Open Linguistics Series Series Eitor Robin Fawcett, Cardiff University This series is ‘open’ in two related ways. First, it is not confined to works associated with any one school of linguistics. For almost two decades the serics has played a significant role in establishing and maintaining the present climate of “opennes’ in linguistics, and we intend to maintain this tradition. However, we particulaely welcome works which explore the nature and use of language through modelling its potential for use in social contexts, or through a cognitive model of language - or indeed a combination of the two. “The series i also ‘open’ in the sense that it welcomes works that open out “core” linguistics in various ways: to give a central place to the description of natural teats and the use of corpora; to encompass discourse “above the sentence’; 10 Felate Language to other semiotic systems; to apply linguisties in fields such as education, language pathology and law; and to explore the areas that Tie between linguistics and its neighbouring disciplines such as. semiotics, psychology, sociology, philosophy, and cultural and literary studies, Recent titles in this series Giasstoom Discousse Analysis: A Functional Pespetie, Frances Christie Construing. Experience through Mvaning! A Language-based Approach 10 Cognition MAK. Halliday and Christian MM. Matthiessen Caltwatiy Speaking: Managing Rapport hough Talk across Cultures, Helen Spencer Oatey (ed) Educating Ese: The “Language Instinct’ Debate, Geolivey Sampson Empirical Linguistics, Geofivey Sampson Grave and Institutions: Social Processes in the Workplace and School, Frances Christie and JR, Martin (eds) ‘The dntonaton Systems of English, Paul Tench Language Policy in Britain and France: The Processes of Policy, Dennis Ager Language Relations across Bering Strait: Reappraising the Archaeological and Linguistic Exidence, Michael Fortescue Learning through Language in Farly Childhood, Clare Painter Pedagogy and the Shaping of Consciousness: Linguistic and Social Processes, Frances Christie (ed.) Register Analysis: Theory and Practice, Mohsen Ghadessy ‘ed.) Relations and Functions within and aveund Language, Peter H. Fries, Michael Cummings, David Lockwood and William Spruiell (eds Researching Fanguage in Schools and Communities: Functional Linguistic Pespetives, Len Unsworth (ed! Sunmory Justice: Judges Addvess Juries, Paul Robertshaw Syntactic snaiyss and Description, A Constructional Approach, David G. Lockwood. Thematic Developments in English Texts, Mohsen Ghadessy (ed) Ways of Saying: Ways of Meaning. Seeced Papers of Rugaiya Hasan, Carmen Gloran, David Bust and Geollrey Williams (eds Words, Meaning and Vocabulary: Ax Iniructon to Modem English Lexicoogy, Howard “Jackson and Exienne 2¢ Amvelt Working with Discourse Meaning beyond the clause J. R. MARTIN and DA’ continuum LONDON » NEW YOR<Continuum The Tower Building, 11 York Road, London, SEL TNX, 370 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10017-6503) Acknowledgements ‘The authors are grateful to the following publishers for permission to reprint Ling Walk to Preedom, by Nelion Mandela. © 1994 by Nelson Roliblabla Mandela, By permission of Little, Brown and Company (Inc.) No Futtae without Forgiveness, by Desmond Tutu. Published by Ebury. Used by permission of The Random House Group Himited, First published 2003, @© J. R. Martin and David Rose 2003 All rights reserved. Na part of this publication may be reproduced oF ransmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical. including photocopying, recording oF any information storage or retrieval system, ‘without permission in writing from the publishers, British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data [A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0.8264-5307-7 (hardback) (0-8264-5508-5 (paperback) stion Data Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publi Martin, JR. ‘Working with discourse: meaning beyond the elause(J. R. S Rose p. cm, — {Open linguists series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8264-5307-7 ~ ISBN 0.8264-5508-5 (pbk. 1. Discourse analysis, 1, Rose, David, 1955- IL. Title. IL. Series P302.M373_ 2002 sorAl—deat 2002067009 ‘Typeset hy BookEns Ltd, Royston, Herts Printed and bound in Great Britain by Bookeraft Limited Contents List of Figures List of Tables Preface || Interpreting social discourse An invitation 2A framework for discussion 3 Genre ‘4 Language, power and ideology 3 How this book is organized ‘6 How to use this book 2° Appraisal: negotiating attitudes 1 Negotiating attitudes 2 Kinds of attitudes 3 Amplifying attitudes 4 5 6 Sources of attitudes Prosody and genre More detail on kinds of attitudes 3. Ideation: representing experience 3.1 Representing experience 3.2 Sequences of meanings 3.3 Doing: focusing on activities 3-4 Being: focusing on entities 3.9 Classifying and describing within elements 3.6 Ways of participating 3.7 Building up a picture: taxonomic relations 3.8 Types of taxonomic relations 3.9 Re-construing experience: ideational metaphor ah Thelogeotdseune 42 Four ‘inds of logic St Contacte 46 Conjunction reson a £5 Logie meta Commi atsContents Identification: tracking participants Keeping track Who's who? identifying people What's what? identifying things Where to look? Tracking and genre Identification systems in full Periodicity: information flow Waves of information Lite waves: Themes and News Bigger waves: hyper.Phemes and hyperNews dal waves: macroThemes, macroNews, and beyond How texts grow: hierarchies and series Hard reading Arnote on headings Texture: phasing discourse systems 6. 6 6 6. 6. 6 6. 6. Tackling a text Getting going Outside-in Trside-out Inauguration Day: from past to present Cost of Courage: from domination to freedom Meaning of Freedom: from self to community Reprise Connections Context: register and genre Multimodal Discourse Analysis (MDA\ Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) Data Envoi Appendix: Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act References Index List of Figures 4:10 41 4:12 4:13 44 4.15 5. 52 Clause-text-eulture Points of view on discourse: from social activity and from grammar ‘Australian Aboriginal flag Basic system for appraisal Options for graduation Projection Recursive sources Appraisal systems: an overview Figure and elements Figure as a picture Saying and what was said Kinds of figures Expanding the meaning of elements, Classifying and part-whole taxonomies Attributes of Hetena’s first love, before and after his ‘operations’ Parts of Helena’s second love Components of Truth and Reconciliation process ‘Types of offences ‘Types of security force members Types of ‘penalties’ Types of legal systems and their components Types of taxonomic relations Conjunctions connecting figures Conjunction types Addition Comparison Time Consequence Options for internal addition Internal comparison Internal time Internal consequence Displaying conjunctive relations Conjunction between stages and phases in Helena’s story Conjunction within one stage of Helena’s story Conjunction between stages and phases in Tutu’s exposition Conjunction within one stage of Tutu’s exposition Basic choices in identification Recovering identities