PHN CHIA A CH MNG CON S DNG K THUT VLSM

(Variable Lengh Subnet Mask )

Khi s IP ca ngi dng tng ln ln hn, ngi qun tr mng phi c cch s
dng khng gian a ch IP mt cch hiu qu hn. Mt trong nhng k thut l s
dng k thut VLSM, vi VLSM ngi qun tr c th chia a ch mng c Subnet Mask
di (ln) cho mng c yu cu t v s host (a ch IP) v a ch mng c Subnet Mask
ngn (nh) cho mng yu cu nhiu host. Khi chy VLSM th h thng mng phi chy
cc giao thc nh tuyn h tr VLSM nh : OSPF (Interggated Intermediate System to
Intermediate System ), EIGRP, RIPv2 v nh tuyn tnh.
nm r k thut phn chia, v chia thnh tho, chng ta cn hiu r mt s khi
nim v cng thc nh sau:
+ Cu trc ca a ch IP v4, khi nim v a ch host hay a ch kh dng (l
a ch nguyn t, c th em gn cho cc host), a ch mng (c cc bit phn host_id =
0), a ch broadcast (c cc bit phn host_id = 1), a ch Subnet Mask, Default Subnet
Mask, a ch private, a ch public
+ Bit, byte l g
+ Cch chuyn i s nh phn, thp phn
+ Php ton AND:
1 and 1 = 1
1 and 0 = 0
0 and 1 = 1
0 and 0 = 0
CNG THC P DNG:
-

Lin quan n s mng con cn to, p dng cng thc 2n s mng con cn to
ra. y n l s bit cn phi mn (chuyn i t bit host_id sang bit net_id) t
phn host_id. Nu mn n bit th s to ra c 2n mng con mi (subnet mi),
mi subnet mi ny s c 2h - 2 a ch host c th em gn; v a ch Subnet
Mask mi ca tt c cc mng con mi s = a ch Subnet Mask ca IP ang chia
+ s bit mn n. Chng ta khng cn loi b 2 mng con u tin v cc dng

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router hin nay c IOS h tr lnh Router(config)#ip subnet-zero nn 2 mng con

ny vn c th s dng c.
Lin quan n s a ch host yu cu, p dng cng thc 2h - 2 s host yu
cu ca tng mng. y h l bit thuc phn host_id v cng l s bit cn li sau
khi ta mn n bit. k thut VLSM ta thng p dng cng thc ny trc tm
ngc li s bit mn n

V D MU: Cho gii a ch IP 50.68.16.0/20

S dng k thut VLSM, hy phn chia a ch trn cho cc mng sau:
+ Mng 1 yu cu 60 host
+ Mng 2 yu cu 632 host
+ Mng 3 yu cu 2 host
+ Mng 4 yu cu 1200 host
+ Mng 5 yu cu 315 host

HNG DN
Theo k thut VSLM, ta phi sp sp cc mng c s host t cao nht xung thp nht
nh sau:
+ Mng 4 yu cu 1200 host
+ Mng 2 yu cu 632 host
+ Mng 5 yu cu 315 host
+ Mng 1 yu cu 60 host
+ Mng 3 yu cu 2 host

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a. Bc 1: Ly a ch IP ban u 50.68.16.0/20 phn chia cho Mng 4 yu cu 1200

host
p dng cng thc: 2h - 2 1200 -> h = 11

iu c ngha l, mun phn chia a ch ban u cho mng yu cu s host l 1200

th li khuyn theo VLSM a ra l ta nn mn ti thiu:
n = tng s bit nh phn ca a ch Ipv4 s bt phn Net_id ca a ch mng cn chia
nh s bit h cn li (sau khi b mn n bit)
Hay chnh l:
n = 32 20 11 = 1 bit, t tnh c s mng con mi c sinh ra l 21 = 2 mng
con (subnet), new Subnet Mask ca tt c cc mng con mi ny chnh l 20 + 1= /21;
mi mng con ny s c 2h 2 = 211 2 = 2046 a ch IP c th em gn cho host
Cc a ch mng con chi tit l:
tnh c tt c cc mng con mi, ta i a ch ang em chia ra dng nh phn:
50.68.16.0/20
00110010.01000100.0001 0 000.00000000
11111111.11111111.1111 0 000.00000000

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Da vo s bit ca a ch Subnet Mask ( y bi cho l /20), ta xc nh c s bit

phn Net_ID = 20, v tnh c s bit cn mn l n = 1 (bit gch chn). Mun tm mng
th bao nhiu trong tng s cc mng con mi, ta ch vic em i s ra dng nh
phn, sau em chui bit ny thay th cho ton b cc bit b gch chn bn trn, trong
trng hp khi i cc s (mng th i ) ra nh phn m khng va bng s bit gch
chn, ta ch vic thm cc bit 0 vo u dy s i sao cho va kht cc bit gch
chn c th thay th. in hnh, y ta s tnh c
Mng th 0 trong tng s 2 mng nh sau:
+ i 0 h 10 sang h nh phn 0, v y phn gch chn ch c 1 bit, do ta khng
cn thm bit 0 na; b nguyn bit ny thay th cho phn gch chn bn trn. Kt qu khi
thay th v i sang thp phn, mng th 0 cn tnh l:
50.68.16.0/21
+ Trong tt c cc trng hp chia theo k thut VLSM, mng con th 0 lun trng vi
a ch mng ang em chia, ch c iu a ch Subnet Mask mi c thay i (tng
ln).
Mng th 1 l:
+ i s 1 h 10 sang nh phn 1, tng t trn, v trng hp ny s bit gch chn
ch c 1 bit, ta khng cn thm bit 0 na; s dng chui va c i dng nh phn l
bit 1 , em thay th cho phn bit gch chn trn, sau i ra h thp phn, kt qu mng
th 1 l:
Mng ban u em chia: 50.68.16.0/20
00110010.01000100.0001 0 000.00000000 , sau khi c thay th l:
00110010.01000100.0001 1 000.00000000 , i ra thp phn c:
50.68.24.0/21
Kt lun ti bc 1:
Ly a ch mng th 0 l 50.68.16.0/21 em cp cho mng yu cu 1200 host; V ly
mng th 1 l 50.68.24.0/21 em chia tip ( bc tip theo)
b. Bc 2: Ly a ch 50.68.24.0/21 em chia cho mng yu cu 632 host
Tng t bc 1, u tin ta p dng cng thc:
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2h - 2 632 -> h = 10
=> cn mn s bit l n = 32 21 10 = 1
=> s mng con mi l 21 = 2 mng con, a ch Subnet Mask mi ca 2 mng con ny
l 21 + 1 = /22; mi mng con ny s c 2h 2 = 210 2 = 1022 a ch host
Chi tit cc mng con mi l:
- Mng th 0: tng t bc 1, ta c ngay kt qu l 50.68.16.0/22
- Mng th 1 l:
i s 1 h 10 sang nh phn 1, tng t trn, v trng hp ny s bit gch
chn ch c 1 bit, ta khng cn thm bit 0 na; s dng chui va c i dng nh
phn l bit 1 , em thay th cho phn bit gch chn trn, sau i ra h thp phn, kt
qu mng th 1 l:
Mng ban u em chia: 50.68.24.0/21
00110010.01000100.00011 0 00.00000000 , sau khi c thay th l:
00110010.01000100.00011 1 00.00000000 , i ra thp phn c:
50.68.28.0/22
Kt lun ti bc 2:
Ly a ch mng th 0 l 50.68.24.0/22 em cp cho mng yu cu 632 host; V ly
mng th 1 l 50.68.28.0/22 em chia tip ( bc tip theo)
c. Bc 3: Ly a ch 50.68.28.0/22 em chia cho mng yu cu 315 host
Tng t trn, u tin ta p dng cng thc:
2h - 2 315 -> h = 9
=> cn mn s bit l n = 32 22 9 = 1
=> s mng con mi l 21 = 2 mng con, a ch Subnet Mask mi ca 2 mng con ny
l 22 + 1 = /23; mi mng con ny s c 2h 2 = 29 2 = 510 a ch host
Chi tit cc mng con mi l:
+ Mng th 0: tng t bc trn, ta c ngay kt qu l 50.68.28.0/23
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+ Mng th 1 l:
i s 1 h 10 sang nh phn 1, tng t trn, v trng hp ny s bit gch
chn ch c 1 bit, ta khng cn thm bit 0 na; s dng chui va c i dng nh
phn l bit 1 , em thay th cho phn bit gch chn trn, sau i ra h thp phn, kt
qu mng th 1 l:
Mng ban u em chia: 50.68.28.0/22
00110010.01000100.000111 0 0.00000000 , sau khi c thay th l:
00110010.01000100.000111 1 0.00000000 , i ra thp phn c:
50.68.30.0/23
Kt lun ti bc 3:
Ly a ch mng th 0 l 50.68.28.0/23 em cp cho mng yu cu 315 host; V ly
mng th 1 l 50.68.30.0/23 em chia tip ( bc tip theo)
d. Bc 4: Ly a ch 50.68.30.0/23 em chia cho mng yu cu 60 host
Tng t trn, u tin ta p dng cng thc:
2h - 2 60 -> h = 6
=> cn mn s bit l n = 32 23 6 = 3
=> s mng con mi l 23 = 8 mng con, a ch Subnet Mask mi ca 2 mng con ny
l 23 + 3 = /26; mi mng con ny s c 2h 2 = 26 2 = 62 a ch host
Chi tit cc mng con mi l:
+ Mng th 0: tng t bc trn, ta c ngay kt qu l 50.68.30.0/26
+ Mng th 1 l:
i s 1 h 10 sang nh phn 1, tng t trn, v trng hp ny s bit gch
chn ch c 1 bit, ta khng cn thm bit 0 na; s dng chui va c i dng nh
phn l bit 1 , em thay th cho phn bit gch chn trn, sau i ra h thp phn, kt
qu mng th 1 l:
Mng ban u em chia: 50.68.30.0/23
00110010.01000100.0001111 0.00 000000, sau khi c thay th l:
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00110010.01000100.0001111 0.01 000000 , i ra thp phn c:

50.68.30.64/26
. Vn vn ..
y ta s tnh thm mt mng bt k gii thch r hn vic i ra nh phn sau
thay th chui bit gch chn. V d, ta cn tm mng th 2 trong tng s 8 mng con l
bao nhiu, ta lm nh sau:
Mng th 2 tng ng vi vic i s 3 dng thp phn (v ta c tng s 8 mng, bt
u t mng th 0 n mng th 7 cho nn Mng th 2 th ng ngha vi s 3 trong tng
8 mng), i 3 ( h 10) sang h nh phn c: 11 (c 2 bit), v s bit gch chn l 3 nn
ta phi thm vo mt bit 0 thnh 011, b nguyn chui bit ny thay th ht cc bit b gch
chn trong mng ban u:
00110010.01000100.0001111 0.00 000000, sau khi c thay th l:
00110010.01000100.0001111 0.11 000000 , i ra thp phn c:
50.68.30.192/26 (l a ch ca mng th 2)
Kt lun ti bc 4:
Ly a ch mng th 0 l 50.68.30.0/26 em cp cho mng yu cu 60 host; V ly mng
th 1 l 50.68.30.64/26 em chia tip ( bc tip theo)
e. Bc 5: Ly a ch 50.68.30.64/26 em chia cho mng yu cu 2 host
Tng t trn, u tin ta p dng cng thc:
2h - 2 2 -> h = 2
=> cn mn s bit l n = 32 26 2 = 4
=> s mng con mi l 24 = 16 mng con, a ch Subnet Mask mi ca 16 mng con
ny l 26 + 4 = /30; mi mng con ny s c 2h 2 = 22 2 = 2 a ch host
Chi tit cc mng con mi l:
+ Mng th 0: tng t bc trn, ta c ngay kt qu l 50.68.30.64/30
Cc mng tip theo, nu cn c th tnh tng t trn.
Kt lun ti bc 5:
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Ly a ch mng th 0 l 50.68.30.64/30em cp cho mng yu cu 2 host;

KT LUN:
- a ch mng sau khi s dng k thut VLSM em phn chia cho cc mng c yu
cu theo bi l:
Subnet Needed Allocated
Address
Name
Size
Size

Mask

Dec Mask

Mng
4

1200

2046

50.68.16.
0

/21

255.255.248.0

Mng
2

632

1022

50.68.24.
0

/22

255.255.252.0

Mng
5

315

510

50.68.28.
0

/23

255.255.254.0

Mng
3

220

254

50.68.30.
0

/24

255.255.255.0

Assignable
Range
50.68.16.1 50.68.23.25
4
50.68.24.1 50.68.27.25
4
50.68.28.1 50.68.29.25
4
50.68.30.1 50.68.30.25
4

Broadcast
50.68.23.25
5
50.68.27.25
5
50.68.29.25
5
50.68.30.25
5

50.68.31.
255.255.255.1 50.68.31.1 Mng
60
62
/26
50.68.31.63
0
92
50.68.31.62
1
- a ch mng d tha tnh c cc bc s c dng cho vic cp pht ln sau (v
d tng thm s ngi dng internet, m thm chi nhnh cng ty, )
- C th s dng cc ng dng c sn trn Android hoc IOS hoc truy cp vo link:
www.vlsm-calc.net tnh nhanh v so snh kt qu li gii

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