Lou van der Sluis

Delft University of Technology

The Netherlands
JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD
-

( 2008. 3. 26. )
(jkchong@keri.re.kr)

1
1

1.1

1.2 LC

1.3

1.4

11

13

2.1

13

2.2 -(Sequence Components)

15

2.3 (sequence networks)

17

2.4.1

18

2.4.2

19

2.5

23

24

3.1

24

3.2

26

3.3

27

3.4

28

3.4.1

30

3.4.2

31

3.5

32

3.6

33

3.7

36

3.8 (Lattice diagram)

37

3.9

38

- 1 -

40

4.1

41

4.2

43

4.3 -

44

4.4 SF6

44

4.5

45

4.6 (modelling)

45

4.7 -

51

4.8

55

5.

58

5.1

58

5.2 (capative inrush current)

62

5.3 - (interrupting small inductive currents)

63

5.4

64

5.5 -

65

5.6

69

71

6.1

73

6.1.1 IEC 60056-1987

73

6.1.2 ANSI/IEEE

75

6.1.3 IEC ANSI/IEEE

76

6.2

76

6.3

77

7. -

79

7.1

79

7.2

80

7.3

81

7.4

82

7.5

87

8.

88

8.1 (EMTP)

89

8.2 MNA

92

8.3 XTRANS

94

8.4 MATLAB Power System Blockset

98

8.5

100

9 , ,

102

- 2 -

9.1 (IEC)

103

9.2 (ANSI)

104

9.3 (CIGRE)

104

9.4 (STL)

104

9.5

105

9.6

108

10

109

10.1

109

10.2

110

10.3

111

10.4

112

10.5

115

10.6

116

10.6.1

116

10.6.2

119

10.7 (setup)

120

10.8

121

- 3 -


,
. ,
.


.
. ,
. , ,
.
. -
, .
- ,
, (disturbance)

. , ,
, -
- -
. (transient) .
,
(peak) .
.
.
Charles Proteus, Steinmetz,
Oliver Heaviside .
. ,
. 2 ,
. (TNA ;
Transient Network Analyzer)
. TNA (distributed constant)
(impedance)
. Analogue-TNA .
1951 Harold Peterson TNA Transients in
Power System . Peterson
(, , (surge), )
General Electric Company
. 1950 Reinhold Ruedenberg
Transient Performance of Power Systems
. ,
,

AEG

Siemens

- 1 -

Biermanns Slamecka
.
1977 KEMA de Zoeten
. IEC ANSI
, , ,
.
Allan Greenwood Electrical Transient in Power System'

. 15 KEMA .
.
, Transient Recorder Computer
Workstation . KEMA
IEC
.
1990 Delft (university of technology)
. 1992
. ,
0
.
. 2 , (upgrade) . 1996
Adriaan de Lange

. Adriaan
, 0 ,
. Adriaan .
1
. ,

,
. , -
. 3 (lay out) 2
. 3 (stress)
,
3 .

. , , -
4 . 5
, , , ,
. 6

. IEC ANSI
. 7 -

- 2 -

 .
.
. 8
.
EMTP, TNA Xtran MathLAB (block)

Xtran

http://eps.et.eudelft.nl (download) .
IEC, ANIS, CIGRE, STL IEC
IEEE/ANSI 9 . , ,
10 .

Tirza Drisi Henk

Paling . Pieter Schavemaker
. 8 Pieter

. 6 KEMA
Henk te Paske IEC ANSI
. KEMA Martijn Venema .
Lou van der Sluis
Noordrop, spring 2001

- 3 -

1

() () .
,
, .

.
.
(Kirchhoff) , ,
(lump) . ,
(Poynting vector)
.
, ,
(Complex Calculus) (Phasor)
. ( ),
( ) .
.
.
.
, 1 2
. , ,
(Stray capacitance) 1 2
.
.
,
,
.
(translation)
.
.
.
,
. ,
.
, .
.
.
. ,
. ,
. .

- 4 -


.


. .
( 0) (
) .
.

1.1
(sin) ( 1.1)
.
(single-phase) .
.
, , ,
. .

.
,
.( ) (the
first-order homogeneous differential equation) .
(non-homogeneous differential equation)
.
. 1.1
.

(1.1)

0 2
.
.

(1.2)

(scalar) (eigenvalue).
, (1.1) .

(1.3)

(1.1) .

- 5 -

(1.4)

A B .

(1.5)

(1.6)

(1.4)

(1.7)

1.1 ,
(the conservation of flux)
. .

(1.8)

. .

(1.9)

(1.9) .
.
. , 0 ,
. .
90
1.2 .
1.2 .
, .

- 6 -

 .
,
.
, ,
,
.
, ( ) .

.
.

1.2 LC
.
,
.
.
1.3
. ,
.
.
.

(1.10)

(1.11)

.
.

(1.12)

0
(flux) .
.
(trapped) .

- 7 -

 .
(1.12) .

(1.13)

(1.10) .

(1.14)

(1.14) LC .
* , (natural frequency)
.

* (peak)
. , .

(1.15)

(1.16)

(1.17)

1.4 3 . 1.4
,
. ,
. ,
,
,
(inrush current) .

- 8 -

1.3
(damping)
.
( 1.5) .

(1.18)

( )
.

(1.19)

(1.20)

, .

(1.21)

(1.22)

, ,
(positive)

, , ,
, , . .
.

(1.23)

, (particular solution) .
.

(1.24)

. (1.24) (1.18)
.

- 9 -

(1.25)

(1.26)

3 .
1. , (overdamped) .
(1.21) .
.

(1.27)

,
2. , .
(Critically damped) .
.

(1.28)

.
3. , (1.23) , .
, , ,
(1.23) .

(1.29)

- 10 -

(1.30)

,
(1.30) .

(1.31)

.
(1.31) .

(1.32)
,

, .

(1.33)

, .
3 1.6 . ,
.
,
.

,
(lags) (leads).

1.4
Boyce, W. E. and DiPrima, R. C., Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary
Value Problems, 3rd ed., Chapter3, Wiley & Sons, New York, 1977.
Edminister, J. A., Electric Circuit, 2nd ed., Chapter 5, McGraw-Hill, New York,
1983.
Greenwood, A., Electrical Transient in Power Systems, 2nd ed., Chapter 1-4, Wiley
& Sons, New York, 1991.
Happoldt, H. and Oeding, D., Elektrische Kraftwerke und Netze, 5th ed., Chapter 17,

- 11 -

Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1978.

Ruedenberg, R., Transient Performance of Electric Power Systems: Phenomena in
Lumped Networks, Chapter 3, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1950.
Ruedenberg, R., in H. Dorsch and P. Jacottet, eds., Elektrische Schaltvorgaenge, 5th
ed., Vol. I, Chapter 2, 3 Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1974.
Slamecka, E. and Waterschek, W., Schaltvorgaenge in Hoch- und Niederspannungsnetzen, Chapter 3, 5, Siemens Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin, 1972.
Wylie, C. R. and Barrett, L. C., Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 5th ed., Chapter
6, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1989.

- 12 -

2
, ,
. , (

) ,
.
.
,
.
(line-to-ground) , ,
.
. (line-to-line)
.
.
,
.
,
.
. (symmetrical components) , (sequence networks)
.
, (isolated)
. ,
.
. (sequence network)
() .

2.1
1918 C. L. Fortescue "Method of Symmetrical Coordinates Applied to the
Solution of Polyphase Networks( )"
The Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineering
.
.
(phasors) .
. 2.1 3 .

(2.1)

- 13 -

 , , 3 , , ,

, , , 120 2
. , , .
(2.1) .

-(positive phasors), -(negative
phasors), -(zero phasors) .

(2.2)

(2.3)

120 . (2.2) -
.

(2.4)

(2.5)

(2.4) 0 (zero sequence), 1 (positive sequence), 2

(negative sequence) . , ,
.
a-b-c
.
a-c-b ,
0 .

-(nonsingular)

(symmetrical

component transformation) (unique). -,

. 17
. , (2.4), (2.5)

- 14 -

2.2 -(Sequence Components)

(unequal) (self impedance)
(mutual impedance) 2.2 .

(2.6)

(set)
. .
.

(2.7)

, .

(2.8)

(2.9)

.
.
(2.9) .

(2.10)

(2.11)

(2.12)

- 15 -

 , . (2.12),
(reciprocal) . ,

. (2.10) (2.9)
.

(2.13)

.
(coupling) . ,
(mutual effects) ,
.
. ,
. .
.
.
.
(2.11) (2.12) .

(2.14)

(2.15)

(2.14), (2.15) (2.10) ,

- , (reciprocal),
.
(equal impedance)
a

(2.16)

. .

(2.17)

- 16 -

(2.18)

(diagonal) , ,
.
. ,
(reciprocal) . ,
.
. ,
.
.
.
, ,
.

2.3 (sequence networks)

.
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
.

.
(unique) 2- 1-
, (Thevenin) . ,
,
.
.
.
.
, (
), . 2.3 , ,
.
, .
(external) ,
.

- 17 -

. .
.

, 2.3
.

(2.19)

2.4
.
. , .
, , .
.
.
,
.
.
.

.
.
2.4.1
2.4 .
2.4 .

(2.20)

(2.21)

(2.22)

(2.23)

, (2.21)
.

(2.24)

- 18 -

 . (2.24)

. 2.5
. 2.5 .

(2.25)

(2.24)
.
2.4.2
,
.
. 2.6 .
2.6 .

(2.26)

(2.27)

(2.28)

(2.29)

(2.30)

(2.31)

.
.

(2.32)

, . 2.7
. ,
.
,

- 19 -

,
. ,
(TRV) . 0
.(4 )
90 .
.
TRV .
2.8 .

. ,
.
.
.

(2.33)

,
.
(2.34)

(2.2) .

(2.35)

(2.36)

(2.37)

(2.33) .
(2.38)

(2.37) (2.38) .

(2.39)

- 20 -

(2.40)

(2.41)

(2.35) (2.36) .

(2.42)

(2.33) .

(2.43)

(2.44)

(2.45)

(2.45) (2.43) , .

(2.46)

(2.42) (2.46)

(2.47)

(2.41)

(2.48)

(2.34) (common node)

. (2.41) ,
.
2.9
.
.

- 21 -

(2.49)

(2.50)

(Bolted fault) .
(2.3)
.

(2.51)

(the First-pole-to-clear(FPTC) factor" .

(2.52)

, , , ,
. (power factor) .
. , ,
, , .
, .
.
, .
(2.52) .

(2.53)

, 1.5.
.
TRV
2 . (isolated neutral)

3 .
.

- 22 -

(2.54)

1 . ,
1 .
.

2.5
Anderson, P. M., Analysis of Faulted Power System, Power Systems Engineering
Series, IEEE Press, 1995.
Fortescue, C. L., "Method of symmetrical coordinates applied to the solution of
polyphase networks," Trans. AIEE, 37 (Part II), 1329 ff. (1918).
Greenwood, A., Electrical Transient in Power System, Chapter 6 Wiley & Sons,
New York, 1991.
Grainger, J. J. and Stevenson, Jr., W. D., Power System Analysis, Chapter 11 and
12, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1994.
Peterson, H., A., "Transient in power system, Chapter 4, Section 6, Wiley & Sons,
New York, Chapman & Hall, London, 1951.
Slamecka, E. and Waterschek, W., Schaltvorgaenge in Hoch- und Niederspannungsnetzen, Chapters 1 and 2, Siemens Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin, 1972.
Taylor, E. O., ed., Power System Transients, Chapter 1, Section : Faults, George
Newnes, 1954.

- 23 -

3
. ,
.
, , .
. ,
. -
(pi-section)
. 3.1 .
- ,
,
.
, .
.
. ,
, . , -
.
.
.

,
. ,
,
.

, ,
. , ,
, ,
.

.

3.1
3.2
.

. ,

, ,

.
,

- 24 -

lim lim

(3.1)

. .
(3.1) ,
.

lim

(3.2)

.
.

(3.3)

.
1
, .

(3.4)
(3.5)

. (XLPE-N2XS2Y-1*120/16-18/30kV : , ,
Earth screen ) .

.
. .
(3.1) .

(3.6)

- 25 -

(3.7)

.
. ,
, XLPE , .
3.2
. . 3.3
, .
.

(3.8)

(3.9)

- ,
, -
. ,
.
.
.

(3.10)

(3.11)

. (
, )

- 26 -


.
,
.

3.3

.
*
*
*
*
*
*
,

. 3.4 .
.

(3.12)

.

. ( )

(3.13)

(3.14)

(3.15)

- 27 -

(3.16)

,
. , .
(3.15)
(3.16) .

(3.17)

(3.18)

/ .
,
.

, ,
.
.
.

3.4
, , ,
.
Oliver Heaviside(1850-1925)
.
3.4 , ,
( ), , ,
.
.

(3.19)

(3.20)

- 28 -

(3.21)

(3.22)

(3.23)

(3.24)

, .

Heaviside , .
.

(3.25)

(3.26)

,
2 .

- 29 -

(3.27)
(3.28)

(3.29)

(3.30)

( )

(3.31)

( )

(3.32)

(3.33)

(3.27) (3.28) .

(3.34)

(3.35)

.
3.4.1
, .
.

(3.36)

(3.37)

.
.

(3.38)

(3.39)

,
.

- 30 -

(3.40)

Heaviside .

(3.41)

(3.38) (3.39) ,
.

(3.42)

(3.43)

,
.( 3.5)
(


)
.
3.4.2
.
, -

. ( ) ,

.
,
. ,
. .
, .
, ( (3.34)) .

(3.44)

( (3.44)) .

- 31 -

(3.45)

 , .
,

3.5
,
. ,
,
?
(adjustment) .
,
. (continuous) . ,
. 3.6
.
( , ) ,
.

(3.46)

(incident wave) .
3.6
. .
, , .
.

(3.47)

,
. .

(3.48)

- 32 -

(3.49)

(3.48) (3.49) .

(3.50)

(3.51)

(3.52)

(3.53)

. ,
.
.
.
,
.
. ,
, .

. Sebastiano Ziani de Ferranti(1864-1930)
.

.

(3.54)

1 .

3.6

- 33 -

 .
. (standing wave) .
,
.

.
3.7
.
, ,
.

. .
.


1 2
.

(3.55)

(3.56)

. .
2 1
0

0 .
,
0
.
. 1
. 1
.

.(
3.8) .

.

,

. (Gauss's law)
(net flux)
. .

- 34 -

(3.57)

(3.58)

.
.

(3.59)

,

.
.

(3.60)

0
.
.

(3.61)

, , .
.

(3.62)

(3.63)

- 35 -

 ,
.

, ,
.

3.7

.
0 ,
, ,
.
- -
. . ,
. 3.9
.

. (Bolted terminal fault)'.
3.10 .
,
,
. (feeder)
.
,
. (isolated) ,
( ) 2(
) .

.
3.10 ,
3.11 . ,
(feeder)
.

3.12
. ( .)
3.12
,
.
3.13 .

- 36 -

(3.64)

. 0 .
, 0
.
.

. .
, ,
3.14 .

.
, , ,
.

3.8 (Lattice diagram)

Bewley ,
. 3.15
,
.
.
.

1
1 . (
) ,
.
.

- 37 -

 , .
,
.
. ,
.

3.16 .
. 1
(3.50) (3.52)

.
,
3.16 ,
3.17 .
3.17 .
.

.
.

3.9
Baatz, H., Ueberspannungen in Energieversorgunsgnetzen, Part C, Chapter 1-5,
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1956.
Bewley, L. V., Travelling Wave on Transmission System, 2nd ed., Chapters 1-4,
Dover Publication, Mineola, New York, 1963.
Browne, T. E., Jr., Circuit Interruption, Chapter 3, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1984.
Feynman, R. P., The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol. II Chapter 22, Addison
Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1997, 6th printing.
Garzon, R. D., High-Voltage Circuit Breaker, Chapter 3, Marcel Dekker, New York,
1997.
Grainger, J. J. and Stevenson, Jr., W. D., Power System Analysis, Chapter 4, 5,
Mc-Graw Hill, New York, 1991.
Greenwood, A., Electrical Transients in Power System, 2nd., ed., Chapter 9, Wiley
&Sons, New York., 1991.
Happoldt, H. and Oeding, D., Elektrische Kraftwerke und Netze, 5th ed., Chapter 17,
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1978.
Paul, C. R., Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility, Chapter 3, Wiley & Sons,
New York, 1992.
Ruedenberg, R., Elektrische Wanderwellen 4th, ed., Parts I, II, IV, Chapter 1, 6, 17,
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1962
Reudenberg, R., Electrical Shock Waves in Power Systems PART I, II, IV, Chapter

- 38 -

1, 6, 17, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1968.

Wagner, C. L. and Smith, H. M., "Analysis of transient recovery voltage(TRV) rating
concepts," IEEE T-PAS, 103(11), 3354-3362, 1984.

- 39 -

4

. ,


.
.
.
, ,
.
.
-
-
- .
- .
- .

. , ,
SF6 - .
.

.
.
, -, SF6
.
1907 J. N. Kelman .
.

. 1956 SF6
T. E. Brown, F. J. Lingal A. P. Strom .
SF6 .
J. Slepian ,
.
(refinement) .

. .
1939 A. M. Cassie
, 1943 O.

- 40 -

Mayr .

.
, ,

.

, .
SF6 550kV 63kA
.

4.1
,
.
.

.

. ,
, , SF6 .
.
, Van der Waals
.
.
,
. .

.
,
sms .
(sulphur) (Fluorine)
. .
(ionisation) ,
.
.
.
, , (Saha's)
.

(4.1)

- 41 -

(Boltzmann's)
4.1
. 4.1
.


. (4.1) ,
.
- .
- ,
.
-
.
.
-
.
3 , 4.2
(column), .
, . 4.3
.
,
, , .

(adjust). ,
, .

.
,
. , (, , , )

.
. (spot)
.
.
, (boil) ,
(evaporation) .

- 42 -

 (field emission)
. ,
(emanate)
.
.
.
.
Maecker effect" .
. (mode)
.

. .
, .
.
,
, .
,
. ,
. , , SF6 - ,
.

4.2
20 . ,
.
-
.

. -
(plain-break") . 1901 J. N. Kelman 40kV 200-300A . Kelman
(barrel) . -
. ,
. .
1930 (chamber) .
(explosion pot) , .

.
, 4.4
.
- .
(porcelain) .

- 43 -

 - .
.

4.3 -
.
.
. 50kV

(magnetic air-blast) . ,
. .
.
- . .
- - - . -
- - .
(arc-chute compartment) .
- ,
. -
- .
. -
.
, -
, AEG - .

4.4 SF6
SF6 1920 , 1940 SF6
. 1959 SF6
. - .
SF6 ,
SF6 . SF6
. SF6
( )
.
, -
. 4.5
(opening stroke) , ,
.
(TEFLON) .
SF6
.
SF6

- 44 -

 . , ,
. (
)
.
. '- ' .
-
.
.
, .
.

, . -
. - -

(compact) .

4.5
.

, .

.
1926 . 1960
-(gas-free) ,
. .

. -// .
/ .
4.6 (slit) , 4.7 HOLEC
.
- .
- .
72.5kV
31.5kA .
- 10
.
(chopping current) .
, stalled motor
.

4.6 (modelling)

- 45 -

 .
3 .
- ( )
-
-
(Prototype)
.
.
. - - ,
- .
, 1
(Saha) , . -
, ,
. (Ohm)

.
-
(transport) . -
-(transfer)
. , ,
.
.
()

(4.2)

( Navier-stokes )

(4.3)

- 46 -

(4.4)

(decouple) ,
-
(wall-constricted) . z .

(4.5)

--
.
, ,
, .
.
.
, ,
.
.
(sense) .
.

.
,
, .

(4.6)

- 47 -

.
.

(4.7)

(4.8)

(4.8)

(4.9)

(4.10)

(4.7) (4.8) (4.10)

.

(4.11)

.
.
1939 A. M. Cassie
.
. ()

- 48 -

 .
.
:

:
:
:
:
.

(4.12)

(4.13)

(4.12) (4.13)

(4.14)

(4.15)

(4.16)

(4.14), (4.15), (4.16) (4.11)

.

(4.17)

, (4.17) .

(4.18)

(4.18)

- 49 -

(4.19)

(4.19) .

8000K
.

.
.
, ,
(4.1) .

(4.20)

.
(4.11) .

(4.21)

(4.22)

. (4.21) , .

(4.23)

- ,
.

8000K
.
1959 .
(interval)
.
-

, , ,
. 1980 KEMA KEMA
KEMA . KEMA

- 50 -

 (simulation) .
(4.7 - ). ,
0 - -
.

4.7 -
0

. .
.
.
. . .
.
, .
, .
,
,
- (post-arc current) .
-
.
.
- . , .
.

.
, , ,
.
.

, ,
, (voltage transformer), (current transformer)
. 4.8
.
.

(4.24)

.

, ,
, .

- 51 -

 ,
. IEC60056 10%,
30%, 60% 100% .

. , 145kV-40kA-50Hz 100%
.
.

(4.25)

.

. IEC 60056
, 100% , .

,
.
. 4.9
.

.

(4.26)

.
.
.

(4.27)

, ,
.

(4.28)

- 52 -

 , 0

(4.29)

, ,
.

. ,
,
.
SF6
,
. ,
.

, .

. ,
. 5
. ,
. ,
, 0 0
. ,
,

.
,
, .
,
0 . ,
.
, SF6, (gaseous arc) .
.
0 (discrete) .
. 10
.
.
90 .
,

- 53 -

(4.30)

0.4 1 .
,
, (4.30)
, (4.10) .

(4.31)

(4.3) ,

(4.31) ,

(4.32)

(4.32) .

(4.33)

4.10

(4.34)

. ,

, .

- 54 -

 , ,
0 ,
0 .
, - -

.
. SF6 ,
, - , .

4.8
Biermanns, J. and Hochrainer, A., "Hochspannungs-Schaltgerte," AEG-Mitt, Jg. 47,
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Jr.,

T.

E.,

"Practical

Modelling

of

the

circuit

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Arc

as

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H,

"Mathematische

Modelle

des

Schaltlichtbogens,:

ETZ

Archiv

H7,

S209-S213 (1980).
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- 55 -

9, MIT Press, Cambridge, USA, 1975.

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K.,

ed.,

"Die

Geschichte

der

Mayrschen

Differentialgleichung

des

Dynamischen Lichtbogens", Tech. Mitt. AEG-Telefunken, Jg. 62(7), S338-S341

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Chander,

M.

Power

System

Protection

and

Switchgear,

Chapters 1, 13, 14, 16, Wiley Eastern, New Delhi, 1977.

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W.,

"Circuit

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physical

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engineering

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Part

Fundamentals," IEEE Spectrum (July), 35-43 (1970); Part II : Design considerations,

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IEEE

Power

System

Transient

Recovery

Voltages,

Chapter

course

#87TH0176-8-PWR (1987)
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in Hoch-und Niederspan-

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- 57 -

5.
, , , ,
, .
.
. ,
,
. ,
. ,
.
90 , .
, 90 ,
.
,
.
- SF6 .

- . ,
,
.

5.1

. ,
.
,
.
, . 5.1
.
. TRV
, , , .
,

. , 90
.

.
.
. 1/2 ,
,
5.2 .

- 58 -

 , .
, ,
,
. , .
.

(5.1)

(5.2)

(5.3)

, .
20kV , 50Hz, 10MVAR ,
31.5kArms.

(5.4)

(5.5)

.
.

(5.6)

, 9.2
.

(5.7)

- 59 -



. - ,
,
. - ,
. ,
, - .
. ,
.
,
. - ,
, ,
. 5.3

. .

(5.8)

(5.9)

.
, .
, .
.
. ,
.
, ,

, .
.
.
.
, . , 5ms
(re-ingnition) , 5ms
(restrike) .
-(restrike-free) .
( 5.1

- 60 -

 )
,
, .
(prestrike)" .
. - , ,
.
- SF6 ,
.
(back-to-back) .
5.4
, .

, .
( )
.
.

.
, .
.
, ,
. ,
, .
, .
.
,
.
- , 5.5 -
- .
(, 1) , 2, 3
. 1

. (2
), 3 , 1 2
. , 0.2
0.4 . , ,
.
5.6 TRV
.
, , ,
2.8
.

- 61 -

 .
, ,
.
. (earth screen) lead sheet 3
, .
,
, TRV TRV
.

5.2 (capative inrush current)

(filter out)
.
( ) .
, . 5.8
.
5.9 .
1 LC ,
. .
, ,
.

(5.10)

,

,
.
.
,
.
, , 31.5kArms, 50Hz
20kV 10MVAR .
( 5.4),
(5.5).

(5.6) . 5.9
.
, (5.10)
. - 10
.
, .
, .

- 62 -

, , (weld)
. - SF6 -" 5.1
.
, - , , SF6
.

5.3 - (interrupting small inductive currents)

- , -
.

. ,
. -
, , . -
5.10 . ,
. .
, , , .
,
.
- ,
.
(5.11)

, . ,
, .

(5.12)

2~3 ,
. TRV
,
. ,
.

(5.13)

, .
,
(5.11)

- 63 -

. .
,
.
.
.
- -
. ( )
. ,
. ,
- ,

, .

5.4

,
.
. ,
,
.
, ,
. .
.
,
(magntising current) 2~3
. 5.11 .

.( 1
)
. , (

2) .
0 ,
0 ,
.(3)
,


,

0 .

, .
. .(5)
.(6)

, ,

. ,

.
.
,

- 64 -

 .
,

. , ,
.( 5.12)

5.5 -
1950 -
. ,
-
.
2~3km . -
. , - .
-
. -
. ,
. ,
. SF6 ,
2~3km -
. , - ,
km .
. TRV TRV .
5.13 - .
- , TRV .
TRV
. TRV ,
LCR- .
. TRV 5.14 .
.
BTF .
.
, .
, ,
. ,
0 .
.
. (35 )

, ,
. ,
.

- 65 -

 . ,
.
TRV ,
, .

.
- .
-
, TRV .
, ,
.
(Critical line length) .
. SF6 , 93
, - , 75 85 .( 5.15)

.
, 100 ,
, 90 - .
.

(5.14)

.
* ,( - )
.
* .
* , .
* .
* .
.
* .
.
.
* .
, TRV
.
. TRV
.
- ,

- 66 -

 ,
. -
. , ,
, , 5.16
.

(5.15)

, , - , , , ,
. - .

(5.16)

5.17 .

(2,
) .

(5.15) - ,
. , -
.
.
.
.
. 2~3km ,
. ,
, (distort) . km 1
(prolongation) .
. 5.17
. ( 5.15) .

- 67 -

(5.17)

50, 60Hz
.
,

(5.18)

, ,
. , . (5.17)
,
.
, . ( ,
). . ,
, , -
.
5.17 .

(5.19)

, .(4.7
- )

(5.20)

. TRV
.
.
,
. (ACSR;aluminum core steel
reinforced) , .
.
5.17
. .
- .

, ,
. 50, 60
.

- 68 -

(5.21)

. ,
. (5.17)
.

(5.22)

. ,
. .
5.18 .
.

5.6
Baatz, H., Ueberspannungen in Energieversorfungsnetzen, Part G, Chapter 6, 7,
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1956.
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Cigre

SC

13,

WG

05,

"The

calculation

of

switching

surges

II

Network

representation for energisation and re-energisation studies on lines fed by an

inductive source" Electra 32, (1974).
Cigre SC 13, WG 05, "The calculation of switching surged III : Transmission line
representation for energisation studies with complex feeding networks," Electra 62,
(1979)
Dorsch,

H.,

"Ueberspannungen

und

Isolationnsbemessung

bei

Drehstrom

Hochspannungsanlagen," Chapter 1, Siemens Aktiengesellshaft, Berlin, 1981.

Ferschl, L. et al., "Theoretical and experimental investigations of compressed gas
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Greenwood, A., Electrical Transient in power system, 2nd ed., Chapter 3, 5, Wiley
& Sons, New York, 1991.
Happoldt, H. and Oeding, D., Elektrishe Krafwwerke und Netze, Chapter 17,
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1978.
Humphries, M. B. and Dubanton, M., "Transient Recovery voltage in the short line
fault regime initial transient recovery voltage" Plenum press, New York, 1978.
Kennedy, M. W., in Flurscheim, C. H., ed., Power circuit breaker: Theory and
Design, Chapter 3, Peter Peregrinus, london, 1975.

- 69 -

Nakanishi, K., ed., Switching phenomena in high-voltage circuit breaker," Chapter 1

, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1991.
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Chapman & Hall, London, 1951.
Ragaller, K., ed., Current Interruption in High-voltage networks, Plenum Press New
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Ruedenberg, R., Elektrishce Wanderwellen, Part II, Chapter 9, Springer-Verlag,
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R.,

in

von

H.,

Dorsch

and

P.,

Jacottet,

eds.,

Electrische

schaltvorgaenge, 5th, ed., Vol. II, Chapter 13, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1974.
Slamecka,

E.

and

Waterschek,

W.,

Schaltvorgaenge

in

Hoch-und

Niederspannungsnetzen, Chapter 3, 4, Siemens Altiengesellschaft, Berlin, 1978.

Thoren, B., "Short-Line Faults," Elteknik 9(2), 25-33 (1966).

- 70 -

6
,
, .

,
. .
(configuration) .
.
. .
.
.
.
. ,

.
, ,
. . .

, (type test)
.
,
.
, 0 ,
. SF6
.
.
,
. .(5 )
, 1950 , TRV
. 4-
1957 ,

.
1960 , .
- .
. (IEC)
(Subcommittee) 17 (CIGRE;Conference Internationale
des

Grand

Reseaux

Electriques

Haute

Tension)

(Study

Committee)( 3)
. (Working group ; CIGRE 3.1)
1959 , 245kV

- 71 -

 -
. . : 1962
, : 1965 . 2000

45kA

.
.

56-2(1971), IEC 4-

2- .

245kV . 765kV ,
(extrapolate).
420kV
. IEC 56-2(1971)
.
CIGRE 13() TRV
13.01 . ,
.
(FPTC) 1.3,
.
IEC-SC-17A IEC 56-2 IEC 56-4
. 1976-1979 CIGRE 13.01
. 300kV .
.
IEC-SC-17A 1979 100kV TRV .
100kV TRV . CIGRE SC 13 1979
TRV
. Electra No. 88[10]
.
1981, WG 13-05 CIGRE-SC-13
TRV .
. Electra
No. 102[11] . 1994 1998 CIGRE CIRED
WG CC-03 100kV TRV . WG CC-03
Electra No. 181[12] . IEC 5
. IEC60056, IEC60129, IEC61633 ,
IEC60056(1987) 4, 17A WG21 2001 5
. ANSI/IEEE
. ANSI (the american national standards institute) , IEEE
(the institute of electrical and electronics engineers) .
.
IEEE Std. 37.04-1999

: IEEE Standard Rating Structure for AC High-Voltage

Circuit Breakers
ANSI C37.06-1997 : AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical

- 72 -

Current Basis-Preferred Ratings and Related Required Capabilities

IEEE Std. 37.09-1999

: IEEE Standard Test Procedure for AC High-Voltage

Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis

IEC ANSI/IEEE .

6.1
. ,

, ,

. IEC 4-

2-

. IEC 2- 4- 6.1
.
2- (nominal) 100kV
, 4- TRV 100kV .

1960
. 245kV.
. 765kV
245kV .
,
TRV . IEC
. TRV
.
, 245kV 10%, 30%, 60%,
100% . IEC ,
.
6.1.1 IEC 60056-1987
100kV TRV ,
.
10 ; IEC T10
IEC -1 .
. TRV
, 100kV 5.5kV/us 765kV 12.6kV/us.
, .
30 ; IEC T30
-2 . 30,
,
. 150 - 300

- 73 -

 . T10 .
100kV 5kV/us. TRV
, .
60 ; IEC T60
IEC -3. 2, 3, 4
, 100kV
TRV 3kV/us .
.
100 ; IEC T100S
-4 , TRV 2kV/us ,
,
.
.
a)

; ,
; (dead time)

( : ,
)
b)

.

.
100 ; IEC T100a
,
.
. (GIS)
, -

- .

- 74 -

 . -
,
. .
52kV
72.5kV 420kV
550kV
IEC 1960 , ANSI/IEEE TRV
. , . ANSI C37.06
TRV (envelop) . 100kV 6.2
(crest) 1.88 ,
.
100kV TRV 'exponential-cosine'
6.3 . ,
2kV/us ,

.
1.49,
. TRV
. TRV
IEEE IEC .
* 100kV IEEE TRV . IEC 2-
. 100kV IEEE 'exponential-cosine'
, IEC 4- .
* IEC TRV , IEEE
.
* IEC 1.3
1.5 . IEEE 100kV 1.3
.
* IEC TRV 100kV
ANSI .
6.1.2 ANSI/IEEE
IEC . 100kV TRV
. IEC 1.137 .
( ). 100kV ANSI/IEEE 1.5
, TRV .
, IEC 100 1.4
.
100kV ,

ANSI/IEEE IEC

. TRV , 'exponential-cosine' , IEC

2kV/us, 2us . IEEE C37.04-1999

- 75 -

 100kV , 1.3
. ANSI/IEEE IEC . 100kV 170kV
IEC .
1.5 1.3.

1.4 IEC , 'exponential-cosine'

.

6.1.3 IEC ANSI/IEEE
IEC ANSI/IEEE WG23

IEC

ANSI/IEEE . ,
.
100kV , TRV 2- .

, , IEC . 100kV
IEEE 'exponential-cosine' IEC 4- IEC
. ( -1)
( -2) 2- ,
1.5 1.54 .

6.2
, TRV , ,
. TRV ,
. : ,
. ,
TRV
. 6.4 delta-wye'
. 2( ) .
,

. 6.4b 2.9
.
'0' ,
1.0pu. . , 1.0
.
.
6.4c .
,
.
, '0.
0 , 1.0pu

- 76 -

. (damp) 2.0pu .
1( )
. (
) 2.0pu . 1.8pu .
.
6.5 .
, .
1.0pu -0.5pu . (2 ,
) 0 ,
, 2.0pu .
0 -0.5pu ,
. TRV ,
3.0pu .
6.4a ,
, 6.4b , , .
, 1.5pu ,
0 .
1.5pu , TRV , 3.0pu .

TRV . 1.5.
TRV
. . ,
.

.
TRV . (3.7
) ,
.
, TRV 2-, 4- .

6.3
6.1 Park, R. H. and Skeats, W. F., "Circuit breaker recovery voltage, Magnitudes
and Rates of Rise", Trans A.I.E.E., 204-239 (1931)
6.2

Catenacci,

G.,

"Le

frequenze

proprie

della

rete

Edison

ad

A.T.,"

L'Elettrotrechnica XLIII(3), (1956)

6.3 Pouard, M., "Nouvelles notions sur les vitesses de r tablissement de la tension
aux bornes de disjonteurs haute tension," Bulletin de la Soci t Francaise des
Electriciens, 7th series VIII(95), 748-764 (1958).
6.4 von Hochrainer, A., "Das Vier-Parameter-Verfahren zur Kennezeichnung der
Einschwingspannung in Netzen" ETZ 78(Part 19), 689-693 (1957).

- 77 -

6.5 Baltensperger, P., "Definition de la tension transitoire de r tablissement aux

bornes d'un disjoncteur par quatre param tres, possibilit s des station d'essais de
court-circuit," Bulletin de l'Association Suisse des Electriciens 3, (1960).
6.6 Ozaki, Y., "Switching surges on high-voltage systems," Central Research
Institute of Electric Power Industry, Tokyo, Japan, 1994.
6.7 Catenacci, G., Paris, L., Couvreux, J. P., and Pouard, M., "Transient Recovery
voltages

in

French

and

Italian

high-voltage

networks,"

IEEE,

PAS

1986(11),

1420-1431 (1967).
6.8 Barret, J. P., "D velopments r cents des m thodes d'etude des tensions
transistoires de manoeuvre sur les r seaux haute tension," Revue g n rale de l'
lectricit , 441-470 (1965).
6.9 Braun, A. et al., "Characteristics values of the transient recovery voltage for
different types of short circuits in an extensive 420kV system," ETZ-A, 97,
489-493 (1976).
6.10 Novotry, V. et al., "Transient revovery voltages in medium-voltage networks,"
Electra 88, 49-88 (1983).
6.11 Parrot, P. G. "A review of transformer TRV conditions," Electra 102, 87-118
(1985).
6.12 Bonfanti, I. et al., "Transient recovery voltages in medium-voltage networks,"
Electra 181, 139-151 (1998)

- 78 -

7. -

. .
,
,
(GIS)
.

, . -

.
* -. ( )
*
* -
, .
(solar spot)' 1989 3 10 3 13
(grid) . -

. ,
. ,
.
.

7.1
.

. .
2-3mm , ( 50km )
.
60V/m

500V/m .

(wind shear)
. ,
. .
.
, .
,
10,000V/m ,
.

- 79 -


. ,
. , (
(stream) (dim spark) .
(stepper leader)' (dart leader)' 30m
10msec .

'

(leader) , (main channel)

.
(stocahstic) , '
. 2-3 ,
150km/sec . (,
(return stroke)) .
. 100,000A
, 30,000K .
20bar . 5 10
, .
, 3 4, 10 100
. (flickering) ,
(rolling) . , 3,000K
,
. ,
.
, ,
. .
,
.( 7.1) ,
.
.

7.2
.
. 100,000 .
200,000A .
, .
, ,
. IEC .(7.2)
30 90 1.67 ,
50
. , .

. .

- 80 -

 (Basis Impulse level or BIL) ,

.
.

(7.1)

, .
, (7.1)
.
, .

7.3

.
,
. ( )
, .
,
.
,
. ' ,
. (, ,
) , (flashover) .
.
, ?
' ,
. (equalise),
.
, . .
.
3 .
. 7.3
.
(7.2)

,
,

- 81 -

 .
, (Transition point)
. .

. .
, . x
, x .
x
.(3 )

. (7.2)

(7.3)

(7.4)

7.4

.
, .
,

(7.5)

. ( a)
. a b (5 ) ,
b .

(7.6)

a b .
(7.7)

- 82 -

 .
, . ,

,
, . ,
.
, .
.
.
.
, .
.
,

.
.(3 3.5 )
7.4 ,

() . ,
, .
, .
.

(7.8)

.
,
.
.

(7.9)

(7.10)

- 83 -

(7.11)

(7.12)

(7.8) ,
,
,
.

(7.13)

(7.14)

(7.14) , .
, (7.14) .

(7.15)

( 7.4)
, .

(7.16)

. :
, , .
.

(7.17)

- 84 -

 , ,
.
, 80 .
, ,
.
,
- , 1.8 .

, (current transformer), (line-carrier)
, .

(7.18)

(7.19)

, 7.5 .
.

. .
.

(7.20)

(7.20)
, .
, . 3

.( 7.17)
7.6
, ,
, ,
.

- 85 -

(7.21)

(7.22)

(7.23)

(7.22) .

(7.24)

- (7.8) .

(7.25)

(7.24)

(7.25)

. 7.7
. .
.
, . 3 ,

- 86 -

 .
.
, ,
.
. ,
(dip) ,
.
.
(stray)

. 7.6 '(spark gap)'
,
.
. ,
, . ,
, ,
. , ,
.

7.5
Greenwood, A., Electrical Transient in Power System, Wiley & Sons, New York,
1991.
Bewley, L. V., Travelling Waves on Transmission Systems, Chapter 2, 3, 5, Dover
Publication, Mineola, New York, 1963.
Chowdhariv, P., Electromagnetic Transient in Power Systems, Chapter 4, Wiley &
Sons, Research Studies Press Ltd, New York, 1996.
Kreuger, F. H. Industrial High Voltage, Chapter 7, Delft University Press, Delft,
1991.
Bergen, K. and Volgelsanger, E., "Messungen und Resultate der Blitzforcschung der
Jahre

1955...1963

auf

dem

Monte

San

Salvatore,"

Elektrotechnischer Verein, 56(1), 2-22 (1965).

- 87 -

Bullitine

Schweizerishcer

8.
, , ,
.
. ,
, .
,
(ferro resonance)
. , ,
, , .
.
TNA(Transient Network Analyzer) . TNA
(building block) , LC pi- .
TNA 1930 , TNA
. , mainframe workstation ,
.
TNA .
EMTP(Electro magnetic transient program) .
TNA
.
, ,
.
.
(bookkeeping;, ) , 1933 Bewley
.(3 )
1929 O. Schnyder Bergeron . 1931
L. Bergeron
. Bergeron ,
.
(stub) ,

. ,
() .

. FTP(Frequency-domain transient program)
.
, -
.
. ,
, .
.
.

- 88 -

 4 .
*
* (MNA) MNA
* XTrans
* MATHLAB (Power System Blockset)
Xtrans http://eps.et.tudelft.nl / .

8.1 (EMTP)
(EMTP) H. W. Dommel 1960
Munich Institute of Technology .
BPA(Bonneville Power Administration) .
Dommel Scotte Meyer
EMTP
. EMTP ,

.
.
EPRI/EMTP . EPRI(Electric Power Research
Institute) , , ,
. 1987
, 1997 .
ATP(Alternative Transient Program) .
EMTP [ (kernel)

EMTDC(electromagnetic

transient

for

DC),

PSCAD(Power

system

computer- aided design)] ,

.
EMTP
(trapezoidal rule) . , ,
.
(branch) .

(8.1)

- 89 -

(8.2)

(8.3)

(8.4)

- .

(8.5)

, .
,
. (8.5)
2- .

(8.6)

, 8.1 .
,
. 8.1
. 8.2
.
8.1 ,
(replacement) ,
8.3 .
(Nodal Analysis) .

- 90 -

(8.7)

.
(8.8)

.
.
* . . ,
, (topology) .
* , , (8.8)
.
* , .
* (8.8)
.
Dommel-EMTP' , .
* ( .)
* (EMTP
(routine) .)
, .
* . .
(illcondition) ( (8.7)) .
* .
, ( (8.7) )
. .
* . ( 8.1,
(8.7) ) .
, .
.
EMTP (compensation) .

.
. : , (Thevenin)

- 91 -

 (Thevenin) . .
.( )

(8.9)

[V]
[]
[

[]
.
.

(8.10)

. [ ]
. (8.9) (8.10)
-(Newton-Raphson)
.
.
* .
* (8.9) (8.10) .
* .
EMTP96 Avdonin-Schwarz, Urbanek, Kopplin 3
.

8.2 MNA
1970 Ho. et al. (MNA)
. 1980
MNA KEMA Van der Sluis
, . MNA (
, ) .
(topology; ()
.
8.2
MNA .

- 92 -

(8.11)

(8.12)

(8.13)

(8.14)

-
MNA - . ,
(incorporated) - . MNA , ,
. (8.13) (8.14)
.
* (8.14) .
* MNA - (update), ,
.
* (8.14) .
* (8.13)
. .
, MNA .

- 93 -

* .( )
* MNA . ( (8.11) )
MNA ,
.(MNA - )
.
* , , , ,
. MNA
. , , (trick) .
MNA (implement) .
. , MNA -
, .
, . (
factor) (update) . MNA
, MNA , MNA .
. MNA
.
Van der Sluis MNA Mayr
. .
8.4 .
.
.

. ,
.

,

(8.15)

8.3 XTRANS
Delft University of Technology Bijl Van der Sluis
XTrans . http://eps.et.tudelft.nl
. - ,
(stiff) . , ,
.
NA MNA ,
.
(DAEs) .
(8.16)

- 94 -

 8.2
DAEs .

(8.17)

DAEs Mayr
.

(8.18)

(8.16) DAEs BDF( ) .

1971 Gear . ,
. .
* ,

BDF
.

(8.19)

. (8.19) .

(8.20)

- 95 -


. "Numerical Solutions of Initial-Value Problem in differential Algebraic Equation"
by Brennan, Campbell, and Petzoid
* (8.16) ((8.19) ,
.

(8.21)

-(Newton-Raphson)
.

(8.22)

(8.23)

. (extrapolation)
. (subsequently) ( (8.22) )
. (8.22) .
(8.23) ,
. NA MNA ,
. -
.
(Stiff) , .
(8.16) .
, (
) .
, .
XTrans . -
-(Newton-Raphson)
.
.
. , (
) Opal's 2- .
,
. 8.5 ,

- 96 -

 . . ; ,

, , . ,
(branch) (flux ) .
.

(8.24)

(8.25)

XTrans 8.6 .
. ,
Dirac
.
.
.
(Kirchhoff's current law) .
. NA
. MNA
. MNA
, BDF
.
, (8.16) (8.22) (8.23) , (8.21)
.
, .

.
.
BDF .
*
.
* .
, ,
((8.9) ) .
8.1 ,
.

- 97 -

XTrans 8.7
(libraries) .
, (libraries) .
(Object-Oriented Program) . OOP
.

.( .) OOP
.(
.)
(object class) .
.
.
.
.

(element)' . , .
, .
. , ,
, .
,
. ,
. (compile),
.

.
(source code) (interpret) (compile)
.

8.4 MATLAB Power System Blockset

MATLAB simulink (simulation) PSB
(Power System Blockset) , MATLAB
. TEQSIM Inc.
Hydro-Quebec . simulink , ,
. -(Block diagram)
(Graphic User Interface) . PSB (block)
simulink .
PSB block library (
) simulink ()
.
simulink .
. [ ,

, ( 8.8)]

- 98 -

 , .
(ODE)
. .
* .
* , , .
*
.
PSB -

simulink . simulink PSB

. PSB -
( ) simulink ()
.
. - , simulink .
simulink .
PSB 8.9
. -(block diagram) simulink -
.
.

(8.26)

MATLAB ODE ,
. (stiff) ode15s
(NDF's) . BDF's ,
.
. 8.10 .

Mayr

http://eps.et.tudelft.nl .
Mayr 8.11 simulink DDE(differential
equation editor) .
.

- 99 -

(8.27)

 ,
, ,
DDE
DDE . ,

DDE
g

( ) () Mayr - 8.12
, Mayr .
simulink hit crossing' ( ) 0 .
, 0 .

.
simulink step' .
0 1 .
.

(8.28)

.
Mayr .

(8.29)

8.12
.

8.5
Barthold, L. O. and Carter, G. K., "Digital travelling wave solutions," AIEE T-PAS,
80, 812-820(1961).
Bijl, N. and van der Sluis, L., "New approach to the calculation of electrical
transient," European Transactions on Electrical Power(ETEP), Vol. 8, No. 3, Part-I :
Theory, Part-II : Application, Eurel Publication, VDE Verlag, Berlin, 1998, 175-179,
181-186.

- 100 -

Brennan, K. E., Campbell, S. L., and Petzold, L. R., Numerical Solution of Initial
value Problem in differential-Algebraic Equation North Holland, New York, 1989.
Chung-Wen, Ho, Ruehlti, A. E., and Brennan, P. A., "The modified nodal approach
to network analysis," IEEE T-CAS, CAS-22(6), 504-509 (1975).
Dommel, H. W., "A method of solving transient phenomena in multiphase systems,"
Proceedings of the 2nd PSCC, Stockholm, Report 5.8, 1966.
Dommel H. W., "Digital computer solution electromagnetic transients in single and
multiphase

networks,"

IEEE

Transactions

on

power

Apparatus

and

Systems,

PAS-88(4), 388-399 1969.

Dommel H. W., "Nonlinear and time-varying elements in digital simulation of
electromagnetic transients," IEEE T-PAS, 2561-2567, 1971.
Gear, C. W., "Simultaneous numerical solutions of differential-algebraic equations,"
IEEE Transactions on Circuit Theory, 18(1), 89-95, 1971.
Opal, A. and Valch, J., Consistent initial conditions of linear switched networks,
IEEE Transactions on Circuit and systems CAS-37(3), 364-372 1990.
Phadke, A. G., Scott, Meyer W., and Dommel H. W., "Digital simulation of electrical
transient phenomena," IEEE tutorial course, EHO 173-5-PWR, IEEE Service Center,
Piscataway, New York, 1981.
Phaniraj, V. and Phadke, A. G. "Modelling of circuit breakers in the electromagnetic
transients program," Proceedings of PICA, 476-482 1987.
The Mathworks, Power system Blockset, for user with Simulink User's Guide,
Version 1, The Mathworks, Natick, Massachusetts, 1999.
The Mathworks, Simulink, Dynamic System Simulation for MATLAB-Using Simulink,
Version 3, The Mathworks, Natick, Massachusetts, 1999.
Singhal, K. and Vlach, J. "Computation of time domain response by numerical
inversion of the Laplace transform," Journal of the Franklin Institute, 299(2),
109-126 (1975).
Sybille,

E.

et

al.,

"Theory

and

applications

of

power

system

blockset:

MATLAB/Simulink-based simulation tool for power system," IEEE Winter Meeting,

Singapore, January, 2000.
Van der Sluis, L., Rutgers, W. R. and Koreman, C. G., A., "A Physical arc model for
the simulation of current zero behaviour of high-voltage circuit breaker," IEEE
Transactions on power Delivery, 72(2), 1016-1022 1992.
Van der Sluis, L., "A networks independent computer program for the computation
of electrical transients," IEEE T-PRWD, 2, 779-784 1987.

- 101 -

9 , ,
(string)-
(stress) .
.
3 .
* (7 - )
* (5 )
* (sustained) (AC)
,
.
. - .(capricious)
(dielectric)
.
. ,
, (disconnect),
-
.
(AC)
.
, (stress) .
- - .

.

.
IEC
.

. 30 50
. ,
.

,
. (type test certificate)
,
.
.
.
.
IEC ANSI/IEEE .
CIGRE working group study committee

- 102 -

 . (STL Short-Circuit
Testing Liaison) . STL
.

9.1 (IEC)
19 .
, , DC AC
. , .

, .
19 20
.
.
IEC 1906 1904 St. Louis
. Lord
Kelvin , (general secretary) Charles le Maistre.
, 1947
IEC . IEC (ISO;International
Organisation for Standardisation . 1947
.
50 .
(national committee) .
.
.
IEC's .
, IEC
.
IEC .
(Preliminary stage) - .
(proposal-state) ,
(Technical Comittee) (Study committee)
. , 5
. (Preparatory stage),
(Working

Draft)

(working

group)

(committee stage)
. 2/3
(enquiry and approval stage)
. 1997 IEC ,
, . 60,000 79,999
.
. IEC427 IEC60427 .

- 103 -

9.2 (ANSI)
, ,
. AIEE(), NELA
() NEMA() , AEIC(
), EEI() . 1940
. 1945
C37 . AIEE
1951
.

9.3 (CIGRE)
20

.
(spinning reserve) .
.
. CIGRE 1921
, 1927 (study committee) (means) .
150kV 220kV . CIGRE
(journey) . , 2
, .
(issue).
CIGRE 2-3 . 1946
(executive committee) , (national committee)
, . CIGRE (working group)

(task force) , .
IEC . IEC CIGRE
, IEC CIGRE
.

9.4 (STL)
STL 1969 .
ASTA(Association of Short-Circuit Testing Authorities),
PEHLA(Gesellschaft fur Elektrische Hochleistungsprugungen)c,
KEMA(N. V. tot Keuring van Elektrotechnische Materi),
CESI(Centro Sperimentale Italiano) . STL 4

. 1971 ESEF(Ensemble des
stations d'Essais a Ganndes Puissance Francaises) STL , STL
IEC 56 IEC

1975

- 104 -

SATS(Scandinavian

Association

for

Testing Switchgear) Amrican STL/USA (full member)

. JSTC(Japanese Short-Circuit Testing Committee)
(associated

member)

CPRI(Centrial

Power

Research

Institute), CHPTL(Chnia High Power Test Laboratory),

NEFTA(National

Electric

Test

Facility),

PALTS(Polish

Association

of

Laboratories for Testing Switchgear), VEIKI, ZKUSEBNICTVI

STL .
STL
)( 1000V 1200V ) (type-testing) IEC IEC
.

9.5
IEEE Std C37.09-1999
IEEE .
IEEE Std C37.013-1997
.
IEC 60044-1
IEC .

(Current

Transformer) .
IEC60056
IEC .
1000V
.
IEC60076-1
IEC . (
) . ( ,
, , (static converter), ,
) .
IEC 60076-5
IEC .
.
IEC60076-1 .
IEC 60099-1
IEC . (surge)
power-follow -

- 105 -

. ,
.
IEC60129
IEC . 1000V

.
IEC60265-1
IEC . 1kV 52kV

.
IEC60282-1
- (fuse) IEC . 1000V ,
. (striker)
- (link) .
.
. (IEC60420 )
IEC60282-2
(fuse) IEC . 1000V ,

.
(fuse)
.
IEC 600289
IEC . , - , ,
, , ( ), - .
IEC 600298
- IEC . 1kV 52kV

- .

IEC60353
(line trap) IEC. ,

- 106 -

( ) ,

.
IEC60420
- IEC .
. , -, - ,
.
IEC60427
IEC . IEC 60056
.
IEC60056 6.102 6.111
.
IEC 60517
- IEC . -
.
, , ,
.
IEC60694
IEC
IEC 60726
(dry-type) IEC . -
( ) .
IEC61128
IEC . -
.
IEC 61129
IEC . -
.
IEC61233
IEC .
, ,
.

- 107 -

IEC 61259
IEC
- . (grading)
- -
.
IEC61633
- IEC .
, -
.
.

9.6
Inside the IEC, IEC Central Office, Geneva, Switzerland, 1998.
General STL Guide, Short-Circuit Testing Liaison, Asta House, Rugby, england,
1998.
Lepecki, J., "CIGRE 75 years," Electra 167, 5-9 1996.

- 108 -

10
.
-
. , ,

(Reproducibility) .
4() , , ,
, .
,
.
IEC 60056 .
* , , , , (Ice)
,

* ,
,
* , , , (back-to-back)
.
*
, IEC60056
.
,
.
, .
.
.
.
, .
.
.

10.1
, ,
, (surge) ,

.
.

- 109 -

 ( 10.1),
.( 10.2)
,
.
10
. , ,
.
.

.
.

(excitation) (kinetic) .
20

. ,
(arnhem) KEMA.( 10.3) KEMA (bay)
8400MVA.
(Xian), (Bangalore), (Prague) (Bechovicze),
(Milano) .

(Ludvilka)

.[

(Berlin)
(Baden)

(Siemens),

ABB,

(Villeurbanne)

GEC-Alsthom, (Grenoble) (Schneider Electric)]

(Varennes)

IREQ.

Electricite de France --(Moiret-Sur-Loing)

Les Renardieres' . Les Renardieres'
.

10.2
,

. 20
. .
,

.
AEG J. Biermanns
. 1925 Kunstschaltung
1.5 . 1931
, .
E. Marx ,
. 50

- 110 -

 .
MVA
. 10.1 10.2
.
.
(unit)
. ,
post-arc
. SF6
, .
1930 .
.
1942 F. Weil G. Dobke
, Weil-Dobke
.

10.3

.
10.2 . (10.4)
( 10.5) .
.
( 10.6) .

(10.7) .
( 10.8)
. KEMA 245kV 0V .

TRV .

.
, , ,
, .
.

.
, .
,
. , ,
.
(magnetic oscillograph) ,

. ,

- 111 -


. (channel)
.
(processing system)
. ,
(sample)
.

,
.
(weakest link)
.
-
.
10.9 (depict) TB
. TB . MB
. MS .
, -
, ,
TB . TB ,
, TB . -
TB TRV- , , , , -
, , -
. TB
. 10.10
(trace) .
TB .
, TB
. 0 TB
(,offset) , .
(Ohmic loss) .
.

10.4

.
, ,

.
- , 10.12
.

- 112 -

 .
, (trip) .
.
. 0
,
.
.
.

. (overlap)
0 .
.
0 ,
.
. ,
, (scheme) .

3 .
.
AEG . (10.13)
Weil-Dobke .
10.14
. -
.

AB TB

. AB TB .
AB TB . (spark gap)
( 10.18)
.( 10.17) TB
. .
(span) TB , TB
- .
- 0
.
, .
,
,
.
0
.
0 .

- 113 -

 0 - ,
.(critical) 0
, . 0
(release)
.
.
.
,
.
(distort)
90%
. 12
. ,
12 .
, ( ,
) .

. ,
,
.
.

. Weil-Dobke
. Weil-Dobke
. .
.
.
.

,
() .
10.15 ,
10.16 .

0 ,
( ) .
.
- .
.

.
. .

- 114 -

 .
( ) ,
.
.
. ,
. .
.
.
.

10.5
2-3 2-3km
, -(5 ) .

,
.

.

.
.
.( 10.21)

.
. (ITRV;
TRV .) ,
. -, ,

. (Fourier

analysis) . -, ,
,
. -, -

.
1978 KEMA van der Linden
, . 10.19 KEMA
.

, , ,
.

- 115 -

(10.1)

;
;
;
;
0
. Van der Linden Van der Sluis KEMA
. 10.20
90%
. (excursion)
.

10.6
. ,
. 1820

1870

(Oerstede),

(Ampere),

(Faraday),

(Maxwell) . Treatise on
Electricity and Magnetism"

.
,
.

,
. ,

.
.
(bandwidth)
.
(shunt), ,
.
10.6.1

(coaxial shunt) .
( 10.23) ,

- 116 -

 . .
, , (stray)
, .
.
.
(tube) . (less copper)
. . ,
. (skin effect)
. 10.22
. (field-free) .

(10.2)

.
(bandwidth) (pulse) ,
. 10 90
. ( 10.24)
.

(10.3)

.
(mount) . (current transformer)
.
. (magnetic core) (eddy current) ,
(spectrum)
(cutoff) .
.
.
, 25 .
.

.
(rogowski coil)
. ( 10.26)
,
. (air core toroide).
.
, .
.( ). ,

- 117 -

 . .
1912 .
(coil) 10.25 .
.

(10.4)

, . .

,
.

(10.5)

,
.

(10.6)

, ,
. .

. (2, 3 )

.
10.27 .
1 .

.

.
A Polyphase 500kA Current Measuring System with Rogowski Coils' P.A.J.
Pettinga J. Siersema .
1845 (Faraday)
. 1854 Verdet
, Cosine
.
19 . 60
(flint glass) 70

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 (optical current transformer) .

.
10.6.2

. .
(voltage transformer)
. (voltage divider) .
. : , ,
.

.

.
.
. ,
. ,
(stack) .

. 10.28
.

.

. .

(10.7)

,
.
, .
10.29 .
(field-line)
, .
.
.

- 119 -

(10.8)

(normalized) .

, ,

.
( 10.30) ,
,
.
.

10.7 (setup)
(field)
(Electromagnetic interference;EMI) .
(noise) . (braid mesh) .
, (Cable shield)

.

. 230V
, .

.
- 10.31 .(
)
, . -
(single-screened) .
(Cathode ray tube oscilloscope)
.
230V .
,
. 10.32 1 2

- 120 -

 . (picoFard)
. 230V
. 230V ,
, .
230V . 1 2

. 230V
.
.
.
10.31
. .
, ,
(,) .
-
. .( 10.33)
10.33 (avoid)
. ,
2- ,
-(steel conduit pipe) .
.
.
EMC
.
( ) EMC
, . EMC
, . 10.34
EMC (layout) . EMC
,
.

M. A. van Houten Electromagnetic compatibility in High-Voltage

engineering" .

10.8
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E.,

"Systeme

synthetischer

Pruefschaltungen,"

ETZ-A

84(H18),

S581-S586 1963.
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E.,

and

Waterschek,

W.,

Schaltvorgaenge

in

Hoch-

und

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