(Loss of prestress force)

1.

(Short-term losses)
(long-term losses)
(Short-term losses)
9

(friction)

(Anchorage draw-in)

(elastic shortening)

(Long-term losses)
9 Concrete Shrinkage
9 Concrete Creep
9 Steel relaxation

2. (Short-term losses)
2.1

(friction)

Post-tensioning

Duct ( )

Ducts

Duct ( )

"

"

cos

Duct

(Profile coefficient)

 Duct grout (bonded tendons)

Wire

Strand

Ribbed bars

Smooth bars

0.17
0.19
0.65
0.33

Profile coefficient

0.005

0.01

Internal prestressing
(bonded tendons)

Unbonded monostrand tendon : 0.05

Strands
duct :
0.13

0.15 0.004

External prestressing

1
2

0.07 0.006

0.008

0.01

2.2

(Anchorage draw-in)

( )
2

0,0

0,0

2.3

(Elastic Shortening of

concrete)
2.3.1 Post-tensioning

()

()

()

()

(modular ratio)

j k

radius of gyration

* (

1 )

2.3.2 Pre-tensioning

Pre-tensioning

3. (Long-term losses)

9 Creep
9 Shrinkage
9 Relaxation

, ,

Creep (

s); Relaxation (

c); Shrinkage (

r)

Creep Shrinkage

Relaxation

(Stress)

(Creep)

(Stress)

Relaxation

Strain

Strain

Strain

(Creep)

(Stress)

(Stress)

Stress

Ghali

Favre

( ?)

(deformation)

0.2

1
Eurocode 2

0.8