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Os Exe3 23 May2011 SR I 776s21tr Lineprotection 120425095503 Phpapp02
Os Exe3 23 May2011 SR I 776s21tr Lineprotection 120425095503 Phpapp02
BY:MOHD MOIZUDDIN 4-2, B.TECH EEE, SHADAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Frequency
0Phase Ground faults 85% 0Phase- Phase faults 8% 0Phase Phase Ground faults 5% 03 Ph faults 2%
Protection Scheme
0Protection Scheme for Transmission lines as per CBIP guidelines Should have two independent high speed main protection
schemes Two stage over voltage protection Sensitive IDMT directional E/F relays Auto reclose relay suitable for 1 ph/3ph (with deadline charging and synchro check) reclosure.
0Types of main Protections:
Over
Current Protection.
distance protection.
Max. operating time under given conditions shall be as follows
1. SIR: 4, Setting: 10Ohms, Fault location : 60% Trip contacts: 4, Fault resistance: 0
If = E/(ZS+ZL) The reach of over current relay is function of Source Impedance which varies considerably, making it difficult to get fast and Selective tripping .
Current Phase comparison type Suitable for operation with PLCC High sensitivity and selectivity for all types of faults Capable of single and three pole tripping.
0
0 0 0 0 0
Un effected By:
Heavy load transfer Power swings CT saturation CT Phase errors
Distance Protection
0Type of distance relays
0Reactance
0 Suitable for short lines 0 Not effected by fault resistance 0 Effected by power swings 0 Non directional
0Impedance 0 Suitable for medium lines 0 Non directional 0 Effected by fault resistance 0Mho 0 Directional 0 Least effected by power swings 0 Less effected by fault resistance
Z3
Z2 Z1
Load Area
Lenticular characteristics
The characteristic of lenticular mho will be useful to provide maximum load transfer condition with maximum fault resistance coverage.
Z-3
Z-2
Z-1 Y R Z-3
Quadrilateral characteristic
It is a basically a reactance relay superseded with controlled resistive reach.
Z-3 Z-2
Z-1
Z-1&2
Z-3
Z3 Z2
ZONE -4 : To cover close up back-up non-directional faults generally reverse reach will be provided in relays (10%).
over reach
Relay measured impedance less than the actual fault Impedance. i.e effective reach of the relay increases
Under reach
Relay measured impedance is more than actual impedance. i.e. Effective reach of the relay decreases
Parallel Compensation
0Necessity of parallel compensation:
For the fault on the parallel line, fault current also fed from healthy line and 0 this current pass through ground. This current changes the mutual 0 inductance and in turn causes relay measuring impedance to increase and 0 is more than actual fault impedance.
This effect will be compensated by connecting neutral current of the line to 0 parallel line.
This compensation will not work, if the parallel line neutral current is more 0 than line neutral current.
ZONE - I CHARACTERISTICS Should isolate the faulted section instantaneously Should cover protected circuit &fault resistance with some margin to take care of errors in measurement Selective phase tripping for 1ph to ground faults for auto reclose of the breaker. Fast operation with secured directional discrimination. Should be stable in the presence of: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Fault resistance, arc resistance and tower footing resistance Power swings Heavily loaded condition In feed condition Errors in CT, CVT and CT saturation Transients in CT & CVT
ZONE-II CHARACTERISTICS
Delayed tripping and non selective phase tripping. Provide back up protection for part of adjacent line. Trip the faulty line instantaneously using carrier aided tripping. Time delay is normally 500ms
ZONE-III CHARACTERISTICS
This provides back up protection for the adjacent lines or transformer Time delay is normally 1500ms
ZONE IV CHARACTERISTICS
This provides back up protection for the station faults It is normally in the reverse direction Time delay is normally 1500ms
Distance Schemes:
1 . P . U . R -- Permissive under reach scheme 2. P . O . R -- Permissive Over Reach scheme 3. BLOCKING SCHEME 4. WEAK END FEED
CARRIER SCHEMES - P U R
Z2A Z1A A Z2B CARRIER RELAY CHANNEL Trip = Z1 + Z2.CR+Z3.T3+Z2.T2 CS = Z1 Under reaching zone sends carrier signal RELAY Fault
Z1B
B
CARRIER SCHEMES - P O R
Z2A Z1A A Fault
Z1B
Z2B
RELAY CARRIER
B RELAY
Z1A
A
Fault
Z1B
Z2B
RELAY CARRIER
B
RELAY
Fault in Z2A+UV relay + Receipt Fault in Z1B= Trip CB B Fault in Z2B=Sends Echo Of echo signal etc = Trip breaker A + Send echo signal signal
AUTORECLOSE PHILOSOPHY
NEED FOR AUTO RECLOSE
1. REDUCING OUTAGE TIME 2. IMPROVED RELIABILITY 3. RESTORATION OF NETWORK STABILITY AND SYNCHRONISM
TYPES OF FAULTS
1. TRANSIENT FAULTS 2. SEMI PERMANENT FAULTS
3. PERMANENT FAULTS
DEAD TIME : The time between the autoreclose scheme being energised and the operation of the contacts which energise the CB closing Circuit. RECLAIM TIME : The time following a successful closing operation measured from the instant the A/R relay closing contacts make, which must elapse before the autoreclose relay will initiate reclosing sequence in the event of a further fault.
Power Swing
0Power Swings are disturbances in system due to various reasons 0such as sudden load throw, bad synchronization etc
0Power swings are characterized by slow power flow oscillations, 0resulting in swinging of voltages and currents, resulting in 0operating point movement into distance relay characteristics, 0in turn can cause tripping of distance relays.
0Tripping during power swings is undesirable since no actual fault 0is present and moreover a line outage during power swing may 0cause further deterioration to system stability. 0Detection of power swing will block the distance protection 0Zones 2,3,4. Normally tripping in Zone-I is not blocked even after
Z1
R
Time taken by fault locus to cross the power swing detection zones is more than 40-50ms, then it is called power swing.
Substantial asymmetry of measured voltage, while the measured 0 currents are in symmetry indicates fuse fail
Switch on to fault
0This feature provide protection against energisation of the tr.
line with fault or dead short. 0Distance protection will not provide protection in 0this case as voltage is not available for distance measurement. 0It can be activated by TNC switch or CB aux. binary input or internal detection of current rise. 0It provides instantaneous 3Ph trip and blocks auto reclose.
Stub Protection
Bus-2
Bus-1
21
Ckt-1
Ckt-2
DEF Protection
0It provides back up protection for tr. line. 0It provides reliable protection for high resistance earth
faults.
discrimination.
to open.
It is required to trip other end breakers without any checking the status at other end during following conditions: Operation of over voltage protection. Operation of bus bar with tie breaker open. Manual tripping of both the breakers (main&Tie) Operation of LBB
On receipt of command through PLCC at other end breakers will trip directly.
0Stage-I:
0Setting: 110% 0Time delay: 5 Sec.
0Stage II
0Setting: 140% 0Time delay: Instantaneous.