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2 02' ixiAlD; fldaI idys;Hfha wdrNh yd ldYh l,ams; ixialD;sfha il,O bka-brdKSh wxYhka NdIdj yereKq g Ndr;Sh jkafka

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iD.afoh m%uqL ffjl idys;Hhhs' f ksid fulS uQ,dY%h wdY%fhka lreKq .fIKh lsu iEu oHd;shl=f.au W;aidyh ;sf' ixialD; fldaI idys;Hfha wdrNh fif fulS iD.afoh m%uqL ffjl idys;Hh" wd uQ,dY%h njg m;aj ;sf' iD.afoh wd fldg we;s ffjl .%ka:;a ;odY%s; n%dyauK wdrKHl" WmksIoa yd fod. ffjl idys;Hhhs' fulS idys;Hh ;=<ska ffjl ka;kfha b;sydih l%udkql+,j ldYkh jQ whqre oel .; yelsh' fYaIfhka wd ffjl .%ka:h jk iD.afoh uq,alrf.k hcQ" idu" w:jka hk .%ka: ixjOkh jQ w;r n%dyauK .%J: fuu ffjl .%ka:hkaf.a wgqjd jeksh' wdrKHl thg wdY%h jQ .%J: jk w;r ffjl.%ka:j, odYksl ixl,am WmksIoa j,ska ia;r flf' fod. ffjl .%ka: jvd;a ksrjq,aj wdrCId lsf l%u fohla f,i ysj ;sf' Ndr;Sh ixialD;sfha il,O wx.hka idlPd lsf m%Odk uQ,dY%h iD.afoh m%uqL ffjl .%ka: nj uq,ska ioyka flKs' n%dyauK .%J:j,ska is jQfha fjdfha w: jHdLHdk bm;a lsuhs' Ndr;Sh fldaI idys;Hfha wdrNhg ;=vqka nj fyj;a n,md we;s nj ms<s.;a u;hls'1 iEu fo uka;%hlau hd.h ms<sn| h l%shdjlg wh;a fia olajd w: jHdLHdkh lsu n%dyauK lD;sj,ska ms<sUq f' ta wkqj n%dyauK lD;sj, m%uqL woyi we;af;a uka;%h yd hd. l%shdj w;r inkaOh meye,s lsuhs'2 f ioyd w: jrKh lsu is fldg we;' w: jrKh lsf fndfyda jpkj, w: oelau wjYHh' tfukau fulS w: .%yKh lr .ekSu i|yd ksjpk bm;a lsu jeo.;a h' tfy;a f w: jrKhkaf.a l%uj;a ieliSula fkdjQ nj n%dyauK lD;sj, olakg ,efnkafkls' flfia fj;;a uka;%j, w: jHdLHdkfhys,d n%dyauK j, fhdodf.k we;s l%u lsysmhls'
1' riQh kfidau" ixialD; fldI idys;Hh" weia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U 10" m%:u uqKh 1991" ms' 09' 2' m%dk NdfIdamldr iud.f Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 1998' ms'184'

3 ffjl fldaIfha merKs jpk fjkqjg w;a jpk fhu' merKs fkdjQj;a ,N f,i ie,flk jpk fjkqjg jvd m%p,s; jpk fhu' wfkald: jpk fjkqjg wod, w:h ksYa; jYfhka yjk tald: jpk fhu' hd{sl jpk fjkqjg iudk fjk;a jpk fhu' ksrela;s oelau'
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ms<sn|j w: jrKh lrk l,am" YsCId fkfyd;a Yo oHdj jHdlrKh Pkaoia fcHda;sI ms<sn| l:k n%dyauK ;o.N+; wdrKHl lD;sj, olakg ,efnkakls' Ifod. hkqfjka m%lg jQfha f idys;Hhs' I fod. w;=ka uq,ska i|yka jkafka YsCId fkdfyd;a YooHdjhs' fod.fhka ixys;djkaf.a uq,skau is kshu flreKq WpdrKh iajrKh wdh b.ekSu YsCId fuu.ska woyia ;sf' ixys;d mdG yd mo mdG ilia lsu YsCId ldhhls' m%d;sYdLH fod.hg wh;a uq,au lD;s f,i ie<fla' f mo mdG yd m%d;sYdLH Yo .%y lsf uq,au ,CIK ms<sUq lrkakla h' foh ydksh fkd IKhh fkd wdrCId lr .ekSu mo mdG ms<sfh< lsf wruqKhs' f momdG ilia lsf f.!rjh Ydl,Hg ys f' ixys;d mdGj, iudi mo jHq;amkak Yo Nla;s rEm .%y lsu ta wkqj miq ld,fha

3' riQh kfidau" ixialD; 10" m%:u uqKh 1991" ms' 4' m%dk NdfIdamldr iud.f 5' riQh kfidau" ixialD; 10" m%:u uqKh 1991" ms'

fldI idys;Hh" weia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U 10' Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 1998' ms' 185' fldI idys;Hh" weia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U 11'

4 jpkhla mdid ika fldg oelau momdGj, uQ,sl ,CIKhs'

iqfLdapdrKfhys,d fukau w:djfndaO iQlr;ajfhys,d o mdo mdGhka Wmia:d;nl we;' ixys; mdGh w.aksf<mqfrdys;x h{iH fojuD;ac fyd;drx r;akOd;u w.aks# mQfjNsiDIsNs momdGh w.aks Bf< mqr# ys; h{iH foj iD;ac fyd;dr r;ak Od;fu w.aks# mQfjNs# iDIs Ns#6

fufia uka;%hkaf.a mo fnod fjka lsu fldaI lrKfhys,d n,mE uq,u ,CIK fyj;a fldaI lrKfha cd;aul wjia:d yehg fmfka' tfukau Yohl fyda Yom%lD;shl fyda iajrEmh meye<s lsug fyda .%y lsug .;a W;aidyhla m%d;sYdLHj,ska ms<sUq f' ixalD; fldaI lrKfhys,d mdKskS jHdlrKfhka jeo.;a

lreKq /ila fy,sf' jHdlrKfha flakash wjia:djla ksrEmKh lrk mdKSks jHdlrKh ixialD; NdIDj ;;ald,Sk m%dfoaYSh jHjydrhka yd Y% fkd wdrCId lr .ekSf fu!,sl wNsu;d:h fmroe lrf.k rpkd lr we;' .K oYhla wkqj Od;= j.fldg ta ta .Khkag wh;a Od;= fjkalr,Su olajk ;=< fmkakq lrk jeo.;a wkqj ,Khla jkqfha l%uh tlS Od;+ka ms<sfj,hs' wka;Hrhg wldrd h:dfhka

fkdfmfk;;a Bg im jk l%ufohla olajkq ,en ;sfnkq fmfkahehs h;a;= fmkajd fo;s'7 tk f fldaI .%ka: jHdlrK .%ka:j, fmfkk zzOd;= mdG" .K mdG" WKd iQ;%ZZ wd
8

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jHdlrK Ydia;%hg wod< Ihhka mej;s nj meye<s f' oekg oHudk m%d;sYdLH hdial ksrela;shg miqld,hg wh;a jQj;a hdial m%d;sYdLH fYaIhla oek iskakg we;s nj ie<fla' tu m%d;sYdLHh ixialD;fha mqrdK;u jHdlrK lD;sh f,i ie<fla'9 iD.afo m%d;sYdLHfha fukau fiiq m%d;sYdLHj, olakg ,efnk ,CIKhla jkafka
6' tu" ms'13' 7 tu" 18 msgqj 8' ;s,lis chfoaj" ixialD; ldjH idys;Hh" iSudiys; tlai;a m%jD;a;sm;% iud.u" fld<U" m%:u uqKh 1961" ms' 206' 9' riQh kfidau" ixialD; fldI idys;Hh" weia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U 10" m%:u uqKh 1991" ms' 17'

5 kdu" wdLHd;" Wmi." ksmd; hqkfjka moj. p;=O fldg fnuhs' iD.afo m%d;sYdLHfhys fuh olajd we;af;a fufia h' zzkdudLHd;uqmif.d ksmd;Yapfjd;Hdyq# mocd;dks Yod#ZZ10 tfukau ld;Hdhkhkaf.a Y=la, hcQfo m%d;sYdlHfhys o hdial ksrela;sfhao mohkaf.a p;=O m%fNaoh olajd we;af;a fumoafoks' tfy;a mo .%y lsf jvd;a hqKq iajrEmh oHudk jkafka mdKskS wIagdOHdh jHdlrKfhysh' fufia momdG yd m%d;sYdLH ixialD; fldaI lrKfhys jOkh flfrys n,md ;sfnkuq;a h;a u;jdoh jkqfha oekg oHudk wd;u fldaI.%ka:h m%drNl hdial ksrela;sh njhs'11 .;a; ixialD; o fldaI th lrKfha f,!lsl wjia:dj wd.l uqyqKqjrla l%ufhka

Ihla jYfhka yev.efikakg ixialD;fha oHudk mqrdK;u fldaIlD;sh f,i hdial ksrela;hg wka;.; wdrCId we;s ks>KaGqj ie<l=j o m%d;sYdLHj,ska i|yka jk w;r fy<sjk th jHd ,CIK wkqj we;e nj i|yka fldaI f' .%ka: ^jHdlrK jHd kdufYINdfjdam.;j mj;S' m;[ac,S NdIHfhys zzix.%yZZ lD;shla .ek jHdlrK{hl=f.a iy .%ka:hls& iD.afo m%d;sYdLHfhys ld;Hdhk jd;slfhys

jHdlrK{fhl= f,i ie<flk w;r fldaI ldrfhl= jYfhka miqj fldaI .%ka:j, i|yka f'12 tfukau mqrefIda;a;ufoajhkaf.a ydrdj,S k fldaI .%ka:fhys wjidkfha tk Yaf,dal wOhlska merKs fldaI .%ka: ms<sn| jeo.;a YdCIH yuqf' zzYodKj W;am,skS ixidrj; b;Hms fldaId jdpiam;S - jHd - l%ud;H ks;d#ZZ13 fuu Yaf,dal wOfhka fldaI .%ka: ;=kla .ek lshef' tk jdpiam;Sf.a YodKjh" jHdf.a W;am,skSh" l%ud;Hf.a ixidrj;h hs' g wu;rj kdufYaINdfjdam.; jQ ;j;a fldaI .%ka:hla

10' tu ms' 17' 11 The Nirukta, however, which is a commenrary on the Nighantu gives the derivatives of the word nighantu as follows The oldest Sanskrit lexicon so far known is the Nighantu which is a vocabulary of vedic words Madhukar M. Patkar, History of Sanskrit Lexicography, Manoharlal Publishers PVT LTD, New Delhi, 1981, P.1-3 12' tu" ms' 19' 13' ;s,lis chfoaj" ixialD; ldjH idys;Hh" iSudiys; tlai;a m%jD;a;sm;% iud.u" fld<U" m%:u uqKh 1961" ms' 207'

6 jkafka ld;Hdhkhkaf.a kduud,djhs' fuu fldaI .%ka: wd.l

uqyqKqjka riaj f,!lsl Ydia;% Ihla f,i yev .eiS ;sf' uq,ska i|yka l< wdldrhg ixialD;fha oHudk mqrdK;u fldaI .%ka:h jkafka hdial iska iajlSh ksrela;sfha jHdLHdk fldg we;s zzks>KaGqZZ keue;s mo ix.%yhhs' ks>KaGq hkq ljfoehs ia;r lrk hdial fofhka Wmqgdf.k tla/ia lrk ,o ffjl mo ix.%yhla thska woyia jk nj mjihs' zzw:um%;Shf;d kd;Hka;x iajrixialdfrdaoafoY# ;ox oHia:dkx jHdlrKiH ld;aiakHZZ14 f wkqj u;a mo ix.%yhla jYfhka fldaI .%ka: imdokh u i|yd fuh n,md we;s nj meye<s f' tfukau ix.%yfha wruqK ffjl mo tla/ia lsulah hkak;a ms<sUq jk lreKls' fldaI idys;Hfha wd;u lD;sh f,i fuh ie<l=j;a f,!lsl lfhl=g wjYH jd.a fldaIhla fuu.ska fkd,enqKq nj meye<s f' ta flfiafj;;a fuu ks>KaGq mo ix.%yfha ks>KaGqmo kdu" wdLHd;" Wmia." ksmd; hkqfjka isjeoErej bm;a lrk nj hdial mejiqj;a Wmi. fuu ix.%yg we;=<;aj we;s njla fkdfmfka' hdial ks>KaGqmo ix.%y lr we;af;a ksrela;s jHdLHdk lsf wdldrfhks' Tyq fuhska woyia lf<a fo uka;%hkaf.a w:djfndaOh myiq lsuhs' ks>KaGqmo ix.%yh yqj .;a l< ffjol mohkaf.a w:djfndaOh i|yd t;r m%fhdackhla fkd,enqK o tu mo ix.%yh yd ksrela;h tla fldg ie<l+ l< j;udk YofldaIhlg ,xjk uq,au iajrEmh tys oelsh yelsh'15 jHjydr h ksoiqka u.ska fmkajd w:h meye<s lsu kQ;k YofldaIhkayso nyq,j olakd ,efnk ms<sfj<ls' w: lSf hdial o fuu l%uh wkq.uk fldg ;sf'16 fufia ffjl mohkaf.a w:h jHdLHdkh lrka weUqKq

fldaI im%odh wk;=rej l%s(j( 4"5 jeks ishjiaj,g muKla wh;a hehs ie<flk wurfldaIh f;la ixialD;h ms<sn| jQ fldaI .%ka:hla olakg fkd,ef' tfy;a mdKskS jHdlrKh ^wIagOHdhS& fuu wvqj

14' riQh kfidau" ixialD; fldI idys;Hh" weia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U 10" m%:u uqKh 1991" ms'23' 15' tu" ms' 33' 16' tu" ms' 35'

7 imqrd,ka hdial ksrela;shg;a wurfldaIhg;a w;r ld,h ;=< u;a fldaI .%ka: imdokh i|yd n,mdk whqka ix.%y fldg ;su jeo.;a ,CIKhls' ta wkqj ffjl mohkaf.a w:jHdLHdkhg iSud werUqKq fldaI im%odh jvd mq,a miq;,hla Tiafia yd mq,a iajrEmhlska jHdma; u i|yd mKSksf.a fulS jHdlrK lD;sh n,md ;sf' mdKskS jHdlrKfha mYsIag jYfhka oelafjk Od;=mdG" .KmdGdh fldaI im%odfha wkak ldYkh flfrys ;=vqka idOl f,i fmfka' tfukau ix.%y lsf ms<sj< w;ska fldaIh yd iduHhla mdKskS jHdlrKh ;=< olakg ,ef' fuhg;a jvd iqfYaIS ldrKh jkafka mYapd;a fldaI .%ka: mdKskS jHdlrKfhka Khg.;a jpkhkaf.ka fmdfydi;a ;suhs'17 ffjl NdIdj yd ixialD; NdIdj w;r lemSfmfkk fjki we;s jQfha mdKSksf.a fuu jHdlrKfhka miqjh' fudyqg fmr jHdlrK .%ka: mej;=K o tajd fu;r YsIag;ajfhys,d fkdie,l=Kq neka wNdjhg hkakg we;' fYaIfhka pdrlhska fmkajd fok wdldrhg miqld,Sk lka fldaI .%ka:j,ska jpk fidhd .;a;dfiau tu wruqKq fmroe lrf.ku mdKskS jHdlrKh wdY%h lrf.k ;su18 ;;a jHdlrK lD;sh fldaIfhys,d flf;la rg n,md we;af;aoehs meye<s f' fuhska meye<s jk lreK jkafka mYapd;a lkag jHdlrK .%ka:hlafiau fuh fldaI .%ka:hlafia o jeo.;a we;s njhs' f,!lsl ixialD; ldjH flfrys Wmfhda.S lr .; yels fldaI lrKhlska fy mdKskS jHdlrKh ndysr iajrEmh fldaI ,CIKj,ska r, jqj;a jHdlrKuh ,CIK lD;a w;ska iy fldaI ;s .%ka:hlg oelafjk jvd by, h' tys m%;Hdldrfha tk m%;H y;rjeks miajeks

wOHdhj, o oelafjk f;dr;=re iNdrh jQ l,S fldaIhlg ;r jk NdId m%fhda. rdYshla kdkdjHdlrK ;s hgf;a j. fldg oelauls' ;oa; m%;H Yd, ixLHdjla mdKskS iska olajd we;s w;r wOHdh folla ;r jk ;oa; ldKavfhys olajd we;s iQ;% .Kk 1100 la f'19 ffjl .%ka:j, w: jHdLHdk lsfuka wd.l uqyqKqjlska wdrN jQ w: jrK im%odh fldaI lrKfha wdrNh i|yd fya;= h' momdG yd m%d;sYdLH m%uqL jHdlrK im%odfha n,mEu u; m%:ufhkau ixialD;fha Yo.%y fldg oelau is h' f wdldrhgu B<

17' tu" ms' 50' 18' tu" ms' 52' 19' tu" ms' 52'

8 wjia:df tk ixialD;fha uq,au Yo ix.%yh ilia lsu ksrela;s im%odfha jHdhdufhka is h' hdial ksrela;sfha jHdLHdk fldg we;s zks>KaGqZ k mo ix.%yh tys fldaI lrKfhys,d m%uqL idOlhla h' ka wk;=rej fldaI .%ka: ms<sn|j i|ykla fkdfj;;a mdKskS jHdlrKh fldaI.%ka:hla yd iudkj jeo.;a fufyhla bgq lr ;sf' f ish,a,lu m%;sM,h jQfha u;a l%ufo iys; fldaI .%ka: lrKh i|yd Wla; ms<sfj< n,md ;suhs' ta wkqj fldaI .%ka: w;=ka m%Odk;u iNdjkSh fldaI .%ka:h jeks ishjfia r; .%ka:hl iajrEmh f,i mdKskS wIagdOHdfhka miqj l%s(j( 4"5 m%isoahg .%ka;h m;ah' f,i mrK; fuh fldaI wd;u yekah wurfldaIh iafjk

yelsh'fuhska wk;=rej fldaI lrKh l%lj ldYkh jkakg h' fuys olakg ,efnk iqfYaIS ,CIKh jkafka ffjl uqyqKqjr l%ufhka hgm;a j f,!lsl uqyqKqjrlska YodKjh W;am,skSh ixidrj;h kduud,d kdu,sx.dkqYdikh ^wurfldaIh& ydrdj,sh wfkald: iuqph wNsOdk r;akud,d ffjchka;s wNsOdkka;duKSkduud,d kdud,d Yajm%ldY wfkald: fldaI taldCIr fldaI oarEmfldaI ;%srEmfldaI jdpiam;sf.a YodKjh" jHdf.a W;am,skSh" l%ud;Hf.a ixiaidrj;h ydrdj,S k fldaI .%ka:fhys kdufYaINdfjdam.; jQ fldaI .%ka: ;=lls' ld;Hdhkf.a kduud,dj o tfia kdufYaINdfjdam.; fjd bm;a ;suhs' f wkqj fuu fldaI.%ka:hkaf.a fm<.eiaula fufia bm;a l< yelsh'

9 jQ fldaI .%ka:hls' f ms<sn|j uq,ska i|yka lrk ,' fldaI

lrKfhys YsIag;u fldaI .%ka:h yehg iNdjkdjg

m;aj we;af;a

kdu,sx.dkqYdikhhs' fuys rplhd wurisxy keue;af;ls' ta ksid fuh m%isoahg m;aj we;af;a wurfldaIh hk kks' moH 804lska iuka; wfkald: iuqph wurfldaIhg jvd merKs hehs ie<fla' fuh YdYaj; k ;eke;af;l=f.a rpkhls' moH 900 ka hq;a y,dhqOhkaf.a wNsOdkr;akud,dj fl fldaI .%ka:hls' ffjchka;sh hdOj m%ldY k rplfhl=f.ah' fyaupkahka iska wNsOdkka;duKskduud,dj fod<iajk ishjig wh;a jQjls' fuys Yaf,dal 396ls' Okxch k ffck rplhdf.a kduud,dj" taldCIr ixy%yo ufyaYajrf.a oarEm Yajm%ldYh" fldaIH" uxLhkaf.a wfkald: wdh fldaIh g fldaI idys;Hfha m%jOkfhys,d odhl we;' miqld,fha we;s jQ fldIh" f' ;%srEmfldaIh fldaI fldaI yereKq md g md,s ffjoH" .%y" kCI;% wd Ydia;%hkays Nd; jk jpk wvx.= ks>KaGq uydjHq;am;a;sh r; r; iska fn!oaO merKs .%ka:hls' .%ka:hls' merKs bh, wu;rj fldaI kduud,dj m%dlD;fhka

fuda..,a,dhk

wNsOdkmammsldj

.%ka:hls' fuh ixialD; fldaI idys;Hfha n, mEu u; rpkd jQ md,s fldaI .%ka:hla yehg fmkajd h yelsh' f iajlSh .%ka: ish fldaIlrejkag wurisxyhkaf.a fldaI ta .%ka:h wkqj

imdokfhys,d

Wmia:Nl

;sf'

wurfldaIfhka miqj ixialD; idys;Hfha fldaI lrKh iS>%fhka ldYkh jQ nj meye<s f' bka wk;=rej moH Nd;h fldaI .%ka: lrKfhys,d Wmia;Nl fldgf.k we;s w;r fndfyda fihska moHlrKfhys,d m%;sIagdOdr u msKsi mYapd;a ld,Sk fldaI .%ka: rpkd fldg we;s nj meye,s lreKls' Wla; i|yka l< fldaI .%ka:j, fukau we;e ixialD; ldjH lrejkaf.a ksudKj, ,CIK wkqj fldaI lrejka Yd, m%udKhl k yd .%ka: i|yka f' 11 jeks 12 jeks Y;jIj,g wh;a fldaI lD;Skays wchmd," ;drmd," ." Okxch" OrKs" Ou" uqks rka;sfoaj" ryimd," YajrEm" fjdamd,s; iy Y=yd.20 wd fldaI lrejka /ilf.a k i|yka f' rEmpka" Yajkd:" jdukNg" kNY+" flaYj" iqk" fyaupk wd ;j;a l;=jre rdYshla fldaI .%ka: imdokh lr ;sf'
20' tu" ms' 127'

fudjqka

10 w;ka flaYjf.a l,amfldaIh moH 4000lska muK jQ oHudk Yd,;u mhdh fldaI .%ka:h f'21

03'ixialD; fldaI idys;Hfha kj m%jK;d

ksrela; l:kh yd jHdlrK uq,afldgf.k wdrN jkakg fhKq ixialD; ldYkh fldaI jkakg lrKfha mgka idm%odhsl l%s(j( iajrEmh 18 jeks kk p,H;djla ;=< .;af;a ishjifhka miqjh'

fuf;la mej;S iudkd: fldaI" wfkald: fldaI fyda taldCIr wd l%ufo Tiafia ldYkh jQ fldaI .%ka: fjkqjg Yo fldaI l%uh w;a uqyqKqjrla .;a;ls' j;udkh jkg jvd;a m%p,s;j we;af;a f Yo fldaI l%uhhs' fYaIfhka f kjH lrKh flfrys n,mE m%n,;u fya;=j jkafka wmr. cd;Skag Ndr;h hg;a foaYhlaj mej;Suhs' bkahdj %;dkH md,ljre ;yjqre lrf.k isk iufha %;dkH cd;slhskag ixialD;h yeoEf uy.= wjia:dj Wodh' we;e bx.%Sis cd;slhska ixialD;fha ienE rih uekka jgydf.k ta ms<sn|j oe WfoHda.hlska lghq;= l< w;r ;j;a msila l%sia;shdks oyu m%p,s; lr,Sf m%Odk;u udOHhla jYfhka ixialD;h Wmfhda.S lr.; yels hhs l,amkd lsu ksid ixialD;h yd bx.%Sish w;r oekqu fnod fokakg W;aidy .kakg we;' f l=uk ms<sfj;la Tiafia jqjo bx.%SiS cd;Ska w;ka ixialD; .%ka: rdYshla ixialrKh jkakg h' ta wkqj m%:ughka ixialD; NdIdj ms<sn|j mkakrhla ,nd .;a Tjqyq wk;=rej ixialD; lD;s rdYshkg mj;k iemhQy' flfia fj;;a f ;=<ska fldaI lrKfha idm%odhsl .uka ud.h kk rduqjla ;=< ngysr wdNdIfhka jvd;a Tmj;a jkakg jQ nj meye,s lreKls' ukao h;a mhdh iy kdkd: Yo ix.%y lsfuys,d je wjOdkhla oelajQ w;r tlS wjYH;d mYapd;a;k hq.fha ixlSK njg yeu fulS tla kQ;k m%jK;d ;j;a ;=<ska NdIdjlg ukdj .uHjkak lreKls' jk fYaIfhkau NdIdjlska Yod: ifma%IKh

moafoka fldaI lD;s imdokfhys,d ful, je wjOdkhla fhduq lr we;' tfyhskau wjr. h;=ka iska jkqfha foaYsh YofldaIhkays tf;la imd; jk ixialD; fldaIhkays olakg fkd,enqKq kjH;d ,K biau;= ;sfnkq meye,sh' tys,d iqfYaIs m%jK;djla ;=re

21' tu" ms' 138'

11 Od;+ka iy l%shdmo YofldaIhkag tl;=lsuhs' foaYSh wdNdih ,en m%:u jrg l%shdrEm we;=,;a fldg imd; foaYSh fldaIlD;sh jkafka Yol,ameuhhs' hqfrdamShhkaf.a ^Ysjrd wdmaf;a foaYsh fldaIlrejka ms<sno t;r Wkka ie<ls,a,la jQ foaYSh wjYH;d fkdoelajQ m`vqjka msuisk Yohkaf.a iajr fhda.h o hqfrdamSh h;=kaf.a wjOdkhg ,lajQjls' fldaIlrKh jeks& foaYSh oHdkaf.a

wkaoka jvd;a oHdkql+, l%u wkq.ukh lrka fldaI .%ka:lrKfha kshqla; jQ wkaou oelshyelsh' 1785 isg 1805 ld, iSudj ;=< pd,aia ,alskaia

N.j;a.S;df yd ysf;damfoaYfha bx.%Sis mj;khla o Y%Su;a ,sh fcdkaia Ydl=ka;,fha yd iD;=ixydrfha mj;khla o hehs bx.%Sis W.;=ka iska mj;k rdYshla is l<y' fyka f;dauia flda,anDDla wur fldaIh yd fjk;a Ndr;Sh fldaI .%ka:;a mdKskS jHdlrKh;a" lsrd;dcqksh ldjHh;a ixialrKh fldg t<soelau yd ixialD; jHdlrK imdokh lsu mj;k iys; Ys,d,sms ix.%y ilia lsu22 iqfYaIS ,CIKhla h' g wu;rj f*Ia Yaf,.,"a T!.ia ,afy,a" f*dka Yaf,a.,a" *dkaIa fndama" f*Ia frdaika" uelaiauq, jeks w;sYd, oaj;a msila ixialD;h ms<sn|j oe Wkkajla oela jQy' fufia NdId idys;H Ifhys we;s jQ f oe Wkkaj Yo fldaI f jk f;la foaYSh fldaI imdokh flfrys m%n, fya;=jla ;sf'23

lrejka wd.l u;jdohlg hg;aj fyda ldjH lrKhg Wmldr jk moafoka fyda ilia l< fldaI l%uh f YofldaI imdokh ksid kj uqyqKqjrla .;a nj fmfka' f hq.fha mej;S YofldaI lrKh ms<sn|j m%jK;dj ksid fgdafnd,skala yd refvda,aka frdag iska ixialD; cuka uyd YofldaIhla imdokh lrk ,' fuhska miqj fgdafnd,skala iska ixCIsma; ixialD; cuka YofldaIhla imdokh lrk ,' tka.,ka;fha Tlaia* YajoHd,fha uydpdhH_ ,aika uy;d YofldaI lrKh ms<sn|j oe Wkkajla oela jQ w;r Tyqf.a W;aidyh ksr:l h' f w;r 1851 fudksh ,shkaia iska bx.%Sis ixialD; YofldaIhla imdokh fldg m,lrk ,' 1860 Tlaia* YajoHd,fha fndaka

22' tu" ms' 150' 23' tu" ms' 151'

12 mSGhg m;a jQ fudaksh ,shia kej;;a ixialD; bx.%Sis

YofldaIhla imdokh lrkakg fhKs' Tyqf.a is;es m th 1872 uq,ajrg uqKoajdrfhka m, lrkakg yels h' f ixialD; oHdka w;r m%isoahg m;a fldaI .%ka:h h' fuu YofldaIj,g wu;rj h h ;ks .%ka: fyda iudk

j.hl .%ka: mka;shla fyda yeoEug Wmldr jk moafoka h h Yo ix.%y ilia flKs'24 uelaiauq,f.a iD.afo mo iQh" .%duiaf.a iD.afo fldaIh" ksf.a fY!klSh w:jfo modkql%u fldaIh hk lD;s ;ks .%ka: yeoEug Wmldr jk moafoka ilia lrk ,o tajdh' flf.a WmksIoa yd N.j;a.S;d wkql%u fldaIh" *smaf.a ffjl wkl%ufldaIh uelafvdk,a" lS;a fofokdf.a ffjl wkql%u fldaIh hk lD;s" .%ka: mka;shla yeoEug Wmldr jk moafoka ilia lrk ,o tajdh' g wu;rj 1822;a Yol,ameuh 1858;a kk w;r m,lrk hq;a ,o w;s rdOdldka;afoajhkaf.a ,CIKhkaf.ka

YsIag ixialD; fldaI .%ka:hla h' fuh O Ihka w,,d isYd, fufyjrlska hq;= neka Yo fldaIhlg;a jvd Yaj fldaIhla jYfhka w.kd nj we;e pdrlhskaf.a u;hhs' ixialD; fldaI lrKfha f id Yd, l%u ldYkh i|yd n, mE iqfYaIS ,CIK o fldaI idys;Hfha m%drNl wjia:df isg ms<sUq h' fldaI lrKfha cd;aul wjia:d biau;= lrk ffjl .%ka: w;r hcQ" idu yd w:j hk fo .%ka: kduud;%fhka fo ixys;d jqj;a fjdfha wruqKq we;af;a fo uka;%j, w: jHdLHdk uq,a fldg .;a n%dyauK lD;sj, wruqKqh'25 n%dyauK .%ka:j, uqLH mrud:h we;af;a fouka;% ksjerj WpdrKh lsu yd tajd wdrCId lsu i|yd w: jHdLHdk bm;a lsuhs' fulS wruqK idOkh lr .ekSf fod. kka yekafjk YsCId wd ih jeoEre wx.hkaf.ka is jQfha o tlS lreKuh' f fjod. w;r YsCId k wx.fha mrud:h jQfha fouka;% wdrCId lr .ekSu i|yd w: mo jrK bm;a .%y lsuhs' lsu momdG yd lD;s m%d;sYdLHj,ska w:jrK fjka lsu jHdlrK

flfrys n,mEfh' jHdlrK .%ka:j, mo ix.%y lsu olakg ,enqKq w;r

24' tu" ms' 153' 25' m%dk NdfIdamldr iud.f Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 1998" ms' 184'

13 fldaI lrKh i|yd th n, md ;sf' tfy;a f lsisjla ixialD; fldaI idys;H f,i ie<lsh fkdyelsh' fldaI jHdLHdk flreKq lrKfha ks.KaGq m%drNl k mo wjia:dj ix.%yh hdial ksrela;sfhka ms<sUq h'

;=<ska

iudkd: yd wfkald: fldaI fyj;a kdkd: fldaI hkqfjka fldaI .%ka: j. folla ilia lsf fldg olakg ,ef'26 wldrd ms<sfj, fldaI .%ka:j, ms<sfj<la f fyda wkalsis ms<sfj<la meye<s fyda olakg ,efnk ;j;a iqfYaIS ,CIKhls' tfy;a ks.KaGq mo ix.%yh wldrd wkq.uk fkdue;'27 ish lreKqj,ska jkafka

n%dyauK hq.fha isg f olajd ldYkh jQ w: jHdLHdk hrK yd mo ix.%y lsf ms<sfj; wd.l iajrEmh u; mok we;s njhs' wd.l iajrEmfhka fjkia j f,!lsl mCIhg keUqrej mq,a IhfCI;%hla Tiafia yev .eiqKq wdu ixialD; fldaI .%ka:h jkafka wur fldaIhhs' f ksid fuh ixialD; lkag fnfyka Wmld jQ fldaI .%ka:hla njg m;a h' fYaIfhka lfhl= iska jHdlrK" fldaI" Pkaoia" l,d" wdpdr oHdj" lduYdia;%h" kS;s Ydia;%h
28

yd

ta

ish,a,g;a jvd f,daljHjydrh o; hq;= nj jdukf.a u;hhs' fl!Y,Hh" wjfndaOh iauD;s wd Yd, b;sydi" Ih mqrdK" m%udK oHdj

tfukau ms<sn|

rEmld ljH,xldr" Yaf,aId: wd ldjHd,xldr Ifhys n,mdk ;Skays wdh m:hla Tiafia ysKq ms<sn| wjfndaOh

lfhl=g ;sh hq;=h' wurfldaIfhys fulS Ihj,g wod< fndfydauhla lreKq we;=<;a ;su tys olakg ,efnk iqfYaIS ,CIKhls' tfukau wur fldaIfhys jpkj, w: olajd we;s ms<sfj<" j. lsu iqfYaIS f' we;e ;ekaj, ,nd ta .; lr ta ms<sn| uy;a oelafjk jpk Tiafia fuu.ska tajdfha nj YajfldaIhlska uq,a lrf.k hq;= f;dr;=re fmfka' o iNdrhla tneka

,nd.; yelsh' wurfldaIfhka miqj tk nyq;rhla jQ fldaI .%ka: fuh imdokh we;s olakg whqre ,enqK wdlD;sluh w;ska fjkila wNsm%dh fkdfjkia

meye<sh' tfukau fuu fldaI .%ka: ms<sfh< lsf lkg Wmldr jk

26' ;s,lis chfoaj" ixialD; ldjH idys;Hh" iSudiys; tlai;a m%jD;a;sm;% iud.u" fld<U" m%:u uqKh 1961" ms' 206' 27' riQh kfidau" ixialD; fldI idys;Hh" weia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U 10" m%:u uqKh 1991" ms' 32' 28' tu" ms' 72'

14 moafoka u;lfha ;nd .ekSf myiqj ;ld moH l%uh wkq.ukh lsu ixialD; fldaI lrKfha ;j;a iqfYaIS ,CIKhls' f l%uh fjkia fjka kjl%uhla Tiafia ixialD; fldaI .%ka: yev .efikag mgka .;af;a l%s(j( 18 jk ishjfika miqjh' hqfrdamSh cd;slhska ixialD; NdIdj yeoEu fuhg fu!,sl fya;=j ;sf' f ld, iSudf ixialD; fldaI lrKfha iqfYaIs ,CIK ;%hla oHudk h' I YofldaI

II ;ks.%ka: yeoEug Wmldr jk mo ix.%y III iudk j.hl .%ka: mka;shla yeoEug Wmldr jk mo ix.%y fgdafnd,skala yd refvd,a*a frdg iska imdokh lrk ,o ixialD; cuka uyd Yo fldaIh fnd,skalaf.a ixCIsma; ixialD; cuka Yo fldaIh fudksh ,shiaf.a ixialD; bx.%Sis yd bx.%Sis ixialD; YofldaIh hk lD;s tys m<uq j.hg wh;a h' fjd ljH lrKh Ifhys fmfka' fldaIh" fldgig fkdj NdId wOHhkfha w;sIh mo jeo.;a iQh" modkql%u yd fldaI fldaIh lD;s fuys yehg fojk uelaiauq,f.a ksf.a wh;a jk wh;a mqrdK" w;r h' iD.afo fclf.a f .%duiaf.a N.j;a .S;dj iD.afo wkql%u w;=ka fcHd;sI"

fY!klSh

w:jfo

WmksIoa ish oYk"

fldaIh" uelafvdk,a" lS;a fofokdf.a ffjl wkql%u fldaIh ;=kajk m%fNaohg wdI ldjH" fldaI ix.S;" .%ka: Ys,amh" rOdldka;afoajhkaf.a Yol,ameuh iqfYaIS ia:dkhla Nckh lrhs' uydldjH" Pkafoda,xldr" ffjoH Ydia;% wd uy;a rdYshla w,,d WOD; mdG o fkd wvqj fuys olajd ;sf' tneka fuh Yaj fldaIhlg iudkh' f wkqj w: jHdLHdkhlg jvd fldaI lD;s ,CIK fukau tys m%fhdackh fln wdldrhl mj;S o hkak fuhska jgyd .; yelsh' iuia;hla f,i .;al, ixialD; fldaI idys;Hfha wdrNh yd ixjOkh ms<sn| hq.h uQ,sl wjka y;rlg fnh yelsh'tk fjk;a Ydia;%hka ;=<ska ms<sUq jk ixialD; fldaIlrKh fldaI lD;s kka fjku u idys;Hdx.hla ysjk wjia:dj wurfldaIfhka miqld,Sk 18 ishjfika fumsg wjia:dj

15 ngysr wdNdifhka iqfmdaIs; wjia:dj kk fyj;a kQ;k wjia:dj fldaI .%ka: lrKfha fhdaO mshjrla f,i kQ;k ;dCIKh yd uQiq jQ E dictionaries yekah yel' iqYd, mqia;lhka fjkqjg ix.; ;ehla fyda lsysmhla uska fyda wka;cd,h ;=< myiqfjka ,nd.; yels fujeks uDldx.uh fldaI .%ka:hka kq;kfha jvd;a ckm%sh wOHhk ud.hla f,i iNd;h' ixialD; NdId wOHhkfha fuf,i Wmfhda.S fldg.; yels YofldaI lsysmhla k" Monier Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary Apte English Sanskrit Dictionary Macdonell Sanskrit English Dictionary Wilson Sanskrit English Dictionary Kleines petersburger worterbuch (Boehtlingk Sanskrit German Dictionary) Grosses Petersburger Wrterbuch (Boehtlingk & Roth Sanskrit-German Dictionary Nachtrge zum Sanskrit-Wrterbuch (Schmidt Sanskrit-German Dictionary Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary Cappeller Sanskrit Wrterbuch Stchoupak Sanskrit-French Dictionary

.=f,djla jeh fldg .%ka:hkaf.a msgq fmr<ka isl< hq;= jpk ksCIKh fjkqjg CIKslj ish wjYH;d msuid.; yels uDldx.uh lrk iajrEmfhka mj;akd fldaI .%ka:hka ;=< isl< hq;af;a wjYHh

jpkh Type lsu muKs' jvd;a ia;rd;aulj b;d blauKska wjYHh lrk f;dr;=re ,nd.; yels whqka fulS fldaI .%ka: ksudKh lr ;su ixialD; fldaI .%ka: lrKfha kQ;k m%jK;d jvd;a fydaka meye,s lrkakls' .%ka: k" Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (Advanced Search) Boehtlingk + Schmidt Sanskrit-German Dictionary Boehtlingk & Roth Sanskrit-German Dictionary Apte English-Sanskrit Dictionary,1920 Wilson Sanskrit-English Dictionary,1832 Cappeller's Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1891 Grassman Rig-Veda Dictionary, 1873 Pune Dictionary (protected under copyright),1976 Stchoupak Dictionnaire Sanscrit-Franais Sanskrit and Tamil Dictionaries MW Inflected forms wka;cd,h ;=<ska ,nd.; yels tajeks ixialD; fldaI

16 je m%udKhla fujeks fldaI .%ka: ixialD; bx.S%is udOHfhka mj;s' fndfydag fujeks fldaI .%ka:hka imdokh lsf je wjOdkhla fhduq lr we;af;a NdIdka;r ixksfok l%ufohka ms<sn| u o iqfYaIs lrKls' th idm%odhsl ixialD; fldaI .%ka: lrKfhka fulS kq;k fldaI .%ka: Nckh lrkakd jQ fh isoaOdka;hla f,i ie<lsh yelsh'

03' iudf,dapkh Ndr;Sh ixialD;sfha iEu wx.hlgu m%Ok uQ,dY%h

we;af;a iD.afoh m%uqL ffjl idys;Hhhs' ixialD; fldaI lrKfhys cd;aul wjia:d fulS idys;Hfha oHudk u fuu fldaI lrKfhamjd th ta whqkau n, md we;s nj meye<s jk lreKls' mqrdKfha ig kQ;kh olajd jOkh we;s fldaI .%ka: ms<sn| ft;sydisl uYkfha meye<s jk lreKla jkafka ixialD; fldaI .%ka: m%Odk wxY folla Tiafia ixjOkh fjka mej;s njhs' tk" 01' wd.l uqyqKqjka hq;a fldaI .%ka: 02' ldjH lrKfhys yd wfkl=;a wOHhkhka i|yd myiq jk fldaI .%ka: ixialD; fldaI lrKfha m%drNl wjia:df yqfola jpk

tla/ia lsu fyda mo ix.%y lsu is we;af;a wd.l uqyqKq jrlsks' f ksid tajd ldjH lrKh Yfhys t;r jeo.;a fkdKs' tfy;a mYapd;a fldaI .%ka: tfhka fjkiaj f,!lsl Ihla Nckh lr we;s ksid tajd fnfyka ldjH lrKh Ifhys Wmia:Nl ;sf' ta wkqj fldaI lrKfha wdrNh iksgqyka jkafka iD.afo wjfha isg nj fmkajd h yelsh' iD.afohg miqj rpkd jqKq hcQ" idu yd w:j hk fiiq fjo .%ka: rpkd we;af;a iD.afofhau tk lreK meye<s lsf wruqKsks' <g yuq jk n%dyauK .%ka:j, wruqK we;af;a p;=foh ms<sn| jHLHdk bm;a lsuhs' fodx. j,skao is jQfha tlS ldrKhuhs' f fodx.j, YsCId wx.h fldaI lrKfha cd;aul wjia:d ms<sUq lrkakla h' mo mdG" iudi" Nla;s ika wdh is lrka ksrela;s oelau tys m%n, idOlhls'

17 fldaI w;r uq,u jHdlrK fldaI lrKh i|yd tk jHdlrK mdG" .%ka: .K fnfyka WKd n,md iQ;% ;sf' fldaI

jHdlrK .%ka: i|yd Wla; i|yka l< wdldrhg mo .%yhka n, md we;s .%ka:j, .%ka:h Od;= mdG" th lrKfhy,s n,md ;sf' hdial ksrela;sfha wka;.; ks>KaGq ix.%yh yehg ie<fla' tfy;a u;aj iel=iKla fkdf' mdKsks jHdlrKh jHdlrKh .%ka:hlafiau fldaI .%ka:hla f,i o mYapd;a lkag Wmldr we;s ksid fldaI lrKfhys,d m%n,j n, md we;af;a f mdKskS jHdlrK .%ka:h nj fmfka' fYaIfhka fuf;a wd.l uqyqKqjrlska jevqKq fldaI .%ka: f,!lsl iajrEmhla .ekSug fuu jHdlrKh n,md we;s nj fmfka' mdKskS jHdlrKfhka miqj rpkd jqKq wurfldaIh ^l%s(j( 4"5& fldaI idys;Hfha u;a m<uq fukau YsIaG;u fldaI .%ka:h h' fuhska miqj fldaI lD;s rdYshla rpkd jQ w;r tajd ish,a,la taldld iajrEmhla .;af;a wur fldaIh mok lrf.k imdokh lr we;s ksidh' f iajrEmh fjkia jQfha l%s(j( 18 jk ishjfika miqjh' ta bx.%Siska ixialD; NdIdj oek.ekSfuka miqjh' ta wkqj ixialD; fldaI lrKh kj uqyqKqjrla .;af;ah' fuf;la mej;S mo ix.%y fjkqjg Yo fldaI rpkd u tys iqfYaIS;ajh uekka ms<sUq lrhs' f wkqj ixialD; fldaI lrKh iD.affjol hq.fha isg l%ufhka ixjOkh kQ;k ;dCIKh yd jvd;a ixYla; f m%;sM,hla f,i kj m%jK;djkaf.ka iqfmdaIs; iqfYaIs idys;Hdx.hla f,i ixjOkh we;s nj meye,s lreKls'

18 04' wdY%s; .%ka: 1' riQh kfidau" ixialD; fldI idys;Hh" weia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U 10" m%:u uqKh 1991' 2' m%dk NdfIdamldr iud.f Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 1998' 3' ;s,lis chfoaj" ixialD; ldjH idys;Hh" iSudiys; tlai;a m%jD;a;sm;% iud.u" fld<U" m%:u uqKh 1961' 4' M. Patkar, History of Sanskrit Lexicography, Manoharlal Publishers PVT LTD, New Delhi, 1981