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S LC V T HC V VT LIU T
Ng c Th *
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
C l t hc l mt trong nhng mn lu i nht ca vt l, lch s v t hc bt u t hn 3000 nm trc khi ngi Trung hoa ln u tin s dng cc " nam chm" c kh nng nh hng Bc-Nam lm la bn ch phng hng. Trong s sch Trung Quc c ghi li l "Chu Cng dng xe c kim ch nam a s thn ngi Vit v nc.." (xin ng ng nhn y l ngi Vit Nam chng ta, m y l ngi Vit trong b tc Bch Vit min Nam sng Dng T m thi). Cc nghin cu v t hc c bt u vi s ra i ca b sch Electricity and Magnetism ca William Girlbert vo nm 1600, v t hc lin tc pht trin cho n ngy nay vi bao ng dng to ln v ht sc thit thc vo i sng cng nh sn xut. Ta c th bt gp chng khp ni, t chic la bn, nhng chic nam chm, cho n nhng li bin th, li ferrite, hay cao cp nh cng lu tr thng tin... Bi vit ny hi vng l mt cht tm tt s lc cho nhng ai bt u tm hiu v t hc.

I. M U T hc l mt trong nhng mn khoa hc lu i nht trong vt l. Lch s ca n c bt u t khong hn 3000 nm trc. Ngi Trung Quc cho rng t i Hong (tr v Trung Hoa t nhng nm 2698 TCN n 2599 TCN), ch to ra cc kim ch nam dng xc nh phng hng. l cc nam chm c kh nng ht st v nh hng Bc-Nam. Chnh s u tin ghi chp vic ch to cc la bn ny l u i Nh Chu (1046-771 TCN) v la bn thc s xut hin nhiu l th k th 7 trc cng nguyn (ng thi Trung Quc v Hy Lp). Cc kim ch nam trong la bn l mt dng ca vt liu t cng, l cc xit st [1,2]. Cc nghin cu ng dng cc hin tng t v l gii cc hin tng t bt u Chu u t th k 17, m m u l cng trnh ca William Gilbert v sau l cc nghin cu ca Michael Faraday, Ampere, Oersted, Lorentz, Maxwell... [2] m u cho vic em cc ng dng t hc vo cuc sng. Cho n ngy nay, t hc vn l mt ch ln ca vt l hc vi nhiu hin tng l th v nhiu kh nng ng dng trong khoa hc, cng ngh, y - sinh hc, cng nh trong cuc sng. II. NGUN GC CA T TNH TRONG VT CHT Ngun gc ca t tnh l s chuyn ng ca cc in tch, l cch hiu n gin nht v ngun gc t trng. C th hiu n gin l cc in tch chuyn ng trong nguyn t to ra cc dng in trn, cc dng in ny to ra t trng (tt nhin hiu mt cch bn cht th phc tp hn), v hiu hn, ta cn nm r mt s n v trong t hc. - Cng t trng (Magnetic field Strength): Ch mnh yu ca t trng, khng ph thuc vo mi trng xung quanh, thng k hiu l H. Trong h n v chun SI, cng t trng H c n v l A/m (c th nh n gin theo cng thc t trng sinh ra trong cun solenoid l H = n.I, I c n v A, n c n v 1/m--> H l A/m). Ngoi ra,
*

gii nghin cu v t hc hay s dng 1 h n v khc l h CGS (Cm-G-S), trong h ny, n v ca H l Oe (Oersted). 1 Oe ~ 80 A/m.

Hnh 1. Chuyn ng ca cc in tch l mt ngun gc ca t trng.

- Cm ng t (Magnetic Induction): ch cng t trng trong mi trng (tc l n t l vi t trng theo hng s mi trng), k hiu l B. Trong chn khng, B = 0.H, vi 0 = 4.10-7 N.A-2 l hng s t, hay t thm ca chn khng. n v ca B l T (Tesla) trong h SI, cn h CGS, n v ca B l G (Gauss), 1 T = 10000 G. Trong h CGS, hng s m0 c gi tr l 1, v th 1 G = 1 Oe. Ta ch rng, quan h B = 0.H l trong chn khng, cn trong mt mi trng bt k, cn phi nhn 1 h s ca mi trng khc gi l t thm (s trnh by sau). Di y l v d v cm ng t B ca mt s ngun t: + T trng ca nam chm mng nga: 500G-1000G + T trng ca nam chm t him (rt mnh v kh t tin): 0,75-1.4T

E-mail: ndthe@physics.org 20

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+ T trng ca cc nam chm in trong cc t k (t trng 1 chiu DC): 1 - 2.5T + T trng ca nam chm siu dn: 5-9T + T trng xung: 9-15T + T trng Tri t: 0,5G... Ch l t trng 1 T l kh ln so vi cc t trng thng thng m ta gp trong cuc sng. - Momen t (Magnetic moment): L thc o mnh yu ca ngun t, l ln ca vect lng cc t, c n v l I.m2. - T thng (Magnetic flux): Ch s ng sc qua mt tit din ca vt, c tnh bng tch v hng ca vecto cm ng t B v vc t din tch S. Mmen t nguyn t: Ta hy xt bi ton n gin mt nguyn t c 1 in t chuyn ng quanh ht nhn theo m hnh Bohr. M hnh Bohr xt in t chuyn ng trn qu o bn knh r, vn tc v. Lc , mmen t sinh ra do chuyn ng ca in t l:

nng phn ng ca vt cht vi t trng. Do , ta c quan h: B = 0(M + H) = 0(1+).H hay B = 0(1+1/).M i lng = 1+ gi l t thm (Magnetic permeability) hiu dng ca vt liu ( t thm tuyt i l 0(1+)), v thng ch gi tt l t thm. t thm v cm t c cng ngha, c ngha ch kh nng phn ng ca vt cht di tc dng ca trng ngoi. Bng 1 lit k n v ca mt s i lng.
Bng 1. n v ca mt s i lng trong h SI (MKS Unit) v h Gauss (CGS). i lng H SI H s chuyn i H CGS di Khi lng L c Nng lng T thng Cm ng t Cng t trng t ha Mmen t t thm m kg N J Wb T A/m A/m A.m2 H/m2 100 1000 105 107 108 104 4/1000 1/1000 1000 107/4 cm g dyn erg Maxwell G Oe emu/cm3 emu --

= I .S =

e.v 1 .r 2 = e.v.r 2. .r 2

(1)

Mt khc, mmen ng lng ca in t l: L = p.r = m.v.r. Theo m hnh Bohr, mmen ng lng ca in t chuyn ng trn qu o bng mt s nguyn ln hng s Planck. Do , ta c:

v.r =

n. m
1 n. h.e = n. 2 m 4 .m

(2)

Nh vy, ta c nhng khi nim c bn v t hc. Phn tip theo s ni v cc loi vt liu t. S phn chia ny da trn kh nng phn ng ca mi cht di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. III. PHN LOI CC VT LIU T 1. Vt liu nghch t (Diamagnetic materials) "Nghch" y c th hiu l chng li t trng. l thuc tnh c hu ca mi vt cht. Ta bit rng, khi t mt vt vo t trng, theo quy tc cm ng in t, trong ni ti ca nguyn t s sinh ra dng cm ng theo quy tc Lenz, tc l dng sinh ra s c xu th chng li ngun sinh ra n (t trng), v to ra mt mmen t ph ngc vi chiu ca t trng ngoi. l tnh nghch t. Cht nghch t l cht khng c mmen t nguyn t (tc l mmen t sinh ra do cc in t b tr ln nhau), v th khi t mt t trng ngoi vo, n s to ra cc mmen t ngc vi t trng ngoi (quy tc nghch t ni trn). Theo nguyn l, vt nghch t s b y ra khi t trng. Nhng thng thng, ta kh m quan st c hiu ng ny bi tnh nghch t l rt yu ( t thm ca cht nghch l nh hn v xp x 1 - cm t m v rt b, ti c 10-6). Cc cht nghch t in hnh l H2O, Si, Bi, Pb, Cu, Au... Cc bn sinh vin lm v t hc trn cc mng mng ln u tin c th hi chong khi o ng cong t tr ca mng mng st t trn cc Si. V d nh hnh di y, nu cha hiu r, s rt ngc nhin v sao ng cong t tr li c dng chi mi xung nh th:

(n l mt s nguyn, c th nhn cc gi tr 1, 2, 3 ...) Thay (2) vo (1), ta c cng thc tnh mmen t nguyn t:

= e.v.r = e.

1 2

h.e B = n. = 9, 27 1024 A.m 2 4 .m

(3)

B gi l Bohr Magneton, dng lm n v ca mmen t nguyn t. y l mt tnh ton v ngun gc ca t trng l chuyn ng qu o ca in t [3]. Tuy nhin, vt l hin i ch ra rng, cn c ng gp ca spin ca in t vo t tnh ca vt cht. C th hiu spin nh l mmen t sinh ra do chuyn ng t quay ca spin (hiu mt cch n gin). Thc t, spin l mt thuc tnh ca cc ht c bn. Vy, ngun gc ca t trng l do 2 ng gp: + Chuyn ng ca in t trn qu o + Spin (chuyn ng t quay ca in t). - t ha (Magnetization): Ta va ni n khi nim mmen t, vy t ha l g? t ha l tng mmen t trong mt n v th tch. t ha theo cch nh ngha ny c cng th nguyn vi t trng H. i khi ngi ta cn dng khi nim t ha l tng mmen t trn mt n v khi lng. Ta c quan h gia B, H v M nh sau: B = 0(M + H), M = .H gi l cm t (Magnetic susceptibility), ni nn kh 21 TP XX, S XX, NM XXXX

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0.3 0.2

M (memu)

0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -10

chm" (mmen t nguyn t) s c xu hng b quay theo t trng, v th mmen t ca cht thun t l dng, tuy nhin do mi "nam chm" ny c mmen t rt b, nn mmen t ca cht thun t cng rt nh. Hn na, do cc nam chm ny khng h c tng tc vi nhau nn chng khng gi c t tnh, m lp tc b mt i khi ngt t trng ngoi. Nh vy, cht thun t v mt nguyn l cng b ht vo t trng (mt hnh nh v d l xy lng b ht vo cc ca nam chm in (hnh 4) nhng thc t, bc tranh ny ta ch quan st thy trong t trng mnh.

-5

10

H (kOe)
Hnh 2. ng cong t tr ca mng mng st t Co13Cu887 trn Si o bng t k mu rung [4].

Ti sao vy? Ta bit rng mng mng l mt lp rt mng ph trn Si nghch t. Mmen t ca Si s m v ln dn trong t trng, cn mmen t ca mng l dng v cng tng dn. Trong t trng nh, tnh st t thng th nn ta thy ng cong bnh thng. Nhng khi t trng ln, mmen t m thng th, v ng cong ngy cng b chc mi xung. V d v cm t () ca mt s cht: Cu: = -0,94.10-5 Pb: = -1,7.10-5 H2O: = -0,88.10-5 2. Cht thun t (Paramagnetic substance) Cht thun t l cht c mmen t nguyn t, nhng mmen t ny cng rt nh, c th xem mt cch n gin cc nguyn t ca cht thun t nh cc nam chm nh (xem hnh 3), nhng khng lin kt c vi nhau (do khong cch gia chng xa v mmen t yu).

Hnh 4. xy lng (cht thun t) b ht vo cc ca nam chm in [3]. Cc cht thun t in hnh l Al, Na, O2, Pt..., v cm t ca 1 s cht thun t nh sau: Al: = 2,10.10-5 Pt: = 2,90.10-5 xy lng: = 3,50.10-5 Trc y, ngi ta thng coi cc cht thun t v nghch t l cc cht t tnh yu, hay phi t, gn y, cc cht c tnh cht ging thun t (siu thun t) li c nghin cu ng dng mnh, v khng phi l t tnh km (s trnh by sau). 3. Vt liu st t v tnh st t (Ferromagnetic materials Ferromagnetism) Cht st t (Ferromagnetic materials) c bit n l cht c t tnh mnh, tc l kh nng cm ng di t trng ngoi mnh. Fe, Co, Ni, Gd.. l nhng v d in hnh v loi cht ny. Cht st t l cc cht c mmen t nguyn t. Nhng n khc bit so vi cc cht thun t ch cc mmen t ny ln hn v c kh nng tng tc vi nhau (tng tc trao i st t - Ferromagnetic exchange interaction). Ta tng tng tng tc ny nh l cc nam chm ng gn nhau, chng ht nhau v gi cho nhau song song nhau. Tt nhin, bn cht vt l ca tng tc trao i khng nh th, bn cht ca tng tc trao i l tng tc tnh in c bit. Tng tc ny dn n vic hnh thnh trong lng vt liu cc vng (gi l cc men t - Magnetic domain) m trong mi 22

Hnh 3. Hnh nh n gin v cht thun t.

Khi t t trng ngoi vo cht thun t, cc "nam

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men ny, cc mmen t sp xp hon ton song song nhau (do tng tc trao i), to thnh t t pht - spontaneous magnetization ca vt liu (c ngha l t ha tn ti ngay c khi khng c t trng). Nu khng c t trng, do nng lng nhit lm cho mmen t ca cc men trong ton khi s sp xp hn n do vy tng t ha ca ton khi vn bng 0 (hnh 5).

t. TC l mt thng s c trng cho cht (thng s ni ti). V d vi mt s cht c nhit Curie nh di y: Fe: 1043K Co: 1388K Gd: 292.5K Ni: 627K

Hnh 5. Hnh nh cc men t (cc vng c mu sc khc nhau) trn mt mu hp kim Ni80Fe20 c chiu dy 20 nm, cnh 500 nm. Vt c chia thnh 4 men.

Nu ta t t trng ngoi vo vt liu s c 2 hin tng xy ra: - S ln dn ca cc men c mmen t theo phng t trng - S quay ca cc mmen t theo hng t trng Khi tng dn t trng n mc ln, ta c hin tng bo ha t, lc tt c cc mmen t sp xp song song vi nhau v trong vt liu ch c 1 men duy nht. Nu ta ngt t trng, cc mmen t s li c xu hng hn n v li to thnh cc men, tuy nhin, cc men ny vn cn tng tc vi nhau (ta tng tng hnh nh cc nam chm ht nhau lm chng khng hn n c) do vy tng mmen t trong ton khi khng th bng 0 m bng mt gi tr khc 0, gi l t d (remanent magnetization). iu ny to thnh hin tng tr ca vt liu (xem hnh v). Nu mun kh hon ton mmen t ca vt liu, ta cn t mt t trng ngc sao cho mmen t hon ton bng 0, gi l lc khc t (coercivity, hay coercive field). ng cong t ha (s ph thuc ca t vo t trng ngoi ca cht st t khc vi cht thun t ch n l ng cong phi tuyn (ca thun t l tuyn tnh) v t ti bo ha khi t trng ln (hnh 6). Hai c trng c bn cn nh ca cht st t l (xem hnh 6): - ng cong t tr (hysteresis loop) - v nhit Curie TC. Nhit Curie l nhit m ti , cht b mt trt t t, v khi T>TC, cht tr thnh thun t v khi T<TC, cht l st t. Nhit TC c gi l nhit chuyn pha st t-thun 23 TP XX, S XX, NM XXXX

Hnh 6. ng cong t tr (a) v nhit Curie (b) ca cht st t.

Mi cht st t c kh nng "t ha" (tc l chu bin i v t tnh di tc ng ca t trng ngoi) v kh t (s mt t tnh di tc dng ca t trng ngoi ngc vi ni trng) khc nhau. T tnh cht ny, ngi ta li phn chia cht st t thnh nhng nhm khc nhau, m c bn c 2 nhm cht st t: a) St t mm - Soft magnetic materials St t mm, khng phi l cc cht mm v mt c hc, m "mm" v phng din t (tc l d b t ha v kh t). St t mm c ng tr hp (lc khng t rt b, ch c di 102 Oe) nhng li c t bo ha rt cao, c t thm ln, nhng t tnh li d dng b mt i sau khi ngt t trng ngoi. Hnh v di y so snh cc cht t mm 2 phng din l t bo ha v t thm.

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Hnh 8. So snh cc vt liu t mm tn s t trng ngoi 1 kHz [5].

Cc cht t mm "truyn thng" bit l st non, ferrite Mn,Zn,... Cc cht st t mm c s dng trong cc li nam chm in, li bin th, li dn t ..., c ngha l s dng n nh vt dng trong t trng ngoi. Do vy, c trng m ngi ta quan tm n n l: tn hao tr v tn hao xoy. - Tn hao tr sinh ra do s mt mt nng lng trong qu trnh t ha, c tnh bng din tch ca ng cong t tr. Do vy, vt liu st t mm "xn" c ng tr cng hp cng tt. - Tn hao xoy: sinh ra do cc dng Foucalt sinh ra trong trng xoay chiu lm nng vt liu, nng lng ny t l thun vi bnh phng tn s t trng, t l nghch vi in tr sut ca vt liu. iu ny l gii ti sao d c phm cht rt cao, nhng li tn Si ch c th s dng trong t trng tn s thp (thng l 50-100Hz) do chng c in tr sut rt thp, trong khi cc ferrite li s dng c trong k thut cao tn v siu cao tn d c phm cht km hn nhiu (v chng l gm, c in tr sut rt ln, lm gim tn hao xoy). Tuy nhin, mt loi vt liu t mm mi khc phc iu ny (nh hnh v trn l cc vt liu t nanocrystalline nh Fe-Si-B-Nb-Cu...). Chng l cc vt liu c cu trc nano, c tnh cht t siu mm (c lc khng t cc nh, t thm rt cao, t bo ha cao), ng thi li c in tr sut rt ln (d l cc bng nn kim loi) do cu trc c bit ca n nn c th s dng cc ng dng cao tn c t kHz-MHz. Loi vt liu ny c pht hin cui th k 20, v c coi l vt liu t mm tt nht hin ny (ultrasoft magnetic materials), v l mt ch nghin cu mnh ca Trung tm Khoa hc Vt liu, HKHTN v Vin Vt l K thut (HBKHN). c bit mt s loi trong s cc vt liu ny c th s dng trong cc mi trng khc nghit nh chu nhit cao (ng dng lm ng c ca my bay phn lc do kh nng chu nhit cao, M lm rt nhiu), s dng trong 24 TP XX, S XX, NM XXXX

cc mi trng n mn nh nc bin, kim... b) Vt liu st t cng (hard magnetic materials) Cng tng t nh st t mm, t "cng" trong ci tn ca vt liu ny khng phi do c tnh cng ca n. Ngc vi st t mm, st t cng l vt liu kh t ha v cng kh b kh t (c ngha l t tnh c th gi c tt di tc dng ca trng ngoi). Mt v d n gin ca vt liu t cng l cc nam chm vnh cu. Vt liu t cng c lc khng t ln (phi trn 102 Oe), nhng chng thng c t bo ha khng cao. Tnh "cng" ca vt liu t cng n t tnh d hng t, lin quan n nng lng t c c do tnh i xng tinh th ca vt liu. Tc l, thng thng cc vt liu t cng thng c cu trc tinh th c tnh i xng km (bt i xng) v d nh t gic, hay lc gic... Do kh nng gi li t tnh, nn vt liu t cng c dng lm vt liu gi nng lng (nam chm vnh cu) v lu tr thng tin ( a cng, a t...). Ni n kh nng tch tr nng lng, ta phi nhc n mt thng s ca vt liu t cng l tch nng lng t (B.H)max (c n v l n v ca mt nng lng J/m3), l nng lng cc i c kh nng tn tr trong mt n v th tch vt th. c (BH)max ln, cn c lc khng t ln, c t cao v ng tr cng li cng tt. n v thng dng ca (BH)max l GOe, 1 MGOe=8 kJ/m3. Cc nam chm vnh cu truyn thng c s dng l ferrite t cng BaSr, hp kim AlNiCo (kh t tin).. Th h nam chm vnh cu mi ra i sau l cc nam chm t him, m u l cc hp cht RCo5 (nh SmCo5..) v sau l R2Fe14B nh (Nd2Fe14B, Pr2Fe14B...), R thng k hiu ch cc nguyn t t him. Bng 2 lit k mt s nam chm ph bin.
Bng 2. T d (Br), lc khng t (Hc) v tch nng lng t (BH)max ca mt s nam chm.

Vt liu Br (T) Hc (MA/m) (BH)max (kJ/m3) Ferrite Sr 0,43 0,20 34 AlNiCo 5 1,27 0,05 44 AlNiCo 9 1,05 0,12 84 SmCo5 0,95 1,3 176 Sm2Co17 1,05 1,3 208 Nd2Fe14B 1,36 1,03 350 Nu ta so snh, c th thy nam chm vnh cu R2Fe14B l loi tt nht (Trung Quc l nc ng u th gii v th phn nam chm t him vi hn 50% th phn), nhng th phn nam chm trn th gii phn b nh sau: - 54% l nam chm ferrite - 32% Nd2Fe14B - 14% l cc loi khc Nam chm ferrite l cc gm ferrite t cng, c phm cht khng cao nhng c u im l ch to rt n gin, gi thnh rt thp. Cn nam chm Nd-Fe-B tuy phm cht rt tt, nhng li c mt s nhc im: - Gi thnh cao (do cha nhiu t him l cc nguyn t

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t tin) - D b xi ha do cc nguyn t t him c hot tnh rt mnh. Nu chng ta b mt nam chm t him ngoi khng kh, ch mt thi gian l chng b r thnh cc bt. - Nhit Curie thp (312oC). Trong thi gian gn y, cng ngh nano pht trin, dn n s ra i ca mt loi nam chm t cng mi t hp tnh cht ca 2 loi t cng v t mm, c th khc phc cc im yu ca nam chm tt nht (nam chm t him), c gi thnh h v cho phm cht cao hn rt nhiu (nh tnh ton l thuyt) nhng cha t c nh d on. Loi nam chm ny gi l nam chm t hp nano hay nam chm trao i n hi. 4. Siu thun t (Superparamagnetic materials) Nu nh trc y, ngi ta coi thun t l cc cht c t tnh yu v t c kh nng ng dng th gn y, siu thun t li tr thnh mt "hot topic" trong t hc. Siu thun t l g? Ta hy xem xt li mt cht v st t. Mt khi nim cn bit trong st t l "d hng t tinh th" K, l nng lng nh hng lin quan n s nh hng ca cc mmen t so vi t trng. Mi cht st t c 1 trc d t ha v kh t ha. Nng lng quay cc mmen t t trc kh n trc d gi l nng lng d hng t tinh th, lin quan n s bt i xng v tinh th (hiu mt cch n gin nht l nng lng nh hng). Mt vt st t c cu to bi mt h cc ht (th tch V), cc ht ny tng tc v lin kt vi nhau. Gi s nu ta gim dn kch thc cc ht th nng lng d hng KV gim dn, nu ta tip tc gim th n mt lc no KV<< kT, nng lng nhit s thng nng lng nh hng v vt s mang hnh vi ca mt cht thun t. l siu thun t. Cc cht siu thun t ang c quan tm nghin cu rt mnh, dng ch to cc cht lng t (Magnetic Fluid) dnh cho cc ng dng y sinh. i vi vt liu siu thun t, t d v lc khng t bng khng, v c hnh vi nh cht thun t, nhng chng li nhy vi t trng hn, c t ln nh ca cht st t. iu c ngha l, vt liu s phn ng di tc ng ca t trng ngoi nhng khi ngng tc ng ca t trng ngoi, vt liu s khng cn t tnh na, y l mt c im rt quan trng khi dng vt liu ny cho cc ng dng y sinh hc. Ht nan t tnh dng trong y sinh hc cn phi tha mn ba iu kin sau: tnh ng nht ca cc ht cao, t bo ha ln v vt liu c tnh tng hp sinh hc (khng c c tnh). Tnh ng nht v kch thc v tnh cht lin quan nhiu n phng php ch to cn t bo ha v tnh tng hp sinh hc lin quan n bn cht ca vt liu. Trong t nhin, st (Fe) l vt liu c t bo ha ln nht ti nhit phng, st khng c i vi c th ngi v tnh n nh khi lm vic trong mi trng khng kh nn cc vt liu nh -xt st c nghin cu rt nhiu lm ht nan t tnh. 5. Phn st t - Antiferromagnetic Materials 25 TP XX, S XX, NM XXXX

phn St t, ta bit rng cc cht st t l cc cht c mmen t nguyn t v cc mmen ny tng tc vi nhau thng qua tng tc trao i lm cho cc mmen t nh hng song song vi nhau. l tng tc trao i dng.

Hnh 9. nh hng ca cc mmen t ca cht phn st t [7].

Cht phn st t th ngc li, chng cng c mmen t nguyn t nhng tng tc gia cc mmen t l tng tc trao i m v lm cho cc mmen t nh hng phn song song vi nhau (song song, cng ln nhng ngc chiu) nh hnh v 9. S nh hng phn song song ny to ra 2 phn mng t. Mn v Cr l 2 kim loi phn st t in hnh. Phn st t l cht thuc loi c trt t t. Nghin cu v phn st t thng c tin hnh cc mng mng (v d cc lp kiu bnh kp st t-phn st t) to thnh hiu ng ng tr dch, hay exchange bias, ng dng trong cc u c valse-spin trong u c ca a cng. nghin cu cu trc t, ngi ta dng k thut nhiu x neutron, ht khng mang in nhng c mmen t, cc thng tin thu c qua s phn tch v tng tc gia mmen t ca neutron vi cc phn mng t. Nu nh cht phn st t c 2 phn mng t i song song v b tr nhau th feri t c cu trc gn ging nh vy. Feri t cng c 2 phn mng t i song song, nhng khng c ln nh nhau nn khng b tr hon ton. Do vy feri t cn c gi l cc phn st t b tr khng hon ton. Ferrite l cc feri t in hnh. Chng c hnh vi gn ging vi cc cht st t. III. KT LUN T hc l mt mn khoa hc lu i v n gi vn l mt ch nng trong khoa hc v cng ngh trn th gii do kh nng ng dng ht sc to ln trong cuc sng cng nh cng ngh. Bi vit ny khng phi l mt bi bo khoa hc, m ch l mt bi gii thiu tm tt v ht sc s lc v t hc dnh

TP CH HTTP://WWW.VATLYVIETNAM.ORG

cho nhng ngi mi bt u tm hiu v t hc. Vit Nam, t hc cng l mt ngnh pht trin mnh trong vt l v n by gi ang thu ht rt ng i ng nghin cu vt l Vit Nam. C th k n 1 s nhm rt mnh nh nhm ca GS. Nguyn Chu i hc Khoa hc T nhin (HQGHN), nhm ca GS. Nguyn Hu c, Nguyn Ph Thy (i hc Cng ngh, HQGHN), nhm ca GS. Thn c Hin (Vin Itims, HBKHN), nhm ca GS. Nguyn Hong Ngh (Vin Vt l K thut, HBKHN), hay nhm ca GS. Nguyn Xun Phc (Vin Khoa hc Vt liu, Vin KH&CN VN)... Tuy nhin, mt iu ng bun l vic trin ng dng cng ngh vt liu t Vit Nam cn v cng ngho nn (do chng ta cha h c cng nghip v vt liu) v th cc kt qu vn ch yu dng li cc kt qu khoa hc m t trin khai i tr. Hi vng thi gian ti s thay i thc t ny vi mt i ng nhng ngi lm nghin cu tr v t nc ngoi. Li cm n

Bi vit c s dng mt s t liu tnh ton v nghin cu ca tc gi cng vi s cng tc ca cc ng nghip trong cc nhm nghin cu ti i hc Quc gia H Ni v i hc Tng hp Glasgow. TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_li%E1%BB%8 7u_t%E1%BB%AB_c%E1%BB%A9ng http://www.aacg.bham.ac.uk/magnetic_materials/history.htm Serway Jewett, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 7th Ed., ISBN 0534408427, 2005. Vng Vn Hip (v cc tc gi khc), Bo co Hi ngh Vt l Ton quc ln th 6, H Ni, 2005. http://www.wtec.org/loyola/nano/06_03.htm http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A3n_s%E1%BA% AFt_t%E1%BB%AB

26 TP XX, S XX, NM XXXX