BAST CMLE

1. CMLE
Normal koullarda (yani, devrik yap vs. bulunmayan durumlarda) en basit ekli ile cmle iki unsurdan oluur:
zne + Yklem
(Subject) + (Verb)
Trke'de zne ogu zaman yklemin sonuna bir "kii eki" olarak eklenebildigi iin aka kullanlmasna gerek
kalmayabilir.
- (Ben) geldim.
- (Sen) naslsn ?
ngilizce'de byle birey - ok snrl da olsa baz konuma durumlar dnda - sz konusu olamaz.
* () came.
* How are (you) ?
ogu zaman basit cmlede bir de nesne bulunur.
1.1. Subject + Verb
Trke bir basit cmlede u yap her zaman iin geerlidir.
1 2
ZNE + YKLEM
Mehmet gretti.
ngilizce bir basit cmlede de, nesne bulunmadg durumlarda, bir farkllk grlmez.
1 2
SUBJECT + VERB
Mehmet taught.
1.2. Subject + verb + object
Trke bir cmleye nesne eklendigi zaman, sralama yle olur:
1 2 3
ZNE + NESNE + YKLEM
Mehmet ogluna gretti.
ngilizce bir cmleye nesne eklendigi zaman, Trke cmle yap ile arasndaki ilk temel fark ortaya kar.
1 3 2
SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT
Mehmet taught his son.
2. BAST CMLELERN EVRS
2.1. Subject + verb
Trke ve ngilizce basit cmle yaplar sadece zne ve yklem sz konusu oldugunda bir farkllk gstermedigi
iin, eviri konusunda yap asndan bir sorun kmamaktadr.
1 2
ZNE + YKLEM
Mehmet geldi.
Mehmet came./has come.
SUBJECT + VERB
1 2
2.2. Subject + verb + object
Nesne sz konusu oldugunda Trke ve ngilizce basit cmle yaplar birbirinden farkl oldugu iin, eviri ilemi
srasnda da cmleyi oluturan unsurlarn diziliinde degiiklik yapmak gerekecektir.
1 2 3
ZNE + NESNE + YKLEM
Mehmet eve geldi.
1
Mehmet came home.
SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT
1 3 2
Bu cmlelere yer, zaman ve durum belirten kelime ve yaplarn da eklenmesi durumunda her iki dil arasndaki
yapsal farkllklar iyice belirginleecektir.
Basit cmlelerin yaps konusu eviri asndan - kolay grndg iin - nemsenmeyebilir. Ancak,
SVO (ngilizce
SOV (Trke)

yapsnn, karmak cmlelerin evirisini yaparken srekli gznnde tutulmas gerekecektir. Bu konu ileri
konularda ayrntl olarak ele alnmakta.

2
ZAMAN KAVRAMI
1. !R!"
Bu ve bunu izleyen ana balk altnda ngilizce'de yer alan btn zamanlar (= tense) ve yardmc yklemler (=
modal verbs) iki ayr balk altnda ele alnmaktadr. Zamanlar "Present", "Past", ve "Future" sras ile, yardmc
yklemler ise alfabe sralamasnda ele alnmaktadr. nemli eviri zellikleri, her zaman oldugu gibi, kutu iinde
verilmektedir.
2. #$re%e&t# ' e&!( )*+*& , "!+-!.! )*+*&
2.1. S!+/0e $re%e&t Te&%e
*1 2er )*+*& o0*&,o0*b!0ece. o0*30*r !4!& .u00*&505r.
- The earth rotates around the sun.
Dnya gnein evresinde dner.
b1 B!r o0*35 &*.0e-er.e&6 7)e00!.0e 8!.*3e -!0!&-e .u00*&505r.
- Rosencrantz flips a coin.
Rosencrantz yaz tura iin para atar.
c1 2er )*+*& o0*&6 o0*b!0ece. ve b!r %5.099* %*8!/ o0*30*r5& *&0*t5+5&-* .u00*&505r.
- always/sometimes/rarely brush my teeth.
Dilerimi her zaman/bazan/nadiren fralarm.

Simple Present'n bu kullanmlar (A-C) Trke'ye aktarlrken "yklem + -Er/-r" yaps
kullanlr.

-1 e0ece:e *!t .e%!& b!r o0*3-*& %7) e-er.e& .u00*&505r.
- We set off after lunch.
gle yemeginin ardndan yola kyoruz.
e1 Nor+*0-e #3;.0e+ + <!&=# 3*/5%5 !0e .u00*&50+*3*& b*)5 3;.0e+0er0e b!r0!.te .u00*&505r.
Bu 3;.0e+0er!& b*(05c*0*r5'

astonish, belong to, believe, concern, consist of, contain, depend on, deserve, detest,
dislike, doubt, feel, fit, forget, guess, have, hear, hate, imagine, include, impress, know,
like, love, need, owe, realize, recognize, regret, resemble, remember, satisfy, see,
seem, smell, sound, suppose, taste, think, understand, want, wish
feel yklemi "fikir sahibi olmak" (- feel he is right) anlamnda "-ing" almaz;
"hissetmek" anlam (- How are you feeling today?) tadgnda "-ing" alr.
have yklemi "sahip olmak" (- She has three children.) anlamnda "-ing" almaz";
"..almak / yemek" anlam (- They are having lunch.) tadgnda "-ing" alr.
hear yklemi allmadk durum belirttiginde (- 'm hearing things. / Gaipten
sesler duyuyorum.) "-ing" ile kullanlabilir.
see yklemi allmadk durum belirttiginde (- 'm seeing double) "-ing" ile
kullanlabilir.
smell yklemi "koku salmak" (- t smells nice.) anlamnda "-ing" almaz;
"koklamak" anlam (-She is smelling the flowers.) tadgnda "-ing" ile alr.
taste yklemi "tad olmak" (- t tastes nice.) anlamnda "-ing" almaz; "tatmak"
anlam (- Why are you tasting the soup?) tadgnda "-ing" alr.
think yklemi "fikir sahibi olmak" (- think he is right.) anlamnda "-ing" almaz;
"dnmek" anlam (- What are you thinking ?) tadgnda "-ing" alr.
3

Simple Present'n bu kullanmlar (D-E) Trke'ye aktarlrken "yklem + - Er/-r" ya da
ogu kez "yklem + - yor" yaps kullanlr.

>1 E+!r ver+e. !4!& .u00*&505r.
- Stop !
Dur !
2.2. $re%e&t Co&t!&uou% Te&%e
*1 "u *&-* =er4e.0e(+e.te o0*& o0*30*r !4!& .u00*&505r.
- You are reading a sentence.
Bir cmle okuyorsun/okumaktasn.
b1 "u *r*0*r o0+*.t* o0*& o0*30*r !4!& .u00*&505r.
- am reading a wonderful novel.
Sahane bir kitap okuyorum/okumaktaym.
c1 e0ece:e 37&e0!. .e%!& /0*&0*r-* .u00*&505r.
- What are you doing tomorrow ?
Yarn ne yapyorsun ?
-1 Ko&u(+*c535 te-!r=!& e-e& ve %5. te.r*r0*&*& b!r o0*3 !4!& #*0?*3%# !0e b!r0!.te
.u00*&505r.

- She is always complaining about my dog.
Srekli / Hep / Durmadan kpegimden ikayet ediyor.

Present Continuous'un bu kullanmlar (A-D) Trke'ye "yklem + -yor/-mEktE"
kullanlarak aktarlr.
2.@. $re%e&t $er>ect Te&%e
*1 A) 7&ce t*+*+0*&*& b!r o0*3 !4!&6 =e&e0-e #ju%t# !0e .u00*&505r.
- have just drunk a cup of tea.
Az nce/Daha imdi bir fincan ay itim.

b1 A*/50+5( *+* )*+*&5 be00! o0+*3*& e30e+0er !4!&6 3* -* )*+*& be00! o0%* -* e30e+!&
.e&-!%! .*-*r 7&e+0! o0+*-5:5 -uru+0*r-* .u00*&505r.

- Peter has been to the States twice.
Peter Amerika'da iki kez bulundu./Birleik Devletler'e iki kez gitti.
c1 e4+!(te 3*/50+5(6 (u *&-* 3* -* =e0ece.te 3*/50*b!0+e o0*%505:5 v*r o0*& o0*30*r !4!&
.u00*&505r.

- He has won 3 Oscars.
3 Oscar kazand.

-1 S5&5r0*r5 .e%!& be0!rt!0+e3e& b!r )*+*&5 be0!rt+e.te o0*& b!r ter!+ !0e b!r0!.te B1C6 3* -*6
o0*35& =e4t!:! )*+*& -!0!+!&!& 8e&;) %o&* er+e-!:! -uru+0*r-* B2C .u00*&505r.

- The population has risen dramatically lately. [1]
Nfus son zamanlarda nemli lde artt/artmtr.

4
Present Perfect'in bu kullanmlar (A-D) Trke'ye "yklem + -D", eviri metni resmi bir
dil tadgnda da "yklem + - mtr" yaps ile aktarlr.

- They haven't had a holiday this year. [2]
Bu sene tatil yapmadlar.
e1 #be# 3;.0e+! !0e b!r0!.te6 &!te0!.6 3er6 v%. be0!rte& 3*/50*r5& o0u(turu0+*%5&-* .u00*&505r.

- have been a teacher for 7 years.
Yedi senedir gretmenim/gretmenlik yapmaktaym/yapyorum.

Bu kullanm (E) Trke'ye "yklem + -Dr" yaps ile aktarlrsa da -Dr taks genelde
der.
2.D. $re%e&t $er>ect Co&t!&uou% Te&%e
*1 $re%e&t $er>ectEte& >*r.05 o0*r*.6 -*8* %;re0! b!r e30e+! .*/%*r.
- have been writing since ten this morning.
Bu sabah ondan beri yazyorum/yazmaktaym.
b1 K!+! )*+*&6 o0*35& .e&-!%! b!t+!( o0%* b!0e et.!%! %;r+e.te-!r.

- You look terrible. Have you been fighting ?
Berbat grnyorsun. Kavga m ettin ?

Present Perfect Continuous Trke'ye, eylem sonulanmam ise (A) "yklem + -yor/-
mEktE", eylem sonulanm ise (B) "yklem + -D" ile aktarlr.
@. $*%t ' e4+!( )*+*&
@.1. S!+/0e $*%t Te&%e
*1 e4+!(te be0!r0! b!r )*+*&-* b!t+!( b!r o0*3 !4!& .u00*&505r. Bu .u00*&5+5& $re%e&t
$er>ectEte& >*r.5 o0*35& =e4t!:! )*+*&5& ve *3r5&t50*r5& 7&e+ .*)*&+*%5-5r.

- He left a minute ago.
Bir dakika nce kt.
- Where did the accident happen ?
Kaza nerede oldu ?

Simple Past'n bu kullanm (A) Trke'ye "yklem + -D", daha resmi yaplarda ise
"yklem + mtr" kullanlarak aktarlr.

b1 e4+!(e *!t b!r *05(.*&05. !4!& #*0?*3%#6 #&ever#6 v%. !0e .u00*&505r.
- He always wore a hat.
Srekli/Hep apka giyerdi.

Simple Past'n bu kulanm (B) Trke'ye "yklem + -/Erd" kullanlarak aktarlr.
@.2. $*%t $er>ect Te&%e
*1 e4+!(e *!t !.! o0*35& bu0u&-u:u b!r -uru+-* ve bu !.! o0*3-*& b!r!&!& -!:er!&-e&
7&ce o0+*%5 8*0!&-e6 7&ce o0*& o0*3 !4!& #$*%t $er>ect#6 %o&r* o0*& o0*3 !4!& -e #S!+/0e
$*%t# .u00*&505r.

- When the police arrived, the burglad had escaped.
Polis geldiginde hrsz kamt.
b1 #$*%t $er>ect# te+e0-e #$re%e&t $er>ectE!& /*%t 8*0!-!r.
5
- He had won 3 Oscars.
3 Oscar kazanmt.

Past Perfect Trke'ye "yklem + -mt" ile, ya da, pek sk olmasa da, "yklem + -
Dyd" ile aktarlr.
@.@. $*%t $er>ect Co&t!&uou% Te&%e
"Present Perfect Continuous" yapnn past halidir.
- had been writing since 10 this morning.
O sabah 10'dan beri yazmaktaydm.
- You looked terrible. Had you been fighting ?
Berbat grnyordun. Kavga m etmitin ?

Past Perfect Continuous Trke'ye " yklem + - yordu / -mEktEyd / -mt kullanlarak
aktarlabilir.
@.D. $*%t Co&t!&uou% Te&%e
*1 e4+!(te b!r %;re -ev*+ et+!( o0*& o0*30*r5& *.t*r5+5&-* .u00*&505r.
- She was earning quite a lot of money.
Olduka ok para kazanyordu / kazanmaktayd.
b1 Fev*+ et+e.te !.e& *&! ve -*8* .5%* b!r e30e+0e .*r(50*(*& 3* -* o e30e+ t*r*>5&-*&
.e%!&t!3e u:r*t50*& b!r e30e+ !4!& .u00*&505r.
- When she heard the explosion she was having bath.
Patlamay duydugunda banyo yapyordu.

Past Continuous Trke'ye "yklem + -yordu / -mEktEyd" ile aktarlr.
@.G. #I&>!&!t!ve# 3*/50*r-* /*%t
"Infinitive" (to + yklem) ngilizce'de "to have + V3" ile past hali alr.
- He is believed to have a big fortune. PRESENT
nana gre byk bir serveti var.
- He is believed to have lived in misery. PAST
nana gre sefalet iinde yaad / yaam.
@.H. #eru&-# 3*/50*r-* /*%t
"Gerund" (yklem + - ing) yaps "having + V3" kullanlarak past yaplabilir.
- Having completed the task, the students had a break.
(= After they had completed ... )
Grevi tamamladktan sonra grenciler ara verdiler.
Bu yap perfect nitelik de tayabilir.
- Having completed the task, the students will have a break.
(= After they have completed .... )
D. Iuture' e0ece. )*+*&
D.1. ?!00
*1 B!r /0*& 3* -* .e%!&0e(+!( *+*4 o0+*-5:5 -uru+0*r-* .u00*&505r.
6
- Don't worry. You'll succeed.
Endielenme. Baaracaksn.

Bu kullanm (A) Trke'ye "yklem + - EcEk" ile aktarlr.

b1 So&ucu& .e%!& , -o:*0 o0-u:u b!0!&e& -uru+0*r-*6 .!+! )*+*& -* b!r !&*t0*(+* %7)
.o&u%u !%e .u00*&505r.

- When it is wet, this paint will give a terrible smell.
slakken bu boya berbat bir koku salar / salacaktr.
- Don't insist. She will say no.
srar etme. Hayr der / diyecektir.

Bu kullanm (B) Trke'ye "yklem + - /Er" ya da "yklem + - EcEkDr" ile aktarlr.
D.2. be J*+,!%,*re1 =o!&= to
*1 B!r /0*& 3* -* .e%!&0e(+!( *+*4 o0-u:u )*+*& .u00*&505r.
- Don't worry. 'll help you.
Endielenme. Sana yardm edecegim.
b1 B!r e30e+!& =er4e.0e(ece:!&e *!t .e%!& !)6 be0!rt! v*r%* .u00*&505r.
- She looks very pale. think she's going to faint.
ok solgun grnyor. Sanrm baylacak.

Bu kullanmlar (A-B) Trke'ye "yklem + - EcEk" ile aktarlr.

c1 #?*% , ?ere =o!&= to# 3*/5%5 3*/50+*%5 *+*40*&*& *+* =er4e.0e(+e%!&e o0*&*. 3* -*
=ere. .*0+*3*& e30e+0er !4!& B1C < 3* -* bu&u& t*+ ter%! o0*r*. =er4e.0e(+e%!&e =ere.
3o..e& =er4e.0e(e& B2C < o0*30*r !4!& .u00*&505r.

- was going to call him. He called me. [1]
Onu arayacaktm. O beni arad.
- They weren't going to visit the ancient church but they did so while they took shelter there
during the rain. [2]
Antik kiliseyi gezmeyeceklerdi ama yagmurdan korunmak iin oraya sgndklarnda
geziverdiler.

Bu kullanm (C) Trke'ye yklem + - EcEkt" ile aktarlr.
D.@. be J*+,!%,*re, ..1 to
*1 #?!00 J-e>!&!te031# *&0*+5&-* .u00*&505r.
- The Queen is to visit New Zealand.
Kralie Yeni Zelanda'y ziyaret edecek.

Bu kullanm (A) Trke'ye "yklem + - EcEk" ile aktarlr.

b1 #%8ou0-# *&0*+5&-* .u00*&505r.
- You are to do your homework.
Ev devini yapman gerek.

Bu kullanm (B) Trke'ye "should" gibi aktarlr.
D.D. Iuture Co&t!&uou% Te&%e
7
Gelecekte sryor olacak eylem iin kullanlr.
- This time tomorrow, 'll be sleeping.
Yarn bu saatler uyuyor olacagm.

Future Continuous Trke'ye "yklem + - yor / - mEktE olacak" ile aktarlr.
D.G. Iuture $er>ect Te&%e
Gelecekte bir zamanda tamamlanm olacak eylem iin - genelde zaman belirten b3 kelimesi ile birlikte -
kullanlr.
- This time tomorrow, 'll have gone to bed.
Yarn bu saatler yatm olacagm.
Future Perfect Trke'ye "yklem + - m olacak" ile aktarlr.

8
AARFIMCI AKLEMLER
1. T*&5+
Bu blmde ele alnan yklemler birer yardmc yklemdir. Tek balarna kullanldklarnda yklem olarak
tadklar anlam tamazlar ("Yes, can" gibi ksa yant durumlar dnda). Bu nedenle, kimi yardmc
yklemlerin isim ya da yklem olarak tadklar anlama (can (n) = teneke kutu, have (v) = sahip olmak, May (n)
= Mays, must (n) = gereklilik, will (n) = irade; vasiyetname) dikkat etmek gerekebilir.
2. Ku00*&5+ ve ev!r!
Yardmc yklemler alfabe srasna gre ele alnmtr.
2.1. be J*+ , !% , *re1 *b0e to
"Bir eyi yapabilmek" anlamn tar.
- am able to run a mile.
Bir mil koabilirim.
- They will be able to complete the project on time.
Projeyi zamannda tamamlayabilecekler.
- She was able to say a few words.
Birka kelime syleyebildi.
- We haven't been able to understand it.
Onu anlayabilmi degiliz.

Bu yap Trke'ye "yklem + - Ebl- " ile aktarlr. Gerekli zaman taks eklenir.
2.2 c*&
*1 b!r (e3! 3*/*b!0+e.
- Can you speak German ?
Almanca konuabilir misin ?
b1 o0*%505.
- He can be here any moment.
Her an gelebilir.
c1 !)!&6 r!c*
- Can leave early ?
Erken kabilir miyim ?
- Can you turn the volume down ?
Sesi ksabilir misin ?

Bu kullanmlar (a-c) Trke'ye "yklem + - Ebl- ile aktarlr.

-1 K0u+%u) %o&u4 45.*r+*
- t can't be her. She is much taller.
Bu o olamaz. O daha uzun boylu.
e1 e4+!(e *!t o0u+%u) %o&u4 45.*r+*.
9
- She can't have left earlier.
Daha erken km olamaz.
2.@. cou0-
*1 e4+!(te b!r (e3! 3*/*b!0+e..
- could swim across the lake then.
O zamanlar gl yzerek geebilirdim.
b1 o0*%505.
- Perhaps she could answer all the questions.
Belki de tm sorulara yant verebilir.
c1 !)!&6 r!c*
- Could you do me a favour ?
Bana bir iyilik yapar msn ?
-1 te.0!>
- Could we meet at around 12 tomorrow ?
Yarn saat 12 civarnda buluabilir miyiz ?
e1 So&u4 45.*r+*
- He could be at home. He could be sleeping.
Evde olabilir. Uyuyor olabilir.
>1 er4e.0e(+e+!(6 =e4+!(e *!t o0*%505.
- could have passed the test.
Snav geebilirdim.
2.D. -*re
*1 Ce%*ret et+e.
- She daren't do it.
Yapmaya cesaret edemez.
b1 S*-ece I daresay 3*/5%5 !0e6 o0*%505.
- daresay you are tired.
Sanrm yorgunsun.
2.G. 8*- better
Tercih, "olsa iyi olur"
- Hadn't we better start rightaway ?
Hemen balamak/balamamz iyi olmaz m ?
- 'd better keep it in a box.
Onu bir kutuda saklasak iyi olur.
2.H. 8*ve J=ot1 to
*1 Ko&u(+*c5&5& =er4e.0ere -*3*&*r*. !0ett!:! )oru&0u0u..
- She has to leave immediately. There is a phone call.
Hemen kmas gerek. Telefon var.
10
b1 ere.+e)0!. JL &ee-&Et 1
- You don't have to study at all.
Hi alman gerekmez.
- She won't have to go.
Gitmesi gerekmeyecek.
- We didn't have to buy anything.
Hibirey satn almamz gerekmedi.
Kimi zaman 8*ve L %*8!/ o0+*. yklemi, 8*ve to yardmc ykleminin kullanmna benzer bir ekilde
kullanlyor olabilir. Cmlenin anlamn yanl anlamamak iin dikkat etmek gerekir.
- This book has a lot to say.
(= This book has a lot of things to say.)
2.M. +*3
*1 K0*%505.
- We may never see that comet again.
Bu kuyruklu yldz bir daha hi gremeyebiliriz.
b1 )!&6 r!c*
- You may go.
Gidebilirsin.
c1 e0ece.te t*+*+0*&+*%5 o0*%5 e30e+.
- Many species may have died out by then.
O zamana kadar pek ok tr tkenmi olabilir.
-1 e4+!(e *!t o0*%5 e30e+
- He may have missed the bus.
Otobs karm olabilir. / Belki de otobs kard.
e1 e4+!(te =er4e.0e(+e+!( o0*%505.
- They may have won the match. They played terribly.
Ma kazanabilirlerdi.
>1 +*3 *% ?e00 L 8*- better

"may well" kullanmna dikkat ! Bu yapda well kelimesi /e.*0*6 &e-e& o0+*%5& anlamn tar.

=1 Fu*0*r #+*3# !0e o0ur. #M*3# 3*r-5+c5 3;.0e+! 7)&e-e& 7&ce =e0!r.
- May God be with you.
Tanr seninle olsun.
81 #R*:+e&# *&0*+5 vere& c;+0e0er-e6 -evr!. 3*/5-* #+*3# .u00*&50*b!0!r.
2.N. +!=8t
*1 )*35> o0*%505.
- This medicine might have some side effects.
Bu ilacn baz yan etkileri olabilir.
b1 !)!& !%te+e
11
- Might we suggest something ?
Birey nerebilir miyiz ?
c1 =e0ece.te t*+*+0*&+*%5 o0*%5 e30e+
- By the year 2.000, you might have died.
2000 ylna gelindiginde lm olabilirsin(iz).
-1 =e4+!(e *!t o0*%5 e30e+
- He might have tried to contact you.
Sana ulamaya alm olabilir.
e1 =e4+!(te =er4e.0e(+e+!( o0*%505.
- They might at least have apologized.
En azndan zr dileyebilirlerdi [ama dilemediler]
>1 +!=8t *% ?e00 L 8*- better
2.O. +u%t
*1 .o&u(+*c5&5& )oru&0u =7r-;:;6 .e&-! >!.r!&e -*3*05 )oru&0u0u.
- don't want her here. She must go.
Onu burada istemiyorum. Gitmeli./Gitmesi art.
b1 4o. .uvvet0! o0*%505.
- There must be a mistake. Check it again.
Bir hata olmal./ Mutlaka bir hata vardr. Yeniden kontrol et.
- He must be sleeping. can hear his snore.
Uyuyor olmal. Horultusunu duyabiliyorum.
Bu yapnn olumsuzu mustn't ile degil can't ile oluturulur.

c1 A*%*.0*+*
- You must not take any pictures here.
Burada fotograf ekmemelisin(iz).
-1 e4+!(te =er4e.0e(+!( o0+*%5 o0*%5 e30e+
- He must have missed the bus.
Otobs karm olmal.

Bu yapnn olumsuzu musn't have ile degil can't have ile oluturulur.
2.1P. &ee-J&Et1
*1 ere.+e)0!. JL -o&Et,-oe%&Et 8*ve to1
- You needn't worry.
Endielenmen gerekmez/gereksiz.
b1 ere.0!0!.
- Need sign it ?
mzalamam gerekir mi ?
c1 e4+!(te =ere. o0+*-5:5 8*0-e 3*/50+5( e30e+.
12
- We needn't have brought our tent; his tent is large enough.
adrmz getirmemiz gerekmezdi. Onun adr yeterinde geni.
2.11. ou=8t to
*1 Q:;t6 t*v%!3e
- t ought to be cleaned every two months.
ki ayda bir temizlenmesi gerek.
b1 e4+!(te =er4e.0e(J+e1+!( o0*%505..
- She ought to have been more careful
Daha dikkatli olmas gerekirdi.
2.12. %8*00
*1 e0ece.. Re%+! .u00*&5+.
- When shall we announce the results ?
Sonular ne zaman aklayacagz ?
b1 S*-ece I ve we !0e6 7&er!.
- Shall we go out ?
kalm m ?
c1 Will 3er!&e. Re%+! .u00*&5+.
- The accused shall be interrogated.
Sank sorguya ekilecek.
2.1@. %8ou0-
*1 A;.;+0;0;.
- He should work harder.
Daha fazla almas gerek.
b1 "u *&-* =er4e.0e(+e%! =ere.!r.e& =er4e.0e(+e3e& < 3* -* bu&u& t*+ ter%! < e30e+.
- You should be at home now. You should be studying.
Su anda evde olman gerekirdi. Ders alyor olmalydn.
c1 Why ve3* How !0e6 te-!r=!&0!. ve 7>.e !>*-e%!&-e.
- How should know it ?
Ben nereden bileyim ?
-1 K0*%505.
- He worked hard. So, he should succeed.
yi alt. Kazanmas gerekir. / Kazanacaktr.
e1 e4+!(te =er4e.0e(+e+!( =ere.0!0!.
- She should have seen her mistake.
Hatasn grmesi gerekirdi.
>1 B*)5 3;.0e+ ve %5>*t0*r0*
- advise that she should resign.
- Was it essential that he should be sacked ?
13
=1 Second conditional 3*/5-*6 -evr!. c;+0e o0u(tur+*. !4!&.
- Should he come, give him my message.
2.1D. u%e- to
*1 e4+!(te o0*& ve *rt5. -ev*+ et+e3e& *099.*&05..
- used to exercise regularly.
Dzenli olarak altrma yapardm.
b1 K0u+%u) 3*/5-*6 =e4+!(te o0+*35/ %o&r*-*& e-!&!0e& *099.*&05..
- She didn't use to smoke.
Eskiden sigara imezdi.
- He never used to leave the office early.
Ofisten asla erken ayrlmazd.
Her ne kadar used to ile dogrudan bir ilgisi olmasa da, karklga ok abuk neden olabildigi iin be u%e- to ve
=et u%e- to yaplarna da deginmek yerinde olacaktr. Be used to "alkn olmak", get used to ise "alkanlg
kazanmak" anlamlarn tarlar ve yardmc yklem zellikleri yoktur.
- "Your neighbours upstairs are making a lot of noise."
- "'m used to it."
- When first moved to Ankara, life was difficult. Then got used to living here.
2.1G. ?!00
*1 e0ece:e 37&e0!. -uru+6 e30e+
- will come with you.
Seninle gelecegim.
- Next month, we'll be opening a new branch.
Gelecek ay yeni bir ube ayor olacagz.
- Next month, we'll have opened a new branch.
Gelecek ay yeni bir ube am olacagz.
b1 R!c*6 !%te.
- Will you please leave the door open ?
Ltfen kapy ak brakr msn ?
c1 e0ece:e 37&e0!. .e%!& ve -o:*0 %o&u4
- She is so stubborn. She'll refuse it.
ok inat. Reddeder./Reddedecektir.
2.1H. ?ou0-
*1 e4+!(te *05(.*&05.. Used to 3*/5%5&-*& >*r.56 bu *05(.*&05:5& b!t+!( o0+*%5&5&
=ere.+e+e%!-!r.

- He would drink a glass of wine after dinner.
Akam yemeginden sonra bir bardak rap ierdi.
b1 R!c*6 !%te.
- Would you send the brochures as soon as possible ?
Brorleri olabildigince abuk gnderir misiniz ?
14
c1 e4+!(te )oru&0u0u.6 .!+! )*+*& !&*t t*(53*& e30e+.
- begged him to help me, but he wouldn't.
Bana yardm etmesini istedim ama etmeyecegi tuttu.
-1 e4+!(te =er4e.0e(+e+!( e30e+.
- We would have stayed longer but the weather changed.
Daha uzun kalrdk ama havalar degiti.
e1 Second conditional t;r; .u00*&5+-*
- f you had not been so lazy you would be studying at university now.
O kadar tembel olmasaydn imdi niversitede okuyor olurdun.
2.1M. ?ou0- r*t8er
"Tercih etmek, yeglemek" anlamn tar.
- 'd rather die keep silent.
Sessiz kalmay yeglerim. / Ben iyisi mi sessiz kalaym.
Tercih sz konusu oldugunda t8*& kullanlr.
- We'd rather starve to death than eat it.
Onu yemektense alktan lmeyi tercih ederiz,

?ou0- r*t8er + .!(! durumunda bu kiiden sonra gelen yklem Simple Past ense ile
oluturulur, ama anlam past degildir.

- 'd rather you ?e&t first.
Senin nce gitmeni tercih ederim.
@. F!:er .u00*&5+0*r
Baz yardmc yklemler, zellikle Re/orte- S/eec8 yaplarda, birbirlerinin past hali olarak kullanlrlar. Bu
konudaki yanlglardan biri, %8*00 yardmc ykleminin past halinin %8ou0- oldugudur; %8*00 yapsnn past hali
sadece ?ou0- yardmc yklemi olabilir.
15
EFLEN AA$I
1. KRLLANIM
ngilizce'de "passive" yap "be + V3" yaps ile olur. "Be" yklemi cmlenin zamanna uygun olarak "am, is, are,
was, were, be, been" hallerinden birini alr. Trke'de ise "edilgen" yap "yklem + -l/n" yaps ile oluturulur.
2. ZAMANLAR VE AARFIMCI AKLEMLERFE #$ASSIVE#
Simple Present English is spoken in many countries.
Present Continuous The house is being decorated.
Present Perfect She has been informed.
Present Per. Cont. The research has been being done. *
Simple Past was informed.
Past Continuous was being followed.
Past Perfect He had been misunderstood.
Past Per. Cont. had been being questioned for hours. *
Future
will t will be completed on time.
going to They are going to be invited.
continuous You will be being informed soon. *
perfect t will have been opened by next week.
Modal ver!s
can can + V3
could could + V3
had better had better + V3
have to have to + V3
may may + V3
might might + V3
must must + V3
need need to + V3
ought to ought to + V3
shall shall + V3
should should + V3
used to used to + V3
would would + V3
would rather would rather + V3

* ile iaretli olan yaplarn kullanm yoktur.
@. #$ASSIVE# ANLAM TA"IAAN AKLEMLER
Baz yklemler, cmleye gre, "Passive" anlam tayarak kullanlabilirler.
- Your report reads well.
- The new Ford is selling badly.
- t is a nice material, but it doesn't wash.
D. #ACTIVE# CMLENN NESNESNN BR #CLARSE# KLMASI
rneklerde de grlecegi gibi, "active" bir cmlenin nesnesinin bir "clause" olmas durumunda
- People believed Jt8*t1 t8e ?!tc8e% co++u&!c*te- ?!t8 t8e -ev!0.
CLARSE
nsanlar cadlarn eytanla iletiim kurduguna inan(r)d.
bu cmle eitli durumlarda "passive" yaplabilir.
- t was believed t8*t t8e ?!tc8e% co++u&!c*te- ?!t8 t8e -ev!0.
CLARSE
- The witches were !elieved to communicate with the devil.
S "
- T8*t t8e ?!tc8e% co++u&!c*te- ?!t8 t8e -ev!0 was believed.
S V
Cadlarn eytanla iletiim kurduguna inanl(r)d.
16
Bu tr "passive" cmlelere bir diger rnek:
- Nobody knew ?8et8er 8e ?*% te00!&= t8e trut8.
S " K L CLARSE
- t was not known whether he was telling the truth.
- Whether he was telling the truth was not known.
G. #INIINITIVE# AA$ININ #$ASSIVE# 2AL
G.1. be to + $ASSIVE
*1 ere.%!&!+
- These carpets are to be cleaned regularly. (=should be cleaned)
- This form is to be filled in in ink.
Bu formun mrekkepli kalemle doldurulmas gerek.
- There is a lot of work to be done.
Yapacak/ Yaplacak ok i var.
b1 #?!00# *&0*+5&-*
- An offer as generous as this one is not to be refused.
Bu kadar cmert bir neri reddedilmez.
G.2. #be# + #to be %ee& , >ou&- , co&=r*tu0*te-#
- He was nowhere to be seen.
Hibiryerde grlmedi/ Onu gren olmad.

- The dog was nowhere to be found.
Kpek hibiryerde bulunamad.
G.@. #be + to b0*+e# 3*/5%5 #be + to be b0*+e-# *&0*+5&-*
- Nobody is to blame for the accident.
Kaza iin kimse sulanamazd./ Kazada kimsenin suu yoktu.
G.D. #*&3t8!&= , &ot8!&=# + #to -o , to be -o&e#
- There is nothing to do.
Yapacak hibirey yok [bu yzden canm sklyor].
- There is nothing to be done.
Yapacak hibirey yok. / Elden birey gelmez [o yzden at onu gitsin].
G.G. #%u//o%e- to#
- am supposed to be at home
gibi bir cmle iki tamamen farkl anlam tayabilir:
[1] = Everyone supposes that 'm at home.
Herkes benim evde oldugumu sanyor.
[2] = should be at home now.
Su an evde olmam gerekirdi.
Uygun anlam "baglam" yolu ile anlalabilir.
G.H. #to 8*ve bee& + V@ #
"to have been + V3" yaps "perfect/past" anlam tadgndan
- would like to be invited
cmlesi Trke'ye
Davet edilmeyi isterim. / Keke davet edilsem
eklinde aktarlabilirken,
- would like to have been invited
cmlesi
Davet edilmi olmay isterdim. / Keke beni davet etselerdi
eklinde Trke'ye aktarlabilir.
17
G.M. #=et + J&e%&e1 + V@#
ngilizce'de edilgen yapda "be + V3" yerine "get + V3" kullanlabilmektedir.
- How did the window get broken ?
Cam nasl krld ?
- He got his money stolen.
Parasn aldrd.
18
CMLE + CMLE' #CKKRFINATIKN#
1. TANIM
Cmleyi oluturan unsurlar birbirlerine "coordination" yolu ile baglandklarnda, eitli "coordinator"lar
kullanlmaktadr. Bunlardan basit olanlar,
and
or
but,
kullanm asndan daha kapsaml olanlar ise
either ... or
both ... and
nor, neither ... nor
not only ... but (also/as well)
olarak guruplandrlabilir.
2. KRLLANIM VE EVR
2.1. A&-6 or6 but
Kullanm ve eviri asndan bu basit "coordinator" nemli sorunlar oluturmazlar.
- wonder whether should stay and wait or whether it is better to leave.
Kalmal ve /Kalp beklemeli miyim yoksa / ya da /, ayrlmak daha m iyi bilemiyorum.

"And" Trke'ye "ve", "yklem + - p", ya da "," eklinde aktarlabilir. "Or" Trke'ye "ya
da", "veya", "(ve)yahut", ya da "," ile aktarlabilir. "But" Trke'ye "fakat", "ama",
"ancak", ya da "," ile aktarlabilir.
Kimi zaman "but" kelimesi "except" (= dnda, haricinde) anlamn tayabilir. Bu durumda "but" kelimesini bir
yklem izlerse yklem "to" kullanlmadan baglanr.
- We have no choice but re%!=&.
stifa etmekten baka bir seenegimiz yok.
2.2. E!t8er ... or
- Either you are crazy or know nothing.
(Ya sen lgnsn ya da ben birey bilmiyorum! ) / Eger sen lgn degilsen ne olaym !
- You may either stay here or (you may) go out.
ster burada kal ister k.

Bu yap Trke'ye "Ya ... ya da", "ster ... ister" yaplar ile aktarlr.
2.@. Bot8 ... *&-
- The old secretary could both type excellently and take shorthand.
Eski sekreter hem kusursuz daktilo yazabiliyordu hem de steno biliyordu.

Bu yap Trke'ye "Hem ... hem de", "Gerek ... gerekse" yaplar ile aktarlr.
2.D. Nor
"Nor" kullanlan cmlede, vurgu saglamak iin, "zne + yklem" yaps tersyz edilerek devrik yap oluturulur.
- He didn't accept the offer. Nor did he refuse it.
Teklifi kabul etmedi. Red de etmedi./Reddetmedi de.

Bu yap Trke'ye "ne ... ne de" ya da " -mEdg / mEyEcEg gibi, ..... olumsuz yklem"
eklinde aktarlabilir.
2.G. Not o&03 ... but J*0%o,*% ?e001
"Nor" kullanlan cmlede oldugu gibi, "Not only..." yapsyla cmleye balanmas durumunda cmlede devrik
yap oluur.
19
- Not only does he play the guitar but he is a good singer (as well).
Sadece gitar almakla kalmaz, iyi bir arkcdr da.
- They not only broke/Not only did they break into his office, (but) they also stole his computer.
Hem brosuna zorla girdiler hem de bilgisayarn aldlar.

Bu yap Trke'ye "sadece / yalnzca + {olumsuz / olumlu yklem } ... bir de / ayrca /
stelik + { olumlu / olumsuz yklem } yaps ile ya da "hem ... hem de" ile aktarlr.
2.H. Ne!t8er ... &or
Bu yapda da vurgu amac ile devrik yap kullanlabilir.
- We are neither aware nor (are we) fully ignorant of the subject.
Konu hakknda ne bilgimiz var ne de tamamen bilgisiz durumdayz.

Bu yap Trke'ye "ne ... ne de" eklinde aktarlabilir.
20
CMLE + CMLE' #SRBKRFINATIKN#
1. TANIM
ngilizce'de ve Trke'de cmleler birbirlerine basit baglalarla baglanabildikleri gibi, eitli tamlamalar yaplarak
da baglanabilirler. Bu yaplar ngilizce'de "Clause Sentence", "Super Structure" gibi isimler alr.
Ana fikri tayan ve mutlaka tam bir yarg oluturan cmleye "Ba / Ana Cmle" (=Main Clause), her trden
diger bileene ise "kincil / Yan Cmle" (=Secondary/Subordinate Clause) denilmektedir.
- When met him, 8e ?*% !& t8e *r+3.
Yan cmle A&* c;+0e
2. EVR "LEM
Cmle iindeki grevleri "zne" [1] ya da "nesne" [2] yerine gemek oldugunda ikincil cmleler basit cmle
yapsnn zne ya da nesneleri olarak kabul edilebilir ve Trke'ye rahatlkla aktarlabilirler. "Relative Clause" ve
"Noun Clause" bu tr yaplardr.
- he sentence#that$ you are reading is a clause sentence% [1]
S V &
("Relative Clause")
- hey say that it is easy to make a noun clause% '2]
S V &
("Noun Clause)
Comparative Clause" ve "Adverbial Clause" yaplarda ise bir cmlecik + cmle durumu sz konusudur ve eviri
ilemini de buna gre yapmak gerekecektir. Bu durum biri "Noun Clause" [1] digeri ise "Adverbial Clause" [2]
olan iki cmlenin evirisi ile aklanrsa:
- Tom claims that the problem is exaggerated. [1]
cmlesinde,
S V O
- Tom c0*!+% Jt8*t1 a child stole his vallet.
eklinde bir yap mevcuttur.

ngilizce bir basit cmle ( S + V + O ) Trke'ye S + O + V (+ N+ Y) eklinde aktarlabilecegine gre, nce
kendi iinde bir basit cmle yaps tayan "nesne" Trke'ye evrilirse:
.. (that ) a child stole his vallet%
S V &
( N )
.. !ir *ocu+un czdann *ald,+,n,
Bu nesne tm cmleye eklendiginde,
- Tom c0*!+% t8*t a child stole his vallet.
S V J ' 1 O
- Y
- Tom !ir *ocu+un c./dan,n, *ald,+,n, iddia ediyor
evirisi ortaya kacaktr.
Oysa bir "adverbial clause" olan
- Because he was late, he missed the bus. [2]
cmlesi incelendiginde ise,
- Because he was late, he missed the bus
Neden belirten Ana cmle
yan cmle
21
yaps ortaya kmaktadr. Bu durumda da eviri ilemi,
- Because he was late, he missed the !us%
S V , S V &
( Y ( N )
- (&) ge kaldg iin (o) otobs ka*,rd,.
eklinde olacaktr.
22
RELATIVE CLARSE
1. TANIM
"Relative Clause" yap bir isim ve o ismi tanmlayan ve isme genelde "who , which , that, where , .." gibi
kelimelerle baglanan bir tamlayandan oluur:
- The ring t8*t,?8!c8 was stolen has finally !een found%
sim B*:0*3*& Tamlayan ).klem

zne
Trke'de bu tr bir yap, ngilizce'nin aksine, nce tamlayan, sonra da tamlanan isim eklinde yaplmaktadr:

- *05&*& y./.k sonunda bulundu.
T*+0*3*& 0sim
(-an = baglayan)

zne
Bu rnekten de anlalacag gibi, eviri yaparken tamlayan ile tamlanann yerlerini degitirmek gerekmektedir.
Trke'de ayrca ykleme "-En" ya da "-Dg" eklenir.
2. FEIININ RELATIVE CLARSE
2.1. ?8o,?8!c8,t8*t
Nesne isimleri iin "which" ya da "that" kullanlr.
- Tom didn't like the computer which they recommended.
Tom onlarn tavsiye ettigi bilgisayar begenmedi.
Kii isimleri iin ise "who" ya da "that" kullanlr. Her iki durumda da "that" ogu zaman resmi nitelik ta??mayan
anlatmlarda kullanlmaktadr.
- The man ?8o killed the leader is being questioned.
Lideri ldre& adam sorgulanyor.
Baglayan kelimenin (who, which, ..) hemen arkasndan bir yklem gelmesi durumunda baglayan kelimenin
kullanlmas zorunludur.
- The car ?8!c8 was parked there was towed away.
Oraya park edile& araba ekilerek gtrld.
Baglayan kelimenin (who, which, ..) hemen arkasndan bir yklem gelmemesi durumunda (isim + [who/which/..]
+ isim) baglayan kelimenin kullanlmas zorunlu degildir.
- The man my sister loves has never talked to me.
%!+ + %!+
Kzkardeimin sevdigi adam benimle hi konumad.
ngilizce'de kimi yklemler ve sfatlar bir "preposition" ile birlikte kullanlrlar (look at, listen to gibi). Bir "Relative
Clause" yapda bu trden bir "preposition" olmas durumunda yklem ya da sfata ait "preposition" "who/which"in
hemen nne alnabilir.
- He didn't tell me ?8o he shouted *t.
> He didn't tell me *t ?8o+ he shouted.
Bana kime bagrdgn sylemedi.

Bu yapda "preposition"dan nce kesinlikle "that" kullanlamaz.
"All that ... " yapsnda "-En/Dg herey" anlam vardr. Dikkat edilmesi gereken nokta, kimi zaman iki yklemin
birbiri ardna gelmesidir.
- All (that) own is yours.
S V O
Sahip oldugum herey senin (dir).
N Y
- will give you all you want.
S V O O
23
(Ben) sana istedigin hereyi verecegim.
N N Y
"None /All / .. (of) those/the people /.. .. who /whom /.." yaps "-EnlErn tm / hepsi / .." anlamn tar.
- All those who want a ticket should go to the entrance.
S V O
Bilet isteyenlerin tmnn girie gitmesi gerekmekte.
N Y
"anything / nothing /.. to + yklem" yaps aslnda "anything / nothing /.. which someone can / will / .. + yklem"
yapsdr.
- can't find anything to say. (= anything can say.)
(Ben) syleyecek birey bulamyorum.
Relative Clause" yaplarda ?8*t kelimesi de - t8e t8!&= ?8!c8 anlamnda - kullanlabilir.
- The gained first position in what is the most important competition of the year.
2.2. #<!&=# c0*u%e
Bu tr cmleler "who/which" ile yaplan tamlamann bir tr ksaltmas niteligindedir. rnegin,
- like the girl (who is) studying over there.
Surada alan / almakta olan kzdan holanyorum. / kz houma gidiyor.
Bu yapda genelde ykleme "continuous" anlam yklenir. Bu nedenle de, rnegin,
S The boy bringing the milk has been sick in bed for some time,
cmlesi yanltr. Buradaki mantkszlk, oglann hem st getiriyor olmas (The boy [who is ] bringing) hem de
bir sredir hasta yatyor olmasdr. Bu cmle,
- The boy who brings the milk has been ill for some time,
eklinde dzeltilebilir.
2.@. $*%t $*rt!c!/0e JLV@1 C0*u%e
Bu yapda ismi izleyen ve "past participle" durumda kullanlan yklem, edilgen (=Passive) zellik ta??maktadr.
- The purse (which was) lost has not been found yet.
Kaybedilen czdan henz bulunamad.
2.D. $re/o%!t!o&*0 $8r*%e%
- .. the man who is waiting over there.
.. the man waiting over there.
...the man over there.
Bu yap eviri asndan bir sorun oluturmaz.
2.G. #C0e>t# C;+0e
Cmlenin belirli bir parasn vurgulamak gerektigi zaman, Trke'de vurgulanacak blm ykleme
yaklatrlmaktadr. ngilizce'de bunun yaz dilinde yolu vurgulanacak blmn altn izmek ya da o blm
yatk harflerle yazmak, ya da baz yaplar iin devrik yap kullanmak; konuma dilinde ise sesin ykselmesi ile
vurguyu belli etmektir.
"Relative Clause" zelligi tayan "cleft" cmle, vurguyu saglamann bir diger yoludur. ki tr "cleft" cmleden sz
edilebilir.
*1 It !%,?*%,.. ?8o,t8*t..
- My mother threw an egg at the President yesterday.
Annem dn Bakan'a yumurta frlatt.
- t was my mother who threw an egg at the President yesterday.
Bakan'a dn yumurta frlatan (kii) annemdi.
- t was an egg that my mother threw at the President yesterday.
Annemin Bakan'a dn frlattg (ey) (bir) yumurtayd.
- t was at the President that my mother threw an egg yesterday.
Annemin dn yumurta frlattg (kii) Bakan'd.
24
- t was yesterday that my mother threw an egg at the President.
Annem Bakan'a yumurtay dn frlatt.
b1 T8*t ... !% , ?*%
- What my mother threw at the President was an egg.
Annemin Bakan'a frlattg ey yumurtayd.
- My left leg hurts.
What hurts is my left leg.
- like her charm.
What like in her is her charm.
@. NKN<FEIININ RELATIVE CLARSE
Bu yapda kesinlikle t8*t kullanlmaz. Tamlayan blm bir tr fazladan bilgi verir konumdadr ve bu yzden de
ana cmleden virgl yolu ile ayrlmaktadr.
"Non-defining relative clause" bu zelliginden tr "Extra nformation Clause" olarak da tannr.
@.1. 6 ?8oJ+1 , ?8!c8
- John, whom you know well, is totaly crazy
cmlesinde
whom you know well
blm, ayn Defining Relative Clause yaplarda oldugu gibi, kendisinden nce gelen ismi nitelendirmektedir. Bu
nedenle, eviri esnasnda aradaki virglleri yok saymak yeterli olacaktr.
- Uo8& ?8o+ 3ou .&o? ?e00 is totally crazy.
S V
@.2. 6 ?8ere , ?8e&
1ho2 which ve that yerine where ve when kelimelerini kullanmak da mmkndr.
- Edinburgh, where was born, is a beautiful city.
Dogdugum yer olan Edinburgh gzel bir ehir.
@.@. *00 , &o&e , bot8 , .. o> ?8o+ , ?8!c8
- He has three sisters, all of whom are students.
cmlesi ayn bir 3efining 4elative Clause gibi ele alnabilir ve bu ekilde Trke'ye aktarlabilir. Ancak, en iyisi
virglden sonra gelen blm ayr bir cmle halinde aktarmaktr.
kzkardei var; de grenci.
Bir baka rnek bunun nedenini daha iyi aklayacaktr.
- Tim invested all his money on four companies, three of which went bankrupt in a year.
cmlesi tek bir cmle halinde Trke'ye aktarldgnda ortaya kan
* Tim btn parasn bir sene iinde iflas eden drt irkete yatrd,
cmlesi hatal bir anlam aktaryor olacaktr, zira, bu durumda Tim zaten iflas etmi drt irkete parasn
yatrm?? olmaktadr. Oysa virglden sonra gelen blm ayr olarak aktarlrsa,
Tim parasn drt irkete yatrd; bunlardan bir sene iinde iflas etti
cmlesi ile anlam tam ve dogru olarak aktarlm olmaktadr.
@.D. Se&te&t!*0 Re0*t!ve C0*u%e
Sentential 4elative Clause diger relative clause yaplardan farkl bir zellik tamaktadr. Bu nedenle de eviri
esnasnda byk dikkat gsterilmesi gerekir. 3efining ve non5defining yaplarda ortak olan nokta tamlayan
blmn kendisinden nce gelen ismi nitelendirmesidir.
Sentential Relative Clause yapda ise tamlanan virglden nceki cmlenin tmdr.
- He died young, which was a pity.
Gen yata ld. Yazk oldu.
25
- Around 40,000 people bought tickets for the stadium concert, which was more than was
expected.
Yaklak 40,000 kii stadyum konserini izlemek iin bilet ald. Bu umulan saynn zerindeydi.

NKRN CLARSE
1. TANIM
"Noun Clause" bir tr basit cmle olarak ele alnabilir ve eviri ilemi de buna gre yaplabilir. Cmle ne kadar
karmak yapda gzkrse gzksn, aagdaki blmlerde yer alan rnek cmlelerden de anlalacag gibi,
aslnda bir S+V+(O) yaps mevcuttur ve bu yap Trke'ye +(N)+Y eklinde aktarlr.
2. #T2AT# CLARSE
2.1. Re/orte- %/eec8
*1 Nor+*0 c;+0e0er
- Ann told me that Tom liked beer. (S + V + O + O(S+V+O) )
Ann bana Tom'un biradan holandgn syledi.
b1 E+!r , %te. c;+0e0er!
- We told the boys to keep away from the cake. (S + V + O + O(V+O) )
(Biz) oglanlara kekten uzak durmalarn syledik.
2.2. #be# + t8*t
"To be" ykleminin ardndan, znenin niteligini aklamak iin "that" ile baglanan blm kullanlabilir.
- My assumption is that inflation will remain a problem.(S + V + O(S+V+O))
Benim tahminim enflasyonun sorun olarak kalaca??(dr).
2.@. re*0!%e , %ee , .. + t8*t
Bu yapda "notice, realise, understand, see, hear, imagine" gibi yklemlerin ardndan "that" ile balayarak bu
yklemin niteledigi unsur anlatlmaktadr. eviri ya da kullanm asndan diger "Noun Clause" yaplardan bir
farkllg yoktur.
- noticed that he was telling the truth. (S + V + O(S+V+0))
(Ben) onun dogruyu sylemekte oldugunu farkettim.
2.D. %!+6 t8*t ..
Bu yap "Non-defining Relative Clause" ile benzerlik gsterir.
- The report, that he will take measurements, justifies me. (S(NOUN+THAT+S+V+O) + V + O)
Onun nlemler alacag (eklindeki) rapor beni hakl karyor.
2.G. T8*t ...
- That the budget deficit will increase is obvious
tr bir cmle eviri asndan sorun oluturabilmektedir. Bunun nedeni de cmlenin bandaki "That"
kelimesine aldanlp "Bu ..." ile eviriye balanmasdr. Byle bir eviri, yukardaki rnek cmle asndan, iki
ynden yanltr.
1. "That" kelimesi "that book/pen/man" gibi yaplarda oldugu gibi kendisinden sonra gelen ismi
niteliyor olsa, bu
durumda rnek cmledeki "the" kelimesinin kullanlmamas gerekirdi.
2. Cmle "Bu" kelimesi ile balanarak aktarlacak ise bu durumda cmle incelendiginde,
- That the budget deficit will increase !% obvious
S " 9
durumu ortaya kacaktr. Yani cmlenin sonunda yer alan "is obvious" blm ortada
kalacaktr.
Bu tr cmleler
26
- That the budget deficit will increase is obvious (S( THAT +S+V+O) + V + O)
yaps tamaktadr ve cmlenin bandaki "That" Trke'ye "yklem + -Dg / -EcEg" eklinde aktarlr.
Bte agnn artacag ortada(dr).
"That" ile balayan cmleler "t ... that ..." yaps ile de oluturulabilir.
- t is obvious that the budget deficit will increase.
@. #T2# CLARSE
"Who(m/se), which, where, when, why, how (much / many / far / tall / .. )" gibi yaplarn kullanld??? cmlelerdir.
@.1. Re/orte- S/eec8
Konuan kiinin sorularnn aktarmdr.
- Peter asked where they had put the box. (S+ V+ O(WH+S+V+O))
Peter (onlarn) kutuyu nereye koymu olduklarn sordu.
@.2. T2 .. + be + JT2 ..1
- Why he didn't call the police is a mystery. (S(WH+S+V+O) + V + O)
Onun neden polisi aramadg bir gizem(dir).
- What gave Tom was not what he wanted from me. (S(WH+S+V+O) + V + O(WH+S+V+O))
Benim Tom'a verdigim ey, onun benden istedigi (ey) degildi.
@.@. #be# + T2
"To be" ykleminin ardndan, znenin niteligini aklamak iin "WH" ile baglanan blm kullanlabilir.
- The problem is how the children find the way. (S +V + O(WH+S+V+O))
Sorun ocuklarn yolu nasl bulacaklar (dr).
@.D. re*0!%e,%ee,.. + T2
Bu yapda "notice, realise, understand, see, hear, imagine" gibi yklemlerin ardndan "WH" ile balayarak bu
yklemin niteledigi unsur anlatlmaktadr. eviri ya da kullanm asndan diger "Noun Clause" yaplardan bir
farkllg yoktur.
- His wife cannot understand why Peter refused the offer. (S + V + O(WH+S+V+O))
Kars Peter'n teklifi neden reddettigini anlayamyor.
@.G. %!+6 T2.
Bu yap "Non-defining Relative Clause" ile benzerlik gsterir.
- Your question, why Max didn't tell it, is interesting. (S(NOUN, WH+S+V+O) + V + O)
Max'in onu neden anlatmadg eklindeki sorun ilgin (tir).
@.H. T2 + to
WH kelimesini izleyen blmde "should" ya da "ought to" kullanlmas durumunda bu yap,
WH + to
olarak ksaltlabilir.
- don't know where should go.
to go.
Nereye gidecegimi/gitmem gerektigini bilmiyorum.
D. #AES,NK# CLARSE
D.1. Re/orte- S/eec8
Konuan kiinin bir soru kelimesi (WH) kullanmadan oluturdugu sorularn aktarlmasdr.
- My lawyer asked me if /whether had sent the form. (S + V + O + O(F+S+V+O))
Avukatm bana (benim) formu gnderip gndermedigimi sordu.
27
D.2. ?8et8er to
"Whether" kelimesini izleyen blmde "should" ya da "ought to" kullanlmas durumunda bu yap,
whether to
olarak ksaltlabilir.
- The boss doesn't know whether 8e %8ou0- be0!eve 8!% eVcu%e , to be0!eve 8!% eVcu%e.
Patron onun mazeretine inanmal m inanmamal m bilemiyor.
D.@. #I># ve #?8et8er# >*r.5
Kullanm asndan "if" ve "whether" eitli farkllklar gsterirler. "Whether" daha geni bir kullanm alanna
sahiptir.
*1 T8et8er + c;+0e + V + JK1 3*/5%5&-* #!># .u00*&50+*+*%5 t*v%!3e e-!0!r.
- Whether he would pass the test was oubtful.
Snav geip geemeyecegi kukuluydu.
b1 #be# + ?8et8er 3*/5%5&-* #!># .u00*&50+*).
- My problem is whether will get a pay rise.
Benim sorunum zam alp alamayaca??m.
c1 #/re/o%!t!o&# + ?8et8er 3*/5%5&-* #!># .u00*&50+*).
- Everything depends on whether they will come on time.
Herey onlarn zamannda gelip gelmeyeceklerine bagl.
-1 ..6 ?8et8er 3*/5%5&-* #!># .u00*&50+*).
- You have yet to answer my question, whether can count on your vote.
Daha/Bir de benim, senin oyuna gvenebilir miyim soruma yant vermen gerek.
e1 ?8et8er + to 3*/5%5&-* #!># .u00*&50+*).
- don't know whether to stay.
Kalmal mym, kalmamal mym bilmiyorum.
>1 ?8et8er or &ot 3*/5%5&-* #!># .u00*&50+*).
- He didn't tell us whether or not he will be staying with us.
Bizimle kalp kalmayacagn sylemedi.
G. EWCLAMATIVE CLARSE
- He didn't know what a great chance he had missed.
Nasl da / Ne de byk bir ans karm?? oldugunu bilmiyordu.
- t is incredible how fast he can run.
O kadar hzl koabilmesi inanlmaz (bir ey).
Bu yap kimi zaman iki ayr anlam tayabilir ve dogru anlamn karlmas iin cmlenin getigi metnin ierigine
baklmas gerekebilir.
- told her how late she was.
(a) Ona ne kadar geciktigini syledim [saatten haber verdim].
(b) Ona ne kadar da geciktigini syledim.
- They didn't know what mistake they had made.
Ne hata yaptklarn bilmiyorlard.
28
- They didn't know what a mistake they had made.
Nasl da (byk) bir hata yapm olduklarn bilmiyorlard.
H. INIINITIVE CLARSE
Trke'ye "yklem + -mEk" eklinde aktarlabilir.
H.1. To ..
- To join the army was his only dream. (S(TO+V+O) + V + O)
Orduya katlmak tek ryasyd.
H.2. To ..+ #be# + to ..
- To challenge him is to risk your life. (S(TO+V+O) + V +O(TO+V+O))
Ona meydan okumak kendi yaamn riske atmaktr.
H.@. .. object + to
- My father didn't want me to argue with Tom. /my arguing ... (S + V + O + O(TO+V+O))
Babam (benim) Tom ile mnakaa etmemi istemedi.
H.D. %!+6 to ..
Bu yap "Non-defining Relative Clause" ile benzerlik gsterir.

- Your ambition, to become a lawyer, requires hard work. (S(NOUN, TO+V+O) + V + O)
(Senin) avukat olma(k) hevesin sk alma gerektirir.
Bu yapnn benzeri, "t .." ile sk olarak kullanlr.
- t is natural for them to be together.
that they are together.
that they should be together.
- t would be unwise for you to marry her.
if you were to marry her.
M. #<IN# CLARSE
Trke'ye "yklem + -mEk" eklinde aktarlabilir.
M.1. #<!&=# ..
- Watching TV has been his only enjoyment. (S(-NG+O) + V + O)
Televizyon seyretmek onun tek eglencesi olmutur.
M.2. #be# + #<!&=#
- His first job had been selling computers. (S +V + O(-NG+O))
lk ii bilgisayar satmak olmutu.
M.@. %!+6 #<!&=#
Bu yap "Non-defining Relative Clause" ile benzerlik gsterir.
- Her thesis, studying cognitive factors, takes up all her time. (S(NOUN, -NG+O) + V + O)
Bilisel unsurlar incelemek konulu tezi tm vaktini alyor.
M.D. .. +3,8!%,..JL$o%%e%%!ve1 + #<!&=#
- am against their digging the area. (S +V + O(POSSESSVE+-NG+O))
(Ben) onlarn blgeyi kazmalarna kar??ym.
M.G. M3,2!%,..JL$o%%e%%!ve1 + #<!&=# ..
- My forgetting her name was a great mistake. (S(POSSESSVE+-NG+O)+V+O)
(Benim) onun adn unutmam/unutuum byk (bir) hatayd.
M.H. T8ere ... &o ,*&3 + <!&= ...
Bu yapnn Trke'ye aktarlmas iin her zaman kullanlabilecek bir yol nermek olanakszdr.
- There ?*% &o , ?*%&Et *&3 +!%t*.!&= that voice.
O sesi tanmamak / baka seslerle kar??trmak olanakszd.
- There !% &o , !%&Et *&3 .&o?!&= what they will do next.
Gelecek sefer ne yapacaklar bilinmez.
29
N. BARE INIINITIVE CLARSE
N.1. Ett!r=e& A*/5 J#C*u%*t!ve#1
*1 8*ve %o. -o %t=. L b!r!%!&e b!r(e3! r!c* 3* -* *t*+* 3o0u !0e 3*/t5r+*..
- We had the waiter clean the table.
Garsona masay temizlettik.
b1 =et %o. to -o %t=. L b!r!%!&e !.&* 3o0u !0e b!r(e3 3*/t5r+*..
- Can you get your father to lend you the car ?
Baban arabay vermeye ikna edebilir misin ?
c1 +*.e %o. -o %t=. L b!r!%!&e b!r(e3! J)or0*1 3*/t5r+*..
- 'm not guilty ! They made me do it.
Ben sulu degilim ! Bana onlar yaptrdlar.
-1 8*ve , =et %t=. + V@ L b!r(e3! 3*/t5r+*.
- She has had her hair dyed.
San boyatt.
Bu yapda "get + V3" yerine gre edilgen anlam tayabilir. rnegin,
- He got himself beaten
cmlesi ettirgen olarak ele alndgnda
Kendisini dvdrd
anlam ortaya kmaktadr. Oysa yapy edilgen olarak ele almak daha iyi olur:
Dayak yedi. /Dvld.
ngilizce ettirgen yaplarn evirisi esnasnda sorun oluturmasa da, yanllkla eklenecek bir "t#
harfi yanl anlam ile sonulanabilmektedir. Yani, hatal olarak "yklem + -DrmEk" yerine
"yklem + - DrtmEk" yapsnn kullanlmas. kinci yapnn dogru olarak kullanlmas aagdaki
rnekte aklandg ekilde olmaldr.
- 've had the car cleaned. ETTRGEN
Arabay temizlettim.
- 've got someone to have the car cleaned.
Arabay (birisine) temizlettirdim.
N.2. but , eVce/t
stisna belirten durumlarda "but" ve "except" kelimelerinden sonra gelen yklem "to" almadan kullanlr.
- She did everything but come to the point.
Sadede gelmek dnda hereyi yapt.
30
CKM$ARISKN CLARSE
1. E"TSZLK
1.1. #... t8*&# 3*/50*r5 J L Co+/*r*t!ve1
Sfata "daha" niteligi kazandran "-er" ve "more" eklenmesi ile oluan yaplardr.
sfat + -er / more + sfat + than
- She is more intelligent than she looks.
(O) grndgnden daha zeki(dir).

Bu yap Trke'ye "... -dEn daha + sfat" eklinde aktarlr.
1.2. r*t8er t8*& + %5>*t , !%!+
Bir kyaslama cmlesi olmamasna karn bu kullanm sk sk kartrlmasndan tr bu blmde ele
alnmaktadr.
- 'd call her hair chestnut rather than brown.
Ben onun sana kahverengiden ok/ziyade kestane diyecegim/derdim.

Bu yap Trke'ye "-dEn ok/ziyade" yaps ile aktarlr.
1.@. +ore *&- +ore , <er ... <er
"Gitgide", "daha da" anlamn katmak amac ile kyaslama yapsnn tekrarlanmas gerekmektedir.
- t is getting colder and colder.
Hava gitgide soguyor.
- She is becoming more and more aggressive.
Gitgide saldrganlayor.
1.D. +ore + !%!+
"More" kelimesi her zaman bir sfat nitelemez. Bazan bir ismin niceliginin belirtilmesinde de kullanlabilir.
- More people than ever leave their villages for a major city.
Simdiye kadar oldugundan daha fazla / Grlmedik sayda insan byk ehirde yaamak iin
kyn terkediyor.
1.G. #+o%t# ve #<e%t# 3*/50*r5 J L Su/er0*t!ve 1
Sfata "en" niteligi kazandran "most" ya da "-est" yaplarnn eklen-mesi ile oluturulur.
the/my/.. + isim + sfat + -est / most + sfat
- My biggest contribution is this monument.
Benim en byk katkm bu ant(dr).

Bu yap Trke'ye "en + sfat + isim" eklinde aktarlr.
1.H. +o%t + !%!+
sim ile kullanldg zaman "most" kelimesi bir kyaslama niteligi getirmemektedir.
- Most people do not care about the dangers of pollution.
ogu insan kirliligin tehlikelerine aldr etmemekte.

Bu yap Trke'ye "ogu + isim" eklinde aktarlr.
31
1.M. T8e + co+/*r*t!ve6 t8e + co+/*r*t!ve
- The sooner you come the better (it is).
Ne kadar erken gelirsen o kadar iyi (olur).

Bu yap Trke'ye "ne kadar ... o kadar" ile aktarlr.
2. E"TLK
2.1. *% + %5>*t , )*r> + *%
- He is as tall as am / me.
(O) benim kadar uzun boylu(dur).

Bu yap Trke'ye "kadar" kullanlarak aktarlabilir.

"As" yaps birden fazla anlam iin kullanlabilir. Ayrntl bilgi iin parantez iinde verilen blme
baklmas gerekmektedir.
as well as - He can't dance as well as me. ("Comparison")
- She is clever as well as (being) beautiful. [=yansra]
as long as - My hair is as long as his. ("Comparison")
- 'll work as long as live. ("Time")
- He can come as long as he is sober. ("Condition")
as soon as - 'll come in as soon as five minutes. ("Comparison")
- As soon as she saw him, she fainted. ("Time")
as far as - went as far as stanbul. ("Comparison")
- As far as know, she is a vet. ("Comment")
2.2. t8e %*+e + !%!+ + *%
- He earns the same (money) as me / do.
Benimle ayn paray kazanyor. / Benim kadar kazanyor.
@. AETERLLK VE IAZLALIK
@.1. S5>*t , )*r> + e&ou=8 J>or %o.1 to + 3;.0e+
- The water is acidic enough to scare people.
Su insanlar kartacak kadar asitli.

Bu yap Trke'ye "- EcEk / - EblEcEk" ile aktarlr.
@.2. too + %5>*t , )*r> J>or %o.1 to + 3;.0e+
- t is too heavy for me to lift.
O benim kaldramayacagm kadar agr.

Bu yap Trke'ye "yklem + - EmEyEcEk kadar" ya da "yklem + - EblEcEgndEn
ok / fazla" yaplar ile aktarlabilir.
D. MRC2,EVEN,IAR,A LKT,A LITTLE, A BIT,ALL T2E + CKM$ARATIVE
ngilizce'de kyaslamay glendirmek amac ile comparative yapnn nne ok ya da biraz anlam ta??yan
kelimeler yerletirilebilir.
Bu yaplar kendi balarna kyas oluturamazlar.
Yani,
S He is +uc8 eV/er!e&ce- than the rest of the applicants
cmlesi hataldr. Dogru cmlenin
- He is +uc8 more experienced than the rest of the applicants
32
eklinde olmas gerekir.
Bu yaplardan much, far, a lot, even, all the Trke'ye 4o. ile, a little ve a bit ise b!r*),
b!r /*r4* ile aktarlabilir.
G. SK ... T2AT , SRC2 ... T2AT
So %%% that ngilizce'de
so + sfat + (that) [1]
so + zarf + (that) [2]
so + sfat + a(n) + isim + (that) [3]
so + many/much/few/little + isim + (that) [4]
such %%% that ise
such + sfat + isim + (that) [5]
eklinde oluturulur.
- The problem was %o -!>>!cu0t t8*t we couldn't solve it. [1]
Problem o kadar zordu ki zemedik.
- He spoke %o e0oXue&t03 t8*t everybody congragulated him. [2]
O kadar etkili konutu ki kendisini herkes kutlad.
- t was %o -!>>!cu0t * /rob0e+ that we couldn't solve it. [3]
- He has %o +*&3 boo.% t8*t he can't remember how many. [4]
O kadar ok kitab var ki saysn hatrlayamyor.
- He gave %uc8 * ?o&-er>u0 %/eec8 t8*t we were astounded. [5]
O kadar gzel bir konuma yapt ki agzmz ak kald.

Bu yaplar Trke'ye "o ... kadar ki" eklinde aktarlr.

33
TIME CLARSE
1. TANIM
"Time Clause" yaplarda zaman uyumu kuralna dikkat etmek gerekir. Bu cmlelerde, ana cmle ile yan
cmlede kullanlan tense uyumlu olmaldr. Yani,
PRESENT PRESENT never forget to pray before go to bed.
PRESENTFUTURE Will you be there when arrive at the airport.
PASTPAST When we got there, the film was over.
"Time Clause" yaplarda zaman uyumu kuralna bir tek %!&ce uymamaktadr.
've known him since left school. PRESENT PAST
2. TIME BEIKRE
2.1.R&t!0,T!00
KULLANM
until/till + isim / cmle / -ing
EVRS
yklem + -E / -ncEyE kadar [1]
isim + -E kadar [2]

- He worked patiently until he completed polishing. [1]
Cilalamay bitirene/bitirinceye kadar sabrla al??t.
- Until the war, they didn't know any poverty. [2]
Savaa kadar, yoksulluk nedir bilmediler.
"Until" ve "by" kelimelerinden hangisinin kullanlaca?? konusu eviri ya da ngilizce yazma/konuma esnasnda
bir tereddt konusu olabilmektedir.
"Until" belirli bir zamana kadar sren bir olay ya da durum iin kullanlr.
- have to keep writing until the end of next year.
"By" belirli bir zamanda ya da o zamandan nce oluan bir olay iin kullanlr.
- My book will be finished by the end of next year.
Burada belirtilmesi gereken nemli bir nokta da, "by" kelimesinin zaman yaplarnda bu tr kullanmnda hibir
zaman bir "conjunction" olarak kullanlamamas, yani, ardndan bir S+V+(O) yapsnn gelememesidir.
2.2. Be>ore
KULLANM
before + isim / cmle / -ing
EVRS
yklem + -mEdEn nce
yklem + -DEn nce

- They left before the door was opened.
Kap almadan nce gittiler.
2.@. B3 t8e t!+e
KULLANM
by the time + cmle
EVRS
yklem + -EnE kadar
34

- They will have gone by the time we arrive.
Biz varana kadar onlar gitmi olacaklar.
@. SAME TIME
@.1. A%
KULLANM
(just) as + cmle
EVRS
(tam) ... -(i)ken

- As she was walking down the road, she was hit by a lorry.
Yolda yrrken (ona) bir kamyon arpt.
@.2. A% 0o&= *%,So 0o&= *%
KULLANM
as long as/so long as + cmle
EVRS
yklem + -Dg srece/mddete

- 'll love you as long as live.
Seni yaadgm srece sevecegim.
@.@. T8!0e,JT8!0%t1
Bu kelimelerden "whilst" ok resmi yaplarda kullanlabilir.
KULLANM
while/whilst + cmle [1] / -ing [2]
EVRS
yklem + -(i)ken

- They came while was sunbathing. [1]
Ben gnelenirken geldiler.
- While walking, he stumbled and fell. [2]
Yrrken sendeledi ve dt.
@.D. T8e&,T8e&ever
KULLANM
when + cmle [1] / sfat [2] / -ing [3]; whenever + cmle [4] / sfat [5]
EVRS
(her ne) zaman ... -sE
yklem + - Dg zaman/-E/r(i)ken/-Dg(n)dE/-ncE/ -DkE

- When sleep always snore. [1]
Ben uyurken hep horlarm.
- Please do your exercise when(ever) possible. [2]
Ltfen mmkn olan bir zaman / frsat buldugunda al??trman yap.
- Be careful when lifting this bag. [3]
Bu antay kaldrrken dikkatli ol.
35
- She visits her parents whenever she finds time. [4]
Ne zaman frsat bulsa anababasn ziyaret eder.
@.G. No? t8*t
KULLANM
now that + cmle
EVRS
iin
(Hazr) ... yklem -Dg [(n)E] gre

- Now that everybody is here, we can start the meeting.
(Hazr) herkes burada olduguna gre, toplantya balayabiliriz.
@.H. #<!&=#
- He came in %8out!&=.
Bagrarak girdi.
Bu yapya benzer bir yapda hi yklem kullanlmamaktadr:
- He came in -ru&.. (= When he came in he was drunk.)
@.M. Fur!&=
KULLANM
during + isim
EVRS
esnasnda

- During the storm, a lot of people hid in the cinema.
Frtna esnasnda bir ok insan sinemaya s???nd.
D. TIME AITER
D.1. A>ter
KULLANM
after + cmle [1] / -ing [2] / isim [3]
EVRS
yklem/isim + -DEn/(mEsn)n ardndan/sonra

- After he had seen the murder, he couldn't sleep whole night. [1]
Cinayeti grdkten sonra btn gece uyuyamad.
- After finishing his meal, Peter went to bed. [2]
Yemegini bitirdikten sonra Peter yatmaya gitti.
- After the riot, everything is calm and quiet. [3]
Ayaklanmann ardndan herey sessiz ve sakin.
D.2. A% %oo& *%
KULLANM
as soon as + cmle [1] / -ing [2]
EVRS
yklem + -Er yklem + -mEz

- As soon as she saw the poster, she burst out a laughter. [1]
Posteri grr grmez bir kahkaha patlatt.
36
- As soon as leaving work, he rushes to the bar. [2]
ten kar kmaz bara koar.
D.@. F!rect03,I++e-!*te03
Bu iki yap da sk kullanlmaz.
KULLANM
directly/immediately + cmle
EVRS
yklem + -Er yklem + -mEz

- She smiled immediately she heard the news.
Haberi duyar duymaz glmsedi.
D.D. K&ce
KULLANM
once + cmle [1] / -ing [2]
EVRS
Bir kez .. yklem + -D m/-mEyE gr-

- Once make make up my mind, nothing can stop me. [1]
Bir kez kararm verdim mi beni hibirey durduramaz.
- Once signing this contract, you will have to obey the rules. [2]
(=Once you sign this contract ...)
D.G. S!&ce
KULLANM
since + cmle [1] / -ing [2] / isim [3]
EVRS
yklem + -Den beri/bu yana

- He feels much better since he completed his exams. [1]
Snavlarn tamamladgndan beri kendisini ok daha iyi hissediyor.
- We haven't gone out since visiting you. [2]
Sizi ziyaret etmemizden beri(dir) dar kmadk.
- 've been typing since 12. [3]
12'den beri daktilo yazyorum.
D.H. T8e&,T8e&ever
Kullanm ve eviri asndan "Same time" balg altnda ele alnan "when / whenever" ile ayndr.
D.M. No? t8*t
Kullanm ve eviri asndan "Same time" balg altnda ele alnan "now that" ile ayndr.
D.N. No %oo&er ... t8*&
KULLANM
No sooner + had + Subject + V3 + than ..+ Simple Past
(Mutlaka devrik yapda kullanlr)
37
EVR
Daha yeni/Henz ... yklem + -mt ki ...

- No sooner had he left than he heard the explosion.
Daha yeni kmt ki patlamay duydu.
D.O. 2*r-03,Sc*rce03 ... ?8e&
Kullanm ve eviri asndan "No sooner ... than" yaps ile ayndr. Mutlaka devrik yapda kullanlr.
D.1P. K&6 u/o&
"-ing" balg altnda (aagda) ele alnmaktadr.
D.11. Jo&031 to ...
Geici bir durumu gstermek ve durumun ortaya kardg sonucu ifade etmek iin kullanlr.
- rushed to the door to -!%cover it was locked
cmlesinde "to discover" yaps "in order to discover" anlam t*(5+*+*.t*-5r, zira bu anlam tayor olsa
kapnn kilitli oldugunu bile bile kapya gitme sz konusu olacaktr.
S Kapnn kilitli oldugunu kefetmek iin kapya kotum.
Bu yapnn gerek karlg
... to discover = and discovered
yaklam ile
Kapya kotum ve kilitli oldugunu farkettim
eklinde olacaktr.
- woke up one morning to find myself on the floor.
Bir sabah uyandgmda kendimi yerde buldum.
- She turned the corner, to find the car gone.
Keyi dnd ve arabann orada olmadgn grd.
- The curtain parted, to reveal a market scene.
Perde ald ve ortaya bir pazar dekoru kt.
D.12. 3;.0e+ + to + 3;.0e+
Aslnda "yklem + and + yklem" eklinde kullanlabilecek bir yapdr ve uzunca bir sreye bagl bir sonucu
ifade eder.
- She lived to be 100. (= and she became 100.)
- The show went on to become a great success.
G. #<!&=#
G.1. S*+e t!+e JL T8e&1
- Returning to the village, met an old friend.
Kye dndgmde eski bir arkadala kar??latm.
- JK&,R/o&1 receiving the letter, you should reply immediately.
Mektubu alnca hemen yantlaman gerek.
"-ing" yaps ile "time" ve "reason" anlatldg zaman ana cmlenin ve yan cmlenin znesinin ayn olmas
gerekir.
- When I returned to the village I met an old friend. (= Returning to the village met an old
friend.)
G.2. T!+e *>ter JL T8e&,A>ter1
"Having + V3" yaps ile oluturulur.
38
- Having completed his study he submitted it to the committee. (= After he had completed ...)
G.@. JB31 + #<!&=#
Bu yap zaman belirtmesinin yansra neden (= reason) de belirtebilir.
- By taking advantage of the darkness, he escaped.
Karanlktan yararlanarak kat.
G.D. ...6 #!&=#
- He rose to his feet, spilling coffee on his pants.
(= When he was rising to his feet, he spilt coffee on his pants.)
H. $*%t /*rt!c!/0e JL V@1
Bu yap edilgen (=passive) zellik ta??maktadr.
- (When it is) taken as it is, the sentence will mean nothing.
Oldugu gibi ele alndgnda bu cmle bir anlam tamaz.

39
CKNFITIKN CLARSE
1. II
1.1. I!r%t co&-!t!o&*0
Su an ya da gelecege ait gereklemesi mmkn olaslk anlatr.
KULLANM
f + Simple present, Future/Present tense
EVRS
-EcEk
(Eger) ... -/Er ise, ...
-/Er
- f nothing is done about high rate of population growth, world population will have doubled by
the year 2000.
Eger hzl nfus art oran konusunda bireyler yaplmazsa dnya nfusu 2000 ylna
gelindiginde iki katna
km olacak.
DEVRK YAP
- Should you see her, give her the message.
Onu grecek olursan mesaj ilet.
1.2. Seco&- Co&-!t!o&*0
Su an ya da gelecege ait gereklemesi pek mmkn olmayan olaslk anlatr.
KULLANM
would (be able to)
f + Simple past, could
might
EVRS
(Eger) ... -sE(yd), ... -/Erd
- f you were a man, 'd slap you here and now.
Erkek olsaydn seni imdi urada seni tokatlardm.
DEVRK YAP
- Were you a man, 'd slap you here and now.
1.@. T8!r- Co&-!t!o&*0
Gemie ait ve gereklemesi artk mmkn olmayan olaslk anlatr.
KULLANM
could
A. f + Past Perfect, would + have + V3 [1]
might
could
B. f + Past Perfect, would + V1 + (now) [2]
might
40
would would
C. f + + have + V3, could + have + V3 [3]
could might

EVRS
A.
-sEydi
(Eger) , ... -/Erd
-m olsayd

- f he had known the result he wouldn't have been so happy. [1]
Sonucu bilmi olsayd o kadar mutlu olmazd.
B.
-sEydi
(Eger) , (imdi) ... -/Erd
-m olsayd

- f you had been more careful, you'd be earning more. [2]
Daha dikkatli olmu olsaydn (imdi) fazla kazanyor olurdun.
C.
-sEydi
(Eger) , ... -Eblrd
-m olsayd

- could have helped him if could have swum. [3]
Yzebilseydim ona yardm edebilirdim.
DEVRK YAP
< Had he been more careful, he could have won.
1.D. I> + %8ou0-
Az bir gerekleme olaslg gsterir.
- f you should see him, let me know.
Onu grecek olursan haberim olsun.
1.G. I> + 8*//e& to
"f + should" yaps ile ayn anlamdadr.
1.H. I> + ?ere to
"Were to" yaps gelecekte gerekleme olaslg az bir olay anlatmada kullanlabilir.
- What would you do if a war were to break out ?
Sava kacak olsa ne yapardn ?
"Were to" yaps zorlayc bir neri ifade edebilir.
- f you were to move your chair a bit, we could all sit down comfortably.
Sandalyeni biraz oynatrsan hepimiz rahata oturabiliriz.
1.M. I> !t ?ere&Et >or
Bu yap olayn bir baka olay degitirdigini/etkiledigini gstermede kullanlr.
- f it weren't for his wife's money, he'd never be a boss.
Karsnn paras olmasa asla patron olamaz.
1.N. I> !t 8*-&Et bee& >or
"f it weren't for" yapsnn gemi zaman halidir.
41
- f it hadn't been for your help, she could have gone to prison.
Senin yardmn olmasa hapishaneye debilirdi.
1.O. But >or
"f it hadn't been for" yaps ile ayn anlam tar.
- But for you, could have given up long ago.
Sen olmasan uzun sre nce vazgemi olurdum.
1.1P. I> o&03 JL I ?!%8 ...1
A) f only + Past tense
- f only had more money, could buy a drink.
(Keke) daha fazla param olsayd, iecek birey alrdm.
- f only you hadn't told Jackie the truth, everything would have been all right.
(Keke) Jackie'ye geregi anlatmam olsaydn, herey yolunda olurdu.
B) f only + would/could
Bu yap istek/ama belirtir.
- f only she wouldn't speak all the time, she'd make a perfect guest.
(Bir de) srekli konumas olmasa kusursuz bir konuk olurdu.
- f only he wouldn't snore !
Bir de horlamasa !
2. AS LKN AS6 SK LKN AS
KULLANM
as long as, so long as + cmle
EVRS
- Dg srece/takdirde

- She can come in as long as she promises to keep silent.
Sessiz durmaya sz verdigi takdirde ieri girebilir.
@. ASSRMIN6 $RKVIFEF6 $RKVIFIN6 SR$$KSIN
KULLANM
assuming/provided/providing/supposing + (that) + cmle
EVRS
Assuming/supposing -Dgn varsayarsak/varsaynca
Provided/providing -mEs koulu ile/-Dg takdirde

- Assuming that the journey will take a full day, we may except him any minute.
Yolculugun bir tam gn srecegini varsayarsak onu her an iin bekleyebiliriz / her an gelebilir.
- You can borrow the car provided that you promise to drive carefully.
Dikkatli srmeye sz verdigin takdirde arabay dn alabilirsin.
D. IN CASE
KULLANM
in case + cmle
EVRS
- sE diye
42
- Buy another bottle of vodka in case more people come.
Fazla insan gelirse diye bir ie votka daha al.
Bu yap "in case of + isim/-ing" ( ... #-uru+u&-*#) eklinde de kullanlabilir.
- n case of a fire, use the side doors.
- n case of meeting him, do not offer to shake hands.
"Just in case" kullanm ise #&e o0ur &e o0+*)# anlamn yanstr.
- "Why do you always carry that umbrella ?"
- "Just in case."
G. IN T2E EVENT T2AT6 URST SK JT2AT16 KN CKNFITIKN JT2AT1
KULLANM
in the event that
just so (that) + cmle
on condition (that)
EVRS
-mEs durumunda/-Dg takdirde
- n the event that the police ask you your address, you are not legally bound to give it.
Polis adresinizi soracak olursa/Polisin adresinizi sormas durumunda yasal adan sylemek
zorunda degilsiniz.
H. RNLESS
KULLANM
unless + cmle
EVRS
-mEz ise/-mEmEs durumunda
- 'll quit unless 'm given a pay rise.
Maam artrlmazsa ayrlacagm.
M. IVEN
KULLANM
given (that) + cmle
EVRS
olsa, -mEs durumunda
- Given that x = y, then n(x+a) = n(y+a) must also be true.
x = y ise bu durumda n(x+a) = n(y+a)'nn da dogru olmas gerekir.
Given yaps "ragmen" anlamn tayan cmle olarak da kullanlabilir.
N. TIS2
Dilek belirten bir yap olarak " wish / He wishes / .. " eitli zamanlarla birlikte kullanlabilir. Bu zamann seimi
elbette cmlenin oluturuldugu duruma bagldr.

Furu+ T!%8
#Simple Present$
'm not rich. wish was/were rich.
don't earn a lot. wish earned a lot.
She talks a lot. wish she didn't talk a lot.
#Present Continuous$
t's raining. wish it wasn't/weren't rainining.
She is studying. wish she wasn't/weren't studying.
#Simple Past$
She didn't come. wish she had come.
(Present Perfect)
He has lost it. He wishes he hadn't lost it.
#61ill6$
43
You will always complain. wish you wouldn't complain.
He will sing all the time. wish he wouldn't sing.

Bu yaplar Trke'ye "keke" olarak aktarlabilir.
44
$LACE CLARSE
1. T2ERE
KULLANM
where + cmle
EVRS
yklem + -Dg yerde
- Where come from, this is called injustice.
Benim geldigim yerde buna hakszlk derler.
2. T2EREVER
KULLANM
wherever + cmle
EVRS
(neresi olursa orada)
yklem + -Dg her yer(d)e/yerin
- They went wherever they expected to find work.
bulmay umduklar her yere gittiler.
45
CKNCESSIKN CLARSE
1. CMLE LE KRLLANILANLAR
1.1. A0t8ou=8 , T8ou=8
"yklem" + -mEsnE ragmen/karn; -Dg halde
- Although he is young, he is not inexperienced.
Gen olmasna karn tecrbesiz degil.
Devrik yap ile de kullanlabilir.
- Careful though/as she was, she couldn't prevent the accident.
(=Although she was ...)
1.2. Eve& !>,Eve& t8ou=8
Trke'ye evirisi "although" ile ayndr. "Eve& !>" "-sE bile" olarak aktarlabilir.
- He borrowed my jacket even though 'd told him not to.
Almamasn sylememe ragmen ceketimi dn ald.
- You have to be on time even if the lesson starts very early.
Ders ok erken balasa bile dakik olmalsn.
1.@. T8ere*%
Trke'ye "although" gibi ya da "... ise de", "... iken" ile aktarlr.
- Whereas he has plenty of money, he has no-one to trust.
ok paras varsa da gvenilecegi bir tek kimsesi yok.
1.D. T8!0e ,T8!0%t
Trke'ye "although" gibi aktarlr.
- While he is rather nice, sometimes he is a menace.
Olduka sevimli olmasna ragmen bazen bir babelas.
1.G.
Fe%/!te
I& %/!te o>
Irre%/ect!ve o> + t8e >*ct t8*t
Re=*r-0e%% o>
Not?!t8%t*&-!&=
Trke'ye "...( geregin)e karnn/ragmen" ile aktarlrlar.
- Despite the fact that he is rather nice, sometimes he is a menace.
(=Although he is ...)
1.H. A%
Devrik yap durumunda "ragmen" anlam tayabilir.
- Tired as was, went on walking.
(=Although was tired ...)
- Change your mind as you will, you will gain no support.
(=Although you may change ...)
Bu yap "Reason " veya "Similarity Clause" olarak da kullanlabilir.
"As" kelimesi yerine "that" kullanldg da grlr.
< Fool that he was6 he made no mistakes.
Aptal olmasna ragmen hi hata yapmad.
1.M. A% ... *%
Bu yap ender olarak kullanlr.
46
- As widespread as his fame may be, he is not well-known in this part of the country.
(=Although his fame may be widespread, ...)
2. CMLE LE KRLLANILMAAANLAR
2.1. Fe%/!te,I& %/!te o>
KULLANM
isim [1]
despite/in spite of +
-ing [2]
EVRS
yklem + -mEsnE ragmen/karn
isim + -E ragmen/karn
- He came in spite of his illness. [1]
being ill. [2]
Hastalgna/Hasta olmasna ragmen geldi.
2.2. Irre%/ect!ve o>6 Re=*r-0e%% o>6 Not?!t8%t*&-!&=
KULLANM
irrespective of isim
regardless of +
notwithstanding WH
EVRS
isim + -E ragmen/karn
yklem + -mEsnE ragmen/karn
"gz nne alnmakszn"
- Regardless of whatever he may say, do it as you please.
Onun ne diyebilecegini dnmeksizin, diledigin gibi yap.
2.@. ...6 %t!00 , 3et
KULLANM
..., still/yet + -ing [1] / cmle [2]
EVRS
yine de, ancak, fakat, bun(lar)a karn

- He suffered a lot, yet never giving in. [1]
he never gave in. [2]
ok ac ekti ama asla pes etmedi.
@. !ve& Jt8*t1
Yerine gre koul anlam da verebilen bu yap pek sk kullanlmamaktadr.
- Given her charm, she is alone.
that she has charm, she is alone.
ekici olmasna ragmen/Cazibesine ragmen, yalnz.

47
CKNTRAST CLARSE
Yap olarak "Concession Clause" ile ayndr. "Whereas, while, whilst" ile oluturulur ve Trke'ye en basit olarak
"oysa" kelimesi ile aktarlr.
REASKN CLARSE
1. CMLE LE KRLLANILANLAR
1.1. Bec*u%e6 A%6 Ior6 S!&ce
Trke'ye "yklem + - iin / -ndEn tr / dolay", "yklem + -mEs nedeniyle / sebebiyle" eklinde aktarlrlar.
- Because he worked so hard, he deserved a holiday.
O kadar ok altg iin bir tatili haketti.
"As" kelimesi devrik yap kullanlarak da "Reason Clause" oluturabilir. Ayn yap "Concession Clause" iin de
geerli oldugu iin hangi anlamn karlmas gerektigine dikkat edilmesi gerekir.
- Tired as she was, she went on walking. [Concession]
- Tired as she was, she stopped walking. [Reason]
Yorgun oldugu iin yrmeyi kesti.
1.2.
Bec*u%e o>
Fue to
K?!&= to + t8e >*ct t8*t
K& *ccou&t o>
Trke'ye "[geregi(nden)] tr / yznden / sayesinde" eklinde aktarlrlar.
- Owing to the fact that Tom didn't know any French, they were able to speak comfortably in his
presence.
Tom'un hi Franszca bilmemesinden tr onun nnde rahata konuabildiler.
2. CMLE LE KRLLANILMAAANLAR
2.1. Bec*u%e o>6 Fue to6 K?!&= to6 K& *ccou&t o>
KULLANM
because of
due to + isim + ("ing") [1]
owing to + my/his/.. + "-ing" [2]
on account of
EVRS
Trke'ye "because" ile ayn ekilde aktarlrlar.
- Because of rain the rescue operation had to be stopped. [1]
Yagmurdan tr kurtarma almasnn durdurulmas gerekti.
- Owing to his trying to save the situation, a scandal was prevented. [2]
Onun durumu kurtarmaya almas sayesinde bir skandal nlendi.
2.2. #<!&=# ...6
- Seeing that it was likely to rain, he stayed in.
(=Because/When he saw ...)
- Knowing their tastes, she was able to bring a good gift.
(=Because she knew ...)
48
- Having completed the task, they had a break
(=Because/After they had completed ...)
2.@. $*%t /*rt!c!/0e JL V@1
Bu yap edilgen (= passive) zellik tar.
- Constructed according to my specifications, the building was able to withstand the eartquake.
(=Because it was constructed ...)
@. FYER AA$ILAR
@.1. A% 0o&= *%
KULLANM
as long as + cmle
EVRS
- Dg srece / mddete
- As long as he doesn't disturb me, it is okay.
Beni rahatsz etmedigi srece sakncas / sorun yok.
@.2. I&*%+uc8 *%6 I&%o+uc8 *%
"Because" anlam tayan bu yaplar resmi durumlarda kullanlr.
- Thomas is also guilty, insomuch as he knew what they were going to do.
( ..., because he knew ...)
@.@. I& t8*t
KULLANM
in that + cmle
EVRS
-mEs asndan/yznden, -Dg iin
- The evidence is invalid in that it was obtained through illegal ways.
Yasad yollardan elde edildigi iin delil geersiz.
@.D. No? t8*t
"Time Clause" yaplarda ele alnan "Now that" ile ayn anlam tar.
@.G. JT8e re*%o&1 ?83
KULLANM
(The reason) why + cmle + "be" + because/that ...
EVRS
-mE("kii eki")n(n) nedeni/sebebi ... (-dr)
- The reason (why) they lost is that/because they did not know the rules.
Kaybetmelerinin nedeni kurallar bilmemeleridir.
@.H. T8!0e
KULLANM
while + cmle
EVRS
hazr ... olduguna gre/-m iken
49
- While you are in the kitchen, can you bring me a knife ?
Hazr mutfaktayken bana bir bak getirir misin ?
@.M. T!t8
KULLANM
isim + "-ing" [1]
(with) +
isim + to + yklem [2]
EVRS
"var iken", -mekte iken, -Dg iin, -DgndEn tr
- (With) the exams coming, we have no time for a social life. [1]
Snavlar yakla(yo)rken sosyal yaant iin hi vaktimiz yok.
- With so many children to support, they both have to work. [2]
Bakmalar gereken o kadar ocuk varken ikisinin de al??mas gerek.
@.N. T8*t ?!t8
"With" yaps ile ayndr.
50
$RR$KSE CLARSE
1. JIN KRFER1 TK6 SK AS TK
KULLANM
in order (not) to / so as (not) to + yklem
EVRS
yklem + -mEk iin
- To open the lid, turn it left.
Kapag amak iin, sola evirin.
- They left the door open in order for me to hear what they were talking about.
Ne hakknda konutuklarn iitmem iin kapy ak braktlar.
- She has to hurry in order not to be late.
Ge kalmamak iin acele etmesi gerek.
"So as to" yapsnn aagdaki rnekte grlen kullanmna sk rastlanmaktadr.
- He never stayed in one place so long as to be recognised.
Bir yerde tannabilecegi kadar uzun sre hi kalmad.
"To+ yklem" yaps "ama (=Purpose) dnda baka anlamlar tayabilir.
2. IN KRFER T2AT
KULLANM
in order that + cmle
EVRS
yklem + -sn diye / -mEk iin
- The school closes early in order that the children can get home before dark.
ocuklar hava kararmadan evlerine varabilsinler diye okul erken kapanyor.
@. IKR IEAR JT2AT1
KULLANM
for fear that + cmle
EVRS
yklem + -mEk /... olur + korkusu ile
- They left early for fear that they'd miss the train.
Treni karma korkusu ile erkenden ktlar.
D. LEST
Resmi (= formal) nitelik tayan cmlelerde kullanlr.
KULLANM
lest + cmle
EVRS
yklem + -mEmEk iin / -mEsn diye
- They checked the list again lest they should leave something behind.
Geride bir ey unutmamak iin listeyi yeniden incelediler.

51
RESRLT CLARSE
1. SK JT2AT16 SRC2 T2AT
KULLANM
so (that), such that + cmle
EVRS
bylece, bu yolla, yle ki, -sn diye
- We announced the test results immediately so that those who failed wouldn't have to wait.
Baarsz olanlar beklemek zorunda kalmasn diye snav sonularn annda akladk.
- They had considered all the possibilities in preparing the leaflet, such that even the most
inexperienced would be
able to inform the candidates of the requirements for application.
Kitapg hazrlarken btn olaslklar gz nnde bulundurmulard, yle ki en tecrbesizler
bile adaylar
bavuru koullar konusunda bilgilendirebilirdi.
2. T2EREBA
KULLANM
thereby + -ing
EVRS
bylece, bu yzden, bu yolla, sonuta
- Because he was so young and fiery, he drove the sport car at top speed, thereby deserving
three different traffic
tickets.
Gen ve ateli oldugu iin spor arabay son srat kulland ve sonuta ayr ceza makbuzunu
haketti.

52
SIMILARITA CLARSE
1. JURST1 AS
KULLANM
(just) as + cmle [1] / it is/was/.. [2]
Kimi zaman "as" yerine "the way" kullanlabilir.
EVRS
gibi,
- She is a fine singer, just as her father used to be. [1]
Eskiden babasnn oldugu gibi, iyi bir arkc.
- n autumn, as (it was) in spring, there were floods. [2]
Sonbaharda, ilkbahardaki gibi, sel vard.
Bu yap resmi (= formal) nitelik tayan anlatmlarda devrik yap (= inversion) kullanlarak oluturulabilir.
- He was Catholic, as were most of his friends.
Katolikti, dostlarnn ogu gibi.
- He believed, as did all his colleagues, in the supremacy of the institution he worked for.
Tm i arkadalar gibi o da altg kurumun stnlgne inanmaktayd.
2. LIKE
KULLANM
like + isim / him/her/... Z like + cmle (> AmE)
EVRS
gibi, benzer
- My sister isn't much like me.
Kzkardeim fazla bana benzemez.
@. AS II6 AS T2KR2
KULLANM
as if, as though + cmle
EVRS
(sanki) ... (-m) gibi
- You look as if you are about to cry.
Aglayacakm gibisin.

53
EWCE$TIKN CLARSE
1. BRT JT2AT1
Resmi (= formal) nitelik tayan anlatmlarda kullanlr.
KULLANM
but that + cmle [1]
but for me/him/.. to + yklem [2]
EVRS
dnda, haricinde
- Nothing would stop them but that the President (should) make a speech. [1]
Onlar Bakan'n konuma yapmas dnda hibirey durdurmuyordu.

- Nothing would stop them but for the President to make a speech. [2]
2. EWCE$T JT2AT16 EWCE$TIN T2AT
KULLANM
except/excepting (that) + cmle
EVRS
ama, fakat, ancak, haricinde, dnda
- We would most happily help you, except we are in need of cash.
Size byk bir memnuniyetle yardm ederdik ama nakit skntsndayz.
@. SAVE T2AT
KULLANM
save that + cmle
EVRS
dnda, haricinde
- The company has lost almost all its possessions, save that they still hold a small share in a
vast piece of land.
Sirket, geni bir arazinin ufak bir hissesine hal sahip olmas dnda, tm mal varlgn yitirdi.
D. KNLA
Gnlk konuma dilinde kullanlr.

KULLANM
only + cmle
EVRS
fakat, ancak, ama
- 'd love to come, only have no time.
Gelmeyi ok isterim ama hi vaktim yok.

54
CKMMENT CLARSE
1. TANIM
Cmle iinde paranteze alnm bir fikir, yorum, yarg grevi stlenen ifadelerdir. Cmle iinde alt degiik
yapda kullanlabilirler.
2. CMLE
- There were no applicants, believe, for that job.
En sk kullanlan yaplar unlardr.
God knows T*&r5 b!0!r J3*1
Heaven knows T*&r5 b!0!r J3*1
it grieves me to tell 3ou ;);0ere. %730;3oru+
it has been claimed !--!*3* =7re
it is reported b!0-!r!0-!:!&e =7re
it is rumoured %730e&t!3e =7re
it is said -e&!0-!:!&e =7re, -e&!r .!
it is true (ur*%5 -* -o:ru .!, Fo:ru o0*& (u .!
it may interest you to know 7:re&+e. !0=!&!J)!1 4e.eb!0!r
it pains me to tell you ;);0ere. %730;3oru+
it seems =7r;&;(e =7re6 =7r;&;(e b*.505r%*
it transpires %730e&!0-!:!&e =7re
admit be&ce -e, .*bu0 e-!3oru+
agree be&ce -e, .*bu0 e-!3oru+
ask myself -!3e %or+*.t*35+
assume %*&5r5+
believe be&ce, %*&5r5+
can see =7r-;:;+ .*-*r5 !0e
claim be&ce
consider be&ce
daresay %*&5r5+
don't deny .*bu0
doubt 8!4 %*&+*+ *+*, /e. %*&+*%*+ -*, .or.*r5+
expect u+*r5+
fear .or.*r5+
feel be&ce
guess %*&5r5+
hear -u3-u:u+* =7re
have heard -u3-u:u+* =7re
have heard tell %730e&e&0ere =7re
have no doubt 8!4 .u(.u+ 3o.
have read o.u-u:u+* =7re
have to say be0!rt+e0!3!+ .!
hope u+*r5+
imagine %*&5r5+
know b!0-!:!+e =7re, b!0!3oru+
may assume %*&5r5+
'm afraid .or.*r5+
'm convinced e+!&!+, !&*&53oru+ .!
'm delighted to say %ev!&ere. %730;3oru+ J.!1
'm glad to say %ev!&ere. %730;3oru+ J.!1
'm happy to say %ev!&ere. %730;3oru+ J.!1
'm pleased to say %ev!&ere. %730;3oru+ J.!1
'm sorry to say ;);0ere. %730;3oru+ J.!1
'm sure e+!&!+
'm told b*&* *&0*t50*&* =7re, -u3-u+ .!
must admit .*bu0, !t!r*> et+e0!3!+ .!
must say %730e+e+ =ere.!r .!
must tell you *&0*t+*+ =ere.!r .!
presume %*&5r5+
regret .or.*r5+, &e 3*)5. .!
regret to say ;);0ere. %730;3oru+ J.!1
remember 8*t5r053oru+ J-*1
55
see be&ce
suppose %*&5r5+
think be&ce
understand *&053oru+ .!, be&ce
venture to say -!3eb!0!r!+ .!
wish .e(.e
wonder *c*b*
mind you 8*t5r0*r%*&J5)1
one hears %730e&e&0ere =7re
they allege !--!*3* =7re
they claim !--!*3* =7re
there is on doubt .u(.u%u)
they say -e-!.0er!&e =7re
you can see =7r-;:;&J;)1 =!b!
you know b!0!3or%u&Ju)1
you may have heard -u3+u( o0*b!0ece:!&J!)1 =!b!
you may know be0.! b!0!3or%u&Ju)1
you must admit .*bu0 et+e0!%!&J!)1 .!
you realise *&0*3*c*:5&J5)1 =!b!
you see =7r-;:;&J;)1 =!b!
@. AS + CMLE
Trke'ye "yklem + -Dg gibi/kadar ile" eklinde aktarlabilir.
- 'm working overtime, as you know.
En sk kullanlan yaplar unlardr:
as everybody knows 8er.e%!& b!0-!:! =!b!
as it appears =7r;&;(e =7re
as it happens 730e o0-u .!, te%*-;> bu 3*
as (it) is common knowledge b!0!&-!:! =!b!
as it may interest you to know 7:re&+e. !%te3eb!0ece:!& =!b!
as (it) often happens 8e/ o0-u:u =!b!
as it seems =7r;&;(e =7re
as it seems likely +u8te+e0e&
as it transpires =7r;&-;:; =!b!
as (it) was pointed out be0!rt!0-!:! =!b!
as (it) was said earlier/later *&0*t50-5:5 =!b!
as can see (it) =7r-;:;+ .*-*r5 !0e, be&ce
as have said %730e-!:!+ =!b!
as interpret it be&ce, b*&* =7re
as 'm told -u3-u:u+* =7re
as remember 8*t5r0*-5:5+ .*-*r5 !0e
as say -e-!:!+ =!b!
as see (it) be&ce, b*&* =7re
as take it be&ce, b*&* =7re
as understand be&ce, b*&* =7re
as you know b!0-!:!+ .*-*r5 !0e
as you may have heard -u3+u( o0*b!0ece:!&J!)1 =!b!
as you may remember 8*t5r0*3*c*:5&J5)1 =!b!
as you said -e-!:!&J!)1 =!b!
as you say -e-!:!&J!)1 =!b!
as (it) was/seemed natural &or+*0 =7r;&-;:; .*-*r5 !0e,=7r;&-;:;&-e& 7t;r;
as (it) was expected be.0e&!0-!:! =!b!
D. T2AT ...
Trke'ye " ... olan ey/olan yan()" ile aktarlabilir.
- What was more upsetting, we lost our luggage.
En sk kullanlan yaplar unlardr:
What is more surprising/upsetting/gladdening !(!& e&,-*8* J-*1 ... Jo0*&1 3*&5 ...
What is more to the point -*8*%56 ;%te0!.6 ;%t;&e ;%t0;..
G. TK+ AKLEM
Trke'ye "-cas, ... olmak gerekirse, ... olur ise" ile aktarlabilir.
56
- To be fair, lost the money.
En sk kullanlan yaplar unlardr:
to be fair *45.4*%5
to be frank *45.4*%5
to be honest *45.4*%5
to be precise .e%!& .o&u(+*. =ere.!r%e, t*+ o0*r*.
to be serious c!--! o0+*. =ere.!r%e
to be truthful *45. .o&u(+*. =ere.!r%e
to put it briefly .5%*c*%5
to speak candidly *45.c*%5
H. #<IN#
Trke'ye "yklem + -Er/r ise" ile aktarlabilir.
- doubt, speaking as a layman, that his views are our salvage.
En sk kullanlan yaplar unlardr:
broadly speaking =e&e0-e, =e&e0e .o&u(u0ur%*
figuratively speaking 7r&e:!&, =e&e0e .o&u(u0ur%*
generally speaking =e&e0 *&0*+-*, =e&e0e .o&u(u0ur%*
loosely speaking =e&e0 *&0*+-*, =e&e0e .o&u(u0ur%*
putting it crudely .*b*c* *&0*t505r%*
putting it mildly .5%*c*%5
speaking frankly !(!& -o:ru%u
speaking generally =e&e0 *&0*+-*, =e&e0e .o&u(ur%*.
speaking personally be&ce
M. $AST $ARTICI$LE JL V@1
Trke'ye "yklem + -l/-n .. ise" (= Edilgen) ile aktarlr.
- Stated plainly, he has no chance of winning.
En sk kullanlan yaplar unlardr:
put bluntly .*b*c* *&0*t5r%*.
put in another way -!:er b!r -e3!(0e
rephrased -!:er b!r -e3!(0e
stated quite simply b*%!t4e *&0*t505r%*
worded plainly b*%!t4e *&0*t505r%*


57
VERBLESS CLARSE
Bu tr cmleler ngilizce'de fazla kullanlmaz ve eviri asndan nemli bir sorun oluturmaz.
- He waited, anxious for a reply. (= he was anxious for a reply)
- She was standing, a statue of innocence. (= she was like a statue of innocence)
rneklerde de grlebilecegi gibi, yklem tamayan yan cmle ayr bir cmle gibi ele alnmaktadr. eviri
ileminin de buna gre yaplmas gerekir.
58
SM JLNKRN1 VE RARN #ARTICLE# SEM
1. T*&5+' #*J&1# ve #t8e#
"Article" seimi eviri ilemlerinde ogu zaman bir sorun haline gelmektedir. "A(n)" (=ndefinite article) ve "the"
(=Definite article) isimlerle birlikte kullanlrlar.
Bu iki kelimenin nasl ve ne durumlarda kullanldklarna gemeden nce, isim yaplarn incelemek yararl
olabilir.
2. S*350*b!0!r ve %*350*+*3*& !%!+
sim, saylabilen ve saylamayan olarak snflandrlabilir:
Saylabilen (=countable) isim
*1 Te.!0 JL%!&=u0*r1
cat, leaf, man, person, iron (= t)
b1 o:u0 JL/0ur*01
cats, leaves, men, people/persons, irons
Saylamayan (=uncountable) isim
*1 So+ut JLco&crete1
water, oil, sugar, iron (= demir)
b1 So3ut JL*b%tr*ct1
happiness, wealth, boredom
@. Ku00*&5+ *0*&0*r5
"A(n)" sadece saylabilen tekil isimler ile kullanlr. Kendisini takip eden isim sesli bir harf (a, e, i, o, u) ile telaffuz
edilerek (3*)50*r*. deil) balarsa, "an" kullanlr.
an apple, an eagle, an iron, an orange, an umbrella
fakat
a university student
(u harfi "yu" olarak telaffuz edilmekte)
an 8our
(sessiz olan h harfi telaffuz edilmemekte; {h}our)
"The" btn isimlerle birlikte kullanlabilir. Bir ismin her zaman bir "article" almas gerekli ya da mmkn degildir.
D. #AJ&1# ' Ku00*&50-5:5 3er0er
D.1. B!0!&+e3e& ve 7&ce-e& be0!r=!&0e(t!r!0+e+!(
7erhangi !iri2 hangisi oldu+u farketme/
- have never seen an elephant.
- We are looking for a person to help us in the home.
Sz edilen eyin, ait oldugu snfn/trn herhangi bir yesi olmas
- A screwdriver is a tool.
Bu kullanmda ogul isim de mmkndr.
- Screwdrivers are tools.
59
Genel nesneler yerine belirginletirilmi nesneler kullanl-mas durumunda ogul isim kullanmak gerekir.
- Cars are parked at owners' risk. (Cars = Buraya parkedilen belirgin arabalar)
Tereddte dlmesi durumunda en iyisi ogul isim kullanmaktr.
%%% de8!a9,na
- 60 miles an hour
- Three times a week
- Ten pence a kilo
D.2. B!0!&e& >*.*t 7&ce-e& be0!r=!&0e(t!r!0+e+!(
(/el !iri2 fakat hen./ !elirginle9tirilmemi9
- have found a good job at last.
- She is a very old friend of mine.
- A Mr Nash called to speak to you.
(Mr Nash diye biri ...)
Bir t.r8:rnek
- We have a good climate.
- What a strange man he is !
- have never heard such a thing !
Meslek
- am a teacher by profession.
- To be a good MP, you must be a good speaker.
G. #T8e# < Ku00*&50-5:5 3er0er
G.1. t8e + *) 7&ce,-*8* 7&ce %7); =e4+!( o0*&
- "'ve got an orange and some apples. Who wants the orange ?"
- "You have the orange and 'll have the apples."
G.2. t8e + be0!r=!&0e(t!r!0+!( !%!+
- The dogs in our street are very noisy.
- The Englishmen we met at the party knew a little Turkish.
G.@. t8e + e%er-e %7); =e4e& .!(!J0er1,&e%&eJ0er1
- The Elephant and the Mouse
- The Longest Day
- The Mousetrap
G.D. t8e + te. o0*& (e3
- They toured the world together.
- The earth goes round the sun.
- She lives in the United States now.
G.G. t8e + #%u/er0*t!ve#
- the best/most recent/latest project
G.H. t8e + #or-!&*0# %*35
- the first/last/next race
G.M. t8e + 8*3*0! b!r t;r;&,%5&5>5& te+%!0c!%! o0*& te.!0 !%!+
- The Panda is in danger of extinction.
- The computer has replaced the typewriter in the office.
G.N. t8e + %5>*t L o %5>*t !0e &!te0e&e& =rubu& t;+;
- The young do not listen to the old.
(= Young people do not listen to old people.)
Tekil kiiler iin "sfat + person/man/.." kullanmak gerekir.
- a/the young person/man/woman/..
G.O. t8e + 3er !%+! L o 3er!& *+*c5&* u3=u& b!r e30e+e .*t505&+*+*%5
- She went to the prison ( mahkum olarak -e:!0)
- would like to live near the sea.
G.1P. t8e + 3er L !4!&-e bu0u&u0*& -uru+-*& 7t;r; t*&5+0*&*b!0e& 3er
Her insann kendisine zg bir evresi oldugu ve o kiinin o evreye ait hereyi tanmlayabilecegi dnlrse,
o evreye yakn olan bir kimse (akraba, arkada, ayn ehirli gibi) asndan da o evre tanmlanabilir
zelliktedir.
60
- must go to the bank
cmlesindeki "the bank", konuan tanyan bir kimse asndan belirgin bir bankay niteler.
- There is funny animal in the garden.
G.11. t8e + ote0 , t!3*tro , %!&e+*,.. !%+!
- the Hilton
- the Akn
Ayrca
-the theatre/cinema/opera/concert
G.12. t8e + 4o:u0 3er !%+!
- the Netherlands
- the Azores
- the United States
- the Alps
G.1@. t8e + %*350*b!0!r b!r !%!+ !4ere& 3er !%!+0er!
Canal the Sues/Panama Cana
Channel the English Channel
Desert the Sahara (Desert)
Gulf the Gulf, the Gulf of Mexico
slands/sles the British sles, the Virgin slands
Kingdom the United Kingdom
Mountain range the Rocky Mountains
Ocean the ndian Ocean
Republic the Republic of Turkey
River the (River) Nile
Sea the Mediterranean (Sea)
State(s) the Gulf States, the United States of America
Straits the Bering Straits
Union the Union of South Africa
Yer darlgndan tr haritalarda "the" genelde kullanlmaz.
G.1D. t8e + +!00!3et be0!rte& %I>*t
- the British
- the English
- the Spanish
Baz milliyetlerden sz ederken, ogul isim kullanlr.
- (the) Russians/Arabs/Turks/Scots/..
G.1G. t8e + b!0!+ ve te.&o0oj! !0e !0=!0! .e0!+e
- hate the telephone.
G.1H. t8e + +;)!. *0et!
- 'd like to learn the guitar.
Caz ve pop terminolojisinde genellikle "the" kullanlmaz.
G.1M. t8e + =*)ete !%+!
- the Times
Dergi isimleri "the" almaz.
- Times (Magazine), Scala
G.1N. t8e + A o> B JA ve B b!rer !%!+1
- the University of Oxford
G.1O. t8e + =e+! !%+!
- The Queen Mary
G.2P. t8e + %/*ce L b!r *0*&-* bo( 3er
- He tried to park his car but the space was not big enough.
"The" kullanlmazsa "space" kelimesi #u)*3# anlam tar.
G.21. *00 t8e , t8e ?8o0e
*1 *00
the
all ; my8your8% ; isim
this8these
61
- all the time
- all my life
- all this confusion
all ; *o+ul isim # 6every6 anlam,nda$
- All ndian tribes were killed off.
(Her bir ... .)
b1 ?8o0e
the
my8your8%% ; whole ; isim
this
- the whole life
- my whole life
- this whole confusion
whole ; *o+ul isim #6complete62 6entire6 anlam,nda$
- Whole ndian tribes were killed killed off. (= kimse sag kalmad)
the
the whole of ; my8your8% ; tekil isim
this8that
- the whole of the time
- the whole of my life
- the whole of this confusion
H. #T8e# < Ku00*&50+*-5:5 3er0er
H.1. A + B JA ve B b!rer !%!+1
- Oxford University
- London Bridge
- Turkish Republic
- Atatrk Airport
Bu yer isimlerinde "the" kullanlmamasnn bir diger nedeni de birer blge ya da kii ad tamalardr.
H.2. t;r; , %5&5>5 te+%!0 e-e& 4o:u0 , %*350*+*3*& !%!+
- Pandas are in danger of extinction.
- Sugar is bad for you.
- Money can bring happiness.
H.@. 3er!& *+*c5&* 37&e0!. e30e+e .*t50+* -uru+u
- He was sent to prison for 2 years ( mahkum olarak).
- He is a fisherman. He spends his time at sea.
H.D. #or-!&*0# %*35 + 3*r5(+*-* -uru+ be0!rte& !%!+ , 7-;0
- She won first prize for her essay.
- The rish contestant was in second place.
H.G. ;&v*& J+ .!(!&!& %o3*-51
- want to see the Captain, but Captain Smith.
- Hello, Captain.
H.H. .5t*6 te.!0 ;0.e , (e8!r !%+!
- Asia, Africa, South America, Great Britain, New York, Germany
H.M. te. -*: ve *-* !%+!
- Mount Everest
- Cyprus, Long sland
H.N. =70 !%+!
- Lake Erie
62
H.O. #/re/o%!t!o&# + !%!+
- on time, for example, in turn, in harmony, at night.
Fakat
- in the morning/afternoon/evening
ve
in spring
- during + (the) + autumn
before summer
winter
H.1P. 3;.0e+ + !%!+
Artk birer terim haline gelmi baz yaplarda "the" kullanlmamaktadr.
yklem + saylabilir isim
- to take place
yklem + ogul isim
- to make friends
- to shake hands
yklem + saylamayan isim
- to make progress
- to make love
H.11. b3 + !%!+ JL ... !0e 3o0cu0u.1
b3 + bus, coach, car, train, air, plane, bike, motorbike, sea / ship / boat, Tube / underground
o& + foot, horseback

63
ES VE #KI#
1. E% 3*/5%5&5& .u00*&50-5:5 3er0er
1.1. J*,t8e1 + .!(! , 8*3v*& !%+! + !%!+
- the manager's office
- Mr Evan's daughter
- the horse's tail
- a policeman's hat
1.2. J*,t8e1 + or=*&!)*%3o& !%+! + !%!+
- the Government's decision
- the company's success
Bu yapy "the A of B" kullanarak oluturmak da mmkndr.
1.@. J*,t8e1 + 3er !%+! + !%!+
- the city's new theatre
- Britain's system of government
- Turkey's largest dam
1.D. te.!0 !%!+ + !%!+
- my sister's room
- Mr Carter's house
ogul isim + isim durumunda E% yerine sadece E kullanlabilir.
- my sisters' room
- the Carters' house
1.G. )*+*& be0!rte& !%!+ + !%!+
- Tomorrow's meeting has been canceled.
- 've got a week's holiday.
three weeksE holiday.
Bu cmlede "three weeks' holiday" yerine "a holiday of three weeks", ya da "a three week holiday" demek te
mmkn.
1.H. b!r 8*3v*& !%+! + o 8*3v*&-*& ;ret!0e& (e3
- cow's milk
- lamb's wool
- a bird's egg
- goat's cheese
Bir rn elde etmek iin o hayvan ldrlm ise,
- calf-skin
- chicken soup
- a lamb chop
- fox fur
1.M. b!r 8*3v*& !%+! + 8*3v*&5& v;cu-u&u& b!r /*r4*%5
- a sheep's heart
- a frog's leg
1.N. .u00*&*& .!(! + .u00*&50*& (e3
- a girl's blouse
- a children's hospital
- a bird's nest
Kullanan kiinin eylem zerinde bir denetimi yoksa aagdaki yap da kullanlabilir.
- baby clothes
- a dog kennel
- a birdcage
2. #K># 3*/5%5&5& .u00*&50-5:5 3er0er
2.1. J*,t8e1 + !%!+ + &e%&e !%+!
- the door of the room
- the beginning of the story
Bu yapda E% kullanlabilirse de "A of B" yaps daha iyidir.
64
2.2. J*,t8e1 + !%!+ + or=*&!)*%3o& !%+!
- the decision of the Government
- the success of the company
Bu yapy E% ile oluturmak da mmkndr.
2.@. J*,t8e1 + !%!+ + u)u& te.!0 !%!+
- met the wife of the man who lent us the money.
2.D. *006 bot86 e*c86 e!t8er6 &e!t8er6 &o&e !0e .u00*&50*b!0!r.
*1 *00 JL8e/%! -e1
the
all ; #of$ ; my8your8%% ; isim8this8that
#these8%%$
- All (of) my friends like riding.
- 've all (of) the books.
- 've stopped believing all (of) that years ago.
smin belirleyici yap (the, my, ..) tamamas durumunda "of" kullanlmaz.
- All whisky is expensive
- All children can be naughty sometimes.
"you, us, them, .." kullanlmas durumunda sadece "all of" yaps kullanlabilir.
- All of them enjoy dancing.
- All of you are wrong.
- They want to see all of us.
"All" yerine "every" kullanlabilir. Ancak, "all of" yerine "every one of" gelir.
- He interviewed every one of us.
b1 bot8 JL!.!%! -e1
the
!oth ; #of$ my8your8 ; isim8this8that
#these8%%$
- Both (of) the cars broke down before the start.
!oth ; #of$ ; these8those ; #isim$
- Both (of) vases are antique.
!oth of ; us8you8them
- Both of us were there.
!oth ; isim
- Both children have been to Rome.
c1 e*c8 JL8erb!r! -e1
each ; tekil isim
- He is getting better each day.
65
the
each ; #of$ my8your8 ; isim8this8that
#these8%%$
- Each of his daughters is a university graduate.
each of us8you8them
- The police will question each of them.
-1 e!t8er JL 3* ... 3* -*,!.!%!&-e& b!r!1
either ; tekil isim
- Either day will do.
the
either ; #of$ my8your8 ; isim8this8that
#these8%%$
- Either of your friends is welcome.
either of ; us8you8them
- Either of you could do it.
e1 &e!t8er JL &e ... &e -e1
neither ; tekil isim
- Neither job will meet his requirements.
the
neither ; #of$ my8your8 ; isim8this8that
#these8%%$
- He said neither of the books was suitable.
neither of ; us8you8them
- Neither of us knows the correct answer.
>1 &o&e JL 8!4b!r! -e1
the
none ; #of$ my8your8 ; isim8this8that
#these8%%$
- None of the books was there.
none of us8you8them
- None of us knows the correct answer.
@. K> ... 6 c;+0e
- Of late, haven't been feeling well.
Son zamanlarda, kendimi iyi hissetmiyorum.
66
- Of all the people applied, was found suitable for the post.
(=Out of all the people who applied ...)
Tm bavuranlar iinde, ben ie uygun bulundum.
D. o> + &!te0!. , &!ce0!. be0!rte& .e0!+e + !%!+
- t is o> &o u%e to try and solve it.
- This is o> =re*t !+/ort*&ce.
Bu yapda, aslnda, Trke'ye aktarm esnasnda yaplmas gereken ey yapdaki ismi, kendisinden nce gelen
ve nitelik/nicelik belirten kelimeyi de gznnde bulundurarak, sfat haline getirmektir. Yani,
- t is of no use to ...
yaps
- t is u%e0e%% to .. ("of" kelimesini "to bear = ta??mak" ile edeger tutarak)
eklinde, ya da
- This is of great importance
cmlesi
- This is very !+/ort*&t
eklinde ele alnmal ve sonra Trke'ye aktarlmaldr.
67
AKLEM + J$RE$KSITIKN1 + AKLEM
1. A;.0e+ + J/re/o%!t!o&1 + 3;.0e+
ngilizce'de ogu yklemin kendisine zg bir ya da birka "preposition"u vardr ve eitli farkl anlamlar
oluturur. Her bir yklemin hangi "preposition" ile kullanlp hangi amac tadg bilinemeyecegine gre, tek are
olarak kullanlmakta olan szlk kalmaktadr.
ngilizce cmle olutururken unutulmamas gereken bir kural, "preposition"u izleyen yklemin her zaman
mutlaka "-ing" formu tayacagdr. Yani,
yklem + preposition + "-ing"

- 'm looking forward to meeting him.
- They accused her o> stealing a diamond necklace.
Ancak, rnegin
- want to go
cmlesinde "to" kelimesinin ardndan "-ing" kullanlmamaktadr. Bunun nedeni "to" kelimesinin "want" yklemine
ait, bu yklemle her zaman kullanlan bir "preposition" o0+*+*%5-5r.
2. eVce/t , but + 3;.0e+
stisna belirten kelimeler olan "except" ve "but" kullanldg zaman, bunlar izleyecek olan yklem yaln halde,
"to" olmadan kullanlr.
- What can do but 0e*ve ?
@. A;.0e+ + A;.0e+
Bir yklem digerine eitli yollarla baglanabilir.
@.1. 3;.0e+ + #/re/o%!t!o&# + 3;.0e+
Yukarda aklandg gibi.
@.2. 3;.0e+ + Jto1 + 3;.0e+
Snrl sayda yklem bir baka ykleme "to" almadan baglanr.
- Can you help me (to) lift this ?
@.@. 3;.0e+ + J&e%&e1 + to + 3;.0e+
- We hope to complete it soon.
- don't want you to go there.
@.D. 3;.0e+ + J%o.,%oE%1 + #<!&=#
- 0!.e /0*3!&= the piano.
- *//rec!*te 3our 8e0/!&= my son.
@.G. 3;.0e+ J L %ee,8e*r,..1 + %o.,%t=. + #-o#,#-o!&=#
- We %*? 8!+ 0e*v!&= the house [1]
cmlesi ile
- We saw him 0e*ve the house [2]
cmlesi arasnda anlam asndan fark bulunmaktadr. [1] numaral cmlede "leave" ykleminin "-ing" eklenerek
kullanlmas, konuan kiinin olayn tmn ya da bir blmn grdgn anlatmaktadr. [2] numaral cmlede
ise yklemin "leave" olarak yaln kullanlmas olayn tmnn grldgn anlatr.
- caught them stealing my bicycle.
- smell something burning.
- saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, take out a document, photograph it and put it back.

68
INIINITIVE JL BTKC + AKLEM1
1. E-!0=e& JL $*%%!ve1 3*/50*r-*
1.1. #$re%e&t#
Bu yapda "passive + to + yklem"
- He !% be0!eve- to 0!ve in New York.
Onun New York'ta yaamakta olduguna inanlyor
ya da "yklem + to + passive"
- didn't eV/ect to be !&v!te-
Davet edilmeyi beklemiyordum
kullanlmaktadr.
1.2. #Co&t!&uou%#
"Progressive infinitive" olarak bilinen yap "to be + -ing" ile oluturulur ve etken yapda da kullanlabilir.
- t is nice to be %!tt!&= here with you.
Burada seninle oturuyor olmak/oturmak gzel.
Bu yapda "passive + to be + "-ing" eklinde kullanlabilir.
- He !% .&o?& to be ?r!t!&= his autobiography.
Hayat hikayesini yazmakta oldugu biliniyor.
1.@. #$*%t,$er>ect#
"Perfect nfinitive" olarak bilinen yap "to have + V3" eklinde oluturulur.
- t is good to 8*ve >!&!%8e- the day's work.
Gnn almasn Bu gnn ilerini bitirmi olmak gzel.
Bu yapda "passive + to have + V3"
- He i% .&o?& to 8*ve v!%!te- this city
Bu ehri ziyaret etmi oldugu biliniyor
ya da "to have been + V3"
- 'd like to 8*ve bee& !&v!te-
Davet edilmi olmay isterdim
kullanlabilir.
2. #be# + to
2.1. #be# + t8e >!r%t,0*%t,o&03,.. + !%!+ + to + 3;.0e+
- He ?*% t8e >!r%t +*& to cro%% the Channel.
Man Denizi'ni ilk geen insand.
Bu yap Trke'ye "-En + ilk/son/tek + isim" eklinde aktarlr.
2.2. #be# + to
Bu yapnn kullanm "will" ya da "should" ile ayndr.
@. !%!+ + to + 3;.0e+ L ?8o,?8!c8 ?!00,?ou0- + 3;.0e+
- He ?*% to 8*ve bee& the new ambassador but he fell ill.
Yeni bykeli olacakt ama rahatszland.
D. T83 J&ot1 + 3;.0e+
Bu yapda "to" kullanlmaz
- Why pay more ?
Neden daha fazla deyesin ki ?
69
- Why not leave now ?
Neden imdi ayrlmayacak mm ?
G. *&- , or , eVce/t , but , t8*& + 3;.0e+
Bu yaplarda "to" gereksizdir.
- told him to lie down and re%t.
- 'd rather stay than =o.
H. #-o# + Jto1 + 3;.0e+
- All did was to lend him a hand.
Tek/Tm yaptgm ona yardm etmekti.
- What a computer does is (to) process the data for you.
Bir bilgisayarn yaptg i bilgiyi senin/bizim iin ilemektir.
M. To +3,8!%,.. + %5>*t , !%!+6 c;+0e
- Their rejection of the offer surprised me,
- was surprised by their rejection of the offer,
- What surprised me was their rejection of the offer,
cmlelerinden her birinde "teklifin onlar tarafndan reddedilmesi" olay konuan kiiyi artmtr. Kimi zaman,
tepkiyi anlatan yap cmlenin dna karlabilmektedir. Bu durumda da
- To +3 %ur/r!%e, they rejected the offer
eklinde bir cmle ortaya kmaktadr. Bu yapda en sk
regret, annoyance, relief, surprise, horror, delight
isim ve sfatlar ve bunlarn yakn anlamlarn tayan isim ve sfatlar kullanlr.
eviri sz konusu oldugunda
- Benim hayretime/aknlgma
tr bir eviri yanl olur. Bunun yerine, "To" ile balayan blm ayr bir cmle gibi ele almak daha anlaml
olacaktr.
- Sardm kaldm. Teklifi reddettiler.
Bu yap ile ilgili u rnekler de verilebilir:
- To my mind, their rejection of the offer was a surprise.
(Benim amdan, ...)
- To a man of his age, such changes are unacceptable.
(Onun yandaki biri iin, ...)
N. #be# + %5>*t + to + 3;.0e+
- He is hard to satisfy.
(=t is hard to satisfy him.)
Onu memnun etmek zor.
- This violin is excellent to play Mozart on.
Bu keman Mozart almak iin kusursuz. /Bu kemanla Mozart kusursuz alnr.)

70
ERRNF JL <IN1
1. I&%te*- o> + #<!&=#
- nstead of studying, he spent the night watching TV.
Ders alacagna, geceyi televizyon izleyerek geirdi.
Bu yap Trke'ye "yklem + -EcEgne/-EcEg yer(d)e ile aktarlr.
2. ?!t8out + #<!&=#
- Without saying a word, he left.
Tek kelime etmeden gitti.
Bu yap Trke'ye "yklem + - mEdEn / - mEkszn" ile aktarlr.
@. b3 + < #!&=#
- You can open the lid by turning the handle.
Kulpu evirerek kapag aabilirsiniz.
Bu yap Trke'ye "yklem + - ErEk" ile aktarlabilir.
71
#INIINITIVE# VE #ERRNF#' QZNE KKNRMRNFA
1. !r!(
"nfinitive" terimi "yklem + to" yapsn, "gerund" terimi ise "yklem + -ing" yapsn anlatmaktadr.
2. Ku00*&5+
2.1. Q)&e o0*r*. .u00*&5+
ngilizce'de, artk pek gncel olmayan bir ekilde, "infinitive" cmlenin znesi olarak kullanlmakta idi.
- To err is human, to forgive is divine.
Gnmz ngilizce'sinde, cmleye yklem ile balanmas gerekiyorsa, "gerund" yap kullanlmas daha ya da en
iyisi "t ..." yapsnn kullanlmas dogru olur. Bu durumda,
- To make mistakes is easy
yerine
- t is easy to make mistakes
cmlesi kullanlabilir.
2.2. Be0!r=!& e30e+0er
Belirgin bir eylemden szedildiginde "infinitive" zne olarak kullanlabilir. Yine de en iyisi "t ..." kullanmaktr.
- To sell my car was difficult.
- t was difficult to sell my car.
Genel bir eylemden szedildiginde de "gerund" zne olarak kullanlabilir. Yine de en iyisi, "infinitive" yapda da
oldugu gibi, "t ..." kullanmaktr.
- Selling insurance is a boring job.
- t is a boring job to sell insurance.
2.@. Z*+*& ve Ne-e& be0!rt+e-e
"nfinitive" ve "gerund" zne olarak kullanlabildikleri gibi zaman ve neden belirtmekte de kullanlabilirler.

72
$RK$ #IT#
1. T*&5+
Cmlenin znesi bir "infinitive clause"
- To meet you is nice
ya da "that-clause"
- That she is here at this time of the day is strange
oldugunda, bu yaplarn yerini Prop "t" yaps alabilir:
- t is nice to meet you.
- t is strange that she is here at this time of the day.
- t is difficult to guess the meaning.
- t is surprising that she is so late.
- t was claimed that he was murdered.
2. Ku00*&5+
2.1. Q)&e -uru+u&-*
*1 Q&e+ be0!rt+e-e
- t is essential to book in advance.
nceden yer ayrtmak gerek.
- t is vital that this plan is followed.
Bu plann izlenmesi art.
b1 Zor0u. be0!rt+e-e
- t is difficult for him to change his mind.
Fikrini degitirmesi zor.
c1 K0*%505. be0!rt+e-e
- t is likely that we'll be a bit late.
Muhtemelen biraz ge kalacagz.
- s it possible to go by road ?
Karayolu zerinden gitmek mmkn m ?
-1 I*3-* be0!rt+e-e
- t is pointless to argue with him.
Onunla tartmak yararsz.
e1 Nor+*00!. ve e0e&e.%e00!. be0!rt+e-e
- t is unusual to see snow in this season.
Bu mevsimde kar grmek allmadk birey.
- s it customary to tip the driver here ?
Buralarda ofre bahi vermek adetten midir ?
>1 S;re be0!rt+e-e
- t takes eight hours to get to stanbul.
stanbul'a gidi sekiz saat tutuyor.
73
=1 Fu3=u%*0 te/.! be0!rt+e-e
- t was really surprising to see him.
Onu grmek gerekten artcyd.
- t shocked me that he didn't know.
Onun bilmemesine hayret ettim.
81 er4e:! be0!rt+e-e
- s it true that she is leaving tomorrow ?
Yarn gidecegi dogru mu ?
!1 R3=u&0u. be0!rt+e-e
- t'll be best to leave early.
Erken ayrlmak en iyisi.
j1 B!r >!.r!& -o:u(u&u6 *.0* =e0!(!&! be0!rt+e-e
- t occurred to me that 'd left the keys at home.
Anahtarlar evde unuttugumu farkettim.
.1 7r;&;+-e& e0-e e-!0e& >!.r! be0!rt+e-e
- t seems that we are in for a change.
Grne baklrsa bizi bir degiiklik bekliyor.
01 $ut*t!ve #%8ou0-# !0e
- t is interesting that you should think this way.
Bu ekilde dnmen ilgin.
+1 e(!t0! .u00*&5+0*r
A) t + for + isim + to + yklem
- t is better for you wait here.
Burada beklemen daha iyi olur.
- t is essential for the pages to be read before the weekend.
Sayfalarn hafta sonundan nce okunmas art.
B) t + "-ing"
- t was nice meeting you.
Seninle tantgmza evindim.
- s it worth reserving a seat ?
Yer ayrtmaya deger mi ?
- t is no use trying to argue with him.
Onunla tartmaya almak gereksiz.
C) t ... + (as) if / though
- t looks as if it will rain.
Grne baklrsa yagmur yagacak.
- t will be a pity if we have to leave the project half-completed.
Projeyi yar tamamlanm halde brakmak zorunda kalrsak yazk olacak.
74
D) t ... + (preposition) + isim (= Cleft cmle)
- t was my mother who threw an egg at the President yesterday.
Dn Bakan'a yumurta frlatan kii annemdi.
E) t + "be" + (not) + until / before
- t was before the war that we knew what extravagance was.
Bonkrlgn anlamn savatan nce bilirdik.
2.2. Ne%&e -uru+u&-*
Normalde, nesne ile ilikili bir sfat bulunmas durumunda kullanlr.
- George made it clear that he disagreed.
George ayn fikirde olmadgn aka belirtti.
- thought it peculiar that she hadn't written.
Yazmamas bana ok garip geldi.
- think it important that we should keep calm.
Bence sakin durmamz nem tamakta.
"Owe" ve "leave" yklemleri ile de kullanlabilir.

- We owe it to you to save our daughter.
Kzmzn kurtulmasn sana borluyuz.
- We leave it to you to choose.
Seimi sana brakyoruz.
75
#$RTATIVE# VE #TENTATIVE# SHOU!
"Should" yardmc yklemi "gereklilik" belirtmesinin yansra baz yaplarda bunun dnnda anlamlar
yklenmektedir. Bu blmde ele alnan yaplarn hibirinde, dikkat edilecegi gibi, "should" yardmc yklemi
"gereklilik" anlamn ta"#mamaktad#r.
1. Co&-!t!o&*0 c0*u%e !0e
Dk bir olaslk belirtmek iin "in case", "lest", ya da "if" ile kullanlr.
- 'll go and get some more beer in case Bill should come.
- He was cautious lest he should make a mistake.
- f you should see him, tell him to see me.
"f" ile kullanmnda devrik yap oluturabilir.
- Should you see him, tell him to see me.
2. #So t8*t# ve #!& or-er t8*t# !0e
- He turned the volume down so that we should hear him.
Onu duymamz iin sesi kst.
Bu kullanmda "should" yerine "could/would" gibi yardmc yklemler de kullanlabilir. eviri asndan, "could"
kullanldgnda "-Ebl" taksnn eklenmesi dnda, hibir degiiklik olumaz.
@. Zoru&0u0u. 3* -* 7&e+ be0!rt+e-e
Zorunluluk, nem ve tercih belirten
agree, demand, marvel, regret, advise, desire, move, rejoice, allow, determine, ordain, request,
arrange, enjoin, order, require, ask, ensure, pledge, resolve, beg, entreat, play, rule, command, grant,
prefer, stipulate, concede, insist, pronounce, suggest, decide, instruct, propose, urge, decree, intend,
recommend, vote, wonder
yklemleri ve
absurd, better, just, ridiculous, advisable, concerned, ludicrous, right, amazing, eager, natural, strange,
annoying, essential, necessary, surprising, anxious, important, odd, vital
sfatlar ile kullanlr. Kimi zaman, aagda verilen nc rnek cmlede oldugu gibi, "should" atlr ve yklem
yaln kalr. eviri asndan "should" kelimesinin olmas ya da olmamas bir degiiklik getirmez.
- He insisted that the contract should be read aloud.
- We recommend that you wait until the rain stops.
should leave
- People are demanding that she leave (AmE) the company.
leaves(BrE)
- t is amazing that she should confess the murder.
76
FEVRK AA$I JL INVERSIKN1
1. T*&5+
Cmle iindeki normal yapnn (S+V+O) vurgu saglamak amac degitirilmesidir. Bu yapda ya yardmc yklem
[1] (asl yklemin "be" olmas durumunda yklemin kendisi [2]) ya da zneyi niteleyen sfat [3] znenin nnde
yer almaktadr.
- We came late, and so did he. [1]
- We are here, and so is he. [2]
- Tired as he was, he went on walking. [3]
2. Ku00*&5+
Aagdaki kullanm rneklerinde gsterilen kelime ve yaplar, cmle iinde bu rneklerde verilen konumlarnda
(cmle banda vs.) olmalar durumunda sadece devrik yapda kullanlabilmektedir. rnegin,
- You can nowhere find a better friend
cmlesinde "never" kelimesi cmlede ortalarda yer almaktadr ve cmlede devrik yap sz konusu degildir. Oysa
"never" kelimesi 9.2.1 maddesinde de ele alndg gibi, cmlenin bana alndgnda, -*!+* devrik yap ile
kullanlr.
- Nowhere can you find a better friend.
Devrik yaplarn Trke'ye aktarm esnasnda, mmknse, devrik yapnn sagladg vurgunun verilmesine aba
gstermek gerekir.
2.1. Z*+*& ve 3er be0!rte& 3*/50*r !0e
Zaman ve yer belirten
at no time, hardly ... when, never, no sooner ... than, not till, nowhere, only, only after,
only then/when, rarely, scarcely, scarcely ... when, seldom
yaplar ile kullanlr.
- At no time was he aware of the facts.
Hi bir zaman, gereklerin farknda degildi.
- Hardly/Scarcely had said hello when he punched me.
Daha yeni merhaba demitim ki beni yumruklad.
- Never before have received such a nice present.
Daha nce hi bu kadar gzel bir hediye almam??tm.
- No sooner had said hello than he punched me.
Daha yeni merhaba demitim ki beni yumruklad.
- Not till he got home did he understand what the joke was.
Ne zamanki eve vard, ancak o zaman espriyi anlayabildi. /Eve varana kadar espriyi
anlayamad.
- Nowhere can you find a better servant.
Hibiryerde (bundan) daha iyi bir hizmeti bulamazsn.
- Only here do they sell octopus meat.
Ahtapot eti sadece burada satlr.
- Only after a year did she start to talk to me again.
Ancak bir yl sonra benimle yeniden konumaya balad.
- Only then did see that the plan was faulty.
Plann hatal oldugunu ancak o zaman anladm.
- Rarely could we get fresh bread.
Taze ekmek bulmak bir mucizeydi.
77
- Scarcely / Seldom had he been late.
Hemen hi ge kalmamt.
2.2. Ko(u0 be0!rte& 3*/50*r !0e
Koul belirten
in no circumstances, in no way, only by, only this way, only when, on no account, under
no circumstances
yaplar ile kullanlr.
- n / Under no circumstances are we authorised to seal this document.
Hibir koulla bu belgeye damga vurmaya yetkili degiliz.
- n no way can your money be refunded.
Paranz hibir koulla geri denemez.
- Only in this way were we able to make the car start.
Arabay sadece bu ekilde altrabildik.
- Only by pushing were we able to start the car.
Arabay ancak iterek altrabildik.
- Only when he became ill did he appreciate the central heating.
Ne zamanki hastaland, merkezi stmann kymetini o zaman anlad.
- On no account are people allowed to eat in the theatre building.
Hibir ekilde tiyatro binasnda yiyecek yenemez.
2.@. $ot only% so% neither% nor !0e
- Not only did they steal his money, but they also beat him.
Sadece parasn almakla kalmadlar, bir de dvdler.
- We all like horror films, and so does my father.
Hepimiz korku filmlerinden holanyoruz; babam da.
- "'m not hungry."
- "Neither / Nor am ."
- He didn't protest, nor did he say a single word.
Protesto etmedigi gibi tek bir kelime de etmedi.
2.D. so & s'ch ((( that !0e
- So delicious was the meal that we couldn't help wondering whether it was really Jane who had
cooked it.
Yemek o kadar lezzetliydi ki bir an yemegi yapann gerekten de Jane olup olmadgn merak
ettik.
2.G. Aer be0!rte& #/re/o%!t!o&#0*r !0e
- n came Tom.
(Ve) ieri Tom girdi.
- Up jumped two large dogs.
Yukar iki iri kpek zplad.
- Round the corner walked a policeman.
Bir polis memuru keyi dnd.
- Under the table was lying a huge dog.
Masann altnda koskoca bir kpek yatyordu.
2.H. )omparati*e cla'se !0e
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- His answer was shameful; equally regrettable was his behaviour.
Verdigi yant utan vericiydi - davran da bir okadar zcyd.
- A year ago two crashes occurred at the corner, and more recently has come the news of a
third.
Bir yl nce bu kede iki kaza oldu, ve u yaknlarda bir ncsnn haberi geldi.
2.M. )ondition cla'se !0e
- Should there be a delay, call me.
Bir gecikme olursa beni ara.
- Had we known about your coming, we could have met you at the airport.
Geliinden haberimiz olsayd seni havaalannda karlardk.
2.N. )oncession cla'se !0e
- Hard as you may study, doubt you'll pass.
Ne kadar ok alsan da geeceginden kukuluyum.
2.O. +eason cla'se !0e
- Tired as he was, he stopped walking.
Yorgun oldugu iin yrmeyi kesti.
2.1P. Similarity and )omparison cla'se !0e
- Tom was a man of power, as had his father been.
Eskiden babasnn oldugu gibi Tom da kudretli bir adamd.
2.11. e(!t0! %5>*t0*r0*
- Little did we imagine that the whole Soviet Union would collapse.
Sovyetler Birligi'nin kecegi aklmzdan bile gemezdi.

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ANA , EVERA JKNE,BKFA,T2IN,T2ERE
1. A&3
"Any" aagdaki anlamlarda kullanlabilir.
- haven't got *&3 brothers.
Hi erkek kardeim yok.

ol'ms', yap#&anlam + any - hi.

- can eat *&3t8!&=.
Ne olsa yiyebilirim.

ol'ml' yap#&anlam + any - ne ol'rsa ols'n&herhangi /ir
Bundan tr,
- Nobo-3 can ride this horse.
Bu ata hikimse binemez.
- A&3bo-3 can ride this horse.
Bu ata isteyen herkes/kim istese binebilir.
- n Turkey, anybody can be a taxi driver.
2. Ever3
"Every" kelimesinin, eviri asndan, bir tek aagda deginilen kullanm nem tamaktadr.
- Not ever3o&e knows this formula.
Bu forml 8er.e% b!0+e).
rnek cmlede de grldg gibi, bu yap olumsuz yklem ile Trke'ye aktarlmaktadr.
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