You are on page 1of 21

/ 2004

.
.
" "






.


:
:

. 1 .
. 2 :
. .
. .
:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .

/ .

/.

/:
. 1 .
. 2 .
. 3 .


: .
:

.
.

.


.
.

.

) . (UNEP 2000
.


.
.
)( ) (

) .(1994


.
:

) .(1992
.

.

.
3

.
).(Pearce, Turner 1990



.

.



) 1.(2

)(1

) (1

.



.

.
.

) (2


(.

)


(.
) (3
.



)(-
)(+


)(+

)(+

)(-

:
sustainable

)(+

)(-

Mohan Munasinghe Economists


Approach to
Development,
Finance and Development, Vol. 30, No.4, December, 1993: 19.

)(-

)(+

)(2

/
.


.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

:
Jeremy Warford, Wilfrido Cruz and Mohan Munasinghe,
Finance and Development, Vol. 30, No.3, September, 1993: 4043.


.
.

.
. 1 :
"
" .
""
.
.
.
.

.
:

.
N )
( .N
.
)
( .
.

. .
.
Theory of Externalities
.

:
) (1 ) .(2 ) (1 x
x
. x )( ) e(x )) (2
x ) .e(x
x .P
.

]) 1 = Max[Px C (x
x

) 2 = e (x

:
= i x .i
) = c(x ) x .
) = e(x ) x
) c(x(.
) x q (1 x
:
/
x
=
) P = C (x
q

) (xq
.
.
) (xq
.x
x
.x ) (1
) (2 (Internalize
.the externality) x

.

x :
]) 1 = Max[PX C (x ) e(x
x

) (xe :
P = C (x ) + e(x ) : xc
: xe x x
)( .x
xe < xq )(
.
.
. 2 :

:
. :

. xe :
]) 1 = Max[PX C (x ) t (x
x

) P = C (x ) + t (x

) t (x ) = e(x x . xe

. ) e(x
. ) (xe
.

.
. :
) (2
) (1
. ) ""
(
) (2
.
:

) (x1 ) (x2
r ) r (2
) (x2 ) (2 .
:
]) 1 = Max[Px1 + rx1 c(x1 )(1
x1

]) 1 = Max[rx2 e(x2 )(2


x2

) x2 = x1 ( :
:
) P + r = C (x1
x1
:
) r = e(x2
x2
x2 = x1 r
) x1 .( x2
x1

) P = C (x1 ) + e(x1

xe
. xe

.

) (
) (

.

10

: :

.
.
. 1 :

.
.
.

.
)( .
.



.
.

.

.
. 2 :

.
.
) (i
. ) (i
.

.

) (Property tax
.
.
11

) (severance tax

.

.
. 3 :


Standard .STD

).(STD
) (3 .
) (.

)Source: Mishean (1976


) STD

.STD
:
=
Q2 = STD
3Q2 = Q1 + Q2 + Q3

) (
12

)Source: Mishan (1976


:
:
STD

=
=

ODQ2 + OBQ2 + OEQ2


OAQ1 + OBQ2 + OCQ3

0 p DQ2Q1 A + 0 CQ3Q2 E DQ2Q1 A f CQ3Q2 E

STD
.

STD .

13

/ :

.
.
.
) .(1991
.




:

.

.
.


.


.


. .
/
) (.

14

OM
0
abatement

:
OM . OM
OM .

) ( )
(.

/ .
OM .
OMNL
.OM OM OMNF
. OM
OM
.FNL

OB )(
.
15


.

.
/:


) .(Mishan 1976
.
:
Bt
(1 + r )t

= PVB
t =1

B1
B2
Bn
+
+ ... +
2
t
) (1 + r ) (1 + r
(1 + r )n
Ct
(1 + r )t

PVC = EC +
t =1

C1
C2
Cn
+
+ ... +
2
t
) (1 + r ) (1 + r
(1 + r )n

= EC +

PVB
PVC

/ =
:

Bt
.
Ct
.
.
n
) (.
r
PVB .
PVC .
EC .
n .
t


.
/
.
)
(
16

.
.
" " /


.
.
.
.

.

"" .
.
.

.

.
/:
. 1 :
/ )
( .
.

.
/.
.


.
.


.
.
/ .
17

. 2 :

.
. 3 :
/ :

.


.

.
.

18

:
"(LAEO " (2000) (UNEP)
.
" (1994)
. "
. " " (1991)
" " (1992)
.
:
M.L. Cropper & E.O. Wallace (1992), Enviorment Economics:
A Survey, pp. 657-740, Journal of Economics Literature,
Vol.30.
Pearce, D. T. Turner (1990), Economics of National
Resources and the Enviroment, London, Harvester and
Wheat Sheaf.
Munasinghe, M. (1993), Economists, Approach to
Sustainable Development, Finance and Development,
Vol.30, No.4, December, pp.19.
Warford, J., W. Cruz, M. Munasinghe, Finance and
Development, Vol.30, No.3, September 1993, pp.40-43.
E.J. Mishan, (1976), Cost Benefit Analysis, New York:
Preager Publishers. Groharlem Brundtland.

19

.

.
:

.

.

.


.


.


.


.


.


.


.


.


.

.
.

* :
http://www.arab-api.org/develop_1.htm

20

You might also like