fresh or dried banana & plantains 7758 7247 8851 (0.64%) 8842
0711 0548
7752
5416
2820 (0.88%)
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
pApuA nEw guinEA

2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
880 704 528 352 176 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
2231 (29%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 53.98 m / 228.33 B (0.02%)

Total Exports: 53.98 M / 228.33 B (0.02%)
1988
2472 (5.9%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.39 B / 2.79 T (0.05%)

Total Exports: 1.39 B / 2.79 T (0.05%)
0711 (25%)
2871 (60%)
0721 (4.7%)
4242 (3.9%) 2231 (2.3%)
4243 (1.7%) 0711 (11%)

4243 (16%) 0721 (9.9%) 2482 (1.7%) 2483 6341
2472 (12%)
0360
0360 (1.8%) 2320 (4.8%) 2221 0577 2119 (1.7%)
2911 2119
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 5.81 B / 15.56 T (0.04%)
Total Exports: 5.81 B / 15.56 T (0.04%)

2871 (21%) Copper 4242 (8%) Palm oil 0721 (3.2%) Raw & roasted coffee beans
4243 (1.3%)
4244
2231 2320
0711 (3.5%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee substitutes 3330 (22%) Crude petroleum 2472 (9%) Sawlogs & veneer logs of non-coniferous 0371 (1.4%) Fish N.E.S.
0342 (0.7%)
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
pArAguAy
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
770 616 462 308 154 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0149 (26%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 54.53 m / 228.33 B (0.02%)

Total Exports: 54.53 M / 228.33 B (0.02%)
1988
4244 (5.3%) 2631 (3.5%) 2235 (2.1%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 826.24 m / 2.79 T (0.03%)

Total Exports: 826.24 M / 2.79 T (0.03%)
5513 (3.9%)
2222 (39%)
2631 (23%)
6114 (3.7%)
0813 (3.5%) 0711 (4.9%) 0742 (1.5%) 2222 2472 (13%) 0141 (3.7%) 2111 (2.4%) 6118 2119 (1.9%) (1.2%) 2919 (1.2%) 0115 (2.8%) 2120 (2.1%) 2685 4242 (1.1%) 4243 2483 (5.3%) 0980 (4.7%)
6116 0111 (1.9%) 2483 (3%) 0711 (12%) 1211 6341 3510
5322 (3.6%)
0813 (4.1%)
0742 (2.2%) 5513 4232 (0.83%) 4249
1212 8439 5322 4244 8429
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
2225 (2.2%) Sesame seeds 0111 (13%) Bovine meat
2222 (32%) Soya beans
0422 (0.63%) 2631 (0.55%) 0813 (12%) Oilcake 4232 (11%) Soya bean oil 0440 (3.7%) Unmilled maize 0612 (1.1%) 3510 (6.6%) Electric current Refined sugar 0412 (3.3%) Other wheat & meslin, unmilled 0611 (1.2%) Raw sugar beet & cane 4236 (1.8%) Sunflower seed oil 2224 1222
6114 (1.7%)
2919 2483 (1.2%) Worked wood of non-coniferous 2450 (0.86%) Fuel wood & charcoal
6725
2820
8931
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
pEru
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.9
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
1.1 k 880 660 440 220 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
6821 (23%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 949.54 m / 228.33 B (0.42%)

Total Exports: 949.54 M / 228.33 B (0.42%)
1988
4111
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 3.00 B / 2.79 T (0.11%)

Total Exports: 3.00 B / 2.79 T (0.11%)
2871 0814 (29%) (4.1%)
6821 (19%)
2871 (6%)
0814 (17%)
2875 (9.4%)
2879 2875 (4.9%) 2874 (4%) 6811 (4%) 0612 (6.7%) 0711 (5%) 2631 (6.4%)
6861 (3.8%)
6811 (3.3%) 0711 (5%) 6513 (2.7%) 6521 6542 2666 8462
2874 (6.2%)
6851 (2.8%) 6861 (2.3%) 0611
6851 (1.1%) 2876 2789
2815 (2.1%) 8973 (2.9%)
2816 (1.4%) 2890 5225
0612 2631 (1.2%)
2929 0723 2927
6822 5224 6931 5322 5912 6863 0565 (0.86%) 7731
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 31.29 B / 15.56 T (0.2%)
Total Exports: 31.29 B / 15.56 T (0.2%)

0814 (5.3%) Meat and fish flour, not for humans 4111 (1.4%) Fat & oils of marine animals 0360 (0.99%) 0342
2871 (18%) Copper
8459 (1.4%) 8451 Other knitted outerwear 8452
2879 (4.1%) Other 2875 (4.8%) Zinc non-ferrous base metals
0711 (2.4%) Green & 0751 roasted coffee & coffee substitutes 6811 (2.3%) Unwrought silver 0575 6871 (1.6%) Unwrought tin & alloys 5222 2816
0565 (1.6%) Prepared or preserved vegetables 0579
0545
2874 (3%) Lead ore
6851 (0.98%)
6861 (1%)
2815
6822 (1.5%) Worked copper & copper alloys
2483
5224
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
pHiLippinES
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.88
0.89
0.9
0.91
0.92
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
610 488 366 244 122 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
2231 (15%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.07 B / 228.33 B (0.47%)

Total Exports: 1.07 B / 228.33 B (0.47%)
1988
7764 (14%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 8.58 B / 2.79 T (0.31%)

Total Exports: 8.58 B / 2.79 T (0.31%)
4243 (8.9%)
2472 (30%)
7599 (3.2%)
7921 4243 (6%)
0573 (5.7%)
2871 (4.6%)
7763 (2.2%) 7788

0611 (2.3%) 0612 (13%) 0615 0577 (3.2%) 2871 (12%) 0813 2655 (1.7%) (1.7%) 8471 8481 0812 0589 0586 (1.1%)
6821 (4.4%) 6716 0711 0612 2483 (3.2%) 2231 2659 0813 0577 2816 (2.4%) 2872 (1.2%) (1.2%) 2655 6342 0360 (4%) 0589 (2.4%) (1.5%) 6341 0371 (1.1%) 0579 (1.2%) 0341 5629 (0.97%) 5222 0585
7648
8439 (2.7%)
8459 (2.1%)
7768 8423 (1.2%) 8463 (1%) 8510 8481
8997 (1.6%) 8462
8465
8433 8441 8431 8421 6584 8452 8471 8435
7731 8851
8211 6353
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7525 (13%) Control & peripheral hardware 7599 (4.3%) Parts of cash registers & calculating machines 7849 (4.8%) 6821 (3.4%) Unwrought Other copper & copper alloys vehicles parts 9710 (0.95%)
2872 4243 (2.4%) Coconut oil 0573
2816 0577 (0.56%)
2929 7763 (4.2%) Diodes & transistors 7788 (2.8%) Other electrical machinery & equipment N.E.S. 8811 (1.6%) 7731 (2.1%) Electric wire 8459 (1.1%) 8439 (0.71%) 6353 (2.1%) Builders` carpentry & joinery 8431 8463 8441
7712 (2.9%) Parts of electric power machinery N.E.S.
7649 (1.5%) 7768 (1.4%) Parts of telecom Parts N.E.S. of & sound electronic recording circuits equipment 7641 7415 7722 7591 8841
7721 (1%) Switchboards, relays & fuses 6251 0371 (0.7%)
0589
5231
7929 (0.66%)
0342 5121 2820
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
pOLAnd
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
2 1.5 1

0.55 0.6 0.65
2 1.5 1
22% of WT
0.5 0
0.5 0
-0.03
-0.025
-0.02
-0.015
-0.01
-0.005
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
4.5 k 3.6 k 2.7 k 1.8 k 900 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0149 (11%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.03 B / 228.33 B (0.45%)

Total Exports: 1.03 B / 228.33 B (0.45%)
1988
6953 0121 (6%) 6664 6652 0586 0545 0589 6643 (1.9%) 7852 0579 5981 6861 (1.6%) 5232 5239 0819 5629 6612 3232 5148 5155 (0.95%) 5413
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 11.38 B / 2.79 T (0.41%)

Total Exports: 11.38 B / 2.79 T (0.41%)
0111 (3.3%) 0011 (3%) 2482 (6%)
3222 (16%)
0114 (1.9%) 0118 0230 (2.2%) 5922 (1.8%) 6712 (3.2%) 2120 (1.5%)
0015 (1.1%)
6732 (1.4%)
2483 6416 2460 6841 (2%)
2741 (4.7%)
2919 (1%) 2112 6725 6747 6760 6940 7915 0612 (3.7%) 7914 6724 6745 6731 7919 7491 8942
5621 2783 2732 3352 0482 0611 2925 6522 (2.2%) 6549 2665 0615 0542 0541 4239 (1.1%)
7219 (2.1%) 7783
7284 7413 (1.1%) 7234 (1.1%) 7187 7188
6584
8997
8743 7371 7272 7239
6731
0149 (1.9%) 0111 0114 2482 8219 6732 (1.5%) (1.3%) 0015 0011 (1.3%) 7414 8211 6911 2471 2741 (3.9%) 0118 0344 5922 0224 3510 7731 6997 3221 6612 6811 2742 0360 2120 6652 6643 5225 6861 5417 (3.4%) 0586 0545 7416 6733 (1.9%) 7642 7525 (1.1%) 0585 7528 5232 5231 0546 0579 6822 (1.6%) 0565 8431 8424 8421 6744 0615 (0.85%) 8429 8423 7782 7932 0612 8462 8435 (1.4%) 2226 7119 8441
3232 6821 (3.7%)
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 171.88 B / 15.56 T (1.1%)

7132 (2.8%) Internal combustion engines for motor vehicles
Total Exports: 171.88 B / 15.56 T (1.1%)

8211 (3%) Chairs & 8219 (2.6%) seats Furniture parts N.E.S. 6911 (1.7%) Iron/steel structures 6732 (0.63%) 6359 (0.62%) 6842 6960
7810 (7%) Cars
7821 (1.6%)
7721 (1.2%) 7831 Switchboards, relays & fuses 6251 7758 (0.76%) 8121
6997 6428 7731 (2.3%) Electric wire 8212 6353
7752 6416 6924
6652
7139 (0.66%) 7849 (5.9%) Other vehicles parts 7492 (0.65%) 7491 7832 7783 6731 7239 7611 (3.9%) Color T.V. 7649 (1.7%) Parts of telecom & sound recording equipment 7751 (0.64%) 7781 7522 6725 (0.91%) 6733 (0.89%) 7932 (2.3%) Ships & boats 7436 6991
6415
8939 (1.7%) 5530 (1.6%) 5831 Miscellaneous Perfumery & articles cosmetics of 5832 plastic 5621 5542 6822 (0.7%) 6744 7782 5629
8931 (0.7%) 0980 (0.66%) 0730 0545 6421
0484
0114 (0.66%) 0111 (0.56%) 0240 0350
6210
0585
7711 6252
3232 (1.8%) Coke 6821 (1.4%) 2882 & semi-coke of coal Unwrought 6998 copper & copper 6794 alloys 3222 (0.99%) 6811
2820
1222 (0.65%)
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
pOrTugAL
2008
Product Space
2008

3
3 2.5
2.5
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0 5 10 x 10 15

-3
22% of WT
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
5.3 k 4.2 k 3.1 k 2.1 k 1k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 816.81 m / 228.33 B (0.36%)

Total Exports: 816.81 M / 228.33 B (0.36%)
1988
6672 (8.4%) 2518 (1.2%) 2516 6652 6416 6973 6343 5417 (1.1%) 5622 5621 (0.91%) 2731 2742 2879 8973 6577 6352 6991 6731 7781 7131 6716
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 11.38 B / 2.79 T (0.41%)

Total Exports: 11.38 B / 2.79 T (0.41%)
8472 (4.4%)
6575 (3%) 6522 (6.3%)
2517 (3.6%) 5981 (2.7%)
8510 (9.8%)
6584 (4.8%)
2517 (7.1%)
2518 6413 5981
1121 (4.4%)
8451 (4.4%) 2482 (1.6%) 7731 (1.6%) 8431 7132 (1.4%) 7499 (1%) 7621 7611 7831 5111 6991 5989 6343 8219 6624 6353 6341
6584 (2.5%)
8510 8471 (1.7%) 6581
6513 (4.2%)
6521 (1.7%) 6592
6351 (1.6%) 2482 (1.4%) 2440 (4.2%)
8459 (4.1%) 8462 (3.4%)
8439 (1.9%) 8429 (1.5%)
6575 8424
6666 (0.92%) 6665
6330 (4.3%)
1121 (12%)
0565 (6.5%)
0546 5112 0371 6613 (1.4%) 0341 0342 6651 2440
8452 6123 8472 8463 8423 (2.7%) 8441 (2%) 8434 8435 6589 6534 6522 6513 6516 6514
6330 (5.7%)
4235 (1.3%) 0577 (1.5%) 6545 (1.3%)
5831 (1.2%) 7781 7711 6644
6613 (1.4%)
6651 0360
6573 3352 2731
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7849 (5.6%) Other vehicles parts 7764 (4.5%) Electronic microcircuits 8510 (4.5%) Footwear 8462 (2.2%) Knitted undergarments of cotton 6330 (2.6%) Cork manufactures
7810 (6.6%) Cars
1121 (2.1%) Wine 6584 (1.6%) Linens & furnishing textile articles 7821 (1.9%) Trucks & vans 6251 (1.8%) Tires & pneumatic for cars 7492 (1.1%) Valves 7139 6731 6991 7442 7721 (1.4%) Switchboards, relays & fuses 7161 6647 6522 8939 (1.2%) 5334 Miscellaneous articles of plastic 5831 5834 (0.95%) Polyethylene 6841 2882 6998 2731 5111 (0.89%) Acyclic hydrocarbons 5112 (0.71%) 3352 2871 (1.4%) Copper 6651 (0.93%) 6613 0360 0371 5823 5833 0223 0342 0341 0350 7621 (2.7%) Vehicles radio receivers 8459 (1.2%) 8451 Other knitted outerwear 8423 6575 0565 (0.71%) 4235 8931 0484 0980 6421 1110
7499 (1.3%) Non-electric 7758 parts of machinery 7436 N.E.S. 7731 (2.2%) Electric 8211 (1.8%) 6911 (1.1%) wire Chairs & seats 6624 (0.99%) 6924 (0.61%) 6353
6973 6997
6415
6413
2517 6633 7852 6665
8219 (1.2%) Furniture parts N.E.S.
6343
1222 (1.2%) Cigarretes
0612
0813
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
QATAr
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.976 0.978 0.98 0.982 0.984 0.986
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.02
0.04
0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
43 k 34.4 k 25.8 k 17.2 k 8.6 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 334.93 m / 228.33 B (0.15%)

Total Exports: 334.93 M / 228.33 B (0.15%)
1988
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 2.26 B / 2.79 T (0.08%)

Total Exports: 2.26 B / 2.79 T (0.08%)
3330 (100%)
3330 (75%)
5831 (5.1%)
5111 (2.6%)
3345 (1.5%)
5621 (2.7%) 6732 (4.8%)
6731 (2.5%)
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
3413 (45%) liquified hydrocarbons 5831
5113
5161
6727
5121
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
rOmAniA
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76
22% of WT
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5
-0.01
-0.005
0.005
0.01
0.015
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
2.3 k 1.8 k 1.3 k 920 460 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
2482 (12%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 558.90 m / 228.33 B (0.24%)

Total Exports: 558.90 M / 228.33 B (0.24%)
1988
0440 (2.7%) 6841 (4.8%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 6.26 B / 2.79 T (0.22%)

Total Exports: 6.26 B / 2.79 T (0.22%)
2483 (9.2%)
4236 (4.8%)
7491 (1.7%) 7234 (1.6%)
6731 (1.3%) 7452 6782 7162
6744 (5.7%)
8510 (2.7%) 8431 (2.1%)
8429 (1.5%) 8439 (1.4%) 8441 8463
5621 (6.9%)
0542 (2%) 2472 0111 (8%) 6343 0011 (4%) 2460 6351 0113 0230 (1.5%) 6724 2331 2919 (1.2%) (0.94%) 3345 2682 0240 0149 (1.2%) 0913 0012 (0.93%) 0116 0114 6712 (3%)
0544 0460 (1.8%) (1.5%)
0577 6612 (3%) 0575
7361 7822
6733 (1.9%) 6259 7782 6732 (1.4%) 2482 7752
6783 6746 6749 7915 (1.1%) 7522
8451 8423 8459 8421
5629 (2.6%)
7932 (2.1%) 7491 5232 (1.4%) 5239
7915 0586 0561 0579 5621 (1.2%) 3351
0545 0565
6760 7919 7842 7224 7187 8219 (7.3%)
5232 (1.5%)
8424 8462 8434 8435 8997 8472 6584 8432
5834 (1.9%) 3345 5831 0113 0149 0545 0579 5121 2665 7912 0440
0121 6421 8510 (2.1%) 6522 (1%) 8997 6592
8211 (2.8%)
6342
2483 6652 (0.9%) (1%) 8422 6842 6643 6841 (6.8%) (0.87%) 6997 2481 6416 6343 6359 3510 6413
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7491 (1.7%) Roller bearings 6782 (1.4%) NULL 7731 (7.7%) Electric wire 8219 (2.5%) Furniture parts N.E.S. 8510 (3.7%) Footwear 8423 (1.4%) 8439 Men's (1.2%) trousers
7431 (1.5%) Air pumps, vacuum pumps & compressors 7758 (0.94%) 7721 (2.4%) Switchboards, relays & fuses 6251 (2%) Tires & pneumatic for cars
7239 (1.1%) Bulldozers, angledozers & levellers parts 7783 N.E.S. 7369
6123 (1.1%) 8431 (1.1%) 8435 8462 (0.57%) 8433 8451 (0.9%) 8441 8429 8434 8463 6589
7132 7162 7493
8211 (1.9%) Chairs & seats
2482
2483
6997 (0.73%) 6353
6744 (2.4%) Iron/steel >=4.75mm tick sheets
6746 (0.98%)
7643 (1.7%) Television & radio transmitters 7525 7712 8947
6842 (1.5%) Worked aluminium & aluminium alloys 5831 5834
3510
6911 6416
7752 6343
7414
8459
6783
0412 (1.5%) Other wheat & meslin, unmilled 2224
7915 (1.1%) Not mechanically propelled railway for freight 7931
6210 (0.55%) 5829 8742 5629 5232
2226 (0.99%) Rape & colza seeds 0430
2882
6998
6931 6252
7711
1222
7853
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
ruSSiAn FEdErATiOn
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
22% of WT
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
3.3 k 2.6 k 1.9 k 1.3 k 660 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
3330 (18%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP*
Total Exports: 3.05 B / 228.33 B (1.34%)

Total Exports: 3.05 B / 228.33 B (1.34%)
1988
2631 (6.2%)
EXPORT TREEMAP*
Total Exports: 44.43 B / 2.79 T (1.59%)

Total Exports: 44.43 B / 2.79 T (1.59%)
2482 (10%)
2471 (8%)
3330 (39%)
6841 (2.7%) 6812 (2.5%) 6831 (1.9%) 3222 (2.1%) 5241 (1.5%) 6672 (2%)
3510 (3.3%)
2482 (2.7%)
2471 (3%)
2472 7187 7239 6712 (1.1%) 6716 6725 7224 7931 7919 7915 5623 0371 2631 (1.2%) (1.8%) 2111 2820 5121
4236 (2.4%) 2460 (2.7%) 6812 (5.7%) 6841 (2.2%) 6831 (3.4%) 6712 (3.4%) 2742 6672 (5.4%) 2784 2879 3232 2877
* Values for USSR
2483 2481 0813
0612 (1.7%) 0542 6130 4113 4111 2820
7234 (1.4%) 7842 (1.4%) 5621 (1.7%)
7499 (3.6%)
5621 5623 (1.2%) 2713 (2%)
2120 (2.1%) 6522 6521
6725 6727 (1.4%) (1.2%) 6716
3414 (8.7%)
3413
2815 (1.1%) 2816
7126
* Values for USSR
5225 (1%) 6821 (0.88%)
3345 2331 5221 5112
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
3414 (21%) petroleum gases 6841 (2.4%) Unwrought aluminium & aluminium alloys 6725 (3.5%) Iron/steel billets
6727 (0.93%) 6712 Iron/steel coils (0.82%) 6812 (1.2%) Unwrought metals of platinum 3222 (2.2%) Other coal 6822 (0.91%) 6745 Worked copper & copper alloys 7187
6716
5623 (1.4%) 5629 (1.3%) Potassic fertilizers Fertilizers
3232
3221
6831 (1.6%) Unwrought nickel & nickel alloys 2741 2816 6811 5225
5621 (1.1%) Nitrogenous fertilizers 2482 (0.89%) 2471
2331 (0.59%) 0412 (0.91%) Other wheat & meslin, unmilled 2820
6732
2517
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
SAudi ArABiA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.964
0.966
0.968
0.97
0.972
0.974
0.976
0.978
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
13 k 10.4 k 7.8 k 5.2 k 2.6 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 2.22 B / 228.33 B (0.97%)

Total Exports: 2.22 B / 228.33 B (0.97%)
1988
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 51.42 B / 2.79 T (1.84%)

Total Exports: 51.42 B / 2.79 T (1.84%)
3330 (99%)
3330 (82%)
3413
5112 (2.1%) 5113 5831 (1.7%) 5621 5121 (3.2%)
7144 3354
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
5831
5832 5112
5621
3351 7938 7921
5121
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
SEnEgAL
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
-2 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
240 192 144 96 48 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 177.55 m / 228.33 B (0.08%)

Total Exports: 177.55 M / 228.33 B (0.08%)
1988
2713 (12%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 551.69 m / 2.79 T (0.02%)

Total Exports: 551.69 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)
4234 (26%)
2221 (20%)
0360 (15%)
4234 (15%)
0813 (10%)
2631 (2.8%)
2922
6672 (3.5%) 2877 (1.8%) 2783 (1.5%)
0371 (11%) 0615 2713 (15%) 5222 (5.1%) 2782 (1.5%) 6672 (1.4%) 5629 (1.4%) 5622 0545 (1%) 6513
2771 (2.3%) 0813 (14%) 4244 (3.7%) 0460 (2.3%) 6521 (1.4%)
0342 (5.8%)
0341 (4%)
0344 (3.4%)
1222
6522 0360 (2.2%) (0.8%) 6513 0545 9410 8510 (1.3%) 6341
0814 0350
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 2.19 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
Total Exports: 2.19 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)

1222 (2.5%) Cigarretes 1212 (1.8%) Wholly or partly stripped tobacco
5222 (18%) Non-metals inorganic acids & oxygen compounds
5530 (3.5%) 6612 (10%) Cement Perfumery & cosmetics
1223 (2.1%) Tobbacco, extract, essences & manufactures 2631 (1.9%) Raw cotton 9710 2783 (1.4%) Sodium chloride 2782 (1%) Clay & refractory minerals, 7442N.E.S. (1%) Lifting 0544
8939 (1.3%) Miscellaneous articles of plastic 5514 5629 (3.4%) Fertilizers 2713 5832 0341 (7%) Fresh or chilled fish, excluding fillets 0360 (5.5%) Fresh, chilled, frozen or salted crustaceans & molluscs 0342 (3.8%) Frozen fish, excluding fillets 5541
0460 0488
6731 (2.2%) Iron/steel wire & loading rod machinery
4234 (1.4%) 2882 0422 Peanut oil (0.94%) (0.92%) Other Semi or non-ferrous wholly milled base metals 0980 (2.7%) Edible products 6732 (3.6%) Iron/steel rods rice N.E.S.
7162 (0.81%) 6421 (0.91%) Paper packing containers 0579 0484 0545 (0.72%) 8931 2820 (2.2%) Iron & steel waste
0343 (1.2%) Fresh or chilled fish fillets
0371 0350
7924 (2.4%) Aircrafts of more than 15 tons
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
SErBiA
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0 5 10 15 x 10

-3
22% of WT
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
1.5 k 1.2 k 900 600 300 0
2005
2006
2007
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
2005
6727 (7.7%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 4.36 B / 9.84 t (0.04%)

Total Exports: 4.36 B / 9.84 T (0.04%)
2007
0980 6842 (2.8%) 8211 (1.3%) 2483
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 8.85 B / 13.45 T (0.07%)

Total Exports: 8.85 B / 13.45 T (0.07%)
6822 (3.9%)
6251 (3.2%)
6418 0586 (3.7%)
6727 (6%)
6822 (4.3%) 6251 6418 (1.7%) 8939 (2.3%) (2.2%) 7169 (1.7%)
5542 5334 0819 5335
0586 (3.1%)
0980 0484
0484 0730 0579 9510 7224 6289 6785 7283 7442 8946 7493 0585 1123 0612 (4.3%) 5121
0546 0545 6624 0561 3510 7731 8510 (2%) 8463 (1.5%) 6123 (1.2%) 8465 8422
8219 6911
6973
7416 6744 (2.7%) 6746 (1.8%) 7442 7493 6745 6783 6259
7758 6289
5111 5137 5831 (2.5%) (1.3%) 5112 2331
1110
0730 0579 8931
6747 (3.3%) 6746 (2.2%) 6744 (1.7%) 8939 (2.8%) 5417 (2.7%)
6821 (2%) 6794 6998 6861 2820 0149 2112
6259 (1.2%)
6747 (2.3%) 6842 (3.3%)
7915
0585 1123 5121 8463 (1.8%) 6123 8472 8423 6998 2882 6821 (1.1%) 8439 8510 (1.6%) 0612 (2.1%) 0460 0440 (1.2%) 0412 4236 4232 6794 2820 (1.7%) 8928 6612 0111
5831 (3.2%) 5111 5137 (1.3%) 2331
8219 8211 6353 7752
0440 (2.7%)
4236 0412
8472 8423 8431
3510 7731 6624 2483 6924 6973 (1.4%) (1.3%)
5334 0819 8922 5542 5832
6210
0223
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
6822 (4.2%) Worked 7169 (2.1%) copper & copper Parts of rotating alloys electric plants N.E.S. 6251 (1.9%) 6418 Tires & pneumatic for cars 8939 (2.3%) Miscellaneous articles of plastic 5542 0819 8922 5417 (2.2%) Medicaments 5334 0980 (0.99%) 7283 7442 7139 9510 0730 7758 7416 6259 7711 8463 (1.7%) Knitted undergarments of synthetic fibers 6123 0612 (1.7%) Refined sugar 6973 8211 6353 7861 0440 (1.4%) 0011 (0.59%) 0111 8510 (1.5%) Footwear 8472 (0.78%) 5112 2331 5621 8429 1123 2882 6841 5121 6612 3354 6289 7919 5111 (0.9%) 5137 5335 5831 (2.2%) Polyethylene 5629 0484 (0.97%) 0579 (0.67%) 6421 0585 8931 0586 (2.8%) Temporarily preserved fruit 1110 (1.2%)
6744 (2.6%) Iron/steel >=4.75mm tick sheets
6746 (2%) Iron/steel <3mm tick sheets
6747 (2.2%) Steel tinned sheets
6745 (1.1%) 6783 Iron/steel 3 4.75mm tick sheets 7731 (1.5%) Electric wire 8219 (1.1%)
7915 (1%) Not mechanically propelled railway for freight 7611 (1.1%) Color T.V. 6911 6924
7924 (1%)
6794 2820 (1.6%) Iron 8928 & steel waste
6842 (2.4%) Worked aluminium & aluminium alloys
2483
7752
6624 (1.2%) Non-refractory ceramic bricks
0460
4236
4239
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
SingApOrE
2008
Product Space
2008

22% of WT
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
0.74
0.76
0.78
0.8
0.82
0.84
0.86
-0.015
-0.01
-0.005
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
70 k 56 k 42 k 28 k 14 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 733.95 m / 228.33 B (0.32%)

Total Exports: 733.95 M / 228.33 B (0.32%)
1988
3345 (5%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 30.98 B / 2.79 T (1.11%)

Total Exports: 30.98 B / 2.79 T (1.11%)
2320 (42%)
4242 2483 (4.7%)
7599 (18%)
7764 (11%)
7721 (1.6%) 7431 (1.2%) 7758
3345 (2.3%)
5831 (2%)
5832
6924 (1.9%) 4243 6732
6996 6341 2481
0819 (3.3%) 8921 6424
5982 8720 5417 8921 3352 5146 5156 4242 (1%) 0723 2923 0752 4232 1222 8973 (1.3%) 4313 1110 8931 0342 2820 2882 3354
7491 7239 2320 (2.3%) 7649 (3.8%) 7611 (3%)
8851 6652 0589 0980 6421 7781 (1.5%) 0586 (1.2%) 6783 2231 0460 (2.4%) 0751 (1.4%) 0752 2923 2640 (1.6%) 2924 0422 1123 6651 1222 (1.2%) 6785 9610 6423 6584 6581 8310
2890 (1.1%) 2876 (1.1%) 6522 0350 (0.96%) 0014 2119 6521
7638 (2.9%)
7622 (2.5%)
0421 2922 4234 8999
7628
7768 7788 7525 (1.4%) 7641 7162 (1.5%) 8463 8459 8743 8942 (0.91%) 7169 7932 (2%) 8441 8462 7712 7761 7415 7511 (0.95%) (0.95%) 8983 7781 2483 6997 7763 7528 7512 7522 7414 (1.1%) 7938 6342 7722 7643
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7239 (2.9%) Bulldozers, angledozers & levellers parts N.E.S. 5146 (1.6%) Oxygen-function amino-compounds 5112 (1.2%) Cyclic hydrocarbons
5989 (1.2%) 5839 (1.3%) Other Chemical polymerization & products copolymarization products 8720 (0.82%) 6871 5514 5829 5156 (0.81%) 5982 8744 5157
7491
7162 (0.68%) 8749 8741
8748
7763 (2.5%) Diodes 7788 (2.2%) & transistors Other electrical 7499 machinery & equipment N.E.S. 6954 7431 7518 (1%) 7528 Office machines N.E.S. 7722 7712 (0.9%) 7781 7938 7929 (1.7%) Aircraft equipment parts N.E.S.
7643 (2.9%) Television & radio transmitters 7768 (6.1%) Parts N.E.S. of electronic circuits 7649 (2.7%) Parts of telecom & sound recording equipment
5530 (0.86%) Perfumery & cosmetics 8973 3354 7131
5831 (0.75%) 5121 (0.72%) 1124
5823 7853 8851
0488
7523
5833
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
SLOVAk rEpuBLic
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
22% of WT
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -15 -10 -5 0 x 10

-3
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
13 k 10.4 k 7.8 k 5.2 k 2.6 k 0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1994
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 6.09 B / 4.30 t (0.14%)

Total Exports: 6.09 B / 4.30 T (0.14%)
2001
8939 3345 5112 5831 (2%) 5162 5621 (1.2%) 5629 5832 5834
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 12.64 B / 5.90 T (0.21%)

Total Exports: 12.64 B / 5.90 T (0.21%)
6746 (4.4%) 6727 (3.8%)
6745 7491 6251 6782 (2.8%) (1.2%) 7162 6418 7919
5417 (1.5%)
7810 (18%)
7849 (4.8%)
7491 (1.8%) 7162 (1.2%)
7731 (3.6%)
8211 (1.9%) 8219
8510 (1.8%) 6123 8424 8422
8423 (0.84%) 8451 8441 8429
7492 5239 6725 7449 8510 (1.9%) 8424 6123 6514 (3.4%) (1.3%) 6252 6623 7611 8124 8439 8451 (0.92%) (0.85%) 7751 8423 8431 8462 6584 8429 6716 (2%) 6822 6747 6783 6770 6931 7915 (1.1%) (1.1%) 8422 8435 6517 6519 8731 (0.94%) 8459 8219 2482 6911 6353 6633 6415 (2%) 6841 0545 0440 0482 2820 (1.9%) (1.7%) 6624 6421 6651 2483 6997 6342 7731 7752 8211 6612 (1.7%) 1222 6921 2517 (1.2%) 0011 6114 6417 6618 6749 (2.1%) 6744 (1.9%)
7224 8921 6424 7361 5542
7493 7431 6782 9510 8121 6745 7751
7239 6289 7373 7169
6997 6428 2483 6353 2472 7861 2482 3510 6415 6424 (1.8%) 6649 6417 5831 (1.1%) 5832
6514 6652 (1.4%)
6519
6841 (2.6%) 2782 6612 6998 8928 6114 2820 0482
6746 (3%)
6749 (1.2%)
7611 6252 6623 7722 7782 8124 7915 8921 8922 5145 5162 5542
6727 (2.2%)
6716 6747 7768 (0.81%) 6725 6744 7712
5834 6210 0980 5621 0730
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7611 (16%) Color T.V. 7731 (2.6%) Electric wire 6997 6911
7810 (20%) Cars
6924 8219 (1.1%) 8211 Furniture parts N.E.S. 6343
6415 8939 (1%) Miscellaneous articles of plastic 5832 5831 (0.61%) 6841 (0.87%) Unwrought aluminium & aluminium alloys 5121 8510 (1.5%) Footwear
7493 (1.3%) Mechanical tools for building 8121 (1.2%)
6991 (0.91%) 7431 7239
7638 (1.7%) Video 7712 (1.1%) 7525 (0.94%) & sound recorders N.E.S. 7751 (0.9%) 6749 (1.6%) Other worked iron/steel sheets 6747 (0.8%) 6744 (0.78%) 6746 (1.4%) Iron/steel <3mm tick sheets 6745 (0.75%) 6716 (0.67%) 6727
8124
7842 (3.1%) Vehicle bodies
7162
6782
6940 6251
6252 (1.2%) Tires & pneumatic for buses 7119 7782 7915 6931
6514 2820
7783 7491 (1.5%) 7442
7868 6289
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
SLOVEniA
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
2

0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5
22% of WT
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 0.64
-0.03
-0.025
-0.02
-0.015
-0.01
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
14 k 11.2 k 8.4 k 5.6 k 2.8 k 0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1994
7810 (8.1%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 6.45 B / 4.30 t (0.15%)

Total Exports: 6.45 B / 4.30 T (0.15%)
2001
8510 (2.5%) 8439 (1.7%) 8423 8422 8459 8424 5417 (3.7%) 8451 8465 8435 8431 (1.5%) 6514 8463 6123 8432 8421 8429 6841 (1.5%) 0142 0114 0980 5239 6421 6516 6536
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 9.24 B / 5.90 T (0.16%)

Total Exports: 9.24 B / 5.90 T (0.16%)
7758 (2.2%) 6353 (3.6%) 8211 (3.3%)
7721 7783 7169 6418 7757 8124 7611 (1.2%) (1.2%) 8947 8710 7751 6991 6251 7781 8813 7431 7449 7281 6746 6745 6783 6832 6863 5224 6744 6716 7162 7492 8731 6252 (1.1%) 7784 8743 6259 7752 (2.1%) 6997 2482 2483 6412 (1.4%) 6428 6842 (1.3%) 6359 6911 6732 3510 7861 6342 6973 6415 (0.95%) 6652 (0.79%) 8842
7810 (9%)
7849 (2.7%)
8211 (5.2%)
6353 (2%)
7758 (2%) 7169 (1.4%) 7783 7721 7239
6998 (1%) 6116 (0.89%)
5530 8921
6424 5334
7431 (1.2%) 6251 (1.1%) 7757 (1.6%) 7751
8219 (3.1%)
5156 5138
0548
8219 6842 (2.3%) 7162 7913 (2.5%) 7492 7139 7493 6631 2483 2482 7442 7161 5417 (5.5%) 8510 8422 6514 6954 7499 (1.2%) 6418 8439 6522 (0.94%) 7784 8743 6991 7129 8431 8939 5530 6424 (0.91%) 7281 6841 6998 6116 7641 7723 8731 6744 6783 (1.5%) 0223 6573 (1%) 6746 6716 5334 6635 6252 5821 8124 7781 1110 1123 6745 5331 5824 6210 5823 7711
6732 6412 (0.93%) (1.1%) 3510 6415 (0.91%) 6411 7861 6911 6997 6652 6649 6428 6341
7752 (1.9%)
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7849 (3.1%) Other vehicles parts 8211 (2.6%) Chairs & seats 6842 (2.3%) 6732 (1.5%) Worked Iron/steel rods aluminium & aluminium alloys 2482 (0.9%) 8219 (1.7%) Furniture parts N.E.S. 3510 (1.7%) Electric current 6415 6411 6841 (1.1%) Unwrought aluminium & aluminium alloys 2882 2873 8928 5530 (1.2%) 6745 6783 6252 8731 7711 5331 5416 8939 (1.1%) 5334 (0.75%) 5335 5831 8921 5542 5821 6210 6424 2820 6635 0223 (0.62%) 6998 6353 (1.4%) Builders` carpentry & joinery 7752 (1.2%) Refrigerators & freezers 6911 (0.93%) 8842 6652 6953 7758 (2.3%) Electro-thermal home appliances N.E.S.
7810 (13%) Cars
7783 (1.8%) Auto parts
7169
6954 (0.91%)
7442 (0.65%) 6418 (0.62%) 7281 6572
7452 7139 8743 7441 6994 5417 (8.9%) Medicaments
7239 (1.7%) Bulldozers, angledozers & levellers parts N.E.S. 6251 (1.2%) Tires & 7492 (1%) Valves pneumatic for cars
6991 (0.85%)
6289 7431 (1%) 7432 (0.95%) 7372
7868 6940 7919 6744 (1.7%) Iron/steel >=4.75mm tick sheets
6514 (0.85%) Yarn not for retail (>=85% synthetic fibres)
7757 (1%)
7781 (0.63%) 8942 (0.56%)
8947 8124
7751
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
SOuTH AFricA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.8 0.85
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.75
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
1.5 k 1.2 k 900 600 300 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
6672 (19%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 2.07 B / 228.33 B (0.91%)

Total Exports: 2.07 B / 228.33 B (0.91%)
1988
0571 (2.8%) 0611 (3.1%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 14.77 B / 2.79 T (0.53%)

Total Exports: 14.77 B / 2.79 T (0.53%)
0440 (10%)
6812 (14%)
3222 (11%)
6716 (8.4%)
0574 0571 (1.3%) (1.3%) 0575
0574 (1.9%)
0459 (1.1%)
0812 0612 0615 0579 0585
6821 (9.6%)
2784 (3.8%)
2890 (4.3%) 2681 (7%)
0575 0572 2221 (0.97%) 6512 0589 (3.3%) 2682 2683 6716 (2.3%)
6841 (1.4%)
2881 2731 2874 2785 (1.2%) 3221 2786 6672 (6.9%) 6821 (3.7%) 6831 2872 5241 (1.7%) (1.5%) (1.4%) 2815 (2.4%) 2877 (1.4%) 6899 2784 2890
0611 (1.9%) 6725 6727 6746 6749 (1.4%) 6712 6733 6783 0813 1212 6731 7283 2681 (1.8%) 03600342 5222 5221 6512 (1.4%) 2683 6114 2687 2117 6413 6732 2518 2713 5162 0589 0579 (1.4%) 3351
2872 6851 2731 2879 2871 2782 2877 (2.2%)
0814 (2.7%)
2120 (3.2%)
6712 (2.1%)
2879 (3.2%)
0360 (1.3%) 4111 2116 2111 2117 2516 (1.4%) 5322
2516 (1.3%) 5225 2517
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
6841 (2.3%) Unwrought aluminium & aluminium alloys 7810 (7.6%) Cars 6716 (9.5%) Ferro-alloys
6812 (16%) Unwrought metals of platinum
2882 (0.96%)
7436 (5.2%) Liquid & gas filters & purifiers
6727 (1.1%) 3222 (7.8%) Other coal 6672 (3.8%) Not mounted diamonds 7132 (0.71%) 6746 (0.86%) 7283 6842 (1.2%) Worked aluminium & aluminium alloys 8211 6911 (0.97%) 5222 (1.4%) 5629 Non-metals 5221 inorganic acids & oxygen compounds 5111 5832 0571 (0.84%) 0575
6744 6749 7923 1121 (1.3%) Wine
2816 (3.9%) Agglomerated iron ore
2877 (3.2%) Manganese
7861
0574
0572
0579 0360 2681
0585 0589 2820
2890 (1.3%) Ores and precious metals
5241
2516
6415 3351
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
SpAin
2008
Product Space
2008

3
2.5
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1
22% of WT
1.5
0.5
0.5
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.6
0.62
0.64
-0.03
-0.025
-0.02
-0.015
-0.01
-0.005
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
6.1 k 4.8 k 3.6 k 2.4 k 1.2 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0571 (13%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.81 B / 228.33 B (0.79%)

Total Exports: 1.81 B / 228.33 B (0.79%)
1988
8946 8510 (5.2%) 7851 7919
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 40.31 B / 2.79 T (1.44%)

Total Exports: 40.31 B / 2.79 T (1.44%)
0544 (5.8%)
0460 (1.9%) 2440
0541 7244 (4.8%)
7810 (13%)
0545 (2.7%)
1121
6624 (1.5%) 8219 (0.93%) 7731 2517 (1.1%)
6732 (1.4%)
0571 (3.4%)
0579 (2.1%)
6352 2814 6725 8124 7511 8481
0577 (4.3%) 0575 (2.8%) 1121 (6.1%) 0572 0565 (5.6%) 0545 (3%)
4235 (2.5%)
8310 6584 0752 0751 8997 0422 0573 6513 (1.4%) 6521 6724 6716 (0.97%) 2927 6517 5224 6931 0421 5513 8921 (2.1%) 5623 3510 5981 (1.7%) (1.1%) 0589 0579 7731 8960 (1.8%) (1.5%) 5221 (1.9%) 6973 5137 2742 (1.3%) 0350 0360 6118 2919 6330 0585 (2.2%) 2785 (0.97%) 0546 6613
7849 (5.4%)
6251 7132
7783 7361 4235 (1.6%) 0589 6954 7492 7431 7372 6940 6991 0565 (1.4%) 5156 5111 5148 5137 5138 5831 5832 0980 0620
0544 (1.4%) 8960 0440 0430 0360 6130 0577 2927
7821 (2.5%) 6733 (1.1%) 6725 6744 6747 6746 (0.87%)
6418 6731 7442 7162 8942 7528 6252 8124 7757 7781 6259
5416 8921 8510 (3.8%) 3345 (0.94%) 5413
7932 (1.3%) 7929
6613 (0.81%) 3352 5623 6612 6861 3354
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7849 (6.1%) Other vehicles parts 5417 (4.6%) Medicaments 5530 (1.2%) Perfumery & cosmetics 8921 5542 5334 5839 5832 3352 5912 2517 6415 0571 (1.5%) Fresh or dried oranges & m&arines 0544 8219 (0.76%) 3510 8939 (0.65%) 5335 6424 6624 (1.6%) Non-refractory ceramic bricks 6732 (1.6%) Iron/steel rods 7731
7810 (15%) Cars
6842 (0.92%)
6997
6911
6924 6996
6782 (0.64%) 7783 6731 7162
7851 7449 7361 7822
7758
6289
4235 (1.4%) Olive oil
0565 (0.75%) 0980 (0.66%)
0113 (1.2%) Swine meat
1121 (1.4%) Wine 8931 0579 (1.4%) Fresh or dried fruit N.E.S.
7132 (1%) 7169 (0.82%) 7611 (1.4%) Color T.V. 7415
7492 (0.77%) 7442 (0.67%) 6733 (1%) 6822 Iron/steel shapes 6746 6252 7711
0342 0341
7929 (1%) 8510 (1.3%) Aircraft Footwear equipment parts N.E.S. 8439
8451 (0.52%)
5823 (0.7%) 6613
3354 6861
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
Sri LAnkA
2008
Product Space
2008

22% of WT
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.78
0.8
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.9
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
0.055
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
410 328 246 164 82 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0741 (61%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 358.17 m / 228.33 B (0.16%)

Total Exports: 358.17 M / 228.33 B (0.16%)
1988
0577 2320 (16%) (7.9%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.52 B / 2.79 T (0.05%)

Total Exports: 1.52 B / 2.79 T (0.05%)
8439 (6.2%)
8462 (3.4%)
0741 (18%)
2320 (8.4%)
8435 (4.9%)
8441 (3.3%) 2659
8423 (3.1%)
4243 (5.7%) 2659 (3.2%)
8451 (2%)
8421 (1.9%)
8429 (1.9%) 0577 6673 (5.8%) 6672 (3.8%)
0752 (2.1%)
0812 0751 (0.83%) 0711 0360 (1.5%) 6664
8431 (2.5%) 8433

2231 (1.2%) 0752 0721 4242
6584 8481 8997 8452 8471 8465 6581
7924 (2%)
8463 (2.3%)
8434 (2%)
8472 8443 8459
6940 6259 6624 6289 8482
8999 5989
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
8439 (6.9%) Other women outerwear 8459 (5.7%) Other knitted outerwear 0741 (17%) Tea 0752 (1.7%) Spices other than pepper 0460 0812
1212
1223 8423 (4.1%) Men's trousers 8463 (2%) Knitted undergarments of synthetic fibers 8451 (2%) 8441 (1.7%) Knitted jerseys, Men's pullovers & undershirt cardigans
6259 (4.2%) Other tires articles
8482 (1.7%) Clothing accessories from rubber 6289 (0.97%) 7441 Other articles of rubber
7722 7641
7731 (0.74%) 6582
6416
7852 6664 0360
8465 (3.7%) Corsets 8435 (1.3%) Blouses 8464 (2.2%) null 8472 (2.2%) 8433 (1.1%) Knitted clothing accessories of textile fabrics 8434 (0.92%) 8452 (0.8%) 8431 8424 6552 8443 7711 8997 6672 (4.2%) Not mounted diamonds
6673 (2.5%) Not mounted precious stones
0342 0341 (0.98%) Frozen fish, 0343 excluding 0980 fillets 8931 8928
2511
0589 2771 (1.1%)
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
SudAn
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 0.955 0.96 0.965 0.97 0.975 0.98 0.985
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
22% of WT
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
240 192 144 96 48 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
2631 (58%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 259.62 m / 228.33 B (0.11%)

Total Exports: 259.62 M / 228.33 B (0.11%)
1988
0813 0012 (6.9%) (4.7%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 561.19 m / 2.79 T (0.02%)

Total Exports: 561.19 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)
2922 (10%)
2631 (47%)
2922 (12%)
0813 (6.4%)
0012 (4.5%)
2221 (7.4%)
4234 (3.5%) 0459 (5.8%)

0011
2117 (1.2%) 2116 2114 2111
2634 (4.7%)
4233 (1.4%) 0459 2223 2235 0548 2924
2116 2119 2117 2890
2238 2222 4239 2221 (4.5%) 2225 (2.2%) 2632 0615 (2.2%) 0548 (1%) 2911 0561 7144
0579 2924 6513
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
2225
2922
2631
0459
0012
2820 9410
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
SwEdEn
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
22% of WT
1.5

0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7
1.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
-0.5 -0.04 -0.035 -0.03 -0.025
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
20 k 16 k 12 k 8k 4k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
2517 (7.9%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 5.34 B / 228.33 B (2.34%)

Total Exports: 5.34 B / 228.33 B (2.34%)
1988
7491 (1.9%) 7411 7499 (1.5%) (1.8%) 7281 (1.4%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 48.89 B / 2.79 T (1.75%)

Total Exports: 48.89 B / 2.79 T (1.75%)
2518 (4.2%)
6411 (2.4%)
7810 (6.7%)
7810 (7.7%)
6954 7832 7721 7452 7442 2517 (4%) (1.3%) (1.2%) 7234 (1.1%) 7132 (1.1%) 6782 7491 7841 6413 (3.5%)
6411 (3%)
6415 (2.2%)
6415 (2.4%) 6413 (5.6%) 6412 (1.9%) 2482 (10%) 6732 (1.8%)
2516 (1.5%) 2512 5981 2460 6953 (1.3%)
6731 7821 (2.3%) 6782 (2%) (1%)
7932 (5.8%)
7452 6940 7213 7126 6577 7283 7371 7841 8121 6822 6746 7512 7788 7518 (1.7%) (1.3%) (2.1%) 6783 6716 6770 0113 2120 7781 8947 7511 8928
6412 (2.2%) 6732 6353 6842 7731 6911 3510 7414
2518 2512
7849 (4.1%)
7821 (2.8%)
7451 7416
7449 6731 8743 7251 2482 (4%)
7441 7373 6940 7492 7758 7259 7822
7752
6418 (2.3%) 7649 (2.1%) 7641
6416 6842 6353 (1.3%) 6973
6419 (1.9%)
2671
6998
7133 7525 7528 6744 (0.81%) (1.1%) 7643 6746 (1%) 7712
7284 (1.3%)
8219 6822 6749 6770 (0.8%) 7932 6725 6783 6745 6713 7149 5417 (1.7%) 8939
6428 8720 5831 (1%) 2815 2816 0484 0730 2120
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7416 (1.3%) Heating & cooling equipment N.E.S. 7441 (1.2%) Work trucks 7284 (1.2%) 7821 Specialized (1.1%) industry machinery & parts N.E.S 7442 (1.1%) 7452 Lifting & loading machinery 6954 3510 (0.84%) 7841 7188 7259 5417 (6.2%) Medicaments 8939 (1%) 0980 Miscellaneous articles of plastic 8931 5334 2816 (1.5%) 2882 Agglomerated iron ore 8744 5831 (1.3%) Polyethylene 5834 6210 6842 7842 7491 2482 (2.9%) Worked wood of coniferous 8219 (1.5%) Furniture parts N.E.S. 6732 6413 (1.9%) 2517 (1.8%) Rolls/sheets of Chemical kraft paper wood pulp, soda or sulphate
7810 (6.9%) Cars
7239
7234
7731 (1.1%)
6353
6428
6911 7414 6415 (1.1%) Paper & paperboad in rolls or sheets 6411 (1%) 6412 (0.63%) 5851
6782 (0.72%) 7492 (0.66%) 7187
6418 (2.2%) Rolls/sheets of coated paper
6744 (1.1%) 6746 7149 8720 (0.89%) Iron/steel (0.89%) (0.61%) >=4.75mm tick sheets 7415 8996 5415 6822 (0.88%) 6770 Worked copper 8124 & copper * Numbers indicate SITC-4 rev 2 codes. Parenthesis indicate percentage of total exports. Treemap Headersalloys show: Total Trade/Total World Trade (share of world trade represented by the country). & sound recording equipment Telephone lines
7132 (1.4%) Internal combustion engines for motor 7649 (3.8%) Parts of telecom vehicles 7641 (2.1%) 7832 (1.8%) Tractors for semi-trailers
7133 7758 7712
7493 7283 7523
8745
0341 (0.93%) 2820 Fresh or chilled fish, excluding fillets
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
SwiTZErLAnd
2008
Product Space
2008

22% of WT
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5 0.7 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.76
-0.5 -0.035 -0.03 -0.025 -0.02 -0.015 -0.01
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
26 k 20.8 k 15.6 k 10.4 k 5.2 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 3.96 B / 228.33 B (1.73%)

Total Exports: 3.96 B / 228.33 B (1.73%)
1988
8960 6842
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 58.99 B / 2.79 T (2.11%)

Total Exports: 58.99 B / 2.79 T (2.11%)
7244 (9.5%)
7499 (1.9%) 7126 (1.4%) 7243 7784 7271
7452 (1.4%) 7281 (1.3%) 6577 7491
8852 (1.9%)
7788 8851 (17%) (1.5%)
7721 (2.6%)
7512 7188 (0.94%) 8812 8731 (2.8%)
3510 6953 6996 6341
5155 (5.4%)
5411 5148 (1.5%) 5989
5417 (7.3%)
6522 6513 (1.7%) 6521
0240 (2.7%)
6673
8745 (2.8%)
5416 8720 5162 5137 5415 8996
8921 (1.6%)
5414 5542 (1.4%)
6560 8510 (1.4%) (1.1%) 8471
5513 (1.3%)
0980 0730 5121
2665 8928 8993
7361 7246 7416 6954 7267 7373 7788 6672 (11%) (2.6%) (0.84%) (0.99%) 7252 8743 7492 7493 8852 6940 7284 (2.6%) (0.79%) 7369 (0.77%) 7499 7272 7431 7271 7264 7281 7269 7268 7245 (1.6%) 7452 7247 6783 (1.3%) 7161 8851 (6%) 7244 (1.5%) 7784 6577 6418 8749 5311 5156 5989 5514 5146 5417 (5.4%) 8939 (2.6%) (2%) 5414 5530 8742 5416 5413 5139 8996 5839 5824 6514 6522 5826 8745 5148 8748 5147 5542 5411 8720 5912 5913 5911 6513
8973 (1.4%) 9710 6812 8960 (2.5%) 6842 (1.2%) 3510
8931 8928 0240 (0.87%) 1222
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
5148 (2.1%) Other nitrogen-function compounds 8720 (1.3%) Medical instruments N.E.S. 5147 (1.2%) Amide-function compounds, excluding urea 8748 5332 7721 (2.4%) Switchboards, relays & fuses 7284 (2.3%) Specialized industry machinery & parts N.E.S 6940 (0.65%) 8743 7367 7416 (0.96%) Heating & cooling equipment 7361 (0.9%) N.E.S. Metal cutting machine-tools 7452 7492 7373 9510 7161 7281 8749 8960 8973 (3.2%) Precious jewellery 6812 (2.3%) Unwrought metals of platinum 7162 7431 7369 6954 7244 7493 7499 7923 (0.7%) 7712 7432 7149 (1.3%) Parts of gas & reaction engines
5416 (8.1%) Glycosides & vaccines
5156 (2%) Heterocyclic compound; nucleic acids
5514 (0.96%)
5415
8744 5311
8996 (3.2%) Orthopaedic appliances
5989
8742 (0.53%) 5411
5146 5824 5233 5413 (0.93%)
8851 (8.8%) Watches
5417 (15%) Medicaments
8939 (0.86%) 5530 5419 5821 5334 3510 (2.9%) Electric current 6842 (0.75%)
6953
6672 (1.1%) Not mounted diamonds 1110 0980 0711 1222 8928
6997
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
SyriAn ArAB REpuBLic

2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9
-1
-1
-2
-2 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
700 560 420 280 140 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
2631 (22%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 179.42 m / 228.33 B (0.08%)

Total Exports: 179.42 M / 228.33 B (0.08%)
1988
0012 (12%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 688.71 m / 2.79 T (0.02%)

Total Exports: 688.71 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)
3330 (32%)
3330 (64%)
0012 (4.2%)
2919 (3.1%)
2117 (1.9%) 0014

0011 (8.1%)
8483 0752 0542
2631 (6.8%)
4233 0542 (4%)
0577 2221 0430 (3%)
2223 0813 (2.1%) 2681 2682 0230 2117 (1.1%) (0.99%) 2919 0579 0545 7821 (2.1%) 6513 (0.92%) 6521
2713 (5.8%)
8484 8421 0545 (1.7%) 0583
6513 (1.1%) 8960 8741
0752
0812
0571
0574 2925
5530
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
1110 (9.2%) Non-alcoholic beverages N.E.S. 6732 (3%) Iron/steel rods 7731 (2.8%) Electric wire
4235 (1.2%)
0980 (0.54%) 0565 0545 0620
0484
7752 (1.6%) 6997 Refrigerators & freezers (0.83%) Articles of iron or steel 6973 6842 (1.4%) Worked N.E.S. aluminium & aluminium alloys 0544 (0.99%) 0460 Fresh or chilled tomatoes 0542 (0.58%) 0752 2631 0572 0582 0224 (1.9%) Preserved, concentrated or sweetened milk & cream 5825 0012 (1.9%) Live sheep & goat 0251
5542 (2.3%) Organic surface-active agents N.E.S. 6513 (4.8%) Cotton yarn 6531 (3.6%) Continuous synthetic woven fabrics 8510 (1.3%) Footwear 8459 (0.87%) 8463 8433 6560 2713 (3.1%) Natural calcium phosphates & aluminium
8939
0114
6571
0412
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
TAJikiSTAn
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96
-2 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
160 128 96 64 32 0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1994
2631 (53%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 250.69 B / 4.30 t (0.01%)

Total Exports: 250.69 M / 4.30 T (0.01%)
2001
6841 (48%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 356.81 B / 5.90 T (0.01%)

Total Exports: 356.81 M / 5.90 T (0.01%)
6841 (37%)
2631 (24%)
0575
0574 1211 0542 6521 (4.8%) 0579 (4.5%) 0585 (1.5%) 0565 0545 6513 (2.4%) 6522 (1.9%)
2882 5241 (4.8%) 2111 6994 6716
6911 (1.5%) 8423
6842 (1%) 3510
7761 (1.3%) 2820
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.04 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
Total Exports: 1.04 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)

2631 (13%) Raw cotton 0430 (3.6%) Unmilled barley
6841 (58%) Unwrought aluminium & aluminium alloys
0411 (1.9%) Unmilled durum wheat
0412 (1.3%)
0542 0577 (1.3%) 2221 0422
0460
0575 (1%) Grapes & raisins
6513 (0.74%) 6522
6978 (1%) Base metal household appliances N.E.S. 0344 2111
6716
5621
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
TAnZAniA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
3 2.5
2.5

0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 0.76
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055
22% of WT
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
94 75.2 56.4 37.6 18.8 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
2631 (17%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 209.75 m / 228.33 B (0.09%)

Total Exports: 209.75 M / 228.33 B (0.09%)
1988
6672 (13%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 377.53 m / 2.79 T (0.01%)

Total Exports: 377.53 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
0711 (15%)
0711 (32%)
2631 (16%)
6821 (6.9%)
6672 (2.2%)
2654 (14%) 6821 (5.6%) 0752 (3.9%) 0548 0542 (1.2%) (1.2%) 0577 (7.8%) 0741 (3.3%) 0813 (2.6%) 2235 2634 2924 2929 0812 2231 4314 0149 (2.6%) 6575 (1.5%) 5322 2483
6899 6513 (0.99%) 6521 (0.82%)
0577 (7.3%)
0741 (4.8%)
6575 (2.8%)
2654 2225 2223 0542 (4.2%) 0752 (3.1%) 2924 0548 1212 (2.5%) 0611 (1.6%)
8462 2111
2111
2114
2112 0721 0360 (0.8%) (0.92%) 0712 4314
2472 (1.2%) 2483 5322
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 3.13 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)
Total Exports: 3.13 B / 15.56 T (0.02%)

2631 (2.9%) Raw cotton 0577 (2.6%) Edible nuts 0741 (1.5%) Tea 2634 (1.3%) 1212 (6.2%) Wholly or partly stripped tobacco
2225 (1.1%)
0711 (3.8%) Green & roasted 0542 (2.3%) coffee & coffee substitutes Dried or shelled legumes
0460 (1.3%) Wheat or meslin meal or flour 0752
4242 (1%) Palm oil
2926
0721 (0.92%) Raw & roasted 2927coffee 2925 beans
0813 (0.71%) 0412
2890 (13%) Ores and precious metals
0343 (2.2%) Fresh or chilled fish fillets
0344 (2%) Frozen fish fillets
6732 (1.7%) 8212 (0.93%) Iron/steel Medical & rods dental furniture 2483
0360 7758 (1.3%) 7711 (2%) Electrical Electro-thermal home transformers appliances N.E.S. 2882 6671 6673 7268 (1%) Bookbinding machines 7929
8932 6589 (2%) Other textile articles N.E.S. 6575 6513
5629 4312 8931 6951
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
THAiLAnd
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
2

0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -5 0 5 10 15 x 10

-3
22% of WT
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
2.6 k 2k 1.5 k 1k 520 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 739.58 m / 228.33 B (0.32%)

Total Exports: 739.58 M / 228.33 B (0.32%)
1988
6871 (8.9%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 16.50 B / 2.79 T (0.59%)

Total Exports: 16.50 B / 2.79 T (0.59%)
0422 (34%)
2320 (12%)
2320 (8%)
0611 (3.1%)
0422 (8.3%)
7764 (5.7%)
0360 (5.1%)
7599 (3.9%)
0819 (3.1%) 0440 (11%) 0360 (2.5%) 6673 (1.5%) 2785 (0.99%) 2879 6581
8942 7525 8482
0371 (3.8%) 0372 (1.8%) 0342 0341 6783 0114 (1.4%)
0548 (6.4%)
0542 0711 0612 0440 7491 (1.1%) 6534 6513 6584 6521 6673 (2.8%) 8973 (3%) 7161
0011 5922 0548 (4.5%) 2640 (4%) 0421 (1.3%) 2235 0542 2929 0470 (1%)
8510 (2.3%)
8439 8451 (1.7%) 8462
8429 8441
2922
0564 (1.8%) 2483 (1.1%) 2472
8459 8423 8310
8433 8463 8434 8435 6354
6114 6129 7731 8211 0589 8931 0579 (1.7%) 0980 0585 8219 6624 0565 2483 8999 6871 8851 5921 0819
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7415 (2.5%) Air conditioning machines 7599 (2.4%) Parts of cash registers & calculating machines 7788 (1.7%) 2320 (5.1%) Natural rubber, latex & gums 0422 (4.5%) Semi or wholly milled rice 5831 (1.2%) Polyethylene 6210 5834 5832 8841 (1.1%) 7621 (0.65%) 7768 (0.62%) 7722 8482 7751 7528 6252 (0.61%) 7712 (0.59%) 7518 (0.56%) 0611 0371 (1.9%) Fish 0360 N.E.S. (1.4%) 8939 0612 0548 7731 5530 5542 0819 5823 (1.2%) Polyesters 8928 (1.1%) 5138 5112
7611 (1%) 7764 (5%) Electronic microcircuits 7638
7721 (1.4%) Switchboards, relays & fuses 6251 7758
7431
7139
7162 7416 6940 7929 (1%) Aircraft equipment parts N.E.S. 7938
0372 (1.1%) 0342 Prepared 5922 crustaceans & molluscs 9710 (2.6%) Gold, non-monetary
0149 7752 (1.4%) Other prepared or preserved 6912 meat & entrails 6114
7853 6415 5833 0980 (0.94%) Edible products N.E.S. 8931 2665 0589
8510 (0.72%) 8459
8462
7849 (3.1%) Other vehicles parts 7851
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
TrinidAd And TOBAgO

2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.93 0.935 0.94 0.945 0.95 0.955 0.96 0.965
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
14 k 11.2 k 8.4 k 5.6 k 2.8 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 457.15 m / 228.33 B (0.2%)

Total Exports: 457.15 M / 228.33 B (0.2%)
1988
0612 (3.9%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.06 B / 2.79 T (0.04%)

Total Exports: 1.06 B / 2.79 T (0.04%)
3330 (32%)
3354 0611 (14%) (4.7%)
3330 (51%)
5225 (16%)
5121 (7.4%)
1124 (3.3%)
0721 3345 (5.2%) 5225 (15%) 2877 (2.1%) 5621 (4.4%) 8996 3352 (1.7%) 5989 (2%)
0615 (1.5%) 0360 (3.1%)
6731 (4.5%)
6713 (2.1%)
5621 (5.2%)
1124 (1.7%) 8471 0585
0611 (3%)
2789 (1.8%)
2873 (2.2%)
6651
2789
0813 (1%) 0612 0615 6732
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
5225 (14%) Inorganic bases 5121 (9.1%) Acyclic alcohols & derivatives & metallic oxides, hydroxides & peroxides
2814 (3.5%) Roasted iron pyrites
6713 (2.4%) Iron & steel powders
6725 3330 (16%) Crude petroleum 6731 (1.9%) Iron/steel wire 7234 rod (0.95%)
1222
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
TuniSiA
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
2

0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035
22% of WT
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
1.9 k 1.5 k 1.1 k 760 380 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
2713 (17%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 193.58 m / 228.33 B (0.08%)

Total Exports: 193.58 M / 228.33 B (0.08%)
1988
1121 (4.8%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 2.47 B / 2.79 T (0.09%)

Total Exports: 2.47 B / 2.79 T (0.09%)
5622 (11%)
4235 (14%)
8423 (10%)
8441 (2.6%)
8429 8459 (2.2%) (2.3%) 8434 (2.2%)
6522 3330 (11%)
6612 (2.4%)
0565 (1.3%) 0545 (1.3%)
0579 (0.86%)
8452 6123 8424 8465 8435 (1.3%) (1.3%) (1.1%) (1.1%) 6592 8439 (4.5%) 8433 8431 8462 8472 (1.3%) 8451 5222 (6.4%) 5629 (5%) 4235 (5.2%) 6521 0360 (4.2%) 7731 (1.3%) 7721 (1.8%) 2713 (2%) 5232 5231 0012 7712 7723
2882 2783 0579 (1.9%) 0565 1121 8842 2519 0571 0488
3330 (24%)
6851 2519 (2.3%) 0812 (2%) 2929 0752 6732 (1.8%) 2440 0542 6624 2450 0571 (3.7%) 2783 (1%) 2875 6612 0012 (1%) 5513 2919 2116 6592 (0.99%) 6712
5622 (6.8%)
0577 (1.8%)
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
8510 (2.5%) Footwear 8462 (2.2%) Knitted undergarments of cotton 3330 (16%) Crude petroleum 7721 (5.5%) Switchboards, relays & fuses 7783 6994 8451 (1.5%)
6123 (1.2%)
8463
8441 (0.74%) 8431 7611 (1%) Color T.V. 7641 (1%) Telephone lines 6612 2882 7712 0341 7788 (1%) Other electrical machinery & equipment 7722 N.E.S. 7528 6749
8459 (1.1%) 6589 8465
5629 (5.3%) Fertilizers
5622 (3.9%) Phosphatic fertilizers
8939
6911 (0.62%) 4235 (3.9%) Olive oil 6428 6997 4249 (0.59%)
5222 (4.4%) Non-metals inorganic acids & oxygen compounds
5232 (1.9%) Inorganic acids metallic salts & peroxysalts
2713 (0.9%) Natural calcium phosphates 5231 & aluminium
8720
7861
0579 (1.2%) Fresh 0483 or dried fruit N.E.S. 0914
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
TurkEy
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.65 0.7 0.75
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
22% of WT
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
1.8 k 1.4 k 1k 720 360 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
2631 (36%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 576.56 m / 228.33 B (0.25%)

Total Exports: 576.56 M / 228.33 B (0.25%)
1988
0813 (6.3%) 2879 (4.6%) 6821 (3.9%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 12.17 B / 2.79 T (0.44%)

Total Exports: 12.17 B / 2.79 T (0.44%)
8481 (4.3%)
8462 (3%)
8451 (2.5%) 8439 (2.5%)
6513 (3.4%)
3330 (7.4%)
6725 (2.7%)
6749 (1.2%) 6822 6716 6733
6514 8459 (1.8%) 6584 8423 (1.4%) 8429 8463 8434 6592 6516 6581 6531 6596 6522 6534 6589 6521 1211 (2.5%) 0575 (1.5%) 0572 0571 0576 0752 2631 0412 (1.1%) 2789 (2.2%) 2782
6727 6783 6731 (1.3%) 5629 (1.2%) 5622 5232 0012 (2.4%) 8483 0112
2789 (2.3%) 2742 2782 0542 0577 (22%) 2634 (3.8%) 2929 0548 0571 2632 0741 0572 2683 0812 (2.5%) 2919 2117 (0.86%) 0012 0011 2682 6592 6716 (0.81%) 0360
6552 8472 8452 8441 8431 8424 (1.1%) (0.95%) 8435 8433 0542 (3.5%) 0577 (4.4%)
0589 0565 0579 6732 (3%)
0546 0545 0914 6421 4235 6842 6973
5831 5834 5832 5621 5111 5138
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7821 (4.8%) Trucks & vans 6725 (1.9%) Iron/steel billets 6733 (1.3%) Iron/steel shapes 6727 6822 7611 (1.9%) Color T.V. 7751 7753 7932 (2.3%) Ships & boats 7711 9710 (3.4%) Gold, non-monetary 6624 6428 6732 (8.4%) Iron/steel rods 7731 (1.9%) Electric wire 6842 (1%) Worked aluminium & aluminium alloys 7752 (1%) Refrigerators & freezers 7414 6973
7810 (7%) Cars
6783 (1.7%) Other iron or steel tubes & pipes
6911 (1.1%) 8219
7849 (2.7%) Other vehicles parts 6731
8121
7758
2731
0544
7831 (1.4%) Public transportation vehicles
7139 (1.3%) Piston engines parts N.E.S. 8451 (1.2%)
0577 (0.85%) Edible nuts 1211
0575 8472 (0.69%) 8441 8435 8452 8481 0579 6514 6513 6539 0589 0565 0484 0980 8931 6522 6531 8973 (1.6%) Precious jewellery 6612 (1.1%) Cement 2879 2871 4312
0571 0572
8462 (2.6%) Knitted 8459 (1.7%) undergarments of cotton Other knitted outerwear
8423 (1.1%)
8939 (1.1%) Miscellaneous articles of plastic
5834 6210 5541
6584 (1.4%) Linens & furnishing textile articles
6552 (1%)
8463
6613 (0.88%) Building & monumental
6595 (0.86%) Man-made carpets
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
TurkmEniSTAn
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.965 0.97 0.975 0.98 0.985
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.02
0.04
0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
1.6 k 1.2 k 960 640 320 0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1994
2631 (94%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 367.05 m / 4.30 t (0.01%)

Total Exports: 367.05 M / 4.30 T (0.01%)
2001
3345
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 2.21 B / 5.90 T (0.04%)

Total Exports: 2.21 B / 5.90 T (0.04%)
3414 (89%)
2631 (5.2%)
2116 2111 2681 6592
6513 (1.5%) 6522
3222
8462 8459 7923
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 7.91 B / 15.56 T (0.05%)
Total Exports: 7.91 B / 15.56 T (0.05%)

6513 (1.2%)
6521
6584 2631 (1.9%)
5832 (1.4%)
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
ugAndA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
3 2.5
2.5
22% of WT
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
110 88 66 44 22 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0711 (57%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 172.46 m / 228.33 B (0.08%)

Total Exports: 172.46 M / 228.33 B (0.08%)
1988
6821 (12%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 331.61 m / 2.79 T (0.01%)

Total Exports: 331.61 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
2631 (20%)
0711 (92%)
2112
2111
2114
0741 (4.9%) 2634 (1.7%) 2112 0980 0813
7929
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.73 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)
Total Exports: 1.73 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)

0542 6783 (2.4%) Other 6749 (2.1%) Other iron or steel tubes & worked iron/steel pipes sheets 7239 (1.1%) Bulldozers, angledozers & levellers parts 7821 (0.9%) N.E.S. 7361 (0.71%) 7162 0470 6612 (5%) Cement 7831 9710 (2.8%) Gold, non-monetary 2879 0342 2919 (0.93%) 0344 6116 0343 (6.4%) Fresh or chilled fish fillets
0612
8928 (4%) Printed matter N.E.S.
2926 (2.7%) Live plants
0741 (3%) Tea
5530 (0.56%) 4312 (1.9%) 0484 (0.91%) Hydrogenated oils 1110 1123 (2.6%) Beer 8939 (0.52%)
5541 (1.3%) Soaps
5233
0721 (1.5%) Raw & roasted coffee beans 0611 (1.4%) Raw sugar beet & cane
4242 2225 (0.91%) 0422 (0.67%)
6732 (1.7%) 3510 (0.7%) 6581 Iron/steel rods 2690
2634 (0.83%) 0440
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
ukrAinE
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8
22% of WT
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
1.4 k 1.1 k 840 560 280 0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1994
6725 (13%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 5.00 B / 4.30 t (0.12%)

Total Exports: 5.00 B / 4.30 T (0.12%)
1988
2815 (2.8%) 5621 (8.1%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 15.70 B / 5.90 T (0.27%)

Total Exports: 15.70 B / 5.90 T (0.27%)
2816 (6.1%)
6725 (11%)
6727 (2.9%) 6716 (2.8%)
2873 (1.7%) 2815 (1.6%)
2816 5225 (1.9%)
6732 (6.8%)
6712 (4.6%)
6727 (3.6%)
6716 (3.2%)
5225 (6.7%)
6899 6841 (1.5%) 3222
6891 5629 (2.2%) 6821 8431 (1.8%) 2111 6114 8439 5121 (1.7%) 6517 5922 5113 5111
6746 (2.4%)
6783 (1.5%)
6899 6821 6841 (2.8%) 2782 (1.2%) 6998 3232
2482 3510 0224 (1.1%) 5922 0111 (1.2%)
6744 (4.4%) 6733 6745 6746 6731 (4.9%) 6760 7932 (2.6%) 2224 (2.8%) 6732 (5.1%)
4236 (1.8%) 0615 2631
6770
3222 6733 6745 6724 6712 (1.5%) 0412 (1.8%) 0430 (1.6%) 6749 6954 (3%) 7239 7267 6418 6770 4236 (1.7%) 2224 6259 7491 6731 6782 7432 7372 7416 7361 7915 7931 5621 (2.8%) 5331 (2.6%) (1.8%) 7188 5113 7919 6419 5232 7148 6251 6424 6744 (3.5%)
7752 2472 0230 8431 0240 6113 0730 0620
2820 (2.6%)
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
6744 (5.8%) Iron/steel >=4.75mm tick sheets 6727 (3.7%) Iron/steel 4236 (3%) Sunflower seed 0412 (3%) Other wheat & coils oil meslin, unmilled 2815 (2.1%) Not agglomerated iron ore 2816 (1.6%) Agglomerated iron ore 2873 (0.83%) 0430 (2.6%) Unmilled barley 6716 (3%) Ferro-alloys 6733 (1.7%) Iron/steel shapes 6746 (1.5%) Iron/steel <3mm tick sheets 4242 6783 (2.3%) Other iron or steel tubes & pipes 6745 (1.4%) 6712 (1.3%) Pig 6732 (4.6%) Iron/steel rods Iron/steel 3 - & cast iron 4.75mm tick sheets 1222 5621 (3.3%) Nitrogenous fertilizers 5221 5629 5331 2226 (2.3%) Rape & colza seeds 0440 (1.2%) Unmilled maize 0813 6841 (0.59%) 2734 3221 (0.78%) 3232 (0.59%) 2782 5225 (1.3%)
6725 (16%) Iron/steel billets
6731 (2.1%) Iron/steel wire rod
7919 (1.1%) Railway track & vehicle parts N.E.S. 7431 7372
6782 (1.9%) NULL
7239 (0.94%) Bulldozers, angledozers & levellers parts N.E.S.
7915 (3.4%) Not 7711 (1.2%) mechanically Electrical propelled railway for transformers freight
6419 7731 (1.2%) Electric wire 6911 2483 0730 (0.9%) 0240 6114
7148 (0.6%)
3510 (0.86%)
0484 1124
2820
7912
8431
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
uniTEd ArAB EmirATES

2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.92 0.925 0.93 0.935 0.94 0.945
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.915
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
47 k 37.6 k 28.2 k 18.8 k 9.4 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
0751 (14%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 2.84 m / 228.33 B (0.001%)

Total Exports: 2.84 M / 228.33 B (0.001%)
1988
7932 (7.2%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 11.65 B / 2.79 T (0.42%)

Total Exports: 11.65 B / 2.79 T (0.42%)
0752 (7.2%)
5989 (11%)
3330 (82%)
3413 6841 (8.6%)
7821 (2.9%) 7851 (2.1%) 2929 (1%) 0422 (18%) 0612 0460 5621 (3.6%) 2924 0577 (3.6%) 5922 (8.4%) 7283 6652 (3%) 6664 (2.7%) 5241 (1.3%) 3354 2482 (2.2%) 2471 (0.98%) 8999 (1.5%) 4312
2882 8973 6612 9710
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
9710 (7.8%) Gold, non-monetary 7821 (1.6%) Trucks & vans
7188
6251
7643 (1.4%) Television & radio transmitters 8973 (3.2%) Precious jewellery 6613 (1.9%) Building & monumental stone
6672 (5.7%) Not mounted diamonds 0422 0612 1222
6812 (3.5%) Unwrought metals of platinum
6531 (0.91%) Continuous synthetic woven 5831 fabrics
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
uniTEd kingdOm
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
22% of WT
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
0.68
0.7
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78
-0.02
-0.015
-0.01
-0.005
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
7.8 k 6.2 k 4.6 k 3.1 k 1.5 k 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
7810 (7%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 15.58 B / 228.33 B (6.83%)

Total Exports: 15.58 B / 228.33 B (6.83%)
1988
3345 5148 6672 (5.6%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 145.53 B / 2.79 T (5.21%)

Total Exports: 145.53 B / 2.79 T (5.21%)
7244 (2.7%) 7821 (2.4%) 7452 6782 7271 6940 6991 7281 7783 7491
7411 (1.6%) 7841
5989 (1.9%) 8745 (1.3%) 8822
7224 (1.1%) 7139
5417 (1.9%) 6419 5335 8921 (1.3%) 5542
6424 5232 5530 6210
7842 (5.3%)
6812 (1.6%) 2782 6998
6831
6811 6851 7212 7499 (2.7%) 1124 (5.1%) 6953 8960 26658928 6512 (1%) (0.89%) (0.85%) 7851 2820 7518 8942 6822 7131 7928 7932 6960 7852 6638 6118 (1.2%) (1.5%) (1.4%) (1.8%) 6665 7788 6747 7731 7512 7781 (1%) 0430 1222 6749 8731 6770 0730 (1.2%) 8811 6911 5513
5413 6573
6251 7491 7449 8743 7234 7431 7162 7138 7436 8741 9510 7132 7441 7439 7428 6418 7169 7493 7413 7452 7599 7523 (2%) 7525 8983 7528 (2.5%) 7611 7788 7929 (2.6%)
7492
5989 8748 5111 (1.2%) (1.1%) 8720 8822 5331 5156 5148 2331 (0.86%) 5137 5311 3330 (8.7%)
5145 8742 5417 (2.7%) 5982 8921 5911 1124 (2.5%)
5530 8939 (0.88%) 5542 5413 0819 5334 5419 8922 5232 8960 (1.4%) 6911 6997
7518 7648 7643 7781 7591 7923 7931 (3.7%) (1.3%) 6672 (4.4%) 7149 7148 6725 6733 6252
7924 (2.1%)
0224 6812 2782 0112 (0.86%) 2882 2820 5241 8928
5823
1222
0430
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7821 (1.4%) Trucks & vans 7162 (1.1%) AC electric motors & generators 7492 (1%) Valves 5417 (9.8%) Medicaments 5989 (1.9%) Chemical products 5156 (1%) 5416
7810 (10%) Cars
7234 (1.4%) Construction & mining machinery 7139 7441
7239 8741 (0.92%) (0.79%) Bulldozers, angledozers & 7436 levellers parts N.E.S. 5530 (1.6%) Perfumery 8939 (0.9%) 5419 & cosmetics Miscellaneous 8922 articles of plastic 5542 6424 8921 (1.1%) 5335 6832 7188 9710 (2.7%) Gold, non-monetary 7788 (1.2%) Other electrical machinery & 8973 (1.5%) equipment N.E.S. 7641 6812 (1.6%) Unwrought metals of platinum
5148 8996 5111 8742
8720
8744 8748
5154 5233
5827
7283 7224 7132 (1.6%) 8743 7929 (3.9%) Aircraft equipment parts N.E.S. 7149 (3.3%) Parts of gas & reaction engines 7138
8960 (1.9%) Works of art
7599 (1.5%) Parts of cash registers & calculating machines 7523
7144 (1.7%) Reaction engines
7528 6725
8841
2882 (0.99%) Other non-ferrous base metals 6672 (3.1%) Not mounted diamonds 6811 (0.89%) Unwrought silver
0980 2820 (1.3%) Iron & steel waste
0484
6996
0015
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
uniTEd STATES OF AmEricA

2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -0.06 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02
22% of WT
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
4.3 k 3.4 k 2.5 k 1.7 k 860 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
POPULATION 304 M / (3/1) TOTAL EXPORTS USD 1.3 T / (3/1)
GDP USD 14 T / (1/1) GDPPC USD 47,209 / (13/1)
* Data are from 2008. Numbers indicate: Value (World Ranking / Regional Ranking). North America.
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 36.27 B / 228.33 B (15.89%)

Total Exports: 36.27 B / 228.33 B (15.89%)
1988
0813 (1.6%) 4232 5513 0459 0460 (1.2%) 0421 1222
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 314.77 B / 2.79 T (11.26%)

Total Exports: 314.77 B / 2.79 T (11.26%)
7842 (9.8%)
9510 (4%)
5989 (2.4%) 8745 (2.2%)
8822 2331 2222 (4.6%) (0.92%) 5148 0440 (4%) 5155 5137 8720
7849 (5.6%)
7132 7234 7239 7452
7449 7212
7499 (2.8%) 7411 (2.2%) 7821 (2.1%)
7452 7822 7783 7371 7283
7281 7212
3345 8921 (1.1%) 5413
7721 (1.4%)
7284 7139 7493 8749 (1.4%)
6940 7431 8748 5989 8822 (1.5%) 7416 8720 6954 5839 5138 5137 5148 3345 8996 5161 5416 2331 0819 5413 8922 8921 2471 (1.2%)
0440 (2.6%)
2222 (2.3%)
0813 2631 (1%) 5832 0577
0412 1222 1212
0819 6419 2713 2631 (0.84%) (2.8%) 5622 5221 6424 5621
7599 (4.4%)
7764 (3%) 7523 7924 (3.9%) (2.1%) 7929 (2.3%)
6940 6991 7518 (1.8%) 7512 7928 (2.4%) (0.83%) 8813 7131 (2.1%) 7788 (1.4%)
8731 (1.7%)
5335 2471 (2.2%) 6413 2516 6842 6349 6953 (0.94%)
6998 5225 2820 8928 2789 (0.82%) (1.3%) 4113 0116 0980 6811 3354 5121 2741 2111
7768 (1.6%) 7525 (1.2%)
8983 7522 (1.3%) (1%) 7788 (1.2%)
7528 (1%)
2483 3222 (1.9%) 7414 2882 2782 9710 5241
0116 0114 0342 2111 0980 0579
7149 (2%)
7144
7731 2517 6413 7131
7648
7521
2820 3354 (0.76%) 2871 5823
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.30 t / 15.56 T (8.36%)

7721 (1.5%) Switchboards, relays & fuses 7821 (1.4%) Trucks & vans 8743 (0.48%) 8741 7162 7442
Total Exports: 1.30 T / 15.56 T (8.36%)

8720 (1.7%) Medical instruments N.E.S. 5989 (1.7%) Chemical products 5416 8748 8744 8742 8939 (0.76%) 5530 (0.72%) 5831 5629 (0.77%) Polyethylene 5221 5542 8921
7810 (5.3%) Cars
7234 (1%) 7492 Construction & mining machinery 7132 (0.85%) 7436 Internal combustion engines for 6940 motor vehicles 7449
7452
5156 5137
5112
7742
7284 (1.6%) Specialized industry machinery & parts N.E.S
7239 (1.6%) Bulldozers, angledozers & levellers parts N.E.S. 7924 (4.1%) Aircrafts of more 7929 (2.4%) than 15 tons Aircraft equipment parts N.E.S.
5839 (0.9%) 5148 Other polymerization 5161 & 8996 (0.82%) copolymarization products 6672 (1.6%) Not mounted diamonds 2882 (0.71%) 6812 6842
9710 (2%) Gold, non-monetary 7764 (4.2%) Electronic microcircuits 8973 2890 (0.61%)
3222 (0.84%) 2631
8960 2517 (0.83%) Works of art 0114 0113 0111
5823
7599 (1.5%) Parts of cash registers & calculating machines 7149 (2%) Parts of gas & reaction engines 7923 (0.75%) 7144 (0.74%) 7763 (0.84%) 7523 (0.82%)
7788 (0.81%) 7528
8841
2222 (1.6%) Soya beans 0412 (1.2%) Other wheat & meslin, unmilled 0440 (1.5%) Unmilled maize
0980
8931
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
uruguAy
2008
Product Space
2008

2.5
2.5
2

0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045
22% of WT
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
1.8 k 1.4 k 1k 720 360 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
2681 (27%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 176.88 m / 228.33 B (0.08%)

Total Exports: 176.88 M / 228.33 B (0.08%)
1988
0421 (2%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.50 B / 2.79 T (0.05%)

Total Exports: 1.50 B / 2.79 T (0.05%)
0111 (23%)
6512 (12%)
6114 (10%)
0421 (4.9%)
0422 8481 (3.3%) (2%) 8451 (1.2%) 8421
0422 (1.1%) 0813 4241 6512 (15%) 2682 (3.9%) 0149 (2.9%) 2686 (1.8%) 6114 (3.8%) 2685 0112 6130 (1.6%) 0116 2116 (2.7%) 2111 2117 0011 6612 (1.9%) 2734 2733 6123
2681 (3.9%)
2682 (2.5%)
2687 (2.3%) 2686
6129 2919 6113 (1.5%) 0342 (1.6%) 0343 0360
2222 0571 (1.5%) (1.2%) 0813 0430 0482 (1.1%) 9710 (7.6%)
8431 8424 (1.1%) 6542 (2%) 6522 5913 5311
0111 (6.8%)
8483 (2.6%) 0012 0344 (2.3%) 0149 4113 0116 0240 (1.1%)
5334 (1.7%)
2687 (2.8%)
0814 5922
5622 5542 6624 2472 6252 8211 0579 0980 6412
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
0112 (1.4%) Sheep & goat meat 0011 (1.2%) 2222 (6.3%) Soya beans 0422 (6.7%) Semi or wholly milled rice 0482 (3.3%) Roasted & unroasted malt, including flour
0111 (23%) Bovine meat
4113 (1%) 0149 0116 0115 8483 0224 (3.6%) Preserved, concentrated or sweetened milk & cream 6114 (4.7%) Bovine & equine leather 0342 (2.4%) Frozen fish, excluding fillets 2472 (3.3%) Sawlogs & veneer logs of 0344 (0.86%) non-coniferous Frozen fish fillets 2460 (3.2%) Pulpwood 6342 (0.91%) Sheets of plywood 8211 2483 0240 (2.9%) Cheese & curd 0223 (1.1%) Fresh milk & cream 0230 (0.67%) 2919 (1.2%) 9710 (1.3%) Gold, non-monetary 6783 (0.89%) 8931 (2.6%) Closable plastic packing 0914 0571 (1.2%) Fresh or dried oranges & m&arines
0412 (2.5%) Other wheat & meslin, unmilled
0421 (1.8%) Unprepared rice in the husk or husked
6512 (2.4%) Wool yarn or animal hair
2681
6210 (1.3%) Materials of rubber 5834
2682
5542 (1.2%) Organic surface-active agents N.E.S.
5231
5629
7832 (0.67%) 6542 8431
5912 (0.52%)
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
uZBEkiSTAn
2008
Product Space
2008

3
3 2.5
2.5

0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
22% of WT
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
260 208 156 104 52 0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1994
2631 (90%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.20 B / 4.30 B (0.03%)

Total Exports: 1.20 B / 4.30 T (0.03%)
2001
6861 (1.4%) 6811 5241 (1.6%) 6821 6521 (1.3%) 2633 5621 6822 0344
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 2.05 B / 5.90 T (0.03%)

Total Exports: 2.05 B / 5.90 T (0.03%)
2631 (40%)
3414 (16%)
9710 (7.5%)
6821 (3.8%) 5241 (3.4%)
6861 (1.8%) 6513 (6%) 6521 (2%) 0579 (2.1%) 0545 0565 6732 3510
6522 0575 0544 0813 1211 2613
6577 (1.2%)
5621 6822 (0.74%) 2919
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
7810 (11%) Cars 2631 (8.5%) Raw cotton
0575 (1%) 6822 5241 (8.1%) Radioactive chemical elements 9710 (5.1%) Gold, non-monetary 6821 (5.8%) Unwrought copper & copper alloys 5629 (3.2%) Fertilizers 7711 6513 (3.1%) Cotton yarn 8462
5621 (2.1%) Nitrogenous fertilizers 6612 (1.3%) Cement 2890 6861 (1.7%) Unwrought zinc & alloys
5831 (1.3%) 0579 (1.8%) Fresh or Polyethylene dried fruit N.E.S.
6732 (1.1%) Iron/steel rods 7731
0545 (0.54%)
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
VEnEZuELA, rB
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.982 0.984 0.986 0.988 0.99 0.992 0.994
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.02
0.04
0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
3k 2.4 k 1.8 k 1.2 k 600 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 2.81 B / 228.33 B (1.23%)

Total Exports: 2.81 B / 228.33 B (1.23%)
1988
3330 (74%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 10.56 B / 2.79 T (0.38%)

Total Exports: 10.56 B / 2.79 T (0.38%)
3330 (97%)
6841 (8.9%)
6746 6783 6725 6731 6842 (2.3%)
6732 6417 2815 (2.2%) 5621 3345 2873 0342
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
ViETnAm
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86
-1
-1
-2
-2 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
730 584 438 292 146 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 32.04 m / 228.33 B (0.01%)

Total Exports: 32.04 M / 228.33 B (0.01%)
1988
2820 (4%) 2221 (1.8%) 2919 (3.1%) 0360 (1.2%) 7821 (1.8%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 539.00 m / 2.79 T (0.02%)

Total Exports: 539.00 M / 2.79 T (0.02%)
2320 (53%)
0741 (4.2%)
0360 (38%)
2924 (5.2%) 0711 (3.7%)
2222 (2.5%)
0440 4249 5513
0422 (2.4%)
0752 0751 0548 3330 (9.7%)
2221 (1.6%) 0741 3221
0577 (1.2%) 2225 6597 6953
2640 2922 (0.96%) 7932 (1.8%) 0711 (3.8%) 0819 (3.6%) 0812 0488 2924 (1.1%) 0752 8997 (2.1%) 2929 (1.1%) 0440 (2.1%) 4234 2613 5513
2472 (2.6%)
3222
6597 6611 0980
2820 (3.2%) 7763 8942 0586 (0.87%) 0579 8947 8482 0980
0372 2919 (1.8%)
0344 2111
8997 (1.7%) 6584 8441 (0.92%) 8462 0350 0342 2120 (1.4%) 0251 8423 8429
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
8439 (2.4%) Other women outerwear 8451 (2%) Knitted jerseys, pullovers & cardigans 8462 (1.5%) Knitted undergarments of cotton 8423 (1.5%) Men's trousers 6589 8421 0711 (4%) Green & roasted coffee & coffee substitutes 2320 (2.9%) Natural rubber, latex & gums 0422 (5.4%) Semi or wholly milled rice 0577 (1.7%) Edible nuts 7518 (2.4%) Office machines N.E.S. 7638 (0.78%)
7641
8310 (1.1%)
8431 (0.98%)
8429 8452
6727 (0.83%) 6725 (0.7%) 6749
7162
7161
8441 (0.72%) 8459 (2.5%) Other knitted outerwear 8424 3330 (19%) Crude petroleum 3221 (2.6%) Anthracite
0360 (3.4%) Fresh, chilled, frozen or 8219 (3.5%) Furniture parts N.E.S. salted crustaceans & molluscs
0344 (3%) Frozen fish fillets
0372 (0.78%) 0342 (0.66%)
7731 (1.9%) Electric wire 2460 6649 8211 (1.5%) Chairs & seats
8939
5621
8931
0579
8973 (0.72%)
0371
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
yEmEn
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.92
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
360 288 216 144 72 0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 56.75 m / 228.33 B (0.02%)

Total Exports: 56.75 M / 228.33 B (0.02%)
1988
2114 (5.2%) 2919 (3.1%) 2117 (1.2%) 2111 0350 (8.5%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 170.37 m / 2.79 T (0.01%)

Total Exports: 170.37 M / 2.79 T (0.01%)
3330 (27%)
2783 (6%) 2116 (7.8%)
3330 (82%)
0360 (10%)
2631 (20%)
2223 (3.6%)
0350 0616 (1.6%) 2119

9610 (9.6%)
2922 (2.9%)
0711 (1.4%)
7641 (1.1%) 3345
2634
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
0341 (1.1%) Fresh or chilled fish, excluding fillets 0342 (0.93%) 0360 (0.71%)
7234 (1.1%) Construction & mining machinery 7831 (0.66%) 7931 3352 (1.4%) Mineral tars
0573
1222
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
ZAmBiA
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT
-1
-1
-2
-2
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
1.1 k 880 660 440 220 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
6821 (98%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 756.81 m / 228.33 B (0.33%)

Total Exports: 756.81 M / 228.33 B (0.33%)
1988
6821 (88%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.13 B / 2.79 T (0.04%)

Total Exports: 1.13 B / 2.79 T (0.04%)
6899 6822 (3.9%)
6861 (1.1%) 1212 6811 0574 6673 0575 (1.8%) 2631 6521
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 5.12 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)
Total Exports: 5.12 B / 15.56 T (0.03%)

6822 (24%) Worked copper & copper alloys
6999 (6.1%) Other base metal manufactures N.E.S. 2871 (14%) Copper
1211 (1.4%) Unstripped tobacco 0611 (1.2%) Raw sugar beet & cane 7731 (1.1%) Electric wire 5222
0440 (1.1%) 0460 (0.56%) 2631 0546
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
ZimBABwE
2008
Product Space
2008

3
22% of WT

0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94
-1
-1
-2
-2 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Distance
Opportunity Gain
2008
200 160 120 80 40 0
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
Ships
Tropical agric.
Chemicals & health
Machinery
Aircraft
Home & office
Pulp & paper
ToBacco
Textile & FaBrics
Metal products
Other Chemicals
Inor. salts & acids
Leather
Milk & cheese
Animal FiBers
Meat & eggs
Fish & Seafood
Cereals & Veg. oils
Misc. Agriculture
Not classified
Garments
Food Processing
Precious Stones
Electronics
Boilers
Agrochemicals
1968
2784 (11%)
Petrochemicals
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 24.65 m / 228.33 B (0.01%)

Total Exports: 24.65 M / 228.33 B (0.01%)
1988
1123 (7.5%)
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.13 B / 2.79 T (0.04%)

Total Exports: 1.13 B / 2.79 T (0.04%)
6673 (5.7%)
5417 5542 6424 5530 (1.8%) (0.97%) 6419 5335 5322 (4.3%) 5621 (1.6%)
1212 (15%)
2631 (6.5%)
6716 (23%)
2789 (5%)
6421 (3.8%) 5221 6911 (2.6%) 6732 (1.2%) 0116 0224 6618 6924 6210 7831 7211 6991 6647 8510 (1.8%)
0914 (1.2%) 0980 (0.85%) 6575 6517 8310 6513
0611 (3.4%) 1211 (6.2%) 1223 1213 6831 (13%) 2927 2784 (5.6%)
0711 (2.1%)
0111 (13%)
0412 6821 (3.2%) 6725 0111 (4.2%) 2731 2881 (1.6%) (0.95%) 6114 8423 6513 8439 6871 6521
0612 0571 7731 6351 6940 6716 6733 (1.7%) (1%) (1.1%) 6996 6921 6353 1222 0814 6783 8928 6951 6935 8993 0141 7781 6770 8960 6423
2008
EXPORT TREEMAP
Total Exports: 1.72 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)

Total Exports: 1.72 B / 15.56 T (0.01%)

1222 (1.6%) Cigarretes 7821 (3.5%) Trucks & vans 8743 (3.3%) Gas, 8946 liquid & electric control instruments 6991 6535 (0.74%) 8422 (2.5%) Men's suits 6513 (3.4%) Cotton yarn
2927 (12%) Flora
1211
1213
6954 2631 (5.5%) Raw cotton 0612 (1.7%) Refined sugar 6716 (3%) Ferro-alloys
7188
7711 (2.6%) Electrical transformers
2872 (18%) Nickel
0572 0813 (0.99%) Fresh or dried citrus N.E.S 2731 2789
8219 (1%)
2482 (0.98%)
8960 (2.7%) Works of art
5137 (1.7%) Monocarboxylic acids & derivatives 8748 (1.5%) Electrical measuring & controlling instruments N.E.S.
5232 (0.71%) 5231 (0.67%)
3232 (0.99%)
2471
6612 (0.97%)
0545 (1.6%) 0586 Other fresh or chilled vegetables
0546 (0.78%) 6421
8928 (4.1%) Printed matter N.E.S.
Mining
Fruit
Coal
Oil
CHE 1 SWE 2 AUT 3 GBR 4 JPN 5 FRA 6 USA 7 ITA 8 BEL 9 NOR 10 FIN 11 DNK 12 NLD 13 HKG 14 HUN 15 POL 16 IRL 17 PAN 18 PRT 19 KOR 20 ISR 21 CAN 22 BGR 23 ESP 24 CHN 25 ROU 26 SLV 27 SGP 28 JOR 29 CRI 30 NZL 31 AUS 32 URY 33 GRC 34 MEX 35 CHL 36 GTM 37 IND 38 LBN 39 MAR 40 MRT 41 ARG 42 CUB 43 COL 44 EGY 45 DZA 46 TUN 47 ZAF 48 MNG 49 ZWE 50 ALB 51 PAK 52 VEN 53 JAM 54 HND 55 NIC 56 TTO 57 SEN 58 SYR 59 VNM 60 OMN 61 PER 62 TUR 63 PHL 64 ECU 65 LBR 66 BOL 67 IRN 68 PRY 69 MYS 70 BRA 71 THA 72 ZMB 73 MWI 74 CIV 75 GIN 76 MLI 77 KHM 78 LAO 79 LKA 80 KEN 81 GHA 82 MDG 83 COG 84 DOM 85 ETH 86 SAU 87 IDN 88 CMR 89 AGO 90 PNG 91 MOZ 92 TZA 93 UGA 94 SDN 95 GAB 96 NGA 97 QAT 98 KWT 99 MUS 100 LBY 101
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
19
JPN 1 CHE 2 SWE 3 FIN 4 AUT 5 GBR 6 SGP 7 KOR 8 HUN 9 FRA 10 USA 11 ITA 12 DNK 13 IRL 14 ISR 15 BEL 16 MEX 17 POL 18 NLD 19 ESP 20 HKG 21 ROU 22 CHN 23 NOR 24 THA 25 MYS 26 PRT 27 PAN 28 CAN 29 BGR 30 LBN 31 TUR 32 BRA 33 NZL 34 TUN 35 JOR 36 CRI 37 GRC 38 IND 39 COL 40 ZAF 41 ARG 42 URY 43 PHL 44 SLV 45 IDN 46 DOM 47 ALB 48 GTM 49 TTO 50 EGY 51 CHL 52 VNM 53 AUS 54 SAU 55 LKA 56 SYR 57 MUS 58 SEN 59 QAT 60 MAR 61 KEN 62 ZWE 63 HND 64 JAM 65 CUB 66 PRY 67 PAK 68 OMN 69 PER 70 UGA 71 MDG 72 NIC 73 KWT 74 ECU 75 TZA 76 ZMB 77 LAO 78 GHA 79 KHM 80 BOL 81 CIV 82 VEN 83 ETH 84 IRN 85 MWI 86 MNG 87 LBR 88 MOZ 89 MLI 90 GAB 91 LBY 92 CMR 93 DZA 94 GIN 95 NGA 96 PNG 97 AGO 98 COG 99 MRT 100 SDN 101
986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
G lossary
D istance
is a characteristic of a country-product pair. it measures how far a product is from a countrys current productive capabilities. it is calculated by adding the products in which the country does not have comparative advantage, weighted by their proximity to the product in question.
P erson B yte
is the maximum amount of productive knowledge that an average person can hold.
P roduct C ommunity
D i V ersity is a country characteristic. It is the number of products that a country exports with comparative advantage. E conomic C omplexity I ndex (ECI) is a country characteristic. It is a measure of how diversified and complex a countrys export basket is. It is calculated as the mathematical limit or eigenvector of a measure based on how many products a country exports and how many other exporters each product has. O pportunity Value
is a characteristic of a country. It measures how well a country is positioned in the product space by calculating the distance of the country to the products it is currently not exporting with comparative advantage, weighted by the complexity value of each product. This number is higher for countries that are closer to more products and to products that are more complex.
is a product characteristic. A product belongs to a community if it is closer to the other members of the community than it is to products outside of the community.
P roduct C omplexity I ndex (PCI) is a product characteristic. It is a measure of how complex a product is. It is calculated as the mathematical limit of a measure based on how many countries export the product and how diversified those exporters are. P roximity
is a characteristic of a pair of products. It measures the minimum probability that a country exports product 1 given that it exports product 2 or vice versa.
R e V ealed C omparati V e A d V antage
(RCA) is a characteristic of a country-product pair. It is calculated as the ratio of the share of a product in a countrys export basket to the share of that product in world trade. A country has RCA greater than 1 in a certain product if that product represents a larger share of its exports than of world exports.
O pportunity G ain is a characteristic of a countryproduct pair. It measures how much the Opportunity Value of a country will change if the country develops the capacity to export the product in question with comparative advantage. P eople B yte
is more than one personbyte. It needs to be embedded in an organization or network.
U B i Q uity is a product characteristic. It measures how many countries export a given product with comparative advantage.
R eferences & F urther R eading
S ection 1 : W hat do we mean B y economic complexity ?

Nonaka, I. & Takeuchi, H. The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of innovation, Oxford University Press (1991). Read, L.E. I, pencil. My family tree as told to Leonard E. Read, The Foundation for Economic Education (2006). Polanyi, M. The Tacit Dimension, Doubleday & Co (1966). Arrow, K. The economic implications of learning by doing, Review of Economic Studies 29(3), 155-73 (1962).
S ection 2 : H ow do we measure economic complexity ?

Hidalgo, C.A. & Hausmann, R. The Building Blocks of Economic Complexity, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, 10570-10575 (2009). Hidalgo, C.A. The Dynamics of Economic Complexity and the Product Space over a 42 year period, CID Working Paper No 189, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (2009). Hausmann, R. & Hidalgo, C.A. The network structure of economic output Forthcoming in Journal of Economic Growth.
R eferences
Balassa, B., The Purchasing Power Parity Doctrine - A Reappraisal, Journal of Political Economy 72, 584-596 (1964). Feenstra, R.; Lipsey, R.; Deng, H.; Ma, A. & Mo, H. World Trade Flows: 1962-2000 NBER working paper 11040. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge MA (2005). United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database (http://comtrade.un.org/db/), accessed in August 2011.
S ection 4 : H ow is complexity different from other ap proaches ? R eferences

The World Economic Forum, The global competitiveness report, (various years). Barro, R. & Lee, J-W. A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950-2010, NBER Working Paper No. 1590 (2010). Kaufmann, D. & Kraay, A. Governance Indicators: Where Are We, Where Should We Be Going? Policy Research Working Paper 4370. Washington, DC: World Bank (2008). Hanushek, E.A. & Woessmann, L. The Role of Cognitive Skills in Economic Development, Journal of Economic Literature 46(3), 607668 (2008).
covery, Journal of Development Economics 72(2), 603-633 (2003). Hausmann, R. & Klinger, B. Structural Transformation and Patterns of Comparative Advantage in the Product Space, CID Working Paper No 128. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (2006). Hausmann, R.; Hwang, J. & Rodrik, D. What you export matters, Journal of Economic Growth 12(1), 1-25 (2007). Hidalgo, C. A.; Klinger, B.; Barabsi, A. & Hausmann, R. The Product Space Conditions the Development of Nations, Science 317, 482-487 (2007). Hausmann, R. & Klinger, B. South Africas export predicament, The Economics of Transition 16(4), 609-637 (2008). European Bank for reconstruction and development Trade, product mix and Growth, Transition Report, Chapter 4 (2008). Hausmann, R. & Klinger, B. Policies for Achieving Structural Transformation in the Caribbean, Private Sector Development Discussion Paper 2. Washington, D.C.: IDB (2010). Hausmann, R., Klinger, B. & Lopez-Calix, J. Export Diversification in Algeria in Lopez-Calix, J.; Walkenhorst, P. & Diop, N. (editors). Trade Competitiveness of the Middle East and North Africa, World Bank, Washington DC (2010). United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) Building the productive capacity of the least developed countries, In Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2011, Chapter 4 (2011). Hidalgo, C.A. Discovering Southern and East Africas Industrial Opportunities, German Marshall Fund Economic Policy Series (2011). Hidalgo, C.A. Thinking Outside the Cube, CA Hidalgo Physicsworld 21(12), 34-37 (2008). Hidalgo, C.A. & Hausmann, R. A Network View of Economic Development, Developing Alternatives 12(1), 5-10 (2008).
P roduct classi F icatio N s a N d commu N ity disco V ery al G orit H ms
S ection 5 : H ow does economic complexity e V olV e ?

Hausmann, R. & Rodrik, D. Economic development as self-dis-
Leamer, E. E. Sources of Comparative Advantage: Theory and Evidence, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1984). Lall, S. The technological structure and performance of developing country manufactured exports, 1985-1998, Queen Elizabeth House Working Paper #44, University of Oxford (2000). Rosvall, M. & Bergstrom, C. Maps of random walks on complex networks reveal community structure, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, 1118, (2008). Coscia, M.; Giannotti, F. & Pedreschi, D. A classification for community discovery methods in complex networks, Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 4(5), 512546, (2011).
COLOPHON
P A P E R : 80# Accent Opaque text and Productolith Points Cover. C O L O R S : 5/5. T Y P O G R A P H Y : Knockout & Caecilia LT.
This book was printed at Puritan Press, New Hampshire, during October 2011.
A map does not tell people where to go, but it does help them determine their destination and chart their journey towards it. A map empowers by describing opportunities that would not be obvious in the absence of it. If the secret to development is the accumulation of productive knowledge, at a societal rather than individual level, then the process necessarily requires the involvement of many explorers, not just a few planners. This is why the maps we provide in this Atlas are intended for everyone to use.
http://atlas.media.mit.edu
THE ATLAS OF ECONOMIC COMPLEXIT Y
MAPPING PATHS TO PROSPERITY
| Ricardo Hausmann | Csar A. Hidalgo | Sebastin Bustos | Michele Coscia | Sarah Chung | Juan Jimenez | Alexander Simoes | Muhammed A. Yldrm |

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THE ATLAS OF

THE ATLAS OF ECONOMIC COMPLEXIT Y

| Alejandro Santo Domingo | MPower Foundation | Standard Bank | Anonymous Donor |

WHAT, WHY AND HOW?

RANKING 5 Expected Contribution to World GDP Growth to 2020

WHAT, WHY AND HOW?

MAPPING PATHS TO PROSPERITY | 15

18 | THE ATLAS OF ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY

20 | THE ATLAS OF ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY

MAPPING PATHS TO PROSPERITY | 21

the diversity of Netherlands is 5, that of Argentina is 3, and that of Gana is 1.

CREAMS AND POLISHES

GHANA (GHA) FROZEN FISH

22 | THE ATLAS OF ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY

MAPPING PATHS TO PROSPERITY | 23

24 | THE ATLAS OF ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY

and rewrite this as :

We then insert (4) into (3) to obtain

MAPPING PATHS TO PROSPERITY | 25

Product Code (SITC4)

Product Complexity Index

T able 2 . 2 . 2 : B ottom 5 products by complexity

Product Code (SITC4)

Product Complexity Index

MAPPING PATHS TO PROSPERITY | 27

28 | THE ATLAS OF ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY

ISR SVK KOR

GDP per capita in USD [2009]

BGR SRB BIH UKR

Economic Complexity Index [2008]

CHE DEU COG AZE JPN

MAPPING PATHS TO PROSPERITY | 29

LVA KHM EST

LTU KAZ KOR

RUS BGR ROU SVK BIH TJK

CUB TTO HKG

30 | THE ATLAS OF ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY

TECHNiCAL BOX 3.1: THE GROWTH REGRESSiON

Annualized growth in GDP pc (by decade)

MAPPING PATHS TO PROSPERITY | 31

Annualized growth in GDP pc (by decade)

(3) 0.04240*** (0.008) -0.00345*** (0.001)

(4) 0.04143*** (0.010) -0.00354*** (0.001)

(5) 0.04389*** (0.009) -0.00381*** (0.001)

-0.00562*** (0.001) 0.00169 (0.005) 0.06741*** (0.011) 260 0.584 Yes

-0.00729*** (0.001) 0.03441*** (0.008) 0.08616*** (0.011) 284 0.449 Yes

-0.00611*** (0.001) 0.03699*** (0.010) 0.08145*** (0.011) 291 0.436 Yes

-0.00558*** (0.001) 0.03758*** (0.010) 0.04878** (0.022) 291 0.440 Yes

291 0.434 Yes

MAPPING PATHS TO PROSPERITY | 33

measures of governance and institutional quality

34 | THE ATLAS OF ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY

measures of human capital

MAPPING PATHS TO PROSPERITY | 35

FIN AUT SGP

Economic Complexity Index

Economic Complexity Index

IRL SVK ISR HUN NOR

NZL EST AUS

BRA ZAF SAU ARG TUN IDN ALB

36 | THE ATLAS OF ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY

Economic Complexity Index

GDP per capita (constant 2000 US$)

(3) 0.04240* (0.008) -0.00345* (0.001)

(4) 0.04143* (0.010) -0.00354* (0.001)

(5) 0.04389* (0.009) -0.00381* (0.001)

-0.00562* (0.001) 0.00169 (0.005) 0.06741* (0.011) 260 0.584 Yes

-0.00729* (0.001) 0.03441* (0.008) 0.08616*** (0.011) 284 0.449 Yes

-0.00611* (0.001) 0.03699* (0.010) 0.08145*** (0.011) 291 0.436 Yes

-0.00558* (0.001) 0.03758* (0.010) 0.04878** (0.022) 291 0.440 Yes

0.00420 (0.002) 0.01181* (0.002)

0.00228* (0.000) 0.00361* (0.001)

Robust standard errors in parentheses * p<0.01, p<0.05, * p<0.1

0.055* (0.018) 0.044* (0.011)

-0.00064* (0.000) -0.01384* (0.004) 0.09135* -0.00439* (0.002) 0.04545

-0.00060* (0.000) -0.01200* (0.003) 0.08814*