Hinh Toa Do 12

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1
PP GII CC DNG BT PHNG TRNH MT PHNG
vit pt mt phng em c 2 cch c bn :
<1>. Xc nh 1 im v 1 VTPT
<2>. Hoc gi ptmp dng Ax+By+Cz+D=0 ri da vo gi thit tm
A,B,C,D.
Vy khi no s dng cch 1 , khi no s dng cch 2 th em phn bit
cc dng bi sau:
Dng 1: Vit PT mp i qua A(x
0
; y
0
;z
0
) v c VTPT n
=(A;B;C)
A(x-x
0
) + B(y-y
0
) + C(z-z
0
) = 0
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
Dng 2: Vit pt mt phng i qua A(x
0
; y
0
;z
0
) v // mp (Q)
- T ptmp(Q) VTPT n
Q
= (A;B;C)
- V (P) // (Q) VTPT n
P
= n
Q
= (A;B;C)
- PT mp (P) i qua A v c VTPT n
P
Dng 3: Vit pt mp i qua A(x
0
; y
0
;z
0
) v vung gc vi ng thng
d
- T (d) VTCP u
d =
(A;B;C)
- V (P) vung gc vi (d) Chn VTPT n
P
=u
d
=(A;B;C)
Vit ptmp (P) i qua A v c vtpt n
P
.
Dng 4: Vit ptmp i qua A v (Q) , (R)
- T pt mp (Q) v (R) VTPT n
Q
; VTPT n
R
- V (P) (Q) v (R) VTPT n
P

Q
n
v n
P
n
R
Chn n
P
= [ n
Q;
n
R
]
- Vy pt mp (P) i qua A v c VTPT n
P
= [ n
Q;
n
R
]
Dng 5: Vit Pt mp (P) i qua 3 im A,B,C khng thng hng
- Tnh AB
, AC
v a
= [ AB
, AC
]
- PT mp (P) i qua A v c VTPT n
P
= a
= [ AB
, AC
]
Dng 6: Vit ptmp (P) i qua A,B v (Q)
- Tnh AB
, vtpt n
Q
v tnh [ AB
, n
Q
]
- V A, B e(P) ; (Q) (P) nn chn n
P
=[ AB
, n
Q
]
- Vit ptmp (P)
Dng 7: Vit ptmp (P) i qua A ; (Q) v // vi dt (d)
- Tnh VTPT n
Q
ca mp (Q); VTCP u
d
ca ng thng (d).
- Tnh [ u
d
, n
Q
]
- V (P) (Q) v // (d) nn VTPT n
P
= [ u
d
, n
Q
]
- T vit c PT mp (p)
Dng 8: Vit ptmp (P) l trung trc ca AB.
- Tnh trung im I ca ABv AB
- Mp (P) i qua I v nhn AB
lm VTPT.
Dng 9: Vit pt mp(P) cha (d) v i qua A
- Tnh VTCP u
d
ca ng thng (d) v tm im Me(d)
- Tnh AM
v [ u
d
, AM
]
- Ptmp (P) i qua A v c VTPT n
P
=[ u
d
, AM
].
Dng 10: Vit pt mp (P) cha (d) v // ( A )
- T (d) VTCP u
d
v im M e(d)
- T ( A ) VTCP u
A
v tnh [ u
d
, u
A ]
- PT mp (P) i qua M v c VTPT n
= [ u
d
, u
A ].
Dng 11: Vit Pt mp(P) cha (d) v (Q)
- T (d) VTCP u
d
v im M e(d)
- T (Q) VTPT n
Q
v tnh [ u
d
, n
Q
]
2
- PT mp (P) i qua M v c VTPT n
=[ u
d
, n
Q
].
Dng 12: Vit PT mp (P) // vi (Q) v d(A;(P))=h
- V (P) // (Q) nn pt mp (P) c dng Ax + By +Cz + D=0
( theo pt ca mp (Q) , trong D = D
Q
)
- V d(A,(P))= h nn thay vo ta tmc D
- Thay A,B,C,D ta c PT mp (P) cn tm.
Dng 13: Vit PT mp(P) cha (d) v d(A,(P))=h
- Gi VTPT ca mp (P) l n
P
= (A,B,C) vi k l A
2
+ B
2
+ C
2
>0
- T (d) VTCP u
d
v im M e(d)
- V (d) nm trong (P) u
d.
n
P
=0 (1)
- PT mp (p) i qua M: A(x-x
0
) + B(y-y
0
) + C(z-z
0
) = 0
- d(A,(P)) = h (2)
- Gii (1);(2) ta tm c A,B theo C t chn A,B,C ng t l , ta
vit c PT mp(P).
Dng 14: Vit Pt mp(P) cha (d) v hp vi mp (Q) mt gc = 90
0
P
= (A,B,C) vi k l A
2
+ B
2
+ C
2
>0
- T (d) VTCP u
d
v im M e (d)
- V d c(P) u
d.
n
P
=0 (1)
- Tnh cos ((P),(Q)) (2)
- T (1) v (2) ta tm c A,B theo C t chn A,B,C ng t l , ta
vit c PT mp(P).
Dng 15: Vit Pt mp (P) cha (d) v hp vi t( A )mt gc = 90
0
P
= (A;B;C) vi k l A
2
+ B
2
+ C
2
>0
- T (d) VTCP u
d
v im M e (d)
- V d c(P) u
d.
n
P
=0 (1)
- Tnh sin ((P),( A )) (2)
- H (1) v (2) tm c A,B theo C t chn A,B,C ng t l , ta
vit c PT mp(P).
Dng 16: Cho A v (d) , vit PT mp (P) cha (d) sao cho d(A,(P))
l ln nht
- Gi H l hnh chiu ca A ln (d)
- Ta c : d(A,(P)) = AK sAH
(tnh cht ng vung gc v ng xin)
Do d(A(P)) max AK = AH KH
- Vit PT mp (P) i qua H v nhn AH lm VTPT
Dng 17: Vit Pt mp (P) // vi (Q) v tip xc vi mt cu (S)
- Xc nh tm I, bn knh R ca mt cu (S)
- V (P) // (Q) nn (P) c dng Ax + By + Cz + D=0
(theo pt ca mp (Q) , trong D = D
Q
).
- M (P) tip xc vi (S) nn d(I,(P))= Rtm c D
- T ta c Pt (P) cn tm
Dng 18: Vit PT mp(P) // (Q) v ct mt cu (S) theo giao tuyn
l ng trn(C) c bn knh r ( hoc din tch, chu vi cho trc).
- Adct : Chu vi ng trn C = 2 r v din tch S =
2
r tnh r.
- d(I,(P)) =
2 2
R r (1)
- V (P) // (Q) nn (P) c dng Ax + By + Cz + D=0
(theo pt ca mp (Q) , trong D = D
Q
)
- Suy ra d (I,(P)) (2) Gii h (1), (2) tm c D vit c
pt (P).
Dng 19: Vit PT mp(P) cha (d) v tip xc vi mt cu (S)
P
= (A;B;C) vi k l A
2
+ B
2
+ C
2
>0
3
- T (d) VTCP u
d
v im M e(d)
- d c(P) u
d.
n
P
=0 (1)
- M (P) tip xc vi (S) nn d(A,(P))= R (2)
- Gii h (1) v (2) tm c A,B theo C PT mp(P).
Dng 20: Vit Pt mp (P) cha (d) v ct mt cu (S) theo giao tuyn l
ng trn (C) c bn knh r ( hoc din tch , chu vi cho trc)
- Adct : Chu vi ng trn C = 2 r v din tch S =
2
r tnh r.
- V d c(P) u
d.
n
P
=0 (1)
P
= (A,B,C) vi k l A
2
+ B
2
+ C
2
>0,
chn M trn ng thng d.
=>PT mp (P) i qua M: A(x-x
0
) + B(y-y
0
) + C(z-z
0
) = 0
- V (P) ct (S) theo ng trn bn knh r nn d(I,(P)= r (2)
- Gii h (1) v (2) tm c A,B theo C PT mp(P).
Dng 21: Vit PT mp (P) cha (d) v ct mt cu (S) theo giao tuyn
l ng trn (C) c bn knh nh nht .(p dng trng hp d ct (S)
ti 2 im).
- Bn knh r =
2 2
( , ( )) R d I p r min d(I,(P)) max
- Gi H l hnh chiu ca I ln (d) ; K l hnh chiu ca I ln (P)
- Ta c: d(I,(P))= IKsIh ( tnh cht ng vung gc v ng xin)
- Do : d(I,(P)) max AK = AH KH
- PT mp(P) i qua H v nhn IH
lm VTPT
PP GII CC DNG PHNG TRNH NG THNG
C 2 loi phng trnh ng thng : PT ThamS v PT ChnhTc.
Dng 1: Vit ptt (d) qua M(x
0
; y
0
;z
0
) v c VTCP u
=(a,b,c)
PP: phng trnh tham s ca d l (d):
0
0
0
x x at
y y bt
z z ct
= +
= +
= +
vi t eR
* Ch : Nu c a, b, c = 0 th (d) c PT chnh tc
0 0 0
x x y y z z
a b c

= =
* Ch : y l bi ton c bn. V nguyn tc mun vit PT dt(d)
th cn phi bit 2 yu t l ta mt im thuc d v to
VTCP ca d.
Dng 2: Vit pt dt(d) i qua 2 im A,B
- Tnh AB
- Vit PT ng thng i qua A, v nhn AB
lm VTCP
Dng 3: Vit PT dt (d) i qua A v //vi ng thng ( A )
- T pt( A ) VTCP u
A
- Vit Pt dt(d) i qua A v nhn u
A lm VTCP
Dng 4: Vit PT dt(d) i qua A v (P)
- Tm VTPT ca mp(P) l n
P
- Pt dt(d) i qua A v C VTCP u
d
= n
P
Dng 5: Vit Pt dt(d) i qua A v vung gc vi c 2 dt (d
1
),(d
2
)
- T (d
1
),(d
2
)
1 2 1 2
, u u VTCPd d l v

=> tnh [
1
u
,
2
u
].
- V (d) (d
1
),(d
2
) nn c VTCP u
d=
[
1
u
,
2
u
]
- Pt dt(d) i qua A v c VTCP u
d=
[
1
u
,
2
u
]
Dng 6: Vit PT ca dt (d) l giao tuyn ca 2 mp
(P):Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
4
(Q):A
'
x + B
'
y + C
'
z + D
'
= 0
- T (P) v (Q) n
P
, n
Q
- Tnh [ n
P
, n
Q
]
- Xt h
'
' ' '
Ax + By + Cz +D =0
A 0 x B y C z D
+ + + =
.
Chn mt nghim (x
0
; y
0
;z
0
) t Med
- Pt dt(d) i qua M v c VTCP u
d
=[ n
P
, n
Q
].
Dng 7: Vit PT hnh chiu ca d ln mp(P)
Cch 1: - Vit ptmp(Q) cha d v vung gc vi mp(P)
- Hnh chiu cn tm d
'
= (P) (Q)
Cch 2: + Tm A = ( ) d P ( ch p dng vi gi thit d ct (P) )
+ Ly M d e v xc nh hnh chiu H ca M ln (P)
+ Vit phng trnh d' i qua M, H
Dng 8: Vit pt g thng d i qua im A v ct 2 ng thng d
1
, d
2
:
Cch 1 *Vit pt mt phng ( ) i qua im A v cha ng thng d
1
* Tm B =
2
( ) d
* ng thng cn tm i qua A, B
Cch 2 : Vit pt mt phng ( ) i qua im A v cha ng thng d
1
Vit pt mt phng ( ) i qua im B v cha ng thng d
2
ng thng cn tm d =
Dng 9: Vit pt ng thng d song song d
1
v ct c d
2
, d
3
- Vit phng trnh mp (P) song song d
1
v cha d
2
- Vit phng trnh mp (Q) song song d
1
v cha d
3
- ng thng cn tm d = ( ) ( ) P Q
Dng 10 : Vit ptt d i qua A v vung gc ng thng d
1
v ct d
2
Cch 1 : - Vit pt mp( ) qua A v vung gc d
1
- Tm giao im B =
2
( ) d
- ng thng cn tm i qua A, B
Cch 2 : * Vit pt mp( ) qua A v vung gc d
1
* Vit pt mp( ) qua A v cha d
1
* ng thng cn tm d =
Dng 11 : Vit ptt d i qua A, song song mp( ) , ct ng thng d
Cch 1 : - Vit ptmp(P) i qua A v song song vi ( )
- Vit ptmp(Q) i qua A v cha d
- ng thng cn tm d = ( ) ( ) P Q
Cch 2 : * Vit ptmp(P) i qua A v song song vi ( )
* Tm B = ( ) ' P d
* ng thng cn tm i qua 2 im A,B
Dng 12 : Vit ptt d nm trong mp(P) v ct 2 ng thng d
1
, d
2
cho
trc.
- Tm giao im A=d
1
( ) P v B=d
2
( ) P
- ng thng d i qua 2 im A, B
Dng 13 : Vit ptt d nm trong mp(P) v vung gc vi ng thng
d' ti giao im I ca (P) v d'.
* Tm giao im I= d ( ) P
* Tm VTCP u
ca dv VTPT n
ca (P) v tnh [u,n] v =

* Vit ptt d qua I v c VTCP v
Dng 14 : Vit ptt vung gc chung d ca 2 dng thng cho nhau

d
1
, d
2
:
- Gi
0 0 0 1
( , , ) M x at y bt z ct d + + + e ,
5
v
' ' '
0 0 0 2
( ' ', ' ', ' ') N x a t y b t z c t d + + + e
l cc chn ng vung gc chung ca d
1
, d
2
- Ta c h
1
1
2 2
. 0
, '
. 0
MN d MN u
t t
MN d
MN u

.
- Thay t, t' tm M, N. Vit ptt i qua M,N.
( Vi cch 2 em tnh thm c khong cch MN, cng chnh l di
ng vung gc)
Dng 15 : Vit pt ng thng d vung gc vi mp(P) v ct 2 ng
thng d
1
,d
2
.
* Vit ptmp(Q) cha d
1
v vung gc vi mp(P)
* Vit ptmp(R) cha d
2
v vung gc vi mp(P)
* ng thng d = ( ) ( ) Q R
Dng 16 : Vit ptt d i qua im A , ct v vung gc vi ng
thng d
1
.
- Vit pt mp( ) qua A v vung gc d
1
- Tm giao im B =
1
( ) d
- ng thng cn tm i qua A, B
Dng 17 : Vit ptt d i qua A ,vung gc vi d
1
,to vi d
2
gc
0 0
(0 ;90 ) e (= 30
0
, 45
0
, 60
0
)
* Gi VTCP ca d l
2 2 2
( ; ; ), : 0 u a b c dk a b c = + + >
* V 1
1
. 0 d d u u =

=>phng trnh (1)
V
2
2
.
.
u u
cos
u u
=

=> phng trnh (2)
Th (1) vo (2) => a,b,c => ptt d.
( ch : nu thay gi thit l d to vi mp(P) gc
0 0
(0 ;90 ) e th
c
.
.
P
P
u u
sin
u u
=

)
Dng 18 : Vit ptt d di qua A , song song vi mp(P) , to vi d
1
gc
0 0
(0 ;90 ) e .
- Gi VTCP ca d l
2 2 2
( ; ; ), : 0 u a b c dk a b c = + + >
- V d//(P) nn . 0
p
u n =

=> phng trnh (1).
- V
1
1
1
.
( , )
.
u u
cos d d cos
u u
= =

nn c phng trnh (2).
- Gii h phng trnh (1), (2) tm a,b theo c=> chn a,b,c.
=>vit ptt d i qua A, c vtcp ( ; ; ) u a b c =
Dng 19 : Vit ptt d di qua A , nm trong mp(P) , to vi d

1
gc
0 0
(0 ;90 ) e .
- Gi VTCP ca d l
2 2 2
( ; ; ), : 0 u a b c dk a b c = + + >
- V de(P) nn . 0
p
u n =

=> phng trnh (1).
- V
1
1
1
.
( , )
.
u u
cos d d cos
u u
= =

nn c phng trnh (2).
- Gii h phng trnh (1), (2) tm a,b theo c=> chn a,b,c.
Dng 20: Vit ptt d di qua A , vung gc d

1
v khong cch t M n
d bng h.
6
* Gi VTCP ca d l
2 2 2
( ; ; ), : 0 u a b c dk a b c = + + >
* V d
1
d nn
1
. 0 u n =

=> phng trnh (1).
* V
[ , ]
( , )
u
u AM
d M d h h = =

=> phng trnh (2).
*Gii h phng trnh (1), (2) tm a,b theo c=> chn a,b,c.
PHNG TRNHMT PHNG

Dng 1: Lp mt phng P i qua im M c vc t php
tuyn n
V d : Lp mt phng P
a) i qua im , ) 1, 2, 4 M v song song vi mt phng :
2x+3y +5z-10=0
b) i qua im M( 0,2,-1 ) v vung gc vi ng thng d:
1 2 1
1 3 2
x y z + +
= =
c) i qua M(1,0,-4 ) v vung gc vi giao tuyn ca hai

mt phng (
, ) ): 1 0 : 2 3 7 0 x y z x y z + + = + + =
Dng 2: Lp mt phng P i qua imM,c cp vec t ch
phng
V d 1. Lp mt phng P i qua 3 im A(5,1,3), B(1,6,2),
C(5,0,4)
2. Lp mt phng P i qua im M v ng thi // vi 2
ng thng cho nhau cho sn
V d :Cho 2 ng thng
1 2
8
3 1 1
: 5 2 , :
7 2 3
8
x t
x y z
d y t d
z t
= +

= + = =
a) Chng t hai ng thng cho nhau

b) Vit phng trnh mt phng P i qua gc to O,// c
1 2
, d d
3. Lp mt phng P cha mt ng thng v // vi mt
ng thng khc (hai ng thng ny cho nhau )
V d :(HKA-2002) Cho A l giao tuyn ca 2 mt phng
(P): x-2y+z-4=0 v (Q): x+2y-2z+4=0 , ng thng:
A' :
1
2
1 2
x t
y t t R
z t
= +
= + e
= +
a) Lp mt phng (R) ,cha A v //A'

b) Tmim H thuc A sao cho MH t GTNN ,vi
M(2,1,4)
7
V d 2: (HKB-2006) Trong khng gian OXYZ,cho hai
ng thng
1 2
1
1 1
: , : 1 2
2 1 1
2
x t
x y z
d d y t t R
z t
= +
+
= = = e

= +
1. Vit phng trnh mt phng qua A(0,1,2 ),ng thi //

vi
1 2
, d d
2. Tm to im M thuc d1, N thuc d2 sao cho 3 im
A,M,N thng hng
V d 3: Trong mt phng Oxyz , cho ng thng d c
phng trnh :
2 1 1
1 2 3
x y z +
= = v mt phng P c phng
trnh : x- y +3z +2 =0
1. Tm to giao im M ca d v P
2. Vit phng trnh mt phng cha ng thng d v
vung gc vi mt phng P
4. Lp mt phng cha hai dng thng // hoc ct nhau:
V d 1:( Bi6-n chng III-tr110 -HHKG12NC )
Cho hai ng thng d
:
7 3
1 2 5
2 2 ' :
2 3 4
1 2
x t
x y z
y t t R d
z t
= +
+
= + e = =
a) Chng minh d v d ng phng .Vit phng trnh mt

phng P cha chng
b) Tnh th tch t din gii hn bi P v 3 mt phng to
c) Vit phng trnh mt cu ngoi tip t din ni trn
V d 2.(HKD-2005)
TRong Oxyz cho hai ng thng
1 2
1 2 1
: :
3 1 2
x y z
d d
+ +
= =
l giao tuyn ca hai mt phng

:x+y-z-2=0,v x+3y-12=0
a) Chng minh d1,d2 // nhau .Vit phng trnh P cha hai
ng thng d1,d2
b) Mt phng Oxz ct d1,d2 ln lt ti A,B.Tnh din tch
tam gic OAB (O l gc to )
5. Lp mt phng i qua mt im v cha mt ng
thng cho sn
V d 1 (Bi 4.tr110-HH12NC)
Cho im A(2,3,1) v hai ng thng :
1 2
2
5 2
: 2 :
3 1 1
2
x t
x y z
d y t t R d
z t
=
+
= + e = =
a) Vit phng trnh mt phng P i qua A v d1

b) Vit phng trnh mt phng Q i qua A v d2
V d 2.
Trong Oxyz cho im M(5,2,-3) v mt phng P : 2x+2y-
z+1 = 0
a) Gi M1,l hnh chiu vung gc Mln mt phng P.Xc
nh to im M1 v tnh di on MM1
b) Vit phng trnh mt phng Q i qua im M v cha
ng thng d :
1 1 5
2 1 6
x y z
= =
6. Lp mt phng P,tip xc vi mt cu
8
V d (Bi 87-tr137-BTHH12NC )
Trong Oxyz cho mt cu S c phng trnh :
2 2 2
10 2 26 113 0 x y z x y z + + + + =
V hai ng thng d
7 3
5 1 13
' : 1 2
2 3 2
8
x t
x y z
d y t t R
z
= +
+ +
= = = e
a) Vit phng trnh mt phng P tip xc S v vung

gc vi d
b) Vit phng trnh mt phng Q tip xc S v // vi
c d v d'
V d 2. (Bi 9-tr111-HH12NC )
Cho mt cu S c phng trnh :
2 2 2
2 4 6 0 x y z x y z + + =
1.Tm to tm ,bn knh mt cu
2.Tu theo gi tr k ,xt v tr tng i ca cu S v mt
phng P : x+y-z+k=0
3. Mt cu S ct 3 trc Ox,Oy,Oz ln lt ti A,B,C khc
vi gc O.Vit phng trnh mt phng ABC
4. Vit phng trnh mt phng tip xc vi cu S ti B
5. Vit phng trnh mt phng tip xc vi cu S v // vi
mt phng Q c phng trnh : 4x+3y-12z-1=0
NG THNG .
-Trc khi phn dng lp phng trnh ng thng cc em
cn ch n khi nim vc t ch phng ca ng thng
: L vc t c phng song song vi ng thng
-V vy vc t ny c th l vc t ch phng ca mt
ng thng khc song song vi ng thng cn lp , hoc
l vc t php tuyn ca mt mt phng vung gc vi
ng thng cn lp .
-Ngoi ra cn ch n cc quan h vung gc , quan h
song song ca ng thng vi ng thng , quan h
vung gc , song song ca ng thng vi mt phng trong
khng gian .
- Do trc khi tin hnh cc bc lp phng trnh
ng thng chng ta nn v s b m phng mt hnh v (
khng i hi phi chnh xc ) , t hnh v ta tm ra cch
gii hp l .
1. Lp phng trnh ng thng d i qua im M v c vc
t ch phng , ) ; ; u a b c =
.
V d 1: ( Bi 6-tr89-HH12CBXB-2007)
Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng d trong cc
trng hp sau :
a/ d i qua M(5;4;1) v c vc t ch phng , ) 2; 3;1 a =
.
b/ d i qua A(2;-1;3) v vung gc vi mt phng
, ) : 5 0 x y z + + = .
c/ d i qua B(2;0;-3) v song song vi d:
1 2
3 3
4
x t
y t
z t
= +
= +
.
d/ d i qua hai im P(1;2;3) v Q(5;4;4) .
2. Lp ng thng d i qua , )
0 0 0
; ; M x y z , ng thi ct hai
ng thng cho nhau (cho sn :
1 2
, d d ).
V d 1. .(Bi 29-tr103-HH12NC).
9
Lp ng thng d i qua A(1,-1,1) v ct hai ng
thng
1 2
1 2 '
: : 1 2 ' '
3 2 '
x t x t
d y t t R d y t t R
z t z t
= + =

= e = e

= = +

V d 2( HVKTQS-2000)
Cho hai ng thng :
2 4 8 6 10
: ; ' :
1 1 2 2 1 1
x y z x y z
d d
+ +
= = = =

.
Vit phng trnh ng thng (m) song song vi trc Ox
v ct d vi d ti M v N . Tm ta M,N .
V d 3. Cho ng thng , )
3
: 1 2
4
x t
y t t R
z
= +
A = + e
v ng
thng ' A l giao tuyn ca hai mt phng : x-3y+z=0 v
x+y-z+4=0 .
Hy vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua im M(1;1;2)
ng thi ct A v ' A
3. Lp d song song vi
1
d ng thi ct
2 3
, d d cho sn .
V d 1: Cho
1
1
: 2 4
1
x
d y t
z t
=
= +
,
2
1 2 2
:
1 4 3
x y z
d
+
= = v
3
4 5 '
: 7 9 '
'
x t
d y t
z t
= +
= +
.
Lp phng trnh ng thng d song song vi
1
d ng thi
ct
2 3
, d d .
V d 2. Cho :
1
1 6
:
1 2 3
x y z
d

= = v
2
1
: 2
3
x t
d y t
z t
= +
= +
a/ Chng t
1 2
, d d cho nhau
b/ Vit phng trnh ng thng d song song vi trc Oz
ng thi ct c
1 2
, d d
V d 3. ( H-KA-2007)
Cho ng thng
1
1 2
:
2 1 1
x y z
d
+
= =
v
2
1 2
: 1
3
x t
d y t
z
= +
= +
.
a/ Chng t
1 2
, d d cho nhau .
b/ Lp phng trnh ng thng d vung gc vi mt
phng (Q): 7x+y-4z=0 v ct hai ng thng
1 2
, d d
4. Lp ng thng d i qua , )
0 0 0
; ; M y z , vung gc vi
1
d
v ct
2
d ( vi
1 2
, d d cho nhau cho sn )
V d 1.(H-KD-2006).
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz cho im A(1;2;3) v
hai ng thng :
1
2 2 3
:
2 1 1
x y z
d
+
= =
,
2
1 1 1
:
1 2 1
x y z
d
+
= =
10
a/ Tm ta im A i xng vi im A qua ng
thng
1
d .
b/ Vit phng trnh ng thng A i qua A vung gc vi
1
d v ct
2
d .
V d 2. Trong khng gian vi h ta vung gc Oxyz ,
cho hai ng thng :
1
1 2
:
3 1 1
x y z
d
+
= = ,
2
: 1 2
1
x t
d y t
z t
=
= +
v im M(3;2;1) .
a/ Lp phng trnh ng thng d i qua M vung gc vi
1
d v ct
2
d
b/ Tm ta im A thuc
1
d v im B thuc
2
d sao cho
M,A,B thng hng .
V d 3.(H-Dc-98).
Trong khng gian vi h ta vung gc Oxyz , cho im
A(0;1;4) v hai ng thng
1
1 2
:
3 1 1
x y z
d
+
= = ,
2
1
:
1
x
d y t
z t
=
= +
.
Hy lp phng trnh ng thng d i qua A vung gc vi
1
d v ct
2
d .
5. Lp ng thng d i qua M , ng thi vung gc v ct
ng thng d ( cho sn )
V d 1. Lp phng trnh ng thng i qua M(1;2;-2)
vung gc v ct ng thng d: x=t;y=1-t;z=2t .
.
V d 2. (H-KB-2004)
Trong khng gian vi h ta vung gc Oxyz , cho im
A(-4;2;4) v ng thng d c phng trnh :
3 2
1
1 4
x t
y t t R
z t
= +
= e
= +
. Vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua

A vung gc v ct d .
.
V d 3.(H- Thng mi -2001)
Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua M(2;-1;0) vung gc
v ct ng thng d c phng trnh :
5x 2 0
2z 1 0
y z
x y
+ + + =
+ + =
.
6.Lp phng trnh ng thng i qua M ( thuc mt phng
(P) ), nm trong (P) v vung gc vi ng thng d ( cho
sn ) .
BI TON
Trong khng gian vi h ta vung gc Oxyz , cho mt
phng (P) v ng thng d . Hy lp phng trnh ng
thng d i qua im A ( l giao ca d vi (P) ), nm trong
(P) v vung gc vi d .
V d 1. Trong khng gian vi h ta vung gc Oxyz ,
cho mt phng (P) c phng trnh : 2x+y+z-2=0 v ng
thng d :
1 2
2 1 3
x y z +
= =
.
11
a/ Tm ta im M l giao ca d vi (P)
b/ Vit phng trnh ng thng A qua M vung gc vi d
v nm trong (P).
V d 2.( HC- 97).
Cho mt phng (P) : x+2y-z+5=0 v ng thng d:
3 1 3
2 1 1
x y z + +
= = .
a/ Tm ta im M l giao ca d vi (P)
b/ Vit phng trnh ng thng A i qua M , vung gc
vi d v nm trong mt phng (P) .
V d 3.( H-SPTPHCM-99)
Cho mt phng (P): 2x+y+z-1=0 v ng thng d :
3 4 3
1 2 1
x y z +
= =
.
a/ Tm ta im N l giao ca d vi (P)
b/ Vit phng trnh ca ng thng A vung gc vi d ,
i qua N v nm trong mt phng (P) .
.
V d 4.( H-KA-2005).
Trong khng gian vi h trc vung gc Oxyz cho ng
thng d :
1 3 3
1 2 1
x y z +
= =
, v mt phng (P): 2x+y-2z+9=0

.
a/ Tm ta im I thuc d sao cho khong cch t I n
mt phng (P) bng 2
b/ Tm ta giao im A ca ng thng d v mt phng
(P). Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng nm trong
mt phng (P), bit ng thng ny i qua A v vung gc
vi d .
7.Lp phng trnh ng thng i qua im M ng thi
vung gc vi hai ng thng cho nhau ( cho sn )
V d 1. Hy lp phng trnh ng thng A i qua im
A(-1;-3;0) ng thi vung gc vi hai ng thng :
, )
1
1 1
: , ' : 3
2 2 1
2 3
x t
x y z
d d y t R
z t
=
+
= = = e

= +
V d 2. Lp phng trnh ng thng A i qua im M(1;-

1;2) v vung gc vi hai ng thng :
3z 1 0 2x 2z 5 0
: ' :
2x 9z 2 0 2x 2 2 0
x y y
d d
y y z
+ = + + + =

= + =

.
8. Lp phng trnh ng thng vung gc chung ca hai
ng thng cho nhau (cho sn )
BI TON
Cho hai ng thng :
1
d i qua
1
M v c vc t ch phng
1
u
. ng thng
2
d i qua
2
M v c vc t ch phng
2
u
.
Lp phng trnh ng thng A l ng thng vung gc
chung ca hai ng thng cho .
V d 1.(HCS-2000)
12
Cho hai ng thng
1 2
1 0
: 0 , : 4 2 '
5 5 3 '
x t x
d y d y t
z t z t
= + =

= =

= + = +

a/ Chng t
1 2
, d d cho nhau ?
b/ Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng A ( l ng
thng vung gc chung ca
1 2
, d d ).
V d 2. ( Bi 7-tr111-BTHH12NC)
Cho hai ng thng
, )
2 '
: 3 ' : 1 ' , '
6 2 '
x t x t
d y d y t t t R
z t z t
= = +

= = e

= + =

Hy vit phng trnh chnh tc ng vung gc chung ca
d v d .
V d 3. ( HKTQD-98).
Cho hai ng thng :
1
: 2 2
3 3
x t
d y t
z t
= +
= +
= +
v
2 0
' :
2x 3z 5 0
x y z
d
y
+ =
+ =
.
a/ Xt v tr tng i ca d v d
b/ Vit phng trnh ng vung gc chung ca d v d v
tnh d(d,d) ?
V d 4.( Bi 3.42-BTHH12CB).
Cho hai ng thng :
1 2
:
1 2 3
x y z
d

= =
v d: , )
1 '
3 2 ' '
1
x t
y t t R
z
= +
= e
Lp phng trnh ng vung gc chung ca d v d .

V d 5.( Bi 77-tr135-BTHH12NC).
Vit phng trnh ng vung gc chung ca cc cp
ng thng sau :
a/
2 3 4
:
2 3 5
x y z
d
+
= =
v
1 4 4
' :
3 2 1
x y z
d
+
= =

b/
2
: 1
2
x t
d y t
z t
= +
v , )
2 2 '
' : 3 , '
'
x t
d y t t R
z t
=
= e
9. Lp phng trnh hnh chiu ca mt ng thng ln

mt mt phng ( theo phng chiu cho sn )
a. Hnh chiu vung gc ca mt ng thng ln mt mt
phng :
b. Hnh chiu ca ng thng d theo phng chiu d trn
mt phng (P) cho sn
Ging nh cch phn tch trn , da vo nh ngha php
chiu song song th ng thng d(l hnh chiu ca d theo
phng chiu d trn (P) ) phi nm trn mt phng (Q)
cha d v song song vi d . Do ta c cch gii sau :
V D MINH HA
V d 1.( Bi 27-tr103-HH12NC)
13
Cho ng thng d : , ) 8 4
3 2
x t
y t t R
z t
=
= + e
= +
v mt phng (P) :
x+y+z-7=0 .
a/ Tm vc t ch phng ca d v mt im nm trn d
b/ Vit phng trnh mt phng i qua d v vung gc vi
mt phng (P)
c/ Vit phng trnh hnh chiu vung gc ca d trn (P) .
V d 2. (HVCNBCVT-2001).
Cho hai ng thng
3 1 1
:
7 2 3
x y z
A = =
v
7 3 3
' :
1 2 1
x y z
A = =
.
a/ Vit phng trnh hnh chiu ca ' A theo phng ca A
trn mt phng (P)c phng trnh : x+y+z+3=0 .
b/ Tmim M thuc (P) sao cho : MA MB +

t GTNN .
Bit A(3;1;1) v B(7;3;9).
V d 3.( Bi 3-tr109-HH12NC)
Cho ng thng d :
2
3
11
3
x t
y t
z t
= +
= +
, v mt phng (P) : x-3y+z-

1=0 .
a/ Vit phng trnh hnh chiu vung gc ca d trn mt
phng (P).
b/ Vit phng trnh ng thng d l hnh chiu ca d
trn (P) theo phng ca Oz
BI TP TNG HP
PHNG TRNH NG THNG
Bi 1: Lp phng trnh ng thng (d) trong cc trng hp sau :
1) (d) i qua im M(1,0,1) v nhn ) 3 , 2 , 3 ( a lm VTCP
2) (d) i qua 2 im A(1,0,-1) v B(2,-1,3)
Bi 2: Trong khng gian Oxyz lp phng trnh tng qut ca cc giao
tuyn ca mt phng
(P) : x-3y+2z-6=0 v cc mt phng to
Bi 3: Vit phng trnh chnh tc ca ng thng i qua im
M(2,3,-5) v song song vi ng thng (d) c phng trnh
, )
= + +
= +
0 3 2 3
0 7 2 3
:
z y x
z y x
d
Bi 4: Cho ng thng (D) v mt phng (P) c phng trnh l :
, )
= + + +
= + +
0 7 3 2
0 1 4 3
:
z y x
z y x
d v (P): x+y+z+1=0
Tm phng trnh chnh tc ca ng thng (t) i qua A(1,1,1) song
song vi mt phng (P) v vung gc vi ng thng (D)
Bi 5: Cho mt phng (P) i qua 3 im A(3,0,0), B(0,6,0), C(0,0,9).
Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng (d) i qua trng tm tam
gic ABC v vung gc vi mt phng cha tam gic
CHUYN DNG PHNG TRINH NG THNG
Bi 1:Tm vc t ch phng ca cc ng thng sau
1)
3
1
4
2
3
1
: ) (
+
=
+
=
z y x
d
2) , )
= +
= + +
0 6 4 2
0 10 4
:
z y x
z y x
d
14
Bi 2:Cho ng thng (d) c phng trnh : , )
= +
= + +
0 6 4 2
0 10 4
:
z y x
z y x
d
. Hy vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng
Bi3:Cho ng thng (d) c phng trnh : , )
= +
= + +
0 6 4 2
0 10 4
:
z y x
z y x
d
. Hy vit phng trnh chnh tc ca ng thng
Bi4:Cho ng thng (d) c phng trnh : , ) R t ,
2 1
2 2 : e
+ =
+ =
=
t z
t y
t x
d .
Hy vit phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng
Bi5:Lp phng trnh tham s, chnh tc v tng qut ca ng
thng (d) i qua im A(2,1,3) v vung gc vi mt phng (P) trong
cc trng hp sau:
1) (P): x+2y+3z-4=0
2) , ) R t
t t z
t t y
t t x
P e
+ =
+ =
+ + =
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
, t
5
2 4
3 4
: . 3) , ) R t
t z
t y
t x
P e
=
+ =
+ =
2 1
2
2
1
, t
3
2
1
:
Bi 6:Lp phng trnh tham s, chnh tc v tng qut ca ng
thng (d) i qua im A(1,2,3) v song song vi ng thng (D) cho
bi :
1) , ) R
t z
t y
t x
D e
+ =
=
+ =
t
3
3
2 2
: . 2. , )
= + +
= +
0 1 4
0 1
:
z x
y x
D
Bi 7:Lp phng trnh tham s, chnh tc v tng qut ca ng
thng (d) i qua im A(1,2,3) v vung gc vi 2 ng thng :
, )
= +
= +
0 3 2
0 2 2
:
1
z x
y x
d , , )
= +
= + +
0 6 4 2
0 10 4
:
2
z y x
z y x
d
Bi8:Trong khng gian Oxyz, lp phng trnh tham s, chnh tc v
tng qut ca ng thng (d) i qua im A(3,2,1), song song vi
mt phng (P) v vung gc vi ng thng A
Bit mt phng
(P): x+y+z-2=0 v
= + +
= +
A
0 1 4
0 1
: ) (
z y
y x
V TR TNG I CA NG THNG V MT PHNG
Bi1: Xt v tr tng i ca ng thng (d) v mt phng (P) ,bit:
1) , ) R t ,
2
3
1
: e
+ =
=
+ =
t z
t y
t x
d (P): x-y+z+3=0
2) , ) R t ,
1
9
4 12
: e
+ =
+ =
+ =
t z
t y
t x
d (P): y+4z+17=0
3) , )
0 5
0 10 6 3 2
:
= + + +
= + +
z y x
z y x
d (P): y+4z+17=0
4) , )
0 1
0 3
:
=
= + +
y
z y x
d (P): x+y-2=0
Bi 2: hy tnh s o gc to bi ng thng (d) v mt phng (P)
cho bi :
1) , ) ) (t
1
3 9
4 12
: R
t z
t y
t x
d e
+ =
+ =
+ =
. v , ) ) , t (
3
2
1
:
2 1
2
2
1
R t
t z
t y
t x
P e
=
+ =
+ =
.
2) , )
0 5
0 10 6 3 2
:
= + + +
= + +
z y x
z y x
d , ) ) , t ( 2 1
2
:
2 1
1
2
2 1
R t
t z
t y
t t x
P e
=
+ =
=
3) , ) R t ,
2 2
2
2 1
: e
+ =
+ =
+ =
t z
t y
t x
d (P): x-2y+2z+3=0.
15
Bi 3: (HNN_TH-98): Cho mt phng (P) v ng thng (d) c
phng trnh (P) :2x+y+z=0 v , )
3
2
1 2
1
:
+
= =
z y x
d .
1) Tm to giao im A ca (d) v (P) .
2) Lp phng trnh ng thng (d
1
) qua A vung gc vi (d) v
nm trong mt phng (P) .
Bi 4: (H Khi A-2002): Trong khng gian 0xyz ,cho mt phng (P)
v ng thng (d
m
) c phng trnh : (P) :2x-y+2=0 ,
, )
0 2 4 ) 1 2 (
0 1 ) 1 ( ) 1 2 (
:
= + + + +
= + + +
m z m mx
m y m x m
d
m
xc nh m (d
m
)//(P)
V TR TNG I CA HAI NG THNG
Bi 1: s dng tch hn tp xc nh v tr tng i ca hai ng
thng (d
1
) v (d
2
) c phng trnh cho bi:
1) , ) R
t z
t y
t x
d e
+ =
+ =
+ =
t
4 6
3 2
2 3
:
1
, , )
= +
= +
0 15
0 19 4
:
2
z x
y x
d
2) , ) R
t z
t y
t x
d e
+ =
+ =
+ =
t
3 3
2
2 1
:
1
, , )
1 3
2 3
2
:
2
+ =
+ =
+ =
u z
u y
u x
d
3) , )
0 1
0 1 2
:
1
= + +
= + +
z y x
y x
d , , )
0 1 2
0 3 3
:
2
= +
= + +
y x
z y x
d
Bi 2: Trong khng gian 0xyz ,cho hai ng thng (d
1
),(d
2
) c
phng trnh cho bi :
, )
5
1
2 5
:
1
=
=
+ =
t z
t y
t x
d , , ) , ) R
t z
t y
t x
d e
=
=
+ =
1
1
1
1
2
t t,
1
3
2 3
:
1) Chng t rng hai ng thng (d
1
),(d
2
) song song vi nhau .
2) Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) song song ,cch u (d
1
),(d
2
) v
thuc mt phng cha (d
1
),(d
2
) .
Bi 3: Cho hai ng thng (d
1
),(d
2
) c phng trnh cho bi :
, )
4
9
1
5
3
7
:
1
=
+ z y x
d , , )
4
18
1
4
3
:
2
+
=
+
=
z y x
d
1
),(d
2
) song song vi nhau .
2) Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) song song ,cch u (d
1
),(d
2
) v
thuc mt phng cha (d
1
),(d
2
).
1
),(d
2
) c
phng trnh cho bi :
, ) R t
4 6
2
2 3
:
1
e
+ =
+ =
+ =
t z
t y
t x
d , , )
0 15
0 19 4
:
2
= +
= +
z x
y x
d
1
),(d
2
) ct nhau .
2) Vit phng trnh ng phn gic ca (d
1
),(d
2
)
Bi5: Trong khng gian 0xyz ,cho hai ng thng (d
1
),(d
2
) c
phng trnh cho bi :
, )
3
4
1
2
2
1
:
1
=
+
=
z y x
d , ) , ) t
3 2
1
:
2
R
t z
t y
t x
d e
+ =
=
+ =
1
),(d
2
) ct nhau.
2) Vit phng trnh ng phn gic ca (d
1
),(d
2
)
1
),(d
2
) c
phng trnh cho bi :
, )
1
1
:
1
=
=
=
z
t y
t x
d , , ) , ) R
t z
t y
t x
d e
=
+ =
=
1
1
1
1
2
t t, 1
2
:
1
),(d
2
) cho nhau.
2) Vit phng trnhmt phng(P) song song ,cch u (d
1
),(d
2
) .
1
),(d
2
) c
phng trnh cho bi :
, )
= +
= + +
0 10 4z - y
0 23 8z x
: d
1
, , )
0 2 2
0 3 2
:
2
= + +
=
z y
z x
d
1
),(d
2
) cho nhau.
16
2) Vit phng trnhmt phng(P) song song, cch u (d
1
),(d
2
) .
Bi8: Trong khng gian 0xyz ,cho hai ng thng (d
1
),(d
2
) c
phng trnh cho bi :
, )
3
3
2
2
1
1
:
1
=
z y x
d , )
0 5 3 2
0 2
:
2
= +
= +
z y x
z y x
d
1
),(d
2
) cho nhau.
2) Vit phng trnh mt phng(P) song song, cch u (d
1
),(d
2
)
HAI NG THNG NG PHNG &BI TP LIN QUAN
Bi 1: (HBK-TPHCM-93): Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha
(d
1
),(d
2
) ,bit:
, )
2
3
2
1
3
1
:
1
=
+ z y x
d , )
2
3
1
1
1
:
2
=
z y x
d
Bi 2: (HSPII-2000): Cho im A(1,-1,1) v hai ng thng
(d
1
),(d
2
, )
= +
= +
0 1 y - 2x
0 3 z - y - 3x
: d
1
, ) , ) t
3
2 1 :
2
R
t z
t y
t x
d e
=
=
=
CMR (d
1
),(d
2
) v im A cng thuc mt phng.
1
),(d
2
, )
= +
= + +
0 1 y - x
0 1 y 2x
: d
1
z
, )
0 1 2
0 3 3
:
2
=
= + +
y x
z y x
d
1) CMR hai ng thng ct nhau.
2) Vit phng trnh tng qut ca mt phng (P) cha (d
1
),(d
2
).
3) Vit phng trnh ng phn gic ca(d
1
),(d
2
)
1
),(d
2
, )
1
1
2
1
1
2
:
1
=
z y x
d
, ) , ) t
3 1
2
2 1
:
2
R
t z
t y
t x
d e
+ =
+ =
+ =
1) CMR hai ng thng ct nhau.Xc nh to giao im ca
n.
1
),(d
2
).
3) Vit phng trnh ng phn gic ca(d
1
),(d
2
)
Bi5: cho hai ng thng (d
1
),(d
2
, )
3
2
4
1
1
3
:
1
=
+
=
z y x
d , , )
0 3
0 2 4
:
2
=
=
z x
y x
d
1
),(d
2
) song song vi nhau.
1
),(d
2
).
3) Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) trong (P) song song cch u
(d
1
),(d
2
) .
HAI NG THNG CHO NHAU V BI TP LIN QUAN
Bi 1: (HNN-96): cho hai ng thng (d
1
),(d
2
) c phng trnh cho
bi : , )
3 4
2 4
3 7
:
1
+ =
=
+ =
t z
t y
t x
d , ) , ) R
t z
t y
t x
d e
=
+ =
+ =
1
1
1
1
2
t t,
12
2 9
1
:
1
),(d
2
) cho nhau.
2) Vit phng trnh ng thng vung gc chung ca (d
1
),(d
2
) .
Bi 2: (HTCKT-96): Trong khng gian 0xyz , cho hai ng thng
(d
1
),(d
2
) c phng trnh cho bi : (d
1
): x=-y+1=z-1, (d
2
): -x+1=y-1=z
Tm to im A
1
thuc (d
1
) v to im A
2
thuc (d
2
) ng
thng A
1
A
2
vung gc vi (d
1
) v vung gc vi (d
2
) .
Bi 3: (H L 1996) Cho hai ng thng (d
1
),(d
2
) c phng trnh
cho bi :
, )
1
1
:
1
=
=
=
z
t y
t x
d , , ) , ) R
t z
t y
t x
d e
=
+ =
=
1
1
1
1
2
t t, 1
2
:
1
),(d
2
) cho nhau.Vit phng
trnh mt phng (P),(Q) song song vi nhau v ln lt cha
(d
1
),(d
2
)
2) Tnh khong cch gia (d
1
),(d
2
) .
17
Bi 4: (HTS-96): Cho hai ng thng (d
1
),(d
2
) c phng trnh cho
bi : , ) , ) R t
1 2
2 3
3 1
:
1
e
=
+ =
+ =
z
t y
t x
d , )
0 12 2 5
0 8 2 3
:
2
= +
=
z x
y x
d
1
),(d
2
) cho nhau. Tnh khong
cch gia (d
1
),(d
2
)
1
),(d
2
) .
Bi 5: : (PVBC 99) Cho hai ng thng (d
1
),(d
2
) ,bit:
, )
1
2
3
1
2
1
:
1
=
+ z y x
d , )
2 5
2
2
2
:
2
=
+
=
z y x
d
1
),(d
2
) cho nhau.
1
),(d
2
) .
Bi 6: (HSPQui Nhn-D-96): cho hai ng thng (d
1
),(d
2
) ,bit:
: , )
= +
= +
0 4 y - x
0 y x
: d
1
z
, ) , ) t
2
3 1
:
2
R
t z
t y
t x
d e
+ =
=
+ =
1
),(d
2
) cho nhau.
1
),(d
2
)
Bi 7: : cho hai ng thng (d
1
),(d
2
) ,bit:
, )
1
9
2
3
1
7
:
1
=
z y x
d , )
3
1
2
1
7
3
:
2
z y x
d
1
),(d
2
) cho nhau.
1
),(d
2
) .
Bi 8: (H Hu 1998) Cho hai ng thng (d
1
),(d
2
) c phng trnh
cho bi :
, )
1
1
2 2
:
1
1
1
=
+ =
+ =
z
t y
t x
d , , ) , ) R
t z
t y
x
d e
=
+ =
=
2 1
2
2 2
t , t
3
1
1
:
1
),(d
2
) cho nhau.
2) Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha (d
1
) v song song vi (d
2
) .
1
),(d
2
) .
Bi 9: (HNN-97): Cho hai ng thng (d
1
),(d
2
) c phng trnh
cho bi :
, )
= + +
= + +
0 1 y - x
0 2z y x
: d
1
z
, ) , ) t
2
5
2 2
:
2
R
t z
t y
t x
d e
+ =
=
+ =
1
),(d
2
) cho nhau.
1
),(d
2
) .
3) Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) i qua M(1,1,1) v ct ng
thi (d
1
),(d
2
) .
Bi 10: (HKT-98): Cho t din SABC vi cc nh S(-2,2,4), A(-
2,2,0) ,B(-5,2,0) ,C(-2,1,1). Tnh khong cch gia hai cnh i SA v
SB.
Bi 1: (HSP TPHCM-95): Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua
A(0,1,1) v vung gc vi ng thng (d
1
) v ct (d
2
) ,bit :
, )
1 1
2
3
1
:
1
z y x
d =
+
=
, )
0 1
0 2
:
2
= +
= + +
x
z y x
d
Bi 2: Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua A(1,1,1) v vung gc
vi ng thng (d
1
) v ct (d
2
) ,bit :
, )
= +
= + +
0 1 - z y
0 3 - z y x
: d
1
, )
0 1
0 9 2 2
:
2
= +
= +
z y
z y x
d
Bi 3: Vit phng trnh ng thng ct c ba ng thng (d
1
) (d
2
) ,
(d
3
) v vung gc vi vect , ) 3 , 2 , 1 u , bit:
, )
= +
= +
0 1 z
0 1 y - x
: d
1
, )
0
0 1
:
2
=
= +
z
y x
d , )
1
0 1
:
3
=
=
z
y x
d
Bi 4: Tm tt c cc ng thng ct (d
1
), (d
2
) di cng mt gc ,
bit:
, )
=
=
a z
0 y - mx
: d
1
, )
0
:
2
=
= +
a z
y mx
d
Bi 5: (HTL-97):Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua A(3,-2,-4)
song song vi mt phng (P) :3x-2y-3z-7=0 v ct ng thng (d)
bit:
18
, )
2
1
2
4
3
2
:

=
+
=
z y x
d
Bi 1: Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua A(1,2,3) v ct c hai
ng thng (d
1
) ,(d
2
):
1) , )
= +
= + +
0 10 4z - y
0 3 2 8z x
: d
1
, )
0 2 2
0 3 2
:
2
= + +
=
z y
z x
d
2) , )
0 12 2 5
0 8 2 3
:
1
= +
=
z x
y x
d , ) , ) t
2
2 3
3 1
:
2
R
t z
t y
t x
d e
=
=
+ =
Bi 2: (HTCKT 1999) Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) i qua
A(1,1,-2) song song vi mt phng (P) v vung gc vi ng thng
(d):
, ) 0 1 - z - y - x : (P)
3
2
1
1
2
1
: =
=
+ z y x
d
Bi1: Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua A(1,2,3) v ct c hai
ng thng
1) , )
= +
= + +
0 10 4z - y
0 3 2 8z x
: d
1
, )
0 2 2
0 3 2
:
2
= + +
=
z y
z x
d
2) , )
3
3
2
2
1
1
:
1
=
z y x
d , )
0 5 3 2
0 2
:
2
= +
= +
z y x
z y x
d
Bi 2: Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua gc to v ct c hai
ng thng:
, ) R
t z
t y
t x
d e
+ =
+ =
+ =
t
3 3
2
2 1
:
1
, , )
1 3
2 3
2
:
2
+ =
+ =
+ =
u z
u y
u x
d
Bi 3: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) song song vi ng thng
(A) v ct c hai ng thng: , )
0 1
0 2
:
= + +
= + +
A
z y x
z y x
, ) R
t z
t y
t x
d e
=
=
+ =
t
2
1
2
:
1
, )
0 3
0 2 2
:
2
=
= +
y
z x
d
Bi 4: (HDL-97): Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua A(1,-1,0)
v ct c hai ng thng: , )
2
1
1
1
1
:
1
=
+
=
z y x
d , )
1 2 1
1
:
2
z y x
d = =
+
Bi 5: (HTS-99): Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua A(1,-1,0)
v ct c hai ng thng:
, )
= +
=
0 12 - 2z 5x
0 8 - 2y - 3x
: d
1
, ) , ) t
2
2 3
3 1
:
2
R
t z
t y
t x
d e
=
=
+ =
Bi 6: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) vung gc vi (P) :x+y+z-
2=0 v ct c hai ng thng (d
1
) v (d
2
):
, ) R
t z
t y
t x
d e
=
=
+ =
t
2
1
2
:
1
, )
0 3
0 2 2
:
2
=
= +
y
z x
d
Bi 7: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) i qua gc to v ct c 2
ng thng (d
1
) v (d
2
):
, ) R
t z
t y
t x
d e
=
+ =
+ =
t
3 3
2
1 2
:
1
, )
0 3 1 3
2 3
2
:
2
= + =
+ =
+ =
u z
u y
u x
d
Bi 1: (HQG TPHCM 1998) Trong khng gian vi h trc to
trc chun 0xyz ,cho ng thng (d) v mt phng (P) c phng
trnh :
19
(P):x+y+z-3=0 v , )
0 3 2
0 3
:
=
= +
z y
z x
d Lp phng trnh hnh chiu
vung gc ca ng thng (d) ln (Q).
Bi 2: Lp phng trnh hnh chiu vung gc ca giao tuyn (d) ca
hai mt phng 3x-y+z-2=0 v x+4y-5=0 ln mt phng 2x-z+7=0.
Bi3: (HMC-98) :Trong khng gian vi h to trc chun 0xyz
cho ng thng (d) v mt phng (P) c phng trnh :
, )
2
1
3
4
4
:
+
=
=
z y x
d v (P): x-y+3z+8=0.
Hy vit phng trnh chnh tc hnh chiu vung gc ca (d) ln (P) .
Bi4: Trong khng gian 0xyz cho ng thng (d) v mt phng (Q)
c phng trnh :
, )

=
= +
0 2z - x
0 3 - z 2y - 3x
: d , ) , ) R
t t z
t t y
t t x
Q e
+ =
+ =
+ + =
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
t , t
5
2 4
3 4
:
Lp phng trnh hnh chiu vung gc ca ng thng (d) ln (Q) .
Bi5: Cho ng thng (d) v mt phng (Q) c phng trnh :
, )

= +
= + +
0 3 - z - 2y x
0 1 z y - 2x
: d (Q): x-y+z+10=0
Hy vit phng trnh chnh tc hnh chiu vung gc (d
1
) ca (d) ln
(P) .
Bi6: (H Cn Th 1998) Trong khng gian vi h to vung gc
0xyz cho ng thng (d) v mt phng (P) c phng trnh :
, )
3
1
2
2
1
1
:

=
=
z y x
d v (P): x+y+z+1=0.
Hy vit phng trnh chnh tc hnh chiu vung gc (d
1
) ca (d) ln
(P) .
Bi7: (HVQY-95): Trong khng gian vi h to vung gc 0xyz
cho ng thng (d) v mt phng (P) c phng trnh :
, )
3
1
2
2
1
1
:

=
=
z y x
d v (P): x+y+z+1=0.
1) Hy vit phng trnh chnh tc hnh chiu vung gc (d
1
) ca (d)
ln (Oxy) .
2) CMR khi m thay i ng thng (d
1
) lun tip xc vi mt ng
trn c nh trong mt phng 0xy.
Bi8: (HQG-98): Trong khng gian vi h to vung gc 0xyz
cho mt phng (P) v hai ng thng (d
1
) v (d
2
) c phng trnh :
(P):x+y-z+1=0
, )
= +
= +
0 2y x
0 1 z - 2y
: d
1
, )
0 2
0 12 3
:
2
= +
= +
z x
z y
d
1) Hy vit phng trnh hnh chiu vung gc (A
1
), (A
2
) ca (d
1
),
(d
2
) ln (P) .Tm to giao im I ca (d
1
), (d
2
).
2) Vt phng trnh mt phng
, )
1
P
cha (d
1
) v vung gc vi (P).
BI TON TMIM
A. L THUYT CHUNG
1. Nu im M(x;y;z) thuc ng (C ): y=f(x;y;z) th ta ca
im phi tha mn phng trnh ca ng .
2. Khong cch :
- Nm vng cng thc tnh khong cch gia hai im
- Khong cch t mt im n mt ng thng , n
mt mt phng
3. Thuc cc du hiu nhn dng tam gic : cn , vung , u .
Cc tnh cht ca ng trung tuyn , phn gic trong ca gc
tam gic , tnh cht trng tm , trc tm ca tam gic
4. Nh cc tnh cht ca ng trn : ng knh i qua im
gia ca mt dy cung , tip tuyn k t mt im nm ngoi
ng trn ti ng trn , du hiu nhn bit v v tr tng
i ca hai ng trn . c bit nh tnh cht v t ca ng
trn trong hnh hc lp 11.
B. MT S V D MINH HA
V d 1. ( KA-2002)
Cu IV-2. Trong khng gian ta Oxyz cho hai ng thng
20
1 2
1
2 4 0
: ; : 2
2 2z 4 0
1 2
x t
x y z
y t
x y
z t
= +
+ =
A A = +

+ + =

= +
a/ Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha

1
A v song song vi ng
thng
2
A .
b/ Cho im M(2;1;4) . Tm ta im H thuc ng thng
2
A sao
cho on thng MH c di nh nht ?
V d 2..(HKA-2005)
Trong khng gian v i hto Oxyz cho ng thng d:
1 3 3
1 2 1
x y z +
= =
v mt phng (P): 2x +y - 2z +9 =0.

a.Tm to im I thuc d sao cho khong cch t I n mt
phng (P) bng 2
b.Tm to giao im A ca ng thng d v mt phng (P).
Vit ph ng trnh tham s ca ng thng A nm trong mt
phng (P), bit A i qua A v vung gc v i d.
Vi d 3.(HKD-2005) Trong khng gian v i hto Oxyz cho
hai ng thng:
d
1
:
1 2 1
3 1 2
x y z + +
= =
v d
2
la giao tuyn ca 2 mt phng
( ) : 2 0 ; ( ) : 3 12 0 x y z x y + = + =
a.Chng minh rng: d
1
v d
2
song song v i nhau. Vit ph ng
trnh mt phng (P) cha c hai ng thng d
1
v d
2
b.Mt phng to Oxz ct hai ng thng d
1
, d
2
ln l t t i
cc im A, B. Tnh din tch AOAB (O l gc to )
Vi d 4. ( HKB-2006)
Trong khng gian v i hto Oxyz cho im A(0; 1; 2) v hai
ng thng :
d
1
:
1 1
2 1 1
x y z +
= =
d
2
:
1
1 2
2
x t
y t
z t
= +
= +
a.Vit ph ng trnh mt phng (P) qua A, ng thi song song

v i d
1
v d
2
.
b.Tm to cc im Me d
1
, N e d
2
sao cho ba im A, M, N
thng hng
V d 5.(HKA-2009)
Trong gian h ta Oxyz , cho mt phng (P) : x-2y+2z-1=0 v hai
ng thng c phng trnh :
1 2
1 9 1 3 1
: ; :
1 1 6 2 1 2
x y z x y z + + +
A = = A = =
. Xc nh ta im
M thuc ng thng
1
A sao cho khong cch t M n ng thng
2
A v khong cch t M n mt phng (P) bng nhau .
V d 6. (HKB-2009).
A. Theo chng trnh chun .
* Trong khng gian ta Oxyz , cho t din ABCD c cc nh
A(1;2;1),B(-2;1;3),
C(2;-1;1) v D(0;3;1). Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua A,B sao
cho khong cch t C n (P) bng khong cch t D n (P) .
B. Theo chng trnh nng cao .
Trong khng gian ta Oxyz ,cho mt phng (P):x-2y+2z-5=0 v hai
im A(-3;0;1)
B(1;-1;3) . Trong cc ng thng i qua A v song song vi (P) , vit
phng trnh ng thng m khong cch t B n ng thng l
nh nht ?
21
V d 7. (HKD-2009).
A. Theo chng trnh chun .
Trong khng gian h ta Oxyz , cho cc im
A(2;1;0),B(1;2;2),C(1;1;0) v mt phng (P): x+y+z-20=0 .
Tm ta im D thuc ng thng AB sao cho ng thng CD
song song vi (P)
B. Theo chng trnh nng cao .
- Trong khng gian ta Oxyz ,cho ng thng
1 2
:
2 1 1
x y z
d
+
= =
v mt phng (P): x+2y-3z+4=0 .

Vit phng trnh ng thng d nm trong mp(P) sao cho d ct v
vung gc vi d
V d 8. ( HKA-2008).
Trong khng gian ta Oxyz , cho im A(1;1;3) v ng thng
1
:
1 1 2
x y z
d

= =
.
a/Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua A v vung gc vi ng
thng d
b/ Tm ta im M thuc ng thng d sao cho tam gic MOA cn
ti nh O
Ch : Trong bi ton tm im trnh by trn , ta cn ch n
dng bi ton sau :
BI TON : Trong khng gian Oxyz , cho hai im A,B v mt
phng (P)
a/ Nu A,B nm v mt pha ca (P) th ta gp cau hi : Tm im M
trn (P) sao cho MA MB + t GTNN hoc chu vi tam gic MAB c
chu vi nh nht
b/ Nu A,B nm v hai pha ca (P) th th ta gp cu hi : Tm M trn
(P) sao cho MA MB t GTLN ?
CCH GII
1. MA+MB t GTNN .
- Bc 1. Kim tra v tr tng i ca A,B i vi (P) ( Bng
cch thay ta ca A,B vo phng trnh ca mt phng (P),
nu hai gi tr cng du th A,B nm v mt pha ca (P) ).
- Bc 2: Tm ta im A i xng vi A qua (P)
- Bc 3: Lp phng trnh ng thng (AB)
- Bc 4: Tm ta giao im ca (AB) vi (P) : chnh l
im M cn tm .
- Bc 5: Chng minh M l im duy nht tha mn yu cu bi
ton .
2. MA MB t GTLN
- Bc 1: Kim tra v tr tng i ca A,B i vi (P) ( Cch
lm nh trn ).
- Bc 2: Tm ta im A i xng vi A qua (P)
- Bc 3: Lp phng trnh ng thng (AB)
- Bc 4: Tm ta giao im ca (AB) vi (P) : chnh l
im M cn tm .
- Bc 5: Chng minh M l im duy nht tha mn yu cu bi
ton .
V D MINH HA
V d 1. ( HQG-KB-2000)
Cho mt phng (P) : x+y+z-1=0 v hai im A(1;-3;0) ,B(5;-1;-2)
1/ Chng minh rng ng thng (AB) ct mt phng (P) ti im I .
Tm ta ca I
2/ Tm trn mt phng (P) im M sao cho MA MB t GTLN ?
GII
1/ Chng minh rng ng thng (AB) ct mt phng (P) ti im I .
Tm ta ca I
- Ta c :
, ) , )
, ) , )
/ /
. 1 3 1 5 1 2 1 3 0
A P B P
P P = = < , suy ra A,B nm
v hai pha ca (P).
- Tm ta A i xng vi A qua (P).
22
- Lp ng thng A qua A(1;-3;0) v vung gc vi
(P)
1
: 3
x t
y t
z t
= +
A = +
- Tm ta H l giao ca A vi (P) , th ta ca H l nghim

ca h :
, )
1
3
3 3 1 2; 2;1
1 0
x t
y t
t t H
z t
x y z
= +
= +
= = =
+ + =
- Ta A : , )
'
'
'
2x 2.2 1 3
2x 2.2 3 1 ' 3; 1; 2
2x 2.1 0 2
A H A
A H A
A H A
x x
y y A
z z
= = =
= = + = =
= = =
- Lp ng thng d=(AB) , qua A(1;-3;0) c

, ) , ) ' 2; 0; 4 / / 1; 0; 2 A B u = =

.
Do ng thng (AB) :
3
1
2 2
x t
y
z t
= +
- Tm ta im M l giao ca (AB) vi (P) , ta ca M l

nghim ca h :
, )
1 0
3
1 0 1 2; 1; 0
1
2 2
x y z
x t
t t M
y
z t
+ + =
= +
= = =
.
chnh l im cn tm .
- Chng minh M l im duy nht .
Do A i xng vi A qua (P) cho nn (P) l mt phng trung trc ca
on thng AA : MA=MA suy ra ' ' MA MB MA MB A B = = .
Vi mt im M khc M ta c :
' ' ' ' ' ' M A M B M A M B A B = < . Chng t M l im duy nht
cn tm .
V d 2. Cho hai im A(1;2;-1),B(7;-2;3) v ng thng d :
1 2 2
3 2 2
x y z +
= =
.
1/ Chng t ng thng (AB) v ng thng d thuc cng mt mt
phng . Vit phng trnh mt phng ?
2/ Tm im I trn d sao cho IA+IB t GTNN ?
GII
1. Chng t (AB) v d thuc mt mt phng .
-Ta c : , ) , ) 6; 4; 4 2 3; 2; 2 / / AB u AB u = = =

. Mt khc : ng
thng d qua M(-1;2;2) , cho nn
, ) , )
2 2 2 3 3 2
2;0;3 , ; ; 6; 13; 4 0
0 3 3 2 2 0
AM AM u
| |
(
= = = =

\

. Vy (AB)//d .
- Mt phng (P) cha A,B v d qua A(1;2;-1) v c vc t ch phng :
, ) , ) , ) , ) , ) , ) , 6;13;4 :6 1 13 2 4 1 0 :6x 13 4z 28 0. AMu P x y z P y
(
= + + + = + + =

2/ Tm im I trn d sao cho IA+IB t GTNN ?

- Nu I thuc d th I=(3t-1;2-2t;2+2t )
, ) , ) , )
2 2
2 2
3 2; 2 ;3 2 3 2 4 2 3 17 13 AI t t t IA t t t t = + = + + + = +
, ) , ) , ) , ) , )
2 2 2 2
3 8; 4 2 ; 1 2 3 8 4 2 2 1 17 2 13 BI t t t IB t t t t = + = + + = +
Vy IA+IB=f(t)= , )
2
2
17 13 17 2 13 t t + + + .
Ta c :
, )
, )
, )
, )
2 2 2 2
17 2 17 2 17 17
'( ) 0
17 13 17 13
17 2 13 17 2 13
t t t t
f t
t t
t t

= + = =
+ +
+ +
23
, ) , ) , ) , )
2 2 2
2 2 2
17 2 13 2 17 13 2 1 t t t t t t t
(
+ = + = =

Bng cch lp bng bin thin :
Ta tm c t=1 v I=(2;0;4)
Ngoi cch trn ta cn c mt cch na l :
Nu A i xng vi A qua d th d
l ng trung trc ca on thng
AA v vy : IA+IB=IA+IB=AB .
Khi I l im cn tm v IM l
ng trung trc ca AB , T
tm I ta lm nh sau :
- Tm ta trung im M ca AB
,M=(4;0;1 )
- Lp mt phng (P) l mt phng
trung trc ca on AB . Th (P)
qua M v c , ) , ) 6; 4; 4 / / 3; 2; 2 P AB n = =

. Suy ra (P):3x-2y+2z-
14=0 .
- Tm ta I l giao ca d vi (P) , ta ca I l nghim ca h
: , )
1 3
2 2
17 17 1 2; 0; 4
2 2
3x 2 2z 14 0
x t
y t
t t I
z t
y
= +
= = =
= +
+ =
.
V d 3. Cho hai im A(-1;3;-2),B(-9;4;9) v mt phng (P) : 2x-
y+z+1=0 . Tm im M thuc mt phng (P) sao cho AM+BM c
GTNN ?
V d 4 : Cho A(1; 1; 1); B(2; 2; 2) v ng thng (d):
=
=
=
t z
y
t x
3
2
Tm M trn (d) sao cho: MA + MB t gi tr nh nht
LI GII
Cch 1: Gi M(t; 2; 3-t) l im cn tm
Ta c: MA= , )
2
3
6 6 2 ) 2 ( 1 1
2 2 2
> + = + + t t t t . Du = xy
ra t=
2
3
MB= .
2
1
5 6 2 ) 1 ( ) 2 (
2 2 2
> + = + t t t t Du = xy ra
2
3
= t
2
1 3 +
> + MB MA . Du = xy ra
2
3
= t . Vy )
2
3
; 2 ;
2
3
( M
Cch 2: ta thy: ) (d AB . Gi (P) l mp cha AB v vung gc (d).
Suy ra ptmp(P): x - z = 0
M tho mn bi ton khi v ch khi M l giao im ca (d) v (P)
Vy )
2
3
; 2 ;
2
3
( M
Nhn xt: Nu gt khng cho ) (d AB th ta phi kho st hm s
tm t
V d 5 : Cho A(1; 1; 1); B(2; 2; 2) v ng thng (d):
=
+ =
=
t z
t y
x
2 3
2
1
a, CMR: AB v (d) cho nhau
b, Tm M trn (d) MA + MB t gi tr nh nht.
LI GII
a, (d) c vtcp: ) 2 ; 1 ; 0 ( = u v qua im C(1;2;3)
Ta c: 0 4 . , = = AC u AB AB v (d) cho nhau
b, Gi M(1; 2+t; 3-2t) l im cn tm
Ta c: MA= 5 7 5 ) 2 2 ( ) 1 (
2 2 2
+ = + + t t t t ; MB=
2 4 5 ) 1 2 ( 1
2 2 2
+ = + + t t t t
A
B
M
I
d
A`
24
+
=
=
s s
+ = + =
+
+
+
=
+ + + = = +
15
34 2
0 18 36 135
10
7
5
2
5 7 5 ) 10 4 ( 2 4 5 ) 7 10 ( 0 ) ( '
2 4 5
2 5
5 7 5 2
7 10
) ( '
2 4 5 5 7 5 ) (
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
x
x x
x
t t t t t t t f
t t
t
t t
t
t f
t t t t t f MB MA
T lp BBT. Suy ra im M cn tm.
III. BI TON I XNG
* Ta c hai bi ton i xng c bn : im i xng vi im qua
ng thng , qua mt phng . Ngoi ra nu ngin cu su thm th c
bi ton : lp phng trnh ng thng i xng vi ng thng qua
mt im, qua mt ng thng cho trc .
A. TMIM I XNG VI IM QUA MT MT PHNG
1. Bi ton : Trong khng gian ta Oxyz , cho M, )
0 0 0
; ; x y z v mt
phng (P) c phng trnh : Ax+By+Cz+D=0 . Tm ta im M
i xng vi M qua (P) .
V D MINH HA
V d 1.( Bi 3.41-tr114-BTHH12CB)
Cho im M(1;-1;2) v mt phng (P) : 2x-y+2z+12=0
a/ Tm ta im H l hnh chiu vung gc ca im M trn mt
phng (P)
b/ Tm ta im M i xng vi im M qua mt phng (P)
V d 2. (HVKTQS-99).
Trong khng gian ta Oxyz cho hai im A(1;2;1) ,B(2;1;3) v mt
phng (P) c phng trnh : x-3y+2z-6=0
a/ Lp phng trnh mt phng (Q) qua AB v vung gc vi (P)
b/ Vit phng trnh ng giao thuyn ca (P) v (Q) .
c/ Tm ta im K i xng vi im A qua (P).
V d 3. ( HKTTC-2000)
Cho im A(2;3;5) v mt phng (P) : 2x+3y+z-17=0.
a/ Vit phng trnh ng thng d qua A v vung gc vi (P)
b/ Chng minh d giao vi Oz ti im M . Tm ta im M
c/ Tm ta im A i xng vi A qua mt phng (P) .
B. TM TA CA IM I XNG QUA NG THNG
Bi ton : Trong khng gian ta Oxyz , cho im A(
1 1 1
; ; ) x y z v
ng thng d c phng trnh :
0 0 0
x x y y z z
a b c

= = . Tm ta
im A i xng vi im A qua d ?
V D MINH HA
V d 1.( Bi 3.40-tr114-BTHH12CB)
Cho im M(2;-1;1) v ng thng
1 1
:
2 1 2
x y z +
A = =
a/ Tm ta im H l hnh chiu vung gc ca M trn ng thng

A .
b/ Tm ta im M i xng vi im M qua ng thng A.
V d 1.(HKD-2006).
Trong khng gian v i hto Oxyz, cho im A(1; 2; 3) v hai
ng thng
d
1
:
2 2 3
2 1 1
x y z +
= =
d
2
:
1 1 1
1 2 1
x y z +
= =
a.Tm to im A i xng v i im A qua ng thng d

1
b.Vit ph ng trnh ng thng A i qua A vung gc v i d
1
v
ct d
2
25
V d 2. ( HSPTPHCM-2000)
Trong khng gian ta Oxyz , cho im A(3;2;0) v ng thng d
c phng trnh
1 3 2
1 2 2
x y z + + +
= = . Tm ta im A i xng vi im A qua
dng thng d .
V d 3. ( HC-2000)
Trong khng gian Oxyz cho hai ng thng
1 2
2 1 1 2
: :
1 1 2 2 1 1
x y z x y z
d d
+ +
= = v = =

a/ Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng
1 2
; d d .
b/ Tm ta im A i xng vi im B(3;-3;2) qua ng thng
1
d .
C. LP PHNG TRNH NG THNG I XNG VI MT
NG THNG CHO SN
Bi ton : Cho hai ng thng d , d ln lt i qua hai im M,N v
vc t ch phng , ' u u

. Hy lp phng trnh ng thng A i
xng vi ng thng d qua ng thng d
CCH GII .
Cch 1.
- Bc 1: Trn ng thng d ly hai im A,B ( ta cho hai gi
tr ca t )
- Bc 2: Tm ta hai im A,B tng ng i xng vi
A,B qua ng thng d
- Bc 3: ng thng cn tm chnh l ng thng (AB).
Cch 2:
- Bc 1: Trn ng thng d ta ly im A bt k ( Ta ca
A l cc biu thc c cha t )
- Bc 2: Tm ta im B i xng vi im A qua dng
thng d . Ta im B tha mn phng trnh ng thng
A . ( V A chy trn d th B s chy trn A ).
V D MINH HA
V d : (HVCNBCVT-2000)
Cho hai ng thng :
3 1 1 7 3 9
: ; ' :
7 2 3 1 2 1
x y z x y z
d d

= = = =

.
Hy vit phng trnh ng thng A i xng vi ng thng d
qua ng thng d
BI TP T LUYN
Bi 1.Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz cho hai im
A(1;4;2),B(-1;2;4) v - ng thng
A :
1 2
1 1 2
x y z +
= =
.Tm to im M trn Asao

cho:
2 2
28 MA MB + =
Bi 2.Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho im M(2 ; 1 ; 0) v
ng thng d :
d :
x 1 y 1 z
2 1 1
+
= =
.Vit phng trnh chnh tc ca ng thng i

qua im M, ct v
vung gc vi ng thng d v tm to ca im M i xng
vi M qua d
Bi 3.Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai ng thng:
2
5
1
1
3
4
:
1
+
=
=
z y x
d
1 3
3
1
2
:
2
z y x
d =
+
=
Vit phng trnh mt cu c bn knh nh nht tip xc vi c ng

thng d
1
v d
2
Bi 4.Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz cho hai - ng thng d
v d ln lt c phng trnh :
26
d : z
y
x =
=
1
2
v d :
1
5
3
2
2
+
= =
z
y
x
.
Chng minh rng hai - ng thng vung gc vi nhau. Vit
phng trnh mt phng ) ( i qua d v vung gc vi d
Bi 5.Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz cho hai - ng thng d
v d ln lt c phng trnh : d : z
y
x =
=
1
2
v d :
1
5
3
2
2
+
= =
z
y
x
.
Vit phng trnh mt phng ) ( i qua d v to vi d mt gc
0
30
Bi 6.Trong h ta Oxyz, Cho ba im A(0;1;2), B(2;-2;1), C(-
2;0;1). Vit phng trnh mt phng (ABC) v tm im M thuc mt
phng 2x + 2y + z 3 = 0 sao cho MA = MB = MC.
Bi 7.Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai ng thng:
1
( ) :
1 1 2
x y z
d = = v
2
1 1
( ) :
2 1 1
x y z
d
+
= =
.
Tm ta cc im M thuc
1
( ) d v N thuc
2
( ) d sao cho ng
thng MN song song vi mt phng , ) : 2010 0 P x y z + + =
di on MN bng 2 .
Bi 8.Cho im , ) 2;5;3 A v ng thng
1 2
: .
2 1 2
x y z
d

= = Vit
phng trnh mt phng , ) cha d sao cho khong cch t A n
, ) ln nht.
Bi 9.Cho mt phng , ) : 2 2 1 0 P x y z + = v cc ng thng
1
1 3
: ,
2 3 2
x y z
d

= =
2
5 5
: .
6 4 5
x y z
d
+
= =
Tm im M thuc d
1
, N
thuc d
2
sao cho MN song song vi (P) v ng thng MN cch (P)
mt khong bng 2.
Bi 10.Trong khng gian to Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): 2x y 5z
+ 1 = 0 v hai ng thng
d
1
:
1 1 2
2 3 1
x y z +
= = , d
2
:
2 2
1 5 2
x y z +
= =
Vit phng trnh ng thng d vung gc vi (P) ng thi ct

ng thng d
1
v d
2
.
Bi 11.Trong khng gian to Oxyz cho ng thng d:
3 2 1
2 1 1
x y z + +
= =
v mt phng (P): x + y + z + 2 = 0. Gi M l
giao im ca d v (P). Vit phng trnh ng thng A nm trong
mt phng (P), vung gc vi d ng thi tho mn khong cch t M
ti A bng 42 .
Bi 12.Trong khng gian vi h ta cc vung gc Oxyz cho
mp(P) :
x 2y + z 2 = 0 v hai ng thng : (d)
x 1 3 y z 2
1 1 2
+ +
= =
v (d)
x 1 2t
y 2 t
z 1 t
= +
= +
= +
Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng ( A) nm trong mt phng

(P) v ct c hai ng thng (d) v (d) . CMR (d) v (d) cho nhau
v tnh khong cch gia chng .
Bi 13.Cho ba im A(1;5;4), B(0;1;1), C(1;2;1). Tm ta im D
thuc ng thng AB sao cho di on thng CD nh nht.
Bi 14.Cho hai ng thng c phng trnh:
1
2 3
: 1
3 2
x z
d y
+
= + =
3
: 7 2
2
1
x t
d y t
z t
= +
=
=
Vit phng trnh ng thng ct d
1
v d
2
ng thi i qua im
M(3;10;1).
27
Bi 15 .Cho ng thng (d) :
x t
y 1
z t
=
v 2 mt phng:
(P) : x + 2y + 2z + 3 = 0 v (Q) : x + 2y + 2z + 7= 0
a. Vit phng trnh hnh chiu ca (d) trn (P)
b. Lp ph.trnh mt cu c tm I thuc ng thng (d) v tip xc vi
hai mt phng (P) v (Q)
Bi 16.. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz. Cho mt cu (S) :
, ) , ) 9 2 1
2 2 2
= + + + z y x .
Lp phng trnh mt phng (P) vung gc vi ng thng d :
2 2
1
1
=
=
z y x
v ct mt cu (S) theo ng trn c bn knh bng 2
.
Bi 17.Trong Khng gian vi h ta Oxyz.Cho ng thng
=
=
=
A
1
2 :
z
t y
t x
v im ) 1 , 0 , 1 ( A
Tm ta cc im E v F thuc ng thng A tam gic AEF l
tam gicu.
Bi 18.Trong khng gian vi h trc to Oxyz cho
, ) 0 5 2 : = + + z y x P v ng thng 3 1
2
3
: ) ( = + =
+
z y
x
d ,
im A( -2; 3; 4). Gi A l ng thng nm trn (P) i qua giao im
ca ( d) v (P) ng thi vung gc vi d. Tm trn A im M sao cho
khong cch AM ngn nht.
Bi 19.Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai im A(1;2; -1),
B(7; -2; 3) v ng thng d c phng trnh
2 3
2 (t R)
4 2
x t
y t
z t
= +
= e
= +
. Tm
trn d nhng im M sao cho tng khong cch t M n A v B l
nh nht.
Bi 20.Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz, cho ng thng A :
1 3
1 1 4
x y z
= = v im M(0 ; - 2 ; 0). Vit phng trnh mt
phng (P) i qua im M song song vi ng thng A ng thi
khong cch gia ng thng A v mt phng (P) bng 4.
Bi 21.Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz cho im A(10; 2; -1)
v - ng thng d c phng trnh
+ =
=
+ =
t z
t y
t x
3 1
2 1
.
Lp phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua A, song song vi d v
khong cch t d ti (P) l ln nht.
Bi 22.Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz cho mt cu
2 2 2
( ) : 2 6 4 2 0 S x y z x y z + + + = .
Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) song song vi gi ca vc t
(1; 6; 2) v
, vung gc vi mt
phng( ) : 4 11 0 x y z + + = v tip xc vi (S).
Bi 23.Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho mt phng (P) v
ng thng (d) ln lt c phng trnh:
(P): 2x y 2z 2 = 0; (d):
1 2
1 2 1
x y z +
= =
a. Vit phng trnh mt cu c tm thuc ng thng (d), cch mt

phng (P) mt khong bng 2 v ct mt phng (P) theo giao tuyn l
ng trn c bn knh bng 3.
b. Vit phng trnh mt phng (Q) cha ng thng (d) v to vi
mt phng (P) mt gc nh nht.
28
Bi 24: Cho 2 ng thng (d
1
):
=
+ =
=
t z
t y
t x
2
2 2
2
v (d
2
):
=
=
=
' 2
'
' 3 1
t z
t y
t x
CMR (d
1
), (d
2
) cho nhau. Tnh khong cch gia 2 ng thng
Bi 25: Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.A
1
B
1
C
1
D
1
cnh a c A(0; 0; 0),
B(0; a; 0), D(a; 0; 0) v A
1
(0; 0; a). Cc im M, N, K ln lt trn
cc cnh AA
1
, C
1
D
1
, CC
1
sao cho:
A
1
M=
2
3 a
; D
1
N=
2
2 a
; CK=
3
3 a
1, Vit ptt (d) qua K v song
2
MN
2, Tnh di on thng thuc (d) v nm pha trong hnh lp
phng.
Bi 26: Cho 2 ng thng:
=
=
=
A
t z
t y
t x 1
: ) (
1
v
=
+ =
=
A
k z
k y
k x
1
2
: ) (
2
1, CMR : ) ( ); (
2 1
A A cho nhau
2, Vit ptmp (P), (Q) song
2
vi nhau v ln lt qua ) ( ); (
2 1
A A
3, Tnh khong cch gia 2 ng thng.
Bi 27: Cho A(1; 0; 2); B(1; 1; 0); C(0; 0; 1); D(1;1;1)
1, Vit pt ng cao DH ca t din ABCD.
2, Vit phng trnh mt phng tip xc vi mt cu ngoi tip t din
ABCD ti A.
Bi 28: Cho 2 ng thng: (d
1
):
3
4
1
2
2
1
=
+
=
z y x
v (d
2
):
+ =
=
+ =
t z
t y
t x
3 2
1
CMR 2 ng thng trn cng nm trn 1 mp. Vit phng trnh mt
phng .
Bi 29: Cho M(1; 2; -1) v t(d):
+ =
=
+ =
t z
t y
t x
2 2
2 2
3 1
. Gi N l im i
xng ca M qua (d). Tnh di MN.
Bi 30: Cho 2 ng thng: (m):
+ =
+ =
=
t z
t y
x
3
2 4
1
v (n):
=
+ =
=
2
2 3
3
z
u y
u x
CMR (m); (n) cho nhau. Vit pt ng vung gc chung v tnh
khong cch gia (m), (n).
Bi 31: Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.ABCD vi A(0;0;0),
B(0;2;0); D(2;0;0); A(0;0;2). M, N, P, Q th t l trung im ca
DC, CB, BB, AD.
a, Tm to hnh chiu ca C trn AN.
b, CMR: MQ, NP ng phng. Tnh din tch t gic MNPQ.
Bi 32: Cho mp(P): x + 2y z + 5 = 0 v ng thng (d):
s
1
3
1
1
2
3
=
+
=
+ z y x
Vit ptt ( ) A nm trn (P) i qua giao im ca (d) v (P) v vung
gc vi (d).
Bi 33: Vit ptt qua A(3; -2; -4) song
2
vi mp(P): 3x-2y-3z-7= 0
ng thi ct ng thng (d):
2
1
2
4
3
2
=
+
=
z y x
Bi 34 Cho A(1;2;1) v ng thng (d):
1
3
4
1
3
+
=
=
z y x
1, Vit ptmp qua A v cha (d).
2, Tnh khong cch t A n (d).
Bi 35: Trong kg cho tam gic ABC c A(1;2;5) v 2 ng trung
tuyn l:
29
1
1
2
6
2
3
=
z y x
v
1
2
4
2
1
4
=
=
z y x
. Vit pt cc cnh ca
tam gic.
Bi 36: Cho 2 t (d):
=
=
+ =
t z
t y
t x
2
1
2
v (d):
=
=
=
'
3
' 2 2
t z
y
t x
1, CMR (d) v (d) cho nhau. Vit pt ng vung gc chung ca (d)
v (d)
2, Vit ptmp cch u (d) v (d)
Bi 37: Cho mp(P): 2x + 5y + z + 17 = 0 v t(d):
+ =
+ =
=
t z
t y
t x
15 2
27 3
11
Vit ptt qua giao im A ca (d) v (P), vung gc (d) v nm trong
(P).
Bi 38 Vit ptt vung gc vi mp(P): x + y + z = 1 v ct c 2 ng
thng:
(d
1
):
=
=
=
t z
y
t x
3
2
v (d
2
):
1 1
1
2
1 z y x
=
+
=
Bi 39: Cho t din ABCD bit: A(2;0;0); B(0;4;0); C(0;0;6);

D(2;4;6).
1, Tm to chn ng cao v t D ca t din.
2, Tm tp hp nhng im M trong khng gian tho mn:
4 = + + + MD MC MB MA .
Bi 40: Cho t din SABC vi S(-2;2;4); A(-2;2;0); B(-5; 2; 0); C(-2;
1; 1). Tnh khong cch gia 2 cnh SA v BC.
Bi 41: Cho 2 ng thng song
2
: (d
1
):
4
9
1
5
3
7
=
=
+ z y x
v
(d
2
):
4
18
1
4
3
+
=
+
=
z y x
1, Vit ptmp cha (d
1
) v (d
2
)
2, Tnh khong cch ga (d
1
) v (d
2
)
Bi 42: Cho 2 t (d
1
):
+ =
+ =
+ =
t z
t y
t x
4 6
3 2
2 3
v (d
2
):
+ =
=
=
' 15
' 4 16
'
t z
t y
t x
1, CMR (d
1
) v (d
2
) ct nhau. Tm to giao im.
2, Vit ptmp cha (d
1
) v (d
2
)
Bi 43: Cho A(0;1;1) v 2 ng thng (d
1
):
1 1
2
3
1 z y x
=
+
=
v
(d
2
):
+ =
=
=
t z
t y
x
1
1
Lp ptt qua A vung gc (d
1
) v ct (d
2
).
Bi 44: Cho t (d):
=
=
+ =
t z
t y
t x
3
2
2 1
v im I(2;-1;3). Tm to im K
i xng I qua (d).
Bi 45: Tnh khong cch gia 2 ng thng sau: (d
1
):
3
3
2
2
1
1
=
=
z y x
v
(d
2
):
+ =
=
=
t z
t y
t x
1
1
Bi 46: Cho mp(P) i qua 3 im A(0;0;1); B(-1;-2;0); C(2;1;-1)
1, Vit pt(P).
2, Vit ptt qua trng tm G ca tam gic ABC v vung gc vi (P).
3, Xc nh chn ng cao h t A ti BC v tnh th tch t din
OABC.
Bi 47: Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.ABCD cnh a.
1, Tnh khong cch gia 2 ng thng AA v BD.
2, CMR: BD vung gc vi mp(DAC).
30
Bi 48 Cho 2 ng thng (d):
=
=
=
t z
t y
t x
2 2
3 2
v (d):
1 2
1
3
6 z y x
=
+
=
+
.
1, CMR: (d) v (d) song
2
. Vit ptmp cha (d) v (d).
2, Tm to im N i xng vi M(-2;3;-4) qua (d).
Bi 49: Cho 4 im A(4;1;4); B(3;3;1); C(1;5;5); D(1;1;1)
1, Tm hnh chiu vung gc ca D trn (ABC). Tnh th tch t din
ABCD.
2, Vit pt ng vung gc chung ca AC v BD.
Bi 50: Cho t din SOAB vi: O(0;0;0); A(6;3;0); B(-2;9;1);
S(0;5;8).
1, CMR: SB vung gc vi OA.
2, CMR hnh chiu ca SB ln (OAB) vung gc vi OA. Gi K l
giao im ca OA vi hnh chiu , tm to ca K.
3, Gi P, Q ln lt l trung im cc cnh SO v AB. Tm M trn SB
sao cho PQ v KM ct nhau.
Bi 51 Cho (P): 16x 15y 12z + 15 = 0
1, Lp pt mt cu (S) tm O v tip xc (P). Tm to tip im ca
(P) v (S).
2, Tm im i xng ca O qua (P).
Bi 52: Cho t(d):
1 1
2
3
1 z y x
=
+
=
v mp(P): 2x + y 2z +2 = 0.
1, Lp pt mt cu (S) c tm I nm trn (d), tip xc (P) v c bn knh
bng 1.
2, Gi M l giao im ca (d) v (P), T l tip im ca (S) vi (P).
Tnh MT.
Bi 53: Cho 2 t: (d
1
):
3 5
5
7
7 z y x
=
v (d):
=
=
=
t z
t y
t x
3 2
2
1, Tnh khong cch gia (d) v (d).
2, Cho 2 im A, B di ng trn (d) sao cho AB = 3 v C, D di ng
trn (d) sao cho CD= 4. Tnh th tch t din ABCD.
Bi 54: Cho ng thng (d
k
):
k
z
k
y
k
x
+
=
+
+
=
+
1
1
3 2
1
1
3
.
1, CMR: (d
k
) lun nm trong 1 mp c nh, vit ptmp .
2, Xc nh k (d
k
) song
2
vi 2mp : 6x - y - 3z -13 = 0 v x - y + 2z -
3 = 0
Bi 55: Cho (P): x + y + z = 3 v mt cu (S): x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 12. CMR:
(P) ct (S), tm tm v bn knh ng trn giao tuyn ca (P) v (S).
Bi 56: Cho mt cu (S): x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
2x 4y 6z 67= 0
v ng thng (D):
+ =
+ =
=
t z
t y
t x
14
2 3 . Vit ptmp cha (D) v tip xc (S).
Bi 57: Cho A(1;2;-1), B(4; 0; 1) v ng thng (d):
+ =
=
+ =
t z
t y
t x
2 4
2
3 2
.
1, CMR: AB v (d) song
2
.
2, Tm I trn (d) sao cho chu vi tam gic IAB nh nht, tm gi tr nh
nht y.
Bi 58: Cho A(a;0;0), B(0;a;0), C(a;a;0), D(0;0;d), (a,d>0). A, B ln
lt l hnh chiu vung gc ca O trn DA v DB.
1, Vit ptmp cha OA, OB. CMR: mp vung gc vi CD.
2, Tnh d theo a s o gc AOB bng 45
0
.
Bi 59: Cho gc tam din vung Oxyz v
8
1
mt cu n v x
2
+ y
2
+
z
2
=1 (x,y,z 0 > ) trong gc tam din y. mp(P) tip xc vi
8
1
mt cu
ti M v ct Ox, Oy, Oz ln lt ti A, B, C sao cho OA=a>0;
OB=b>0; OC=c>0. CMR:
1, 1
1 1 1
2 2 2
= + +
c b a
2, (1 + a
2
)(1 + b
2
)(1 + c
2
) >64. Tm v tr ca M ng thc xy ra.
31
Bi 60: Cho A(2;3;5) v (P): 2x + 3y + z 17= 0.
1, Vit ptt(d) qua A v vung gc (P). CMR: (d) ct Oz, tm giao
im ca (d) v Oz.
2, Tm A i xng A qua (P).
Bi 61:Cho (d):
+ =
=
+ =
t z
t y
t x
3 4
2 4
3 7
v (d):
=
+ =
+ =
' 12
' 2 9
' 1
t z
t y
t x
1, CMR: (d) v (d) cho nhau.
2, Vit pt ng vung gc chung ca 2 t .
Bi 62: Cho 2 t:
3
1
2
1
7
3
: ) (
1
A
z y x
v
, )
1
9
2
3
1
7
:
2
A
z y x
.
Vit pt ng thng (d) i xng vi , )
1
A qua , )
2
A
Bi 63 Cho tam gic ABC c C(3;2;3) ng cao AH:
2
3
1
3
1
2
=
z y x
, phn gic trong BD:
1
3
2
4
1
1
=
=
z y x
.
Tnh di cc cnh ca tam gic ABC.
Bi 64: Cho 4 ng thng: (d
1
):
2 2
2
1
1
=
z y x
; (d
2
):
4 4
2
2
2
=
z y x
;
(d
3
):
1
1
1 2
= =
z y x
; (d
4
):
1
1
2 2
2
= =
z y z
.
1, CMR: (d
1
), (d
2
) cng nm trn 1 mp, vit ptmp
2, CMR tn ti mt ng thng (d) ct c 4 ng thng trn, vit
ptt .
Bi 65: Cho 4 im S(3;1;-2); A(5;3;-1); B(2;3;-4); C(1;2;0).
1, Tm to im D i xng vi C qua t AB.
2, M l im bt k trn mt cu tm D, bn knh R= 18 ( M khng
nm trn mp(ABC)). Xt tam gic c di cc cnh bng di cc
on MA, MB, MC. Hi tam gic c c im g?
Bi 66: Cho ng thng (d):
2
1
1 2
1 +
=
=
z y x
v mp(P): 2x 2y +
7= 0.
1, Tm to giao im I ca (d) v (P).
2, Tnh cosin gc gia (d) v (P).
3, Vit phng trnh ng thng nm trong (P), qua I v vung gc
(d).
Bi 67Cho h trc to Oxyz, trn cc na trc Ox, Oy, Oz ly cc
im A(2a;0;0); B(0;2b;0); C(0;0;c), (a, b, c>0).
1,Tnh khong cch t O n mp(ABC) theo a, b, c.
2, Tnh th tch t din OABE, trong E l chn ng cao AE trong
tam gic ABC.
Bi 68: Cho A(2;4;1); B(3;5;2) v t (d):
+ =
=
=
t z
t y
x
3
1
1, Xt v tr tng i ca AB v (d).
2, Tm M trn (d) sao cho di ca vect MB MA+ nh nht.
Bi 69: Cho A(1;0;0); B(1;1;0); C(0;1;0); D(0;0;m), ( m= 0).
1, Tnh khong cch gia AC v BD khi m = 2.
2, Gi H l hnh chiu vung gc ca O trn BD(O l gc to ). Tm
m din tch tam gic OBH ln nht.
Bi 70: Cho hnh chp t gic u S.ABCD bit S(3;2;4); B(1;2;3);
D(3;0;3)
1, Lp pt ng vung gc chung ca AC v SD.
2, Gi I l tm mt cu ngoi tip chp S.ABCD. Lp ptmp qua BI v
song song AC.
3, Gi H l trung im ca BD, G l trc tm tam gic SCD, tnh
di HG.
+ =
+ =
=
t z
t y
t x
2
2 1 v mp(P): 2x y 2z 2
= 0
32
1, vit pt mt cu c tm thuc (d), tm cch (P) mt khong bng 2 v
mt cu ct (P) theo giao tuyn l ng trn c bn knh bng 3.
2, Vit ptmp(R) qua (d) v to vi (P) 1 gc nh nht.
Bi 72: Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.ABCD cnh bng a.
1, Tnh theo a khong cch gia AB v BD.
2, M, N, P ln lt l trung im ca BB, CD, AD. Tnh gc gia
MP v CN.
Bi 73: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD y ABCD l hnh thoi, AC ct BD
ti gc to O. Bit A(2;0;0); B(0;1;0); S(0;0; 2 2 ). Gi M l trung
im ca SC.
1, Tnh gc v khong cch gia 2 ng thng SA v BM.
2, Mt phng (ABM) ct ng thng SD ti N. Tnh th tch khi
chp S.ABMN.
Bi 74: Cho A(-4;-2;4) v ng thng (d):
+ =
=
+ =
t z
t y
t x
4 1
1
2 3
. Vit phng
trnh ng thng qua A vung gc v ct (d).
Bi 75: Cho lng tr ng ABC.ABC bit A(a;0;0); B(-a;0;0);
C(0;1;0); B(-a;0;b) vi a>0, b>0.
1, Tnh khong cch gia BC v AC theo a v b.
2, Cho a, b thay i lun tho mn a + b = 4. Tm a, b khong cch
gia BC v AC ln nht.
1
3
2
3
1
1
=
+
=
z y x
v mp(P): 2x + y
2z + 9 = 0.
1, Tm to im I trn (d) sao cho khong cch t I n (P) bng 2.
2, Tm to giao im A ca (d) v (P). Vit ptt qua A nm trong
(P) v vung gc vi (d).
Bi 77: Cho lng tr ng ABC.ABC vi A(0;-3;0); B(4;0;0);
C(0;3;0); B(4;0;4).
1, Tm to cc nh A, C. Vit pt mt cu c tm A v tip xc
vi mp(BCCB).
2, Gi M l trung im ca AB vit ptmp(P) i qua A, M v song
song BC. Mt phng (P) ct AC ti N. Tnh di MN.
1
):
2
1
1
2
3
1 +
=
+
=
z y x
v (d
2
):
=
=
=
t z
t y
t x
2 10
3 12
1, CMR: (d
1
) v (d
2
) song song, vit ptmp(P) cha c (d
1
) v (d
2
).
2, Mt phng to (Oxz) ct (d
1
), (d
2
) ln lt ti A, B. Tnh din
tch tam gic OAB
MT CU
PHNG TRNH MT CU
Bi 1: Trong cc phng trnh sau y ,phng trnh no l phng
trnh ca mt cu ,khi ch r to tm v bn knh ca n ,bit:
1) , ) 0 2 6 4 2 :
2 2 2
= + + + + z y x z y x S
2) , ) 0 9 2 4 2 :
2 2 2
= + + + + z y x z y x S
3) , ) 0 3 9 3 6 3 3 3 :
2 2 2
= + + + + z y x z y x S
4) , ) 0 7 5 2 4 :
2 2 2
= + + z y x z y x S
5) , ) 0 2 2 :
2 2 2
= + + + y x z y x S
Bi 2: Cho h mt cong (S
m
) c phng trnh :
, ) 0 4 6 2 4 :
2 2 2 2
= + + + + m m z my mx z y x S
m
1) Tm iu kin ca m (S
m
) l mt h mt cu .
2) CMR tm ca (S
m
) lun nm trn mt ng thng c nh.
m
) c phng trnh :
, ) 0 5 8 2 4 :
2 2 2 2 2
= + + + m y m mx z y x S
m
m
) l mt h mt cu .
2) Tm qu tch tm ca h (S
m
) khi m thay i.
3) Tm im c nh M m (S
m
) lun i qua.
m
) c phng trnh :
, ) 0 3 cos 2 sin 2 :
2 2 2
= + + m y m x z y x S
m
m
) l mt h mt cu .
2) CMR tm ca (S
m
) lun chy trn mt ng trn (C) c nh
trong mt phng 0xy khi m thay i.
33
3) Trong mt phng 0xy, (C) ct 0y ti A v B. ng thng y=m(-
1<m<1 ,m#0) ,ct (C) ti T, S , ng thng qua A , T ct ng
thng qua B ,S ti P .Tm tp hp cc im P khi m thay i .
Bi 5: Lp phng trnh mt cu (S) ,bit :
1) Tm I(2,1,-1), bn knh R=4.
2) i qua im A(2,1,-3) v tm I(3,-2,-1).
3) i qua im A(1,3,0) ,B(1,1,0) v tm I thuc 0x.
4) Hai u ng knh l A(-1,2,3), B(3,2,-7)
1
),(d
2
), (d
3
) c phng trnh :
, )
1
1
4
2
3
2
:
1
=
+
=
z y x
d , )
1
9
2
3
1
7
:
2
=
z y x
d
, )
1
2
2
3
3
1
:
3
+
=
+ z y x
d
1) Lp phng trnh ng thng (d) ct c hai ng thng (d
1
),(d
2
)
v song song vi ng thng (d
3
).
2) Gi s , ) , ) { ; A d d =
1
, , ) , ) { ; B d d =
2
.Lp phng trnh mt cu
ng knh AB.
1
),(d
2
) c phng trnh :
, ) R
t z
t y
t x
d e
=
=
+ =
t
2
1
2
:
1
, , )
0 3
0 2 2
:
2
=
= +
y
z x
d
1) CMR (d
1
) v (d
2
) cho nhau.
2) Vit phng trnh ng vung gc chung ca (d
1
) v (d
2
).
3) Lp phng trnh mt cu (S) c ng knh l on vung gc
chung ca (d
1
) v (d
2
).
4) Vit phng trnh tng qut ca mt phng cch u (d
1
) v (d
2
).
MT CU TIP XC VI MT PHNG
Bi 1: Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) bit :
1) Tm I(1,2,-2) v tip xc vi mt phng (P):6x-3y+2z-11=0.
2) (CGTVT-2000): Tm I(1,4,-7) v tip xc vi mt phng (P)
:6x+6y-7z+42=0.
3) Bn knh R=9 v tip xc vi
(P): x+2y+2z+3=0 ti im M(1,1,-3).
Bi 2: Vit phng trnh mt cu c tm I trn ng thng (d) v tip
xc vi hai mt phng (
, )
1
P
)v , )
2
P , bit :
1) (HL-95): , )
2
1
2
1
3
2
:

=
z y x
d
, )
1
P :x+2y-2z-2=0. v , )
2
P :x+2y-2z+4=0.
2) , )
0 14 4 5
0 7 2 4
:
= + +
= + +
z y x
z y x
d ,
, )
1
P :2x+2y-z-12=0. v , )
2
P :-2x+2y-z+8=0.
3) , ) R
t z
t y
t x
d e
=
+ =
+ =
t
2
3
2 1
: ,
, )
1
P :3x4y+2z-10=0 , )
2
P :2x-3y+4z-10=0
Bi 3: (HLN-97):Cho ng thng (d) v hai mt phng , )
1
P , , )
2
P
,bit :
, )
2
1
3
1
2
:
+
=
=
z y x
d , , )
1
P :x+y-2z+5=0. v , )
2
P :2x-y+z+2=0
1) Gi A l giao im ca (d) vi , )
1
P v , )
2
P .Tnh di on AB.
2) Vit phng trnh mt cu cod tm I trn ng thng (d) v tip
xc vi hai mt phng , )
1
P v , )
2
P .
MT CU CT MT PHNG
Bi 1: Lp phng trnh mt cu c tm to giao im I ca mt phng
(P) v ng thng (d) sao cho mt phng (Q) ct khi cu theo tht
din l hnh trn c din tch 12 ,bit :
1) , ) R
t z
t y
t x
d e
+ =
=
+ =
t
2
3
1
: ,(P):x-y-z+3=0
2) , )
0 1
0 3
:
=
= + +
y
z y x
d , (P):x+y-2=0.
34
Bi 2: Lp phng trnh mt cu c tm thuc ng thng (d) v ct
mt phng (P) theo thit din l ng trn ln c bn knh bng
18.bit:
, ) R
t z
t y
t x
d e
+ =
+ =
+ =
t
1
3 9
4 12
: v (P):y+4z+17=0.
Bi 3: Trong khng gian 0xyz , cho hai im A(0,0,-3),B(2,0,-1) ,v
mt phng
(P):3x-8y+7z-1=0 .
1) (HVNH-2000): Tm to im C nm trn mt phng (P) sao cho
tam gic u .
2) Lp phng trnh mt cu (S) i qua 3 im A,B,C v c tm
thuc mt phng
(P):x-y-z-2=0.
MT CU TIP XC VI NG THNG
Bi 1: Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) bit :
1) Tm I(1,2,-1) v tip xc vi ng thng (d) c phng trnh :
, ) R
z
t y
t x
d e
=
=
=
t
1
1
:
2) Tm I(3,-1,2) v tip xc vi ng thng (d) c phng trnh :
, )
0 17 3 2 2
0 3 2 2
:
=
=
z y x
z y x
d
Bi 2: Trong khng gian 0xyz, cho hai ng thng (d
1
),(d
2
) ,bit :
, ) R
t z
t y
t x
d e
+ =
=
+ =
t
3 2
1
2 1
:
1
, , )
0 1 2
0 4 3
:
2
= +
=
z y x
y x
d
Lp phng trnh mt cu (S) tip xc vi (d
1
) ti im H(3,1,3) v c
tm thuc ng thng (d
2
).
1
),(d
2
) ,bit :
, )
0 1
0 1 2
:
1
= +
= + +
z y x
y x
d , , )
0 1 2
0 3 3
:
2
= +
= + +
y x
z y x
d
1) CMR hai ng thng ct nhau .Xc nh ta giao im I
ca chng .
2) Vit phng trnh tng qut ca mt phng (P) i qua hai ng
thng (d
1
) v (d
2
).
3) Lp phng trnh mt cu tip xc vi (d
1
),(d
2
) v c tm thuc
ng thng (d) c phng trnh : , ) R
t z
t y
t x
d e
+ =
+ =
+ =
t
3 3
2
2 1
:
1
),(d
2
) ,bit :
, ) R) (t
4 6
3 2
2 3
:
1
e
+ =
+ =
+ =
t z
t y
t x
d , , )
0 15
0 19 4
:
2
= +
= +
z x
y x
d
1) CMR hai ng thng ct nhau .Xc nh ta giao im I
ca chng .
thng (d
1
) v (d
2
).
1
),(d
2
) v c tm thuc
ng thng (d) c phng trnh : , )
4
9
1
5
3
7
:

=
=
+ z y x
d
1
),(d
2
) ,bit :
, )
4
1
3 2
2
:
1
+
=
=
z y x
d , , )
12 9
2
6
7
:
2
z y x
d =
1) CMR hai ng thng song song vi nhau.

thng (d
1
) v (d
2
).
1
),(d
2
) v c tm thuc
ng thng (d) c phng trnh :
35
, ) R
z
t y
t x
d e
=
=
=
t
1
1
:
1
),(d
2
) ,bit :
, )
4
9
1
5
3
7
:
1
=
+ z y x
d , , )
4
18
1
4
3
:
2
+
=
+
=
z y x
d
1) CMR hai ng thng song song vi nhau.
thng (d
1
) v (d
2
).
1
),(d
2
) v c tm thuc
ng thng (d) c phng trnh :
, ) R
t z
t y
t x
d e
=
=
+ =
t
1
3
2 3
:
1
),(d
2
) ,bit :
, ) R) (t
3 3
2
2 1
:
1
e
+ =
+ =
+ =
t z
t y
t x
d , , )
3 1
2 3
2
:
2
+ =
+ =
+ =
u z
u y
u x
d
1) CMR hai ng thng cho nhau.
2) Vit phng trnh ng vung gc chung ca(d
1
) v (d
2
).
1
) v (d
2
).
1
),(d
2
) v c tm thuc
mt phng
(P) : xy+z-2=0
1
),(d
2
) ,bit :
, )
0 1
0 3
:
1
= +
= + +
z x
z y x
d , , )
0 1
0 9 2 2
:
2
= +
= +
z y
z y x
d
1) CMR hai ng thng cho nhau.
2) Vit phng trnh ng vung gc chung ca(d
1
) v (d
2
).
1
),(d
2
) v c tm thuc
mt phng
(P):2x-y+3z-6=0.
MT CU CT NG THNG
Bi 1: (HQG-96): Cho im I(2,3,-1) v ng thng (d) c phng
trnh : , )
0 8 4 3
0 20 3 4 5
:
= +
= + +
z y x
z y x
d
1) Xc nh VTCP a ca (d) suy ra phng trnh mt phng (P) qua I
v vung gc vi (d):
2) Tnh khong cch t I n (d) t suy ra phng trnh mt cu
(S) c tm sao cho (S) ct (d) ti hai im phn bit A,B tho mn
AB=40.
Bi 2: Cho ng thng (d) v mt phng (P) c phng trnh :
, ) R
t z
t y
t x
d e
=
=
+ =
t
3
2
2 1
: ,
(P):2x-y-2z+1=0.
1) (HBK-98):Tm to cc im thuc ng thng (d) sao cho
khong cch t mi im n mt phng (P) bng 1.
2) (HBK-98):Gi K l im i xng ca im I(2,-1,3) qua ng
thng (d) .Xc nh to K.
3) Lp phng trnh mt cu tm I ct ng thng (d) ti hai im
phn bit A,B sao cho AB=12.
4) Lp phng trnh mt cu tm I tip xc vi mt phng (P).
5) Lp phng trnh mt cu tm I ct mt phng (P) theo giao tuyn
l mt ng trn c din tch bng 16
MT CU NGOI TIP KHI A DIN
Bi 1: (H Hu-96): Trong khng gian vi h to trc chun 0xyz
,cho bn im A(1,0,1), B(2,1,2),C(1,-1,1),D(4,5,-5).
1) Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng i qua D v vung
gc vi mt phng (ABC).
2) Vit phng trnh mt cu ngoi tip t din ABCD.
Bi 2: Cho bn im
0(0,0,0),A(6,3,0), B(-2,9,1), S(0,5,8)
36
1) (HKT-99): CMR SB vung gc SA.
2) (HKT-99): CMR hnh chiu ca cnh SB ln mt phng (0AB)
vung gc vi cnh 0A. Gi K l giao im ca hnh chiu vi
0A. Hy xc nh to d ca K.
4) (HKT-99): Gi P,Q ln lt l im gia ca cc cnh S0,AB .
Tm to ca im M trn SB sao cho PQ v KM ct nhau.
Bi 3: Trong khng gian vi h to trc chun 0xyz ,cho bn im
A(4,4,4), B(3,3,1),
C(1,5,5), D(1,1,1).
1) (HVKTQS-98): Tm hnh chiu vung gc ca D ln (ABC) v
tnh th tch t din ABCD.
2) (HVKTQS-98): Vit phng trnh tham s ng thng vung gc
chung ca AC v BD.
4) Tnh th tch t din ABCD.
Bi 4: cho bn im A(-1,3,2), B(4,0,-3),
C(5,-1,4), D(0,6,1).
1) (HVNHTPHCM-99):Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng
BC .H AH vung gc BC .Tm to ca im H.
2) (HVNHTPHCM-99):Vit phng trnh tng qut ca (BCD) .Tm
khong cch t A n mt phng (BCD).
Bi 5: Trong khng gian 0xyz, cho hnh chp .bit to bn nh
S(5,5,6), A(1,3,0),
B(-1,1,4), C(1,-1,4), D(3,1,0).
1) Lp phng trnh cc mt ca hnh chp.
2) Lp phng trnh mt cu (S) ngoi tip hnh chp .
3) Tnh th tch hnh chp SABCD
Bi 6: (HVKTMM-97) Cho bn im A(1,2,2),
B(-1,2,-1), C(1,6,-1), D(-1,6,2).
1) CMR t din ABCD c cp cnh i din bng nhau .
2) Xc nh to trng tm G ca t din.
3) Vit phng trnh mt cu ngoi tip ,ni tip t din ABCD.
MT CU NGOI TIP KHI A DIN
Bi 1: Lp phng trnh mt cu ni tip hnh chp SABCD ,bit:
1) ) 0 , 0 ,
3
4
(
\
|
S ,A(0,-4,0), B(0,-4,0),C(3,0,0).
2) S0,A(a,0,0),B(0,b,0), C(0,0,c), vi a,b,c>0.
Bi 2: Cho hnh chp SABCD .nh ) 4 ,
2
9
,
2
1
( S y ABCD l hnh
vung c A(-4,5,0) ,ngf cho BD c phng trnh :
, )
0
0 8 7
:
=
= +
z
y x
d
1) Tm to cc nh ca hnh chp .
2) Lp phng trnh nt cu ngoi tip hnh chp.
3) Lp phng trnh mt cu ni tp hnh chp.
Bi 3: Cho ba im A(2,0,0), B(0,2,0), C(0,0,3).
1) Vit phng trnh tng qut cc mt phng (0AB), (0BC), (0CA),
(ABC).
2) Xc nh tm I ca mt cu ni tip t din 0ABC .
3) Tm to im J i xng vi I qua mt phng (ABC).
Bi 4: (HVKTMM-99):Cho bn im A(1,2,2), B(-1,2,-1), C(1,6,-1),
D(-1,6,2).
1) CMR t din ABCD c cc cp cnh i din bng nhau.
2) Xc nh to trng tm G ca t din .
4) Vit phng trnh mt cu ni tip t din ABCD.
V TR TNG I CA IM V MT CU
Bi 1: Cho mt cu , ) 0 3 4 :
2 2 2
= + + z y x z y x S .xt v tr
tpng i ca im A i vi mt cu (S) trong cc trng hp sau:
1) im A(1,3,2).
2) im A(3,1,-4).
3) im A(-3,5,1).
Bi 2: Tm to im M thuc mt cu
, ) 0 3 2 4 2 :
2 2 2
= + + + z y x z y x S .Sao cho khong cch MA t
gi tr ln nht ,nh nht,bit:
1) im A(1,-2,0).
2) im A(1,1,-2).
37
V TR TNG I CA NG THNG V MT
CU
Bi 1: Cho mt cu , ) 0 6 2 2 2 :
2 2 2
= + + z y x z y x S .Tm to
im M thuc (S) sao cho khong cch t Mn (d) t gi tr ln
nht, nh nht,bit:
1) , ) R
t z
t y
t x
d e
=
+ =
=
t
1
1
2
: 2. , )
0 1 2
0 3 2
:
= +
= + +
z y
z y x
d
V TR TNG I CA MT PHNG V MT CU
Bi 1: (HDL-97):Trong khng gian vi h to trc chun 0xyz,
cho mt cu (S) v mt phng (P) c phng trnh :
, ) 0 2 2 :
2 2 2
= + + x z y x S ,(P):x+z-1=0.
1) Tnh bn knh v to tm ca mt cu (S).
2) Tnh bn knh v to tm ca ng trn giao ca (S) v (P).
Bi 2: (HSPV-99): Cho im I(1,2,-2) v mt phng 2x+2y+z+5=0 .
1) Lp phng trnh mt cu (S) tm I sao cho giao ca (S) v (P) l
ng trn c chu vi bng 8 .
2) CMR mt cu (S) tip xc vi mt phng 2x-2=y+3=z.
3) Lp phng trnh mt phng cha ng thng (d) v tip xc vi
(S).
Bi 3: (HBK-A-2000): Cho hnh chp SABCD vi S(3,2,-1), A(5,3,-
1), B(2,3,-4), C(1,2,0).
1) CMR SABC c y ABC l tam gic u v ba mt bn l cc tam
gic vung cn.
2) Tnh to im D i xng vi im C qua ng thng AB. M
l im bt k thuc mt cu tm D, bn knh 18 = R .(im M
khng ph thuc mt phng (ABC) ). Xt tam gic c di cc
cnh bng di cc on tjmg MA, MB, MC. Hi tam gic
c c im g ?
Bi 4: (HPCCC-2000): Cho ng trn (C) c phng trnh :
, )
=
= + +
0
14
:
2 2 2
z
z y x
C .Lp phng trnh mt cu cha (C) v tip
xc vi mt phng: 2x+2y-z-6=0.
Bi 5: (CHQ-96): Cho mt cu (S) v mt phng (P) c phng trnh
:
, ) 9 ) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( :
2 2 2
= + + + z y x S ,(P):x+2y+2z+11=0. Tm im
M sao cho M thuc (S) sao cho khong cch t M ti mt phng (P)
nh nht .
V TR TNG I CA HAI MT CU
Bi 1: Cho hai mt cu: , ) 0 7 2 2 :
2 2 2
1
= + + y x z y x S ,
, ) 0 2 :
2 2 2
2
= + + x z y x S
1) CMR hai mt cu (S
1
) v (S
2
) ct nhau.
2) Vit phng trnh mt cu qua giao im ca (S
1
) v (S
2
) qua
im M(2,0,1).
Bi 2: Cho hai mt cu: , ) 9 :
2 2 2
1
= + + z y x S ,
, ) 0 6 2 2 2 :
2 2 2
2
= + + z y x z y x S
1) CMR hai mt cu (S
1
) v (S
2
) ct nhau.
2) Vit phng trnh mt cu qua giao im ca (S
1
) v (S
2
) qua
im M(-2,1,-1).

Hinh Toa Do 12

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Chuyn LTH - Gii tch trong khng gian Bin son: L Minh t - 0918 344 200

- Mp (P) i qua I v nhn AB

- Vit PT ng thng i qua A, v nhn AB

ca (P) v tnh [u,n] v =

Dng 14 : Vit ptt vung gc chung d ca 2 dng thng cho nhau

Dng 19 : Vit ptt d di qua A , nm trong mp(P) , to vi d

Dng 20: Vit ptt d di qua A , vung gc d

PHNG TRNHMT PHNG

c) i qua M(1,0,-4 ) v vung gc vi giao tuyn ca hai

a) Chng t hai ng thng cho nhau

a) Lp mt phng (R) ,cha A v //A'

1. Vit phng trnh mt phng qua A(0,1,2 ),ng thi //

a) Chng minh d v d ng phng .Vit phng trnh mt

l giao tuyn ca hai mt phng

a) Vit phng trnh mt phng P i qua A v d1

a) Vit phng trnh mt phng P tip xc S v vung

. Vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua

, v mt phng (P): 2x+y-2z+9=0

V d 2. Lp phng trnh ng thng A i qua im M(1;-

Lp phng trnh ng vung gc chung ca d v d .

9. Lp phng trnh hnh chiu ca mt ng thng ln

, v mt phng (P) : x-3y+z-

a/ Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha

v mt phng (P): 2x +y - 2z +9 =0.

a.Vit ph ng trnh mt phng (P) qua A, ng thi song song

v mt phng (P): x+2y-3z+4=0 .

- Tm ta H l giao ca A vi (P) , th ta ca H l nghim

- Lp ng thng d=(AB) , qua A(1;-3;0) c

- Tm ta im M l giao ca (AB) vi (P) , ta ca M l

2/ Tm im I trn d sao cho IA+IB t GTNN ?

a/ Tm ta im H l hnh chiu vung gc ca M trn ng thng

a.Tm to im A i xng v i im A qua ng thng d

.Tm to im M trn Asao

.Vit phng trnh chnh tc ca ng thng i

Vit phng trnh mt cu c bn knh nh nht tip xc vi c ng

Vit phng trnh ng thng d vung gc vi (P) ng thi ct

Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng ( A) nm trong mt phng

a. Vit phng trnh mt cu c tm thuc ng thng (d), cch mt

Bi 39: Cho t din ABCD bit: A(2;0;0); B(0;4;0); C(0;0;6);

1) CMR hai ng thng song song vi nhau.

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