B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC LT

BO CO TNG KT

TI KHOA HC V CNG NGH CP B

NGHIN CU XY DNG QUY TRNH SN XUT X LCH, DA LEO, C CHUA SCH TRN GI TH TRONG NH CHE PH TI LT M s: B 2008 - 14 - 25

Ch nhim ti: Ths. Cao Th Ln

Lt, nm 2011

B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC LT

BO CO TNG KT

TI KHOA HC V CNG NGH CP B

NGHIN CU XY DNG QUY TRNH SN XUT X LCH, DA LEO, C CHUA SCH TRN GI TH TRONG NH CHE PH TI LT M s: B 2008 - 14 - 25

Xc nhn ca c quan ch tr ti (k, h tn, ng du)

Ch nhim ti (k, h tn)

Lt, nm 2011

DANH SCH CC THNH VIN THAM GIA

1. TS. Nguyn Vn Kt 2. Ths. Trn Th Minh Loan 3. Ths. Nguyn Th Ti 4. CN. Phan Hong i

MC LC
M U....................................................................................................................1 PHN I. TNG QUAN .......................................................................................... 3 1.1 Th c trng sn xut rau ti Lm ng ........................................................... 3 1.2 Gi th trng rau ............................................................................................ 4 1.2.1 c tnh vt l ca gi th........................................................................ 4 1.2.2 Cc loi gi th ........................................................................................ 7 1.3 Yu cu dinh dng ca cy x lch, da leo v c chua.............................. 10 1.3.1 Yu cu dinh dng ca cy x lch ...................................................... 11 1.3.2 Yu cu dinh dng ca cy da leo...................................................... 11 1.3.3 Yu cu dinh dng ca cy c chua ..................................................... 14 1.4 Hm lng nitrate, hm lng kim loi nng v d lng thuc bo v thc vt trong rau ....................................................................................................... 16 1.4.1 Hm lng nitrate trong rau ................................................................... 16 1.4.2 Hm lng kim loi nng trong rau ....................................................... 20 PHN II. NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU ............................... 23 2.1 Ni dung nghin cu .................................................................................... 23 2.2 Phng php nghin cu .............................................................................. 23 2.2.1 nh hng ca gi th trng n sinh trng, pht trin v nng sut ca x lch, da leo v c chua cherry ................................................................. 23 2.2.2 nh hng ca liu lng phn n sinh trng, pht trin v nng sut ca x lch, da leo v c chua cherry ........................................................... 26 2.2.3 nh hng ca chng lai phn n sinh trng, pht trin v nng sut ca x lch, da leo v c chua cherry ........................................................... 28 2.2.4 nh hng ca chu k bn phn n sinh trng, pht trin v nng sut ca x lch, da leo v c chua cherry ........................................................... 30 PHN 3. KT QU V THO LUN ................................................................ 33 3.1 nh hng ca gi th trng n sinh trng v pht trin ca cy x lch, da leo v c chua cherry ................................................................................... 33 3.1.1 Th nghim trn cy rau x lch ............................................................. 35 3.1.2 Th nghim trn cy da leo .................................................................. 38 3.1.3 Th nghim trn cy c chua cherry ....................................................... 42 3.2 nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK n s sinh trng, pht trin v ch t lng ca x lch, da leo v c chua cherry ..................................................... 46 3.2.1 Th nghim trn cy x lch ................................................................... 46 3.2.2 Th nghim trn cy da leo .................................................................. 50 3.2.3 Th nghim trn cy c chua cherry ....................................................... 59 3.3 nh hng ca chng lai phn n sinh trng v nng sut ca x lch, da leo v c chua cherry.......................................................................................... 63 3.3.1 Th nghim trn cy rau x lch ............................................................. 63 3.3.2 Th nghim trn cy da leo .................................................................. 67 3.3.3 Th nghim trn cy c chua cherry ....................................................... 72

3.4 nh hng ca chu k bn phn n sinh trng v nng sut ca x lch, da leo v c chua cherry ................................................................................... 77 3.4.1 Th nghim trn cy x lch ................................................................... 77 3.4.2 Th nghim trn cy da leo .................................................................. 78 3.4.3 Th nghim trn cy c chua cherry ....................................................... 80 KT LUN V KIN NGH ............................................................................... 87 TI LIU THAM KHO ..................................................................................... 89

DANH MC BNG
Bng 1.1: Thnh phn dinh dng trong cc lai gi th sn xut t mn x da .... 8 Bng 1.2: Mc gii hn ti a cho php trong sn phm rau .................................. 22 Bng 3.1: Khi lng ring v kh nng cha nc ca cc loi gi th ................ 33 Bng 3.2: Cc c tnh vt l ca cc gi th dng th nghim ............................... 35 Bng 3.3: nh hng ca gi th trng n chiu cao cy, s l ca rau x lch Lollo xanh ti cc thi im 10, 20 v 30 ngy sau trng .................. 36 Bng 3.4: nh hng ca gi th trng n khi lng cy v nng sut ca rau x lch Lollo xanh.................................................................................. 37 Bng 3.5 Hiu qu kinh t ca sn xut rau x lch trong iu kin nh che ph v trn cc gi th khc nhau.................................................................. 37 Bng 3.6: nh hng ca cc loi gi th n chiu cao ca cy da leo cc giai on sinh trng khc nhau ............................................................... 39 Bng 3.7: nh hng ca cc loi gi th n s l ca cy da leo ...................... 40 Bng 3.8: nh hng ca cc loi gi th n yu t cu thnh nng sut v nng sut ca da leo ................................................................................. 40 Bng 3.9: Hiu qu kinh t ca sn xut da leo trong iu kin nh che ph v trn cc gi th khc nhau (tnh cho 1ha/v) ............................................. 42 Bng 3.10: nh hng ca cc loi gi th n chiu cao v s l ca c chua cherry ti thi im 20 v 30 ngy sau trng ..................................... 43 Bng 3.11: nh hng ca cc loi gi th n yu t cu thnh nng sut ca c chua cherry........................................................................................ 44 Bng 3.12: Hiu qu kinh t ca sn xut c chua cherry trong iu kin nh che ph v trn cc gi th khc nhau (tnh cho 1ha/v)........................... 45 Bng 3.13: nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK n chiu cy, s l ca rau x lch giai on 10, 20, 30 ngy sau trng ......................................... 46 Bng 3.14: nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK n nng sut x lch ................ 47 Bng 3.15: Hiu qu kinh t ca sn xut rau x lch trn gi th , trong iu kin nh che ph v cc liu lng phn NPK khc nhau (tnh cho 1ha/v) .............................................................................................. 49 Bng 3.16: nh hng ca lng phn NPK n chiu cao ca cy da leo.......... 51

Bng 3.17: nh hng ca cc liu lng phn bn khc nhau n s l trn thn chnh ca cy da leo (l) .................................................................. 51 Bng 3.18: nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK n cc yu t cu thnh nng sut v nng sut....................................................................................... 52 Bng 3.19: Hiu qu kinh t ca sn xut da leo trn gi th, trong iu kin nh che ph v cc liu lng phn NPK khc nhau (tnh cho 1ha/v).. 58 Bng 3.20: nh hng ca liu lng phn bn NPK n chiu cao cy c chua Cherry giai on 20, 30 ngy sau trng........................................... 59 Bng 3.21: nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK n cc yu t cu thnh nng sut c chua Cherry .................................................................................. 60 Bng 3.22: Hiu qu kinh t ca sn xut c chua cherry trn gi th, trong iu kin nh che ph v cc liu lng phn NPK khc nhau (tnh cho 1ha/v) .............................................................................................. 63 Bng 3.23: nh hng ca cc loi phn bn n chiu cao, s l ca cy x lch trng trn gi th ............................................................................... 64 Bng 3.24: nh hng ca chng lai phn n nng sut v hm lng nitrate trong rau x lch trng trn gi th .................................................... 65 Bng 3.25: Hiu qu kinh t ca sn xut rau x lch trn gi th , trong iu kin nh che ph v bn cc chng lai phn khc nhau (tnh cho 1ha/v) 66 Bng 3.26: nh hng ca chng loi phn n chiu cao ca cy da leo (cm) ti cc thi im 10, 20, 30 v 70 ngy sau trng ................................... 67 Bng 3.27: nh hng ca chng loi phn n tc tng trng chiu cao ca cy da leo ........................................................................................ 69 Bng 3.28: nh hng ca chng loi phn n cc yu t cu thnh nng sut v nng sut qu cada leo ................................................................... 71 Bng 3.29: Hiu qu kinh t ca sn xut da leo trn gi th, trong iu kin nh che ph v bn cc chng lai phn khc nhau (tnh cho 1ha/v) ...... 72 Bng 3.30: nh hng ca chng loi phn n chiu cao cy (cm) ca c chua... 73 Bng 3.31: nh hng ca cc loi phn bn n cc yut cu thnh nng sut c chua................................................................................................... 74

Bng 3.32: nh hng ca chng loi phn n nng sut ca c chua cherry ...... 75 Bng 3.33: nh hng ca cc loi phn bn n hm lng nitrat v hm lng ng trong qu c chua75 Bng 3.34: nh hng ca cc loi phn bn n hm lng nitrat v hm lng ng trong qu c chua.................................................................... 75 Bng 3.35: Hiu qu kinh t ca sn xut da leo trn gi th, trong iu kin nh che ph v bn cc chng lai phn khc nhau (tnh cho 1ha/v) ...... 76 Bng 3.36: nh hng ca phng php bn phn n nng sut v hm lng nitrate trong rau x lch trng trn gi th ......................................... 78 Bng 3.37: nh hng ca chu k bn phn n sinh trng chiu cao ca cy da leo ..................................................................................................... 79 Bng 3.38: nh hng ca chu k bn phn n tc tng trng chiu cao ca cy da leo cc giai an sinh trng khc nhau ............................ 79 Bng 3.39: nh hng ca chu k bn phn n yu t cu thnh nng sut v hm lng nitrate trong qu da leo .......................................................... 80 Bng 3.40: nh hng ca chu k bn phn n chiu cao (cm) ca cy c chua.. 81 Bng 3.41: nh hng ca chu k bn phn n cc yu t cu thnh nng sut c chua cherry........................................................................................ 82 Bng 3.42: nh hng ca chu k bn phn n nng sut v ch t lng c chua cherry. ............................................................................................... 82

DANH MC HNH Hnh 3.1: Lng nc trong cc lai gi th b mt i sau khi ti ........................ 34 Hnh 3.2: nh hng ca cc loi gi th n hm lng nitrate trong qu da leo .......................................................................................................... 41 Hnh 3.3 : nh hng ca cc loi gi th n nng sut c chua cherry................ 45 Hnh 3.4: nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK v thi gian sau bn phn n hm lng nitrate trong rau x lch .......................................................... 48 Hnh 3.5: nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK n hm lng dinh dng trong gi th trc v sau khi lm th nghim ............................................. 49 Hnh 3.6: nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK v thi gian sau bn phn n hm lng nitratetrong qu da leo ........................................................... 54 Hnh 3.7: nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK n h m lng m d tiu trong gi th trc v sau khi lm th nghim ............................................. 56 Hnh 3.8: nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK n hm lng ln d tiu trong gi th trc v sau khi lm th nghim ................................................... 56 Hnh 3.9: nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK n hm lng kali d tiu trong gi th trc v sau khi lm th nghim ................................................... 57 Hnh 3.10: nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK n nng sut c chua cherry trng trn gi th ........................................................................................ 61 Hnh 3.11: nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK v ngy sau bn phn n hm lng Nitrate trong qu c chua Cherry ............................................. 61 Hnh 3.12: nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK n hm lng cht dinh dng trong gi th trc v sau khi trng c chua Cherry ........................... 62 Hnh 3.13: nh hng ca chng loi phn n hm lng nitrate trong qu da leo (mg/kg) ........................................................................................ 71

BNG CH VIT TT
TCVN: Tiu chun Vit Nam Thuc BVTV: Thu c b o v th c vt NN & PTNT: Nng nghip & Pht trin Nng thn CEC: Cng trao i cation

B GIO DC V O TO
n v: Trng i hc Lt

THNG TIN KT QU NGHIN CU

1. Thng tin chung: - Tn ti: Nghin cu xy dng quy trnh sn xut x lch, da leo, c chua cherry sch trn gi th trong iu kin nh che ph ti Lt - M s: B2008 -14 - 25 - Ch nhim: Cao Th Ln - C quan ch tr: Trng i Hc Lt - Thi gian thc hin:2008 - 2010 2. Mc tiu: ti c tin hnh vi cc mc tiu: - Xc nh gi th trng - Xc nh liu lng phn bn - Xc nh chng lai phn bn - Xc nh chu k bn phn t c nng sut, phm cht x lch, da leo, c chua cherry cao v mang li hiu qu kinh t cao cho ngi sn xut. 3. Tnh mi v sng to: Phng thc sn xut rau truyn thng t trc n nay l gieo trng cy trc tip trn t. Phng thc sn xut ny c u im l d lm, din tch sn xut ln nhng c nhc im l khng ch ng c nng sut v ch t lng rau nh d lng thuc bo v thc vt, hm lng nitrate, kim lai nng v vi sinh vt gy hi cho sc khe ngi tiu dng. Vi yu cu cht lng v s lng ngy cng cao ca ngi tiu dng trong v ngai nc th y chnh l ro cn s pht trin ca ngnh sn xut rau nc ta. Bn cnh din tch t canh tc ngy cng b thu h p do vic th ha, din tch t b nhim ha hc ngy cng tng, v vy cn tm hng i ng cho ngnh rau. Trong sut th k trc, cc nh khoa hc trn th gii nghin cu v a ra nhiu h thng nui trng thy canh khc nhau nh thy canh dch lng, thy

canh trn gi th rn v kh canh... Mt trong nhng u im ln nht ca nui trng thy canh l c th sn xut cc sn phm sch ngay trn vng khng c kh nng canh tc nh khng c t, t b nhim. Tuy nhin, h thng sn xut thy canh dch lng v kh canh i hi chi ph ban u cao v yu cu ngi sn xut phi c trnh k thut nht nh. Trong iu kin kinh t ca ngi nng dn nc ta cn h n hp, trnh k thut cn thp th vic ng dng h thng thy canh trn gi th rn nh mn x da, t than bn sn xut rau trong iu kin nh che ph l cn thit v hp l. 4. Kt qu nghin cu: Qua cc kt qu thu thp c trong qu trnh tin h nh th nghim chng ti s b rt ra mt s kt lun sau: i vi cy rau x lch - Gi th thch hp nht cho vic sn xut x lch l hn hp gi th than bn v Dasa X2 theo t l 2:1. - Lng phn thch hp nht bn cho cy x lch sinh trng tt, nng sut cao, ph m cht tt l 100kg N - 100kg P 2O5 - 75kg K2O cho mt ha. - S dng phn hu c NPK Realstrong cho nng sut v cht lng rau x lch cao nht. - Bn phn cho cy x lch theo phng php bn thc 2 ln vo giai an 5 ngy sau trng v 12 ngy sau trng l thch hp nht. Nn bn thc cho cy x lch vo giai an 5 v 12 ngy sau trng - Thu hach x lch sau khi bn phn t nht 8 ngy m bo hm lng nitrate trong rau thp i vi cy da leo - Gi th thch hp nht cho vic sn xut da leo l hn hp gi th than bn v Dasa X2 theo t l 2:1 . - Lng phn bn thch hp nht trong sn xut da leo trn gi th l 132kg N - 121kg P2O5 - 198kg K2O cho mt ha. - Bn phn hu c cho nng sut khng thua km so vi bn phn v c nhng li cho h m lng nitrate trong qu thp hn. Phn NPK Realstrong cho nng sut da leo cao v phm cht tt nht so vi ba lai phn cn li.

- Bn phn cho cy da leo theo chu k 8 ngy/ln l thch hp nht. - gim hm lng nitrate trong qu th khng nn thu hach qu vo ngy th 5 sau bn phn (chu k bn phn 8 ngy/ln). i vi cy c chua cherry - Gi th thch hp nht cho vic sn xut c chua cherry l hn hp gi th than bn v Dasa X2theo t l 1:1. - Trong sn xut c chua cherry trn gi th, bn phn vi liu lng quy chun l 257kg N - 200kg P 2O5 - 400kg K2O - 24kg Ca/ha cho nng sut, cht lng qu cao nht v khng lm nh hng n cht lng gi th. - Bn phn v c c xu hng cho hm lng nitrate trong qu cao hn so vi bn phn hu c.Trong bn lai phn th nghim, phn NPK Mekong cho nng sut v cht lng c chua cao nht. - Bn phn vi chu k 10 ngy/ln cho nng sut, cht lng cao v tit kim cng chm sc. - Vi chu k bn phn 10 ngy/ln, khng nn thu hach qu vo ngy th 3 sau khi bn phn v khi d lng nitrate trong qu l cao nht 5. Sn phm: - Quy trnh sn xut - Bo co khoa hc 6. Hiu qu, phng thc chuyn giao kt qu nghin cu v kh nng p dng:
Ngy thng Ch nhim ti (k, h v tn) nm

C quan ch tr (k, h v tn, ng du)

INFORMATION ON RESEARCH RESULTS

1. General information: Project title: Research and building production safe lettuce, cucumber, cherry tomato in greenhouse at Da Lat, Lam Dong, Viet Nam Code number: B 2008 - 14 - 25 Coordinator: Cao Thi Lan Implementing institution: Dalat University Duration: from 6/2008 to 6/2010 2. Objective(s): This subject wasconductedwiththe following objectives: Determining suitable substrate Determine the amount of fertilizer Determine type of fertilizer Define fertilization cycles

To high yiel, quality and economic efficiency for producers 3. Creativeness and innovativeness: Directly cultivation on soil is a method of traditional vegetable production. This production method has the advantage of easy, producing a large area but the downside is unpredictable in quality and yield of vegetables. With quality requirements and the increasing number of consumers, this is barrier the development of vegetable industry in our country. Besides the area of arable land is increasingly shrinking due to urbanization......, polluted and degenerated land area is increasing, so need to find the right direction for the vegetable industry. Throughout the last century, scientists and horticulturists experimented with different methods of hydroponics such as solution culture or liquid hydroponics circulating methods, solid media culture (Aggregate systems) and aeroponics -root mist technique. One of the potential applications of hydroponics that drove research was for growing fresh produce in nonarable areas of the world such as no soil, contaminated soil no land, contaminated land. However, liquid hydroponics

system and mist technique requires high initial cost and requires producers to have certain qualifications. In the economic conditions of farmers is still limited, low technical level, the application of vegetable production on available substrate such as coir dust, peat in greenhouse is necessary and reasonable. 4. Research results: Basedonthe resultsofexperiments, we draw the following conclusions: For the lettuce Substrate: The best substrate for lettuce production is a mixture of peat and Dasa X2 by the ratio of 2:1. -

Dosage fertilization: Apply 100kg N - 100kg P2O5 - 75kg K2O per hectare for high yield and good quality. Type of fertilization: Use of Realstrong Bio-Organic Fertilizer for the high yield and quality production of lettuce.

Method of fertilization: Should apply additional fertilizer for lettuce at stage 5 and 12 days after planting

Harvesting lettuce after fertilization at least 8 days to ensure low levels of nitrate in vegetables.

For the cucumber Substrate: The best substrate for cucumber production is a mixture of peat and Dasa X2 by the ratio of 2:1. Dosage fertilization: Apply 132kg N - 121kg P2O5 - 198kg K2O per hectare for high yield and good quality. Type of fertilization: Organic fertilizers obtain as yield as inorganic fertilizers, but nitrate concent is lower than inorganic fertilizers. In four types fertilizer, Realstrong Bio-Organic Fertilizer obtain the highest yield and quality. Method of fertilization: Fertilization for the cucumber according to 8 days cycle is the most appropriate. Harvesting: To reduce the nitrate content in fruit should not harveste on the 5 th day after fertilization (fertilization cycle 8 days/times). For cherry tomatoe

Substrate: The best substrate for tomato production is a mixture of peat and Dasa X2 by the ratio of 1:1.

Dosage fertilization: Apply 257kg N - 200kg P2O5 - 400kg K2O - 24kg Ca per hectare for high yield and good quality. Type of fertilization: Inorganic fertilizers have tendency tohigher nitrate content than organic fertilizers. In four types of fertilizer, Mekong organic Fertilizer obtain the highest yield and quality.

Method of fertilization: Fertilization for the tomato according to 10 days cycle is the most appropriate.

Harvesting: With 10 days fertilization cycles per time, should not harvest fruit on day 3 after fertilization, because the nitrate content in the fruit is highest at this day.

5. Products: - Manufacturing Process -Scientific reports 6. Effects, transfer alternatives of reserach results and applicability:

M U
1. t vn Vi cao trung bnh l 1.500m, kh h u n ha, mt m quanh nm, nhit trung bnh 18 - 20oC, lng ma hng nm 1.400 - 1.800mm, t ai c thin nhin u i, to cho Lt c iu kin pht trin vng chuyn canh rau rt phong ph. T nhiu nm qua, Lt l vng cung cp rau chnh, c bit l cc lo i rau n i cho cc tnh pha Nam. Do trng rau c thu nh p cao nn nh ng nm gn y din tch trng rau Lm ng m rng ra cc vng ngoi vi th nh ph Lt, nh n Dng, c Trng, Lc Dng... Vi din tch trng rau khong 35.182 ha, hng nm Lm ng sn xut khong 939.447 tn rau bao gm nhiu chng loi: Ci bp, ci tho, ci bng, c rt, khoai ty, c chua, u cc loi.... Sn phm xut khu hng nm t 13.000 14.000 tn thnh phm tng ng vi 100.000 140.000 tn nguyn liu chim 16 18% tng sn lng rau hng nm. Tuy nhin, do trnh thm canh cha cao, nng dn quen s dng phn c, phn ha hc, thuc bo v thc vt vi liu lng cao, quy trnh chm sc thiu khoa hc gy nh hng khng nh n mi trng t, nc, h cn trng c li, dn n sn phm rau cha m bo cht lng kha cnh sn phm nng nghip sch. Ch tnh ring yu t d lng thuc bo v thc vt, theo kt qu phn tch ca Chi cc Bo v thc vt Lm ng, 9 thng u nm 2008, trong 973 m u rau cc loi c 92 mu khng an to n, chim 9,4%. iu ny ng ngha l c khong 65.000 tn rau khng an to n bn ra th trng. y l mt con s khng nh so vi tng sn lng rau ca Lm ng. Cng ngh nh li, nh knh kt hp vi quy trnh canh tc trn gi th cho php cch ly mt phn vi mi trng su bnh bn ngoi, gim bt c d lng nng dc v phn bn ha hc s dng, ch ng c hm lng kim loi nng v vi sinh vt gy hi cho sc khe ngi tiu dng trong rau, ch ng sn xut rau quanh nm khng ph thuc vo thi tit, cho sn phm rau c mu m p v an tan. V vy, vic thc hin ti Nghin cu xy dng quy trnh sn xu t x

lch, da leo, c chua cherry sch trn gi th trong iu kin nh che ph ti Lt l nhu cu cp bch trong iu kin hin ti v tng lai. 2. Mc ch ti ti c tin hnh vi cc mc ch sau: 1. Xy dng quy trnh sn xut rau x lch, da leo, c chua cherry trn gi th v trong nh che ph ti Lt. 2. To ra sn phm sch p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao ca x hi v mang li hiu qu kinh t cao cho ngi sn xut 3. Lm c s cho vic ging dy v chuyn giao sn xut 3. Mc tiu ca ti ti c tin hnh vi cc mc tiu: - Xc nh gi th trng - Xc nh liu lng phn bn - Xc nh chng lai phn bn - Xc nh chu k bn phn t c nng sut, ph m cht x lch, da leo, c chua cherry cao v mang li hiu qu kinh t cao cho ngi sn xu t. 4. Gii hn ti ti c tin hnh trong nh che ph ti Lt v trn ba i tng cy trng l cy rau x lch, da leo v c chua cherry trong thi gian 2 nm, t thng 06 nm 2008 n thng 6 nm 2010.

PHN I. TNG QUAN

1.1 Thc trng sn xut rau ti Lm ng Sn xut rau ti Lm ng c hnh thnh v pht trin cch y trn 60 nm. Trc nm 1990, vng chuyn canh sn xut rau tp trung ch yu ti thnh ph Lt, sn phm cn rt n iu v thng cung cp cho th trng truyn thng l thnh ph H Ch Minh v cc tnh ng bng sng Cu Long cc vng ph cn, din tch gieo trng rau cn rt hn ch. n nm 1995, din tch gieo trng rau ton tnh t 9.545 ha, sn lng 179.604 tn. Cng vi s i mi, pht trin ca t nc, sc tiu th ca th trng trong nc ngy cng gia tng, ngnh sn xut rau Lt khng ngng pht trin v tm kim th trng xut khu. Vng sn xut rau c m rng ra cc huyn ph cn, hnh thnh mt vng chuyn canh rau rng ln. n nm 2007, din tch gieo trng rau cc loi ti n Dng l 12.925 ha, sn lng 368.928 tn; ti c Trng 9.849 ha, sn lng 290.774 tn, ti Lt 8.257 ha, sn lng 203.439 tn (Triu, 2009). Bn cnh s m rng din tch v sn lng th sn phm rau ca Lm ng v ang gp vn ln v cht lng, d lng thuc bo v thc vt, hm lng nitrate, kim lai nng v vi sinh vt gy hi vt qu ngng cho php. Nguyn nhn ch yu ca hin tng ny l do y l vng chuyn canh rau, khng lun canh vi cy trng nc nn su b nh hi nhiu. bo v cy trng ngi nng dn lm dng thuc bo v thc vt, s dng khng ng k thut v thu hach rau khng m bo thi gian cch ly. tng nng sut cy trng ngi nng dn dng phn bn qu liu lng, nghim trng hn mt s h dn cn s dng phn xc mm bn cho rau d n n suy thoi mi trng t canh tc. T nm 2007 S Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn cng mt s c quan chc nng trin khai nhiu hot ng nhm khuyn khch pht trin sn xut sn phm an ton. Tuy vy, tnh n nay, mi c 16 n v, c s ng k v c chng nhn iu kin sn xut rau an ton trn din tch canh tc 268 ha. y l mt con s qu khim nhng so vi din tch vng rau chuyn canh rng ln ca tnh

Nhu cu thc phm an ton ngy cng gia tng trn phm vi ton cu. cc nc pht trin, tiu chun v sinh an to n thc phm rt nghim ngt v c qun l cht ch, l ro cn k thut ngn chn hng ha km ch t lng, thc phm khng an ton nhp khu. nc ta, nhu cu tiu dng th c phm an to n, c ngun gc xut x r rng ang ngy cng tng. T nm 2005, vic trin khai thc hin chng trnh nng nghip cng ngh cao thc y ngnh sn xut rau bc sang mt thi k pht trin mi. Cc loi rau c sn xut theo hng Nng nghip cng ngh cao nh canh tc trong nh knh, nh li, s dng h thng ti t ng, m ng ph t. Tuy nhin din tch sn xut v sn lng cn hn ch do u t ban u cao v thiu quy trnh sn xut ph hp. 1.2 Gi th trng rau Mi quan tm an ton th c phm ti Vit Nam hin nay trn rau l v hm lng nitrate, d lng thuc tr su v kim loi nng trong rau. Trng rau trn gi th sch l mt trong nhng gii php c th ngn chn su, bnh hi t t v khng ch hiu qu cc cht gy nhim t t nh kim loi nng. Trn th gii cc loi gi th trng sch c nghin cu v s dng trong sn xut i tr vi nhiu loi cy trng khc nhau. Vic s dng cc loi gi th trng sch thay th t d n p ng c nhu cu thc tin, gip cho nhng ni khng c t cng c th sn xut ra nhng sn phm nng nghip p ng nhu cu ca cuc sng hng ngy. 1.2.1 c tnh vt l ca gi th. i vi tnh cht vt l ca gi th, cht hu c v mn c tc d ng lm tng xp, iu ho ch nc ti v ch nhit, gip n nh kt cu cc thnh phn trong gi th. Nhng tnh cht vt l lun c tc ng tch cc n tnh cht ho hc trong gi th, v d nh cc cht hu c v mn lm tng kh nng hp ph v trao i ion lm cho gi th c kh nng chu nc, chu phn cao, tng tnh m cho gi th, m bo cc phn ng ho hc v xy ho kh xy ra bnh thng, to iu kin cho cy pht trin tt (H, 2005). c tnh gi m v thng thong kh Gi th l ni cung cp cho r c nc v khng kh. Nhng khong trng trong gi th vi nhng kch thc khc nhau cho php mt gi th c th th hin hai kh nng gi m v thng thong kh cng mt lc. Sau khi ti, nc lp y

nhng l ln trong kho ng khng ri b ht xung y lung (chu). C hai loi nc tn ti trong gi th: loi s dng c ngay v mt loi khng s dng c. Lo i s dng c lin kt yu t vi cc thnh phn trong gi th v c hp th b i r cy. Loi khng s dng c lin kt cht vi b mt ht trong gi th nn r cy khng ht c. Khi cy s dng ht lng nc s dng c cy s b ho do trong qu trnh la chn gi th cn la chn nhng gi th c kh nng gi m v thng kh tt (John v Harold, 1999). Th nghim v kh nng gi m John v Harold (1999) thy rng trng trong lung (chu) gi c nhiu nc hn v cn s thng thong kh nhiu hn. Khng nn nn nhng gi th vo trong ch u v khong khng s gim v t l nc khng s dng c li tng ln. Trong iu kin khng lng nc ti cho cy cn s dng nhng gi th c gi m cao hoc phi trn vo gi th cc ht gi m. Trong qu trnh nghin cu John v Harold (1999) th nghim trn 3 lo i gi th hn hp t, ct, than bn vi t l 1 : 1 : 1 ; than bn, vecmiculite vi t l 1 : 1 v v ng cc, ct, than bn t l 3 : 1 :1 thy rng kh nng gi nc ca hn h p than bn + vecmiculite l tt nht, k l hn hp v ng cc + ct + than bn v km nht l hn hp t + ct + than bn. Nhng khi xt tnh thng thong kh th hai hn hp gi th than bn + vecmiculite v v ng cc + ct + than bn tng ng nhau, ring hn hp gi th t + ct + than bn l km nht trong 3 lo i gi th th nghim. Kh nng trao i cation Cc loi gi th nh t en, vecmiculite v cc loi v ng cc nhim in m c th ht nhng ion dng trong nc (cng trao i cation - CEC). CEC cng ln cc ion dinh dng c gi li cng nhiu. a s cc cht dinh dng cung cp cho cy trng l cation nh: NH+4, K+, Ca++, Mg++, Zn++, Cu ++, Mn++ v Fe++, v nh ng ion mang in m gm: H2PO4-, NO3-, SO4-, Cl-. Cc ion ny thng c cung cp vi lng hn ch. Nhng thnh phn gi th c ch s CEC cao gm t, t en, vermiculite v nh ng thnh phn c ch s CEC thp gm perlite, ct , styrofoam(John v Harold, 1999). pH

pH nh hng nhiu n cht dinh dng c sn trong t m cy trng s dng c. pH duy tr t 1 n 14. pH = 7 l mi trng trung tnh, pH >7 l mi trng trung tnh, pH di 7 l mi trng acid. pH ca gi th thay i tu theo thnh phn c trong gi th. Khuyn co s dng nhng gi th khng phi l t c pH khong 5,5 6,0 v nhng gi th l t (trn 25% t ) pH t 6,2 6,8. Ngoi ra gi tr pH s thay i tu theo thi gian, loi phn bn v pH ca nc ti. Nu nh pH c ph n cao th cn ci thin bng cch bn thm vi v t (John v Harold, 1999). Khi lng ring Mt s gi th nh mn x da, khi kh c khi lng rt nh nhng do c kh nng hp th mt lng ln nc v vy rt n ng khi c ti m Khi lng ring ca gi th l mt trong nhng ch tiu ng quan tm khi chn mua gi th. Trong h thng trng sch a s gi th s dng cn c khi lng ring th p t 0,1 - 0,8 kg/dm3. Ngoi ra nhng gi treo trong nh knh cn c khi lng ring thp gim trng lc ca khung nh knh, trong khi nhng gi th trng cy trn lung c th c khi lng ring ln hn gi lung khng b lt (John v Harold, 1999). Cc cch thc phi trn gi th Nhim v ca gi th l lm gi cho cy, cung cp m , thong v ci thin pH ng thi cung cp dinh dng v ci thin pH thch hp vi tng i tng cy trng. Theo John v Harold (1999), tng hiu qu s dng nn phi trn cc loi gi th vi nhau. Trc y ngi ta dng cc loi v cy, mn ca, v v bo trong qu trnh ch bin g c dng trc tip lm gi th nhng hiu qu khng cao do mn ca b phn hu qu nhanh. Ngy ny thay v s dng trc tip ngi ta phi trn v x l trc khi s dng nn gi m tng ln, thng kh tt, CEC cao (Cole and Newll, 1996). Theo Burger v cng s (1997), mt s cht hu c c b sung vo hn h p gi th thng hay s dng nh giy vn, tru, rm sau khi trng nm, phn gia cm, c kh Khi phi trn vo cc cht liu tip tc phn hu v cung cp cht dinh dng hu ch cho cy trng. Mn d a l ph phm trong qu trnh sn xut ch x da xut khu, si v bi th i ra c x l lm kh v p thnh kh i, khi mn da phi c loi cht

(tanin) trc khi s dng (John v Harold 1999). nc ta dng loi ph phm ny x l loi b cht cht, xay nh, thm cc cht khong hu c, vi lng s to ra loi gi th c ti xp cao, thng thong kh rt thch hp vi vic trng hoa, trng rau trong nh knh m khng cn t. Khi dng x da lm gi th c th s dng mt mnh ho c phi trn vi than bn, tro tru, t mn theo t l th tch 1 : 2 :1 : 1, trng rau hoc trng cc cy hoa ngn ngy nh trng hoa chung trong thi k con non v khi chuyn ra trng chu th s dng hn hp x da, ct sch theo t l 3 : 1. Qua phn tch tnh cht nng ha cho thy loi gi th n y c kh nng gi m v thng thong kh cao, c pH t 6,5 7, c trng lng ring thp, tnh n nh cao (John v Harold, 1999). 1.2.2 Cc lo i gi th Than bn Than bn l phn cn li ca qu trnh phn h y xc th c vt trong iu kin ym kh. nc ta than bn phn b nhiu vng ng Nam B vi hm lng cc ch t dinh dng thay i ph thuc vo thnh phn cc loi th c vt v qu trnh phn h y cc h p cht h u c. Than bn l mt loi gi th c s dng ph bin trong nh knh, khi phi trn vi t, ct cn b sung phn ha hc s to nn mt gi th c hm lng dinh dng cao, ti xp, thch hp cho trng rau hoc lm vn m cy ging rt hiu qu. Cc gi th sn xut t mn x da Dasi: t sinh hc Dasi l mt thnh tu mi ca cng ty t Sch trong ng dng ci thin t bc mu, tng ph nhiu cho t t hiu qu cao r rt trong nhiu nm qua. Dasi c sn xut t mn d a qua qu trnh x l cng ngh sinh ha tr thnh mt lo i cht trng giu hu c, vi sinh, vi lng. t sinh hc cn ci thin c cc c tnh c l ca t bc mu nhm phc hi t bc mu thnh t ti xp, d ht nc, gi m lu, t tn cng ti v nc ti. tnh ch t m i ca t ny s duy tr nhiu nm (trn 3 nm, hn nhiu lo i cht trng hu c khc). Dasa X2: Gi th Dasa X2 thch hp s dng trong nng nghip hu c, nng nghip cng ngh cao. Dng Dasa X2 trong nh li, nh knh, sn xut rau

qu sch c nng sut, cht lng cao. Dasa X2 c sn xut t mn da v vy rt ti xp, thong kh, gi m tt, m phn b ng u. Dng Dasa X2 trng cy con sau nui cy m hoc bn vo t lm tng lng mn cho t, cung cp cht dinh dng thin nhin cho hoa mu. ng thi Dasa X2 cn b sung nhiu vi sinh vt c li cho cy, tng sc khng cho cy ging. Bng 1.1 Thnh phn dinh dng trong cc lai gi th sn xut t mn x da Thnh phn NHu hiu (%) P2O5 Hu hiu (%) K2O5 Hu hiu (%) pH EC (S/cm) Acid Humic (%) Mn + hu c (%) Ligninsulfonate(g/l) Trung-Vi lng VSV khng bnh cho t VSV c nh m VSV phn gii ln Vi nm khng bnh 3,42 dng 0,97 x 10 6 0,75 x 10 6 0,07 x 10 6 0,146 x 106 dng 0,97 x 106 0,75 x 106 0,07 x 106 0,146 x 10 6 dng 0,97 x 10 6 0,75 x 10 6 0,07 x 10 6 0,146 x 106 dng 0,97 x 106 0,75 x 106 0,07 x 106 0,146 x 10 6 0,5 0,3 0,7 6,37 127 3,33 >90 Dasi Dasa X1 0.540 0.242 0.772 6.37 127 Dasa X2 0,5 0,3 0,7 6,37 127 3.33 >90 Dasa X3 0.8 0.8 0.4 6,37 127

Dasa X1: Gi th Dasa X1 c sn xut t mn da thch hp cho sn xut cy ging sch bnh vi t l sng cao. Dasa X0 c c tnh giu ch t dinh dng, b sung nhiu vi sinh vt c li cho cy, tng sc khng cho cy ging, cy khe, ti xp, thong kh tng kh nng h hp ca r, tng s lng r tch cc, gip r pht trin mnh. Dasa X3: Gi th Dasa X3 thch hp s dng trng tt c cc loi cy cnh, cy king. Gip ci thin trng thi mao dn, n nh m cho t, lu gi dinh dng v iu tit a vi lng hp l, thn thin, khng c hi mi trng. S dng tt trong trang tr ni tht, nh hng, khch sn.V sinh, khng mi, sch s khi tip xc. B sung nhiu vi sinh vt c li cho cy. Tng sc khng cho cy

trng. Gi m tt, m phn b ng u, t tn cng ti. Ti xp, thong kh tng kh nng h hp ca r, tng s lng r. c bit c dinh dng nh chm trong t gip cy bn vng. S dng cc vt liu hu c t nhin lm gi th trng cy c ng dng rng ri trn th gii, c bit l cc ph phm nng nghip. Mi a phng thng c cc loi ph phm nng nghip khc nhau nh x da, v qu c ph, b ma, v tru, v u trong x da l vt liu c s dng rng ri nhiu nc trn th gii. Ti Vit Nam nhhng nm gn y, x da v ang dc s dng lm gi th trng cy trong h thng nh li nh knh. Nhiu cng ty s dng x da sn xut cc loi gi th m cy, gi th sn xut rau mm, gi th trng rau cng ngh cao.nh cng ty t sch Dasa, cng Gino, cng ty M Kng. Gi thnh ca cc loi gi th ch bin sn ny cn cao v vy gy tr ngi v vn u t ban u cho ngi nng dn. gim chi ph u t v li dng cc ngun vt liu khc c sn ti a phng ngi ta thng phi hp x da vi cc lo i vt liu khc to thnh mt gi th trng thch hp cho tng a phng. Theo Phong (2008), trng da leo v c chua trn gi th c nghim thc l: 50 % tro tru + 20 % x da + 20 % v u phng + 10% phn chung hoai mc v c ti b sung dinh dng c th cho nng sut da leo: 57 tn/ ha v c chua: t 43 tn/ ha. Theo Tun (2008), khi trng trn gi th ch bin t mn ca, nham thch ni la mi ha c chua t trn 200 tn/v sn xut, t ngt 100 tn/nm, da chut 240 tn/v. Ti Lt v cc huyn ph cn, hu ht cc c s sn xut cy ging rau cc loi u s dng than bn lm gi th gieo m, nhng dng than bn lm gi th trng sn xut rau thng phm th rt t c s dng. Cc loi gi th c ch bin sn t x da bi cc cng ty cng mi ch c s dng trong nhn m cy ging v trng cc loi hoa cy cnh trong chu c ga tr cao. Kt qu trng da leo v c chua trn 4 lai gi th l x da, hoc hn hp ca ba thnh phn bao gm c b ma, v u phng, u tng, than bn hay ni la tin hnh ti Vin Nghin cu Rau Qu - H Ni cho thy: Nng sut ca c chua v da leo trng trn gi th x da tng ng k so vi trng trn ba gi th cn li; Cc lai gi th nh b ma, v u phng, v u tng, than bn hay ni la khng thch hp cho sn xut da leo v lm cho hm lng ch vt qu

gii hn d lng ti a l 0,2 mg / kg; Cc kt qu n y ch ng minh rng sn xut rau sch trn ga th c th c s dng th nh cng ti Vit Nam nh mt phng tin ca vic gim d lng trong rau, nhng nhn mnh rng gi th cng c kh nng l mt ngun gy nhim. (Parks, 2006). 1.3 Yu cu dinh dng ca cy x lch, da leo v c chua thi k ht ny mm , cy sng nh cht d tr trong ht v khng cn ly dinh dng t t. n thi k cycon, nhu cu dinh dng ca cy khng cao, v rt nhy cm vi thnh phn trong dung dch t. Nu trong dung dch t khng hoc nng cc cht dinh dng qu cao c th nh hng n s tng trng v pht trin ca cy. Vic bn lt v x l ht ging bng phn vi lng v a lng gip tng cng s tng trng r cy con v lm gia tng nng sut sau ny. Tuy nhin, n u bn lt nhiu hay bn lt trong trng hp thiu nc c th a n kt qu ngc li. giai an cy pht trin thn l, s hp th ch t dinh dng t t gia tng v r c kh nng thch nghi vi s bin ng nng dung dch t. Thi k ny cy ht m nhiu. Nhu cu ln v kali tng nhanh khi cy chuyn sang giai on tch ly cht d tr hoc thi k phn ho mm hoa. Vo cu i th i k thnh lp c quan tch ly cht dinh dng hay cui thi k pht trin qu tt c cc loi rau nhu cu ly dinh dng t t gim nhanh rau lng NPK ly i t t to nng sut bin thin t 100-200kg/ha cho cc loi rau nh x lch, ci rai, da leo v t 200 - 400 kg/ha cho ci bp sm, ci bng, c chua, hnh ty, ... v 400 - 700 kg/ha cho cc lo i rau di ngy nh ci bp mun, c dn, ... Tu thuc vo t, loi rau, thi gian sinh trng v cng thc trng m tin hnh bn vi nhng lng phn khc nhau. Ni chung trong iu kin bnh thng, s lng phn ti thiu bn cho mt ha rau l 10 tn phn chung, 40 50kg N, 20 25kg P2O5 v 15 20kg K2O. Theo Quyn (1995), cng thc phn bn dng cho cc lai rau nh sau: i vi cc lai rau n qu, bn 20 30 tn phn chung, 46 49kg N, 54 72kg P2O5, 150kg K2O v 1000kg bnh du/ha.

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i vi cc lai rau n l, bn 115 138kg N, 54kg P2O5 v 60 69kg K2O/ha. 1.3.1 Yu cu dinh dng ca cy x lch Theo Trung tm Khuyn nng Lm ng khuyn co, lng phn dng bn cho x lch ti Lm ng l (tnh cho 1000 m2): 100 150kg vi, 3 - 4m 3 phn chung c hoai mc, 50kg phn nitrophotka, 300kg phn h u c vi sinh (hoc 70 100kg Dynamic). Lng phn trn tng ng khang 85 - 120kg N, 85 100kg P2O5v 100 120kg K2O/ha. Theo S Nng nghip Lm ng, lng phn dng bn cho x lch Romain ti Lm ng l (tnh cho 1000 m 2): 80 120kg vi, 3 4 m3 phn chung hoai mc, 50kg super ln, 50kg Nitrophoska 15 5 20, 30kg K2SO4, 30kg phn h u c m c (Dynamic, ho c Growell). Lng phn trn tng ng khang 85 120kg N, 120 - 140kg P2O5 v 200kg K2O/ha. Theo Trung tm Khuyn nng thnh ph H Ch Minh, lng phn dng bn cho x lch ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh l (tnh cho 1000 m2): Bn lt 1,5 - 2 tn phn chung hoai mc, 100kg phn ln, 30kg bnh d u. Bn thc ln 1 vo 7 ngy sau trng bng cch ha ur long nng 1%0 (1g/1 lt) ti cho cy. Bn thc ln 2 v ln 3 b ng phn bn l (cch nhau 5 - 7 ngy). Theo Ba (1998), lng phn dng bn cho 1.000m2 x lch l khong 2 tn phn chung hoai (phn heo g hoai), 4kg ur v 4kg KCl. S dng th m cc lo i phn bn qua l tng cng sc sinh trng ca cy. Nh vy lng phn dng bn cho rau x lch bin ng nh sau: 85 120kg N, 100 140kg P2O5, 100 120kg K2O/ha. 1.3.2 Yu cu dinh dng ca cy da leo Nhu cu dinh dng ca da leo kh cao nhng cy rt m n cm vi nng phn cao v vy khi bn phn cn chia nh lm nhiu ln bn thay v bn tp trung. giai on u sinh trng, cy da hp th m nhiu hn cc cht khc. n khi da phn nhnh v kt tri da mi hp th nhiu kali. Trong cc cht dinh dng, da leo hp th mnh nht l kali. Nu bn qu nhiu phn m d n n tnh trng cy sinh trng thn l mnh v ra nhiu hoa c. Lng phn bn cho da leo ty thuc theo iu kin dinh dng sn c trong t v nhu cu ca cy da leo qua tng giai on sinh trng ca cy.

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Theo nh (2003), mt s khuyn co s dng phn bn mt s nc: Ti Senegal khuyn co l trn t nh vng bn kh hn bn 20 tn/ha phn hu c, 130kg N, 95kg P 2O5 v 200kg K2O/ha. Trc khi gieo ri ton b lng phn hu c v ln v 1/3 N v K. S phn cn li chia u lm 2 ln bn vo lc 30 v 50 ngy sau trng. Ti Brazil th lng phn khuyn co chung cho 1ha l: 100kg N, 200kg P 2O5, v 200kg K2O. Bn lt 50kg N, 200kg P2O5 v 150kg K2O vi vo t trc khi gieo. Lng phn cn li chia u lm hai ln bn vo lc 15 v 30 ngy sau gieo. Nng sut s t c cao hn bng cch bn vi 20 tn/ha phn hu c vo lc 2 tu n trc gieo. Philipines, trong ma kh bn 120kg N, 120kg P2O5 v 120kg K2O/ha. Tng lng phn trn c chia u lm 3 ln bn. Bn ln 1 , bt lt trc khi gieo h t. Bn ln 2 tin hnh khi cy cao 1,0 m. Bn ln 3 tin h nh khi qu u tin to b ng qu trng g. Ti n , khi trng da leo trn t tht pha ct, vi pH = 6,5 v hm lng Bo khang 0,58ppm th dng 80kg N, 45kg P2O5, 85kg K2O/ha v Na2B4O7.10 H2O. Bn ton b lng m, ln v Kali lc gieo. Phun dung dch cha Bo 0,25% ni trn lc 6 l v lc xut hin chi hoa. Theo Cc (1979), t nng sut da leo khong 30tn/ha yu cu lng phn nguyn cht N - P2O5 - K2O l 170 kg vi t l (51+41+78). Tuy nhin, cc ging da lai cho nng sut cao yu cu lng phn bn cng cao hn. V hiu sut s dng phn, da leo cn nht l kali n m, sau cng l ln. Da leo c c im l phn ng nhanh chng vi dinh dng trong t nhng li khng chu c nng phn cao, v vy lng phn c chia lm nhiu ln bn thay v bn tp trung. Trung bnh 1 tn da ly i ca t 2,75kg N; 1,46kg P 2O5.; 4,42kg K2O v 33kg CaO. Theo Ba (1998), ti Vit Nam cng thc phn thng dng cho da leo trng ng bng l: 140 - 220kg N,150 - 180kg P2O5 v 120 - 150kg K2O/ha. Lng phn bn ty theo iu kin t trng v nhu cu ca cy da leo qua tng giai on sinh trng. i vi ging lai nhp ni cho nng sut cao, cn bn phn nhiu hn ging i phng.

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Theo ti liu khuyn nng ca Trung tm khuyn nng quc gia, lng phn dng bn cho 1 ha da l: 20 30 tn phn chung mc hoai mc, 120kg N, 90kg P2O5 v 120kg K2O. Cch bn phn cho da leo: Nu s dng phn NPK th chn NPK theo t l 1:1:2. Ngoi lng phn chung khong 20-30 tn/ha th s phn khong cn bn cho 1ha l khong 100kg N, 100kg P2O5, 200kg K2O. Cch th nht Bn mt loi phn: Dng 1.500kg NPK 6-6-12 hay 3.000kg NPK 3-5-7 chia u lm 3 ln. Bn ln 1 trc khi trng, bn lt theo hng. Bn ln 2 tin hnh khi cy cao khang 1,0 m (hoc 15 ngy sau trng). Bn ln 3 lc cy c qu u tin ln bng qu trng (hay 30 ngy sau trng). Cch th 2 - Bn phi hp: Bn lt 100kg DAP + 200kg KCl. Bn thc ln 1 lc 15 ngy sau trng, bn 500kg NPK 6-6-12 ho c 250kg 11-7-14 ho c cc loi phn c hm lng NPK tng t, sao cho s lng N t khong 30 kg/ ha. Bn thc ln 2 lc 30 ngy sau trng, bn 150kg NPK 20-10-5 hoc cc loi phn c hm lng NPK tng t, sao cho lng N t khong 30kg/ ha Khi t chua (pH <5,0) cn bn thm vi, kho ng 8,4tn/ha. Da leo rt mn cm vi s thiu magie, ng v Mangan, v th cung cp cc nghuyn t vi lng ny cho da leo rt s gp phn rt c ngha trong vic tng nng sut. C th d ng cc lo i phn bn l b sung dinh dng cho da leo, c bit l cc nguyn t vi lng nh: vn sinh thi, Atonic, khong 7-10 ngy phun 1 ln. Nhng loi phn bn ny cung cp y cc nguyn t dinh dng c bit cc nguyn t vi lng v cc kch thch t sinh trng thc vt an ton gip cho cc qu ln nhanh, ln u trong mt chm. Ngoi ra c th b sung dinh dng b ng cch dng phn ln ngm vi nc phn chung hoai mc hoc b u ti cho cy. Trong thi im bn thc nu gp ma nhiu, phn d b ra tri th c th b sung dinh dng bng cc loi phn bn qua l. Ni chung, ty iu kin t ai, iu kin t nhin ca mi vng, mi a phng v tng ging da leo m lng phn bn cho da leo c s chnh lch nh sau: 80 - 220kg N/ha, thng dng liu lng t 100 -130kg N/ha; 45 - 200kg P2O5/ha, thng dng liu lng t 95 -150kg N/ha; 85 - 200kg P2O5/ha, thng dng liu lng t 120 -150kg N/ha

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1.3.3 Yu cu dinh dng ca cy c chua C chua l cy sinh trng thn l mnh, kh nng ra hoa qu ln v vy cn cung cp y dinh dng, l yu t thit yu cho vic m bo nng cao nng sut v cht lng qu. Tuy nhin, tu vo k thut canh tc c chua m chn phn bn cng nh liu lng v cch bn cho ph hp. m nh hng n s tng trng v nng sut ca c chua nhiu hn cc cht khc. m thc y s u hoa qu, nhng lm qu chn chm v gim kch thc qu. Thiu m, hoa rng nhiu, nht l trong iu kin nhit cao. Tha m bnh thi t qu gia tng nht l khi s dng m dng amn. Tha m lm gim kch thc, mu sc, phm cht, lng cht kh ha tan trong qu v tng acid ca qu. Dng phn nitrat thch hp cho c chua hn dng phn amn v nitrat ci thin s thiu nc hu dng v gim lng amino acid t do trong cy. Mc ln hu dng cao trong vng r rt cn thit cho s pht trin ca r v s hp th nc v cht dinh dng, c bit vng nhit i khi trng c chua khng t t, iu kin cung cp nc thay i th lng ln cao rt cn thit. Trong iu kin d N v K, ln gip tng phm cht qu, qu cng, tht dy, nhiu vitamin C v c mu p. Dng phn nitro -phosphat v superphosphat l thch hp bn cho c chua. C chua i hi nhiu kali nht l lc cy ang cho qu. Kali gip tng sc chng chu ca cy, thn nhnh cng, thc y s ng ho CO2, xc tin qu trnh vn chuyn sn phm quang hp t l v qu v tng lng ng trong qu. Kali gip gim thit hi bnh do nm Cladosporium, Verticillium, Botrytis v Diplodia gy ra. nh hng ca kali n nng sut khng r nh m nhng kali gip gia tng kch thc qu, ng vai tr quan trng trong vic th nh lp sc t qu khi chn. Thiu kali l tr nn sm mu, l kh t ngn l v lan rng dc theo ra l, qu chn khng u, d b chy nng khi tri nng v thng b thi hng trc khi thu hoch. cho nng sut cao th ngoi dinh dng ly t t th ph i b sung phn ln cc nguyn t dinh dng cho cy. Cng nh cc loi cy trng khc, khi bn phn cho c chua cng phi cn c vo nhu cu dinh dng ca cy cng nh cc iu kin khc. Cn phi bn cn i gia phn hu c v phn v c, phi hp cc nguyn t N, P, K mt cch thch hp. Nguyn tc bn phn l phi tun th v

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chng loi, cn i, ng liu lng, ng thi k. Khi bn phn ph i tha mn cc nhu cu v dinh dng, bi dng, ci to t lm tng nng sut v ci tin cht lng c chua. C chua ht nhiu nht l kali, th n l m v t nht l ln. Bn phn hu c cho c chua trung bnh t 15-20 tn/ha v phi s dng phn hoai mc, ti xp, khng nn bn phn ti. Phn hu c thng bn trc khi trng, phn s phn gii t t v cung cp dn cho cy, lm cho t ti xp, gi nc... Lng phn v c bn cho mt h a l 90-120kg N, 60-90kg P2O5, 100-200kg K2O. Phn ln c bn lt vi phn chung. Vo ma kh, c th bn ton b lng ln, phn chung, 1/3-1/4 kali trc khi trng. Thi k cy ra hoa cn tt c cc nguyn t dinh dng cn thit v vy cn s dng phn ha hc bn thc cho cy trng. Lng cht dinh dng c chua ly i t t thay i ty theo nng sut, tnh trng t v iu kin t trng. Theo Kemmler v Hoht (1985), c nng sut 50 tn/ha sn phm c chua ly i ca t 150kg N, 35kg P2O5, 200kg K2O, 25kg MgO v 30Kg S. Cy c chua va sinh trng thn l va sinh trng sinh thc nn cy cn nhiu cht dinh dng trong mt thi gian di. Do vic bn lt, bn thc nhiu ln, bn lun phin phn v c v hu c gip tng hiu qu s dng cht dinh dng cho cy v tng nng sut (Trch dn bi Trn Th Kim Ba). Theo Raymond A.T George (1999) t c dinh dng thp th bn 75100kg N, 150-200kg P2O5, 200-250kg K2O, t nng sut 60 tn/ha th cn bn 320kg N, 60kg P2O5 v 440kg K2O. vng kh th cy s dng m nhiu hn trong khi vng m cy s dng ln v kali nhiu hn. nc ta trn cc loi t c th nh ph n cht dinh dng trung b nh c th bn phn cho 1 ha c chua theo cng th c: phn chung hoai 20 30 tn, vi bt 500 1.000 kg, 120 200kg N, 100 150kg P2O5, 50 120kg K2O. i vi cc vng cao nguyn, lng phn bn cn cao hn v c chua c th i gian sinh trng di v cho nng sut cao hn, c th nh sau (tnh cho 1 ha): 200 400kg N, 180 300kg P2O5 v 150 200kg K2O (Cc, 2000). K thut bn phn cng nh hng ti nng sut c chua. Bn phn lm nhiu ln th nng sut tng i cao v lm tng hm lng ng cho c chua. Thng thng ngi ta bn 4 ln bn thc tng ng vi 4 giai on pht trin quan trng ca cy l thi k n, hoa r, qu non v sau ln thu hoch th nht. Bn cnh cc

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lai phn a lng, c th dng thm phn vi lng bn vo t hoc phun ln l lm tng thm nng sut cho cy. 1.4 Hm lng nitrate, hm lng kim loi nng v d lng thuc bo v thc vt trong rau 1.4.1 Hm lng nitrate trong rau Trn th gii trong nhiu thp k qua, nhiu nh khoa hc quan tm n cht lng rau xanh. H tp trung nghin cu d lng ca cc cht trong rau v tc h i ca chng ti sc kho ngi tiu dng. Nitrate (NO3-) vo c th mc bnh thng khng gy c, ch khi hm lng vt tiu chun cho php mi nguy him. Trong h thng tiu ha nitrate b kh th nh nitrit (NO2-). Nitrit l m t trong nhng cht chuyn bin Oxyhaemoglobin (cht vn chuyn oxi trong mu) thnh cht khng hot ng c gi l Methaemoglobin. mc cao s lm gim h hp ca t bo, nh hng ti hot ng ca tuyn gip, gy t bin v pht trin cc khi u. Trong c th ngi, lng nitrate mc cao c th gy phn ng vi amin thnh cht gy ung th gi l Nitrosamin. V th, t chc Y t th gii (WHO) khuyn co hm lng nitrate trong rau khng c qu 300 mg/kg ti. Nhng cc nh kho a hc M li cho rng hm lng nitrate cn ph thuc vo tng loi rau. Hm lng nitrate trong rau cao hay thp ph thuc rt nhiu yu t . Nhiu nh khoa hc trn th gii cho rng c n 20 yu t gy nn d lng nitrate tng cao trong sn phm cy trng, trong cy rau v mi trng xung quanh. Trong 20 yu t gy tr ngi cho qu trnh nitrate ho th mt na cc nguyn nhn ny c th iu chnh bng nhiu bin php khc nhau. Nhng nguyn nhn l: Cc chng loi rau khc nhau, ging khc nhau th lng nitrate tch t trong cy cng khc nhau. S tch t nitrate trong cc ging rau khng ng u l do tc hp th nitrate v s dng n trong qu trnh trao i cht c s khc bit. m tha hoc thiu u nh hng khng tt n qu trnh trao i cht lm cho nitrate trong cy tng ln. Nhit t dao ng qu ln cng gy tr ngi cho qu trnh kh nitrate ti h r dn n hm lng nitrate trong cy tng ln.

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Nu th i gian chiu sng trong ngy di th d lng nitrate trong cy s gim. Ngc li thiu nh sng v th i gian chiu sng ngn d lng nitrate trong cy rau s tng ln. Nu gim mc chiu sng 20% th d lng nitrate trong qu da chut tng ln gp 2,5 ln.Nu chiu sng b sung trc thu hoch cho cy rau 12 gi th d lng NO3- gim 3 ln trong cy rau b xi. Khi tng din tch dinh dng, tng khong cch cy, khong cch hng v gim m t gieo trng s hn ch tch t NO-3 trong cy. Gieo trng trn t tht nh, t ct pha th d lng NO-3 s gim. Khi thu hoch ct cch gc nhiu th d lng NO-3 trong sn phm s gim, v nhng loi mui c hi c nhiu gc cy. Phng php bo qn ch bin cng nh hng n d lng NO-3 trong sn phm.Th d hnh cy bao kn nhit 01 oC, d lng NO-3 gim t 30 -67% so vi thi gian u bo qun. Trc khi nu nng ra sch v nu bng p sut cao d lng NO3- gim 3 ln. Hm lng nitrate trong rau cao hay thp ch yu l do bn phn m qu nhiu hoc qu gn ngy thu hoch. Theo Zhang (2005),hm lng nitrate v nitrite trong l rau v trong t s gim khi kt hp bn phn hu c v phn v c. T l phn hu c v phn v c l 1:1 cho nng sut ci tho cao hn v hm lng nitrate trong l v trong t thp hn. Kt qu nghin cu ca Tom Lok(2006), cho th y khi s dng phn c cha lu hunh bn cho ti th hm lng lu hunh trong t tng s lm gim hm lng nitrate trong ti t 9,5 - 22,7% so vi nghim thc i chng khng bn phn lu hunh. Wang Zhao Hui (2004), nghin cu nh hng ca dng v liu lng phn m n sinh trng v d lng nitrate trong rau ci tho, ci bp, ci ngt, ci xanh v b xi cho thy: Khi bn phn NH4Cl, NH4NO3, NaNO3v (NH2)2CO s lm tng nng sut v hm lng nitrate trong ci bp v bxi. Mc d khng c s khc bit v nng sut khi bn bn dng phn ny nhng phn dng nitrate lm tng hm lng nitrate trong rau cao hn so vi phn dng amn. Trong mt gii h n nht nh nng sut rau tng t l thun vi lng phn m.Tuy nhin, hm

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lng nitrate trong rau cng tng theo lng phn m bn hay ni cch khc bn phn m cho cy l nguyn nhn chnh lm tng hm lng nitrate trong rau. Trong cy, cc c quan khc nhau tch ly nitrate khc nhau, hm lng nitrate r, thn, v cung l cao hn trong phin l vi tt c cc liu lng phn m s dng. Bn b sung phn ln th hm lng nitrate trong ci tho gim ng k nhng li tng ng k trong rau ci bp. Cc kt qu nghin cu v hm lng nitrate trong rau Lin bang X Vit ch ra rng: s dng phn hu c sinh hc c tc dng lm gim hm lng nitratetrong cn ty t 1.198 - 1.974 mg/kg ng thi lm tng nng sut v gim hm lng mui trong t. Theo Brown and Smith (1966),phn m lm tng ng k hm lng nitrate trong c ci , ci xon, m tt, v c ci. Vic tch ly ti a ca nitratetrong rau ph thuc nhiu vo loi v vo khang thi gian gia ngy bn phn ln cui v ngy thu ho ch. Khng c s khc bit ng k trong s tch ly nitratekhi so snh gia cc ging ca cng m t loi. Khi bn cng mt lng phn m, cc ging chn sm c xu hng tch ly nitratenhiu hn so vi cc ging mun. S vng m t ca pht pho, kali, vi, hoc s hin din ca cc nguyn t vi lng trong cc nghim thc phn bn khng c nh hng ng k n tch t nitrate. Ngc li Rogoziska (2005), li khng nh kh nng tch lu nitrate trong c khoai ty b nh hng bi cc lai phn khang (N, K2O v MgO), kiu gen v iu kin ngai cnh (t, nc, kh hu). Vic bn phn clorua kali v sulfat kali lm tng hm lng nitrate trong c, trong khi bn b sung magi th lm gim hm lng nitrate. Hm lng nitrate gim khi bo qun c khoai ty 4C. Bn phn m, ln v kali cn i cng nh bn phn xanh v phn hu c c th lm gim hm lng nitrate trong rau (Zhou v cng s, 2000). Behtash v cng s (1995) khi th nghim trn bp ci v cn ty kt lun bn phn m lm nng sut tng so vi i chng khng bn phn, nhng bn mc 100 kgN/ha cho nng sut, cht lng v hiu qu kinh t cao nht. Theo phn tch ca Vin rau qu, trong nhng nm gn y mt s vng sn xut rau chuyn canh ven thnh ph v ven khu cng nghip mt s loi rau c hm lng NO3- tn d cao, mt s vt ngng cho php. Khi tm hiu tn d NO3trong rau vng trng im ca huyn Gia Lm, T Lim, v Thanh Tr o

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(2004) cho th y: tn d NO3- trong rau thng phm c 4 nhm rau n l, n qu, n thn, n c v rau gia v u rt cao, vt ngng cho php nhiu ln (t 1,5 9) in hnh l cc m u rau nghin cu ti Gia Lm v T Lim ti bng nc sng Hng v sng Nhu c cht lng rau tng i m bo, cn khu Th nh Lit, Thanh Lit, Ho ng Lit ti bng nc thi sng T Lch l ngun nc thi ca thnh ph b nhim u vt xa ngng cho php ca tiu chun quy nh rt nhiu ln (t 1 8 ln). Theo thng k ca S Khoa hc - Cng ngh H Ni vo cc nm 2003, 2004 ti nhiu ch ni thnh H Ni v mt s c s sn xut cho thy tn d NO3- trong b p ci, su ho, hnh ty, sp l, ci c, u n qu, t ngt, c chua, x lch, da chut... u vt mc cho php. Hin v cng s (2006), khi nghin cu tn d NO3- trong cc nhm rau trng cc vng rau ngo i thnh H Ni u pht hin thy tn d NO3- trong rau ngi dn sn xut vt ngng quy nh v cao hn nhiu ln so vi trng rau theo quy trnh sn xut rau sch ca S khoa hc cng ngh v mi trng H Ni ban hnh. Theo kt qu kim tra thc hin cc quy nh v qun l v ch ng nhn rau an ton ti H Ni ca Cc bo v thc vt trong thng 10/2007 rau ci xanh v ci ngt l hai lo i rau c d lng nitrate vt mc kh cao: rau ci xanh 559,59 mg/kg, rau ci ngt 655,92 mg/kg. i vi cy ci bng, cy bp ci khi bn < 400 N/ha hm lng nitrate tn d di ngng cho php. i vi cy da leo lng phn m nguyn cht c s dng bin i t 100 - 300 N/ha v hm lng nitrate trong qu da leo u di ngng cho php (Tuyn, 1997). Bin php hu hiu nht hin nay gim hm lng nitrat trong rau l p dng ch phn bn hp l p ng nhu cu pht trin cho tng chng loi rau. Khng bn phn m ho hc qu nhiu gy tha m, bn phn cn i N,P,K, khng bn phn qu gn ngy thu hoch. Vi nhng loi rau c thi gian sinh trng ngn di 60 ngy, bn thc 2 ln v chm dt bn thc trc khi thu hoch 10 ngy. Vi cc loi rau c thi gian sinh trng di, c th bn thc 3-4 ln v chm dt bn thc trc khi thu hoch 12-15 ngy. C th s dng cc loi phn

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bn l v cht kch thch sinh trng t khi rau mi bn r, c th phun 3-4 ln tu chng loi rau v ch m dt phun trc khi thu hoch 7 -10 ngy. Xut pht t thc t trn Ngy 15/10/2008 B Trng B Nng Nghip v Pht tin nng thn ra Quyt nh s 99 /2009/ Q BNN v vic ban hnh Quy inh v vic qun l sn xut v chng nhn rau an ton thc hin chung cho c nc. 1.4.2 Hm lng kim loi nng trong rau Hm lng kim loi nng trong rau cng l mt trong nhng ch tiu cn hn ch trong sn xut rau sch. Khi lng kim loi nng c con ngi hp thu qu ngng cho php s gy nh hng xu n sc kho, th d hm lng Asen cho php trong c th l 0,006 0,007 mg/kg th trng, qu ngng trn s gy c hi cho c th, cn tng ln 20mg/kg th trng s gy t vong trong 24 gi.. Tuyn v cng s (1997) kho st mt s loi rau Lt cho thy hm lng ng trong rau cao gp 1,5 ln v hm lng km cao gp 2 - 9 ln mc cho php ca B NN & PTNT. Th c vt ni chung v cy rau ni ring, ht kim lo i nng v tch ly trong cy phn ln t ngun t, ngun nc b nhim kim loi nng v mt phn nh t cc loi nng dc v phn bn. hn ch hm lng kim lai n ng trong rau cn: - Chn t cao, thot nc tt, tng canh tc dy (20-30cm), l ho tnh ca t thch hp vi s sinh trng v pht trin ca rau. Vng trng rau phi cch khu vc c cht thi cng nghip v bnh vin t nht 2 km, vi cht thi sinh hot ca thnh ph t nht 200 m. - Khng trng rau ti cc khu vc t b nhim do qu trnh sn xut trc y gy ra. - Khng dng nc thi ca sn xut cng nghip, nc thi sinh hot, nc ao t ng cha qua x l ti cho rau. Cn s dng nc sch ti, nu c iu kin nn s dng nc ging khoan. Nu khng c ging, cn s dng nc sng, ao h khng b nhim. c bit, i vi cc loi rau trng rung nc nh rau nht, rau mung, ng sen, cn nc th rung phi khng b nhim bi ngun nc. Dng nc sch pha thuc BVTV, phn bn l phun ln rau. - Khng phun nhiu loi thuc BVTV c cha kim loi nng. 1.4.3 D lng thuc bo v thc vt trong rau

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D lng thuc bo v thc vt l phn cn li ca thuc bo v thc vt sau khi x l trn ng rung hay nng sn. D lng thuc bo v thc vt trong rau cao l do: - S dng cc loi thuc BVTV b cm, nht l cc thuc tr su rt c nh Methyl parathion, Monocrotophos, Methamidophos - Lm dng thuc, phun nhiu ln trong mt v sn xut rau. - Phun thuc nng cao hn rt nhiu so vi liu lng theo khuyn co. - V li ch trc mt bn cho c gi hoc kp giao cho thng li nn ngi trng rau khng gi ng thi gian cch ly k t ngy phun ln cui n khi thu hoch. hn ch d lng thuc bo v thc vt, trc ht c quan b o v thc vt, khuyn nng a phng, cc cng ty kinh doanh thuc bo v thc vt cn tng cng thng xuyn hng dn cc phng php s dng thuc b o v thc vt an ton, hiu qu bng nhiu hnh thc v trn cc phng tin truyn thng i chng. Bn cnh ngi trng rau cn tm hiu cch s dng thuc b o v thc vt theo nguyn tc 4 ng : ng thuc, ng lc, ng nng , ng cch v tun th nghim ngt thi gian cch ly ca thuc i vi tng loi rau. Tuyt i khng phun, ri cc loi thuc b cm s dng trn rau, ch dng cc lo i thuc trong danh mc c B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn cho php s dng trn rau v theo ng hng dn trn nhn thuc. Nn s dng cc thuc t c hi vi con ngi, ng vt, thin ch, cc loi thuc tr su sinh hc (thuc vi sinh, tho mc). S dng nh li, nh knh c tc dng hn ch su, bnh, c di, sng gi, rt ngn thi gian sinh trng ca rau. S dng mng nylon ph t s hn ch su, bnh, c di, tit kim nc ti. p dng cc bin php ny, ngi trng rau s t dng thuc bo v thc vt.

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Bng 1.2 Mc gii hn ti a cho php trong sn phm rau

STT
I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 II 1 2 3 III 1 2

Ch tiu
Hm lng nitrat (NO 3-) X lch Rau gia v Bp ci, Su ho, Supl, C ci, ti Hnh l, Bu b, t cy, C tm Ng rau Khoai ty, C rt u n qu, Mng ty, t ngt C chua, Da chut Da b Hnh ty Da hu Vi sinh vt gy hi Salmonella Coliforms Escherichia coli Hm lng kim loi nng Arsen (As) Ch (Pb) - Ci bp, rau n l - Qu, rau khc - Ch Thy Ngn (Hg) Cadimi (Cd) - Rau n l, rau thm, nm - Rau n thn, rau n c, khoai ty - Rau khc v qu

Mc gii hn ti Phng php th a cho php

mg/kg 1.500 600 500 400 300 250 200 150 90 80 60 CFU/g ** 0 200 10 mg/kg 1,0 0,3 0,1 2,0 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,05 TCVN7601:2007; TCVN 5367:1991 TCVN 7602:2007 TCVN 5247:1990

TCVN 4829:2005 TCVN 883:1993; TCVN 6848:2007 TCVN 6846:2007

3 4

TCVN 7604:2007 TCVN 7603:2007

IV 1

D lng thuc bo v thc vt Nhng ha cht c trong Quyt Theo TCVN hoc nh 46/2007/Q-BYT ngy ISO, CODEX 19/12/2007 ca B Y t tng ng Nhng ha cht khng c trong Theo CODEX Quyt nh 46/2007/Q-BYT hoc ASEAN ngy 19/12/2007 ca B Y t ( Ngun: Quyt nh s 99 /2009/ Q BNN

22

PHN II. NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

2.1 Ni dung nghin cu ti c thc hin vi cc ni dung sau: Nghin cu xc nh gi th trng thch hp cho tng chng lai rau nghin cu Nghin cu xc nh liu lng phn bn thch h p cho tng chng l ai rau nghin cu t c nng sut, ch t lng t t v hiu qu kinh t cao Nghin c u xc nh chng l ai phn bn thch hp cho tng chng lai rau nghin cu Nghin cu xc nh chu k bn phn thch hp cho tng chng lai rau nghin cu 2.2 Phng php nghin cu Cc th nghim c tin hnh trong iu kin nh che ph. Cy th nghim c trng trn mng nha chuyn dng c cha gi th sch. S dng nc my sinh hat ti cho cy trong sut thi gian sinh trng. 2.2.1 nh hng ca gi th trng n sinh trng, pht trin v nng sut ca x lch, da leo v c chua cherry Cc gi th trng sch khng nhng lm tng nng sut cy trng m n cn h n ch c nhiu loi su bnh hi t vic s dng thuc bo v thc vt c h n ch, gip sn phm rau an ton i vi con ngi v mi trng xung quanh. Mi loi cy trng ch thch hp vi mt vi loi gi th nht nh, v vy vic la chn loi gi th trng cho loi cy cn c s dng l cng vic cn lm u tin khi a vo sn xut i tr. Th nghim b tr theo kiu khi ngu nhin vi 3 ln lp li. Cc nghim thc th nghim gm: Nghim thc 1: Dasi Nghim thc 2: Dasa X2 Nghim thc 3: Than bn (t en) Nghim thc 4: Than bn + Dasa - X2 t l 2:1

23

Nghim thc 5: Than bn + Dasa - X2 t l 1:1 Kho st mt s c tnh ca gi th: Mi lai gi th ly 10 mu ngu nhin sau trn ln v ly ra 0,1 m3 phn tch cc ch tiu: - Xc nh kh nng cha v gi nc ca cc loi gi th - Xc nh pHH2O ca gi th - Xc nh t trng ca cc loi gi th bng phng php Picnomet. - Xc nh dung trng ca t. - Xc nh xp: Sau khi xc nh c dung trng v t trng chng ta xc nh xp qua nghim thc sau:

d d1 100 d

Trong : P: xp (%) d: T trng d1: Dung trng (g/cm3) 2.2.1.1 Th nghim trn cy rau x lch Th nghim c tin h nh t 29/6/2008 n 29/7/2008 trn ging x lch Lolo xanh. Din tch th nghim l 1,2 m2 (24 cy). X lch c trng vi khong cch 20 x 20 cm, mt trng 20 cy/m2. Ht ging c gieo m trong v xp. Khi cy c 3 - 4 l tht tin h nh trng cy con vo cc mng c cha gi th m. Ty thuc vo iu kin mi trng 2 -3 ngy ti nc mt ln m bo m cho cy trong sut thi gian sinh trng. S dng phn NPK 20 -20 -15 bn vi liu lng 500 kg/ha. Tng lng phn c chia u lm 4 ln bn theo chu k 3 ngy/ln, ln bn u tin c tin hnh sau trng 4 ngy. Cc ch tiu theo di: Chn ngu nhin mi th nghim 10 cy sau nh du v tin hnh o m cc ch tiu v chiu cao v s l cc giai an 10, 20 ngy sau trng v thi im thu hoch. Chiu cao cy: c tnh t mt gi th n chp l cao nht ca cy

24

S l: m tt c cc l nhn thy c trn cy. ng knh tn l: o ng knh ti a ca tn l ti thi im o Cc yu t cu thnh nng sut v nng sut: Trc khi thu hoch m tng s cy thu hoch ca tng th nghim, sau cn khi lng rau ca tng th nghim.

2.2.1.2 Th nghim trn cy da leo Th nghim c tin h nh t 12/2/2009 n 28/4/2009 trn ging da leo L333. Din tch th nghim l 1,68 m2 (12 cy). Cy ging sau thi gian gieo m 10-12 ngy trn v xp c trng theo khang cch 70 x 20 cm tng ng vi m t l 71.429 cy/ha. S dng phn NPK YARA MILA TM c t l: 12-11-18 + TE bn cho cy th nghim vi liu lng 1.300 kg/ha. Lng phn trn c chia u th nh 8 ln theo chu k mt tun bn mt ln, ln bn u tin c tin hnh sau trng 4 ngy. Cc ch tiu theo di: Cc ch tiu chiu cao, s l trn cy c o m tt c cc cy trong th nghim ti cc giai an 20, 30 ngy sau trng v thi im thu hoch. - Chiu cao cy: c tnh t mt gi th n nh sinh trng. - S l trn cy: m tt c cc l tht nh n th y c trn cy. - ng knh qu: o ng knh qu ti v tr ln nht ca qu. - Chiu di qu - Cc yu t cu thnh nng sut: Mi ln thu hach tin hnh m s qu v cn khi lng qu. - Xc nh hm lng nitrate trong rau theo tiu chun ngnh 10 TCN4522001. S dng l vi sng ho tan nhanh nitrat trong mu ti bng nc, un vi sng mc nng lng cao. Xc nh hm lng nitrat bng phng php trc quang, da trn phn ng ca nitrat vi axit disunfophenol to thnh nitrofenoldisunfonic trong mi trng kim c mu vng c trng, o ti bc sng 410nm. 2.2.1.3 Th nghim trn cy c chua cherry Th nghim c tin hnh t 14/6/2008 n 12/11/2008 trn ging c chua

25

cherry F154. Din tch th nghim l 1,68 m 2 (12 cy). Cy ging sau thi gian gieo m 10-12 ngy trn v xp c trng theo khang cch 70 x 20 cm tng ng vi mt l 71.429 cy/ha. S dng 100kg Ca(NO3)2/ha v phn NPK Yara mila TM c t l: 12 -10 -20 + TE bn cho cy th nghim vi liu lng 2.000 kg/ha. Lng phn trn c chia u th nh 12 ln theo chu k 10 ngy bn mt ln, ln bn u tin c tin hnh sau trng 4 ngy. Cc ch tiu theo di: Cc ch tiu chiu cao, s l trn cy c o m tt c cc cy trong th nghim ti cc giai an 20, 30 ngy sau trng v thi im thu hoch. Chiu cao cy: c tnh t mt gi th n nh sinh trng. ng knh qu: o ng knh qu ti v tr ln nht ca qu. Mi t thu hach tin hnh m s qu v cn khi lng tan th nghim 2.2.2 nh hng ca liu lng phn n sinh trng, pht trin v nng sut ca x lch, da leo v c chua cherry Do th i gian pht trin ngn li c nng sut cao (c kh nng cho 20 60 tn/ha trong thi gian 45 180 ngy) nn cy rau i hi lng dinh dng rt cao, v vy bn phn l bin php tch cc lm tng nng sut rau. Tuy nhin, cng vi vic gia tng nng sut th hm lng nitrate trong rau cng tng cao. Vic xc nh liu lng phn thch hp trong sn xut rau m bo nng sut v cht lng rau l vic lm cn thit. Cc th nghim c b tr theo kiu khi ngu nhin hon ch nh vi 3 ln lp li. Cc th nghim c tin h nh trn hn hp gi th Dasa X2 trn vi than bn theo t l th tch 1:1. 2.2.2.1 Th nghim trn cy x lch Th nghim c tin h nh t 29/10/2008 n 29/11/2008 trn ging x lch Lolo xanh. S dng phn NPK 20 -20 -15 bn cho cy th nghim vi cc liu lng sau (tnh cho 1.000m2): NT 1: 40kg NPK tng ng (80 kgN - 80kg P2O5 60kg K2O/ha) NT 2: 50kg NPK tng ng (100 kgN - 100kg P2O5 75kg K2O/ha)

26

NT 3: 60kg NPK tng ng (120 kgN - 120kg P2O5 90kg K2O/ha) NT 4: 70kg NPK tng ng (140 kgN - 140kg P2O5 105kg K2O/ha) NT 5: 80kg NPK tng ng (160 kgN- 160kg P2O5 120kg K2O/ha) Th nghim c tin hnh t 29/10/2008 n 29/11/2008 v lm lp li t 17/12/2008 n 17/01/2009. Din tch th nghim 1,5m2 (30 cy). Cc bin php chm sc khc c p dng tng t th nghim 2.2.1.1 Cc ch tiu theo di: - Cc ch tiu v chiu cao cy, s l, cc yu t cu thnh nng sut v nng sut tin hnh nh th nghim 2.1.1. - Xc nh hm lng nitrate trong rau theo tiu chu n ngnh 10TCN4522001. - Xc nh hm lng m d tiu trong gi th bng phng php Kjendhal. - Xc nh hm lng ln d tiu trong gi th bng phng php so mu bc sng 725 -750. - Xc nh hm lng kali d tiu trong gi th bng my quang ph hp th nguyn t AAS 2.2.2.2 Th nghim trn cy da leo Th nghim c tin hnh t 26/02/2009 n 26/04/2009 trn ging Amata 765, c ngun gc t Thi Lan. Din tch th nghim 2,1 m2trng 15 cy. S dng phn NPK (12 11 18) do hng Yara Mila TM ca Nauy sn xut bn cho cy th nghim cc mc sau (tnh cho 1.000m2): NT 1: 70kg NPK/ha tng ng (84kg N - 77kg P2O5 126kg K2O/ha) NT 2: 90kg NPK/ha tng ng (108kg N - 99kg P 2O5 162kg K2O/ha) NT 3: 110kg NPK/ha tng ng (132kg N - 121kg P2O5 198kg K2O/ha) NT 4: 130kg NPK/ha tng ng (156kg N - 143kg P2O5 234kg K2O/ha) NT 5: 150kg NPK/ha tng ng (180kg N - 165kg P2O5 270kg K2O/ha) Cc ch tiu theo di: Cc ch tiu chiu cao, s l trn cy c o m tt c cc cy trong th nghim ti cc giai an 10, 20 ngy sau trng v thi im thu hoch. Cc ch tiu chiu cao cy, s l, cc ch tiu cu thnh nng sut c tin hnh tng t nh th nghim 2.2.1.2.

27

Xc nh hm lng nitrate trong qu , N, P, K d tiu trong gi th trc v sau khi lm th nghim tng t nh th nghim 2.2.2.1. 2.2.2.3 Th nghim trn cy c chua Th nghim c tin h nh t 29/10/2008 n 8/4/2009 trn ging c chua cherry F154. S dng phn 100kg Ca(NO3)2 v phn NPK (12 10 20) do hng Yara Mila
TM

ca Nauy sn xut bn cho cy th nghim cc mc sau (tnh

cho 1.000 m2): NT 1: 175kg NPK/ha tng ng (210kg N - 175kg P2O5- 350kg K2O/ha) NT 2: 200kg NPK/ha tng ng (240kg N - 200kg P2O5- 400kg K2O/ha) NT 3: 225kg NPK/ha tng ng (270kg N - 225kg P2O5- 450kg K2O/ha) NT 4: 250kg NPK/ha tng ng (300kg N - 250kg P2O5- 500kg K2O/ha) NT 5: 275kg NPK/ha tng ng (330kg N - 275kg P2O5- 550kg K2O/ha) Th nghim c b tr theo phng php khi ngu nhin vi 3 ln lp li. Din tch th nghim 2,1 m 2, mt th nghim trng 15 cy. Cc ch tiu theo di: Cc ch tiu chiu cao, s l trn cy c o m tt c cc cy trong th nghim ti cc giai an 10, 20 ngy sau trng v thi im thu hoch. Cc ch tiu chiu cao cy, s l, cc ch tiu cu thnh nng sut c tin hnh tng t nh th nghim 2.2.1.3. Xc nh hm lng nitrate trong qu , N, P, K d tiu trong gi th trc v sau khi lm th nghim tng t nh th nghim 2.2.2.1. 2.2.3 nh hng ca chng lai phn n sinh trng, pht trin v nng sut ca x lch, da leo v c chua cherry Th nghim c b tr theo kiu khi ngu nhin vi 3 ln lp li. Cc chng lai phn c s dng bn cho cy th nghim gm: Nghim thc 1: Phn NPK khong Nghim thc 2: Phn n (K2SO4, (NH4)2SO4 v NH4H2PO4) Nghim thc 3: Phn NPK hu c Realstrong Nghim thc 4: Phn NPK hu c Mekong

28

2.2.3.1 Th nghim trn cy x lch Th nghim c tin hnh t 20/11/2009 n 20/12/2009 trn ging x lch Lolo xanh. Din tch th nghim 2,0 m2 (40 cy). Cc chng lai phn trn c s dng bn cho x lch theo cng thc 100 kgN - 100 kgP2O5 - 75 kgK2O, lng phn cn thiu c b sung bng phn (NH4)2SO4 v K2SO4. Tng lng phn dng cho c v c chia u cho 3 ln bn (4 ngy/ln). Cc ch tiu theo di: Cc ch tiu chiu cao cy, s l, cc ch tiu cu thnh nng sut c tin hnh tng t th nghim 2.2.1.1. Xc nh hm lng nitrate trong rau theo tiu chun ngnh 10 TCN452-2001. Thnh phn dinh dng ca cc lai phn th nghim NPK Yara Mila Chng lai Ni sn xut m tng s (%) Ln hu hiu (%) Kali (%) SiO (%) Axit humic (%) Axit amin (%) MgO S Fe Br Mn 2,7 8 0,2 0,15 0,02 (Khuyn co trn bao b) 2.2.3.2 Th nghim trn cy da leo Th nghim c tin hnh t 22/11/2009 n16/02/2010 trn ging Amata 765, ngun gc Thi Lan do cng ty TNHH Trang Nng nhp khu. Din tch th nghim 2,8m2trng 20 cy. Cc ch ng lai phn trn c s dng bn cho da leo theo cng thc132kg N 121kg P2O5 - 198kg K2O, lng phn cn thiu c b >8 > 2,0 Khang Nauy 12 11 18 NPK Realstrong Hu c Malaysia 11 11 11 NPK Mekong Hu c Vit Nam 10 10 10 5 2,0 1,5 2,0

29

sung bng cc lai phn n. Tng lng phn d ng cho c v c chia u cho 10 ln bn (8 ngy/ln). Cc ch tiu theo di: Cc ch tiu chiu cao cy, s l, cc ch tiu cu thnh nng sut c tin hnh tng t th nghim 2.2.1.2. Xc nh hm lng nitrate trong rau theo tiu chun ngnh 10 TCN452-2001. 2.2.3.3 Th nghim trn cy c chua cherry Th nghim c tin h nh t 29/10/2008 n 8/4/2009 trn ging c chua cherry F154. Din tch th nghim l 2,8m2 (20 cy). Cc chng lai phn trn c s dng bn cho da leo theo cng thc 240kg N 200kg P2O5 400kg K2O, lng phn cn thiu c b sung bng cc lai phn n. Tng lng phn dng cho c v c chia u cho 12 ln bn (10 ngy/ln). cung cp lng Ca cho cy trong sut qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin cn bn b sung th m 100kg Ca(NO3)2/ha. Cc ch tiu theo di: Cc ch tiu chiu cao cy, s l, cc ch tiu cu thnh nng sut c tin hnh tng t th nghim 2.2.1.3. Xc nh hm lng nitrate trong rau theo tiu chun ngnh 10 TCN452-2001. 2.2.4 nh hng ca chu k bn phn n sinh trng, pht trin v nng sut c a x lch, da leo v c chua cherry Do trng cy trn gi th, kh nng lu tr dinh dng thp, dung tch b m nh, c th thay i nhanh chng pH v vy phn bn phi chia lm nhiu ln bn. Tuy nhin, nu chia lm qu nhiu ln bn s tn cng chm sc v vy cn xc nh chu k bn phn thch hp sao cho khng lm tn thng h thng r ca cy ng thi cng mang li hiu qu kinh t cao nht 2.2.4.1 Th nghim trn cy x lch Th nghim c tin h nh t 20/11/2009 n 2 0/12/2009 trn ging x lch Lolo xanh. Cc nghim thc th nghim gm: Nghim thc 1: 2 ln bn thc Nghim thc 2: 4 ln bn thc Nghim thc 3: 6 ln bn thc

30

Th nghim c b tr theo kiu khi nhu nhin vi 3 ln lp li. Din tch mi l 2,0m2 trng 40 cy. S dng phn khang NPK 20 - 20 - 15 bn cho cy th nghim theo cng thc: 100kg N 100kg P2O5 75kg K2O. Cc ch tiu theo di: Cc ch tiu chiu cao cy, s l, cc ch tiu cu thnh nng sut c tin hnh tng t th nghim2.1.1. Xc nh hm lng nitrate trong rau theo tiu chun ngnh 10 TCN452-2001. 2.2.4.2 Th nghim trn cy da leo Th nghim c tin hnh t 22/11/2009 n16/02/2010 trn ging Amata 765, ngun gc Thi Lan do cng ty TNHH Trang Nng nh p khu. Cc nghim thc th nghim gm: Nghim thc 1: 4 ngy/ln Nghim thc 2: 8 ngy/ln Nghim thc 3: 12 ngy/ln Th nghim c b tr theo kiu khi nhu nhin vi 3 ln lp li. Din tch mi l 3,4m2, mi trng 24 cy. S dng phn khang NPK 12-11-18 bn cho cy th nghim theo cng thc (tnh cho mt ha): 135kg N 120kg P2O5 200kg K2O. Cc ch tiu theo di: Cc ch tiu chiu cao cy, s l, cc ch tiu cu thnh nng sut c tin hnh tng t th nghim 2.2.1.2. Xc nh hm lng nitrate trong rau theo tiu chun ngnh 10 TCN452-2001. 2.2.4.3 Th nghim trn cy c chua Th nghim c tin hnh t ngy 15/11/2009 n ngy 15/4/2010 trn ging c chua cherry F154. Cc nghim thc th nghim gm: Nghim thc 1: 5 ngy/ln. Nghim thc 2: 10 ngy/ln. Nghim thc 3: 15 ngy/ln. Th nghim c b tr theo kiu khi ngu nhin vi 3 ln lp li. Din tch th nghim l 1,68m 2 trng 12 cy. S dng 100kg Ca(NO3)2/ha v phn khang

31

NPK 12-10 - 20 bn cho cy th nghim theo cng thc (tnh cho mt ha): 240 kg N 200kg P2O5 400kg K2O. Cc ch tiu theo di: Cc ch tiu chiu cao cy, s l, cc ch tiu cu thnh nng sut c tin hnh tng t th nghim 2.2.1.3. Xc nh hm lng nitrate trong rau theo tiu chun ngnh 10 TCN452-2001.

32

PHN 3. KT QU V THO LUN

3.1 nh hng ca gi th trng n sinh trng v pht trin ca cy x lch, da leo v c chua cherry Kho st mt s c tnh vt l ca cc loi gi th Cc loi gi th khc nhau th c kh nng cha nc khc nhau tu thuc vo c im cu to ca cc thnh ph n c trong gi th. Kt qu kho st kh nng cha nc ca tng loi gi th th hin Bn g 3.1: Bng 3.1: Khi lng ring v kh nng cha nc ca cc loi gi th Lo i gi th Khi lng ring (g/dm3 ) Dasi Dasa X2 Than bn Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1) Than bn + Dasa X2 (1:1) 88 105 337 265 210 Khi lng sau ti (g/dm 3) 443 415 575 525 498 Kh nng cha nc (g/dm 3) 355 315 238 260 288

Trong nm lai gi th s dng lm th nghim, gi th than bn c khi lng ring cao nh t (337g/dm 3) v th p nht l gi th Dasi (88g/dm3). Khi ti nc t m ti a th lng nc cha trong cc gi th li ngc li, ga th Dasi cha c lng nc ln nht (355g/dm3) v th p nht l gi th than bn (238g/dm3). Gi th l tng trng cy l ga th va c kh nng cha nc va c kh nng gi nc ng thi c kh nng cung cp xy cho r cy. Trong thc t lng nc cha trong gi th s dn mt i theo thi gian do qu trnh bc hi t nhin v that nc do trng lc. Lng nc mt i nhiu hay t, nhanh hay chm ph thuc nhiu vo c tnh ca tng loi gi th. Kt qu hnh 3.1 cho thy: Sau ti 0 4 ngy tc mt nc trong gi th xy nhanh nht do c hai qu trnh bc hi nc b mt v that nc do trng lc pha di. Nhng sau ti 4 ngy nc trong gi th b mt i ch cn do s bc

33

hi ca b mt nn tc mt nc chm li. Trong 4 gi th lm th nghim, gi th than bn b mt nc t nht v mt nc nhiu nht l gi th Dasi. Trong thc t s mt nc ca gi th ngo i ph thuc vo thnh phn ca gi th cn ph thuc nhiu vo iu kin thi tit. Nu tri nng, cng nh sng cao, m khng kh thp th kh nng mt nc ca gi th cao, nu tri m u, m khng kh cao th kh nng mt nc ca gi th thp.
210
Lng nc mt i (g/dm3)

180 150 120 90 60 30 0 0

Dasi Dasa X2

3
Than bn

Ngy sau ti
Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1) Than bn + Dasa X2 (1:1)

Hnh 3.1: Lng nc trong cc lai gi th b mt i sau khi ti Nng sut cng nh cht lng cy trng ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t trong gi th trng c vai tr quan trng v nh hng trc tip n s sinh trng v pht trin ca cy. Xc nh cc c tnh nh pH, t trng, dung trng, xp s gip cho ngi gieo trng la chn c gi th trng thch hp nhm mang li hiu qu kinh t cao. pH ca gi th l mt trong nhng c tnh nh hng trc tip n kh nng ht cht dinh dng ca cy trng. Trong mi trng pH qu thp hoc qu cao mt s nguyn t dinh dng b gi cht, khng tn ti dng ion hoc tn ti nng cao c ch nguyn t i khng dn n hin tng ri lai dinh dng trong cy. i vi hu ht cc lai cy trng, khong pH thch hp nht l t 5,5 n 6,8. Kt qu phn tch bng 3.2 cho thy gi th Than bn c pH cao nh t (7,2) v gi th Dasi

34

c pH thp nht (5,2). C hai gi th ny u c pH nm ngai phm vi thch hp cho trng (5,5 -6,8). Ba gi th cn li c pH tng ng nhau v u nm trong phm vi thch hp. Bng 3.2: Cc c tnh vt l ca cc gi th dng th nghim Loi gi th pH 5,2 6,0 7,2 6,3 6,2 T trng 0,7 0,7 1,1 1,0 0,9 Dung trng (g/cm3) 0,10 0,11 0,34 0,27 0,21 xp (%) 86,0 85,0 69,4 73,5 76,7

Dasi Dasa X2 Than bn Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1) Than bn + Dasa X2 (1:1)

xp ca gi th l tng s l trng cha nc v khng kh, xp cng cao th kh nng cha nc v khng kh cng tt. xp ca gi th ph thuc vo thnh phn v kt cu ca gi th. Trong th nghim gi th Dasi c xp cao nht (86,0%), tip n l Dasa X2 (85,0%) v th p nht l than bn (69,4%). 3.1.1 Th nghim trn cy rau x lch Th nghim c tin hnh t ngy 29/6/2008 n 29/7/208, cy ging c gieo trn khay xp nn c kh nng sinh trng tt, sau 10 ngy trng cy bt u sinh trng v chiu cao, ng knh tn , s l trn cy. cng mt ch chm sc, chiu cao cy, ng knh tn v s l trn cy ph thuc vo c tnh ca gi th . Trong sut thi gian sinh trng, cy x lch trng trn gi th Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1) cho chiu cao cy cng nh s l cao nht v gi th Dasi cho gi tr ca cc ch tiu ny l th p nht. giai on 10 ngy sau trng, cy trng trn gi th Dasi c chiu cao cy thp nht (7,0 cm) nhng khng khc so vi gi th Dasa X2. Gi th hn hp ca Than bn + Dasa c hai t l u cho chiu cao cy cao nht nhng khng khc bit vi nhau. Nhng n giai on 20 ngy sau trng chiu cao cy trn gi th Than bn + Dasa X2 (1:1) thp hn hn so vi cy trng trn gi th Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1) v ch tng ng vi chiu cao cy trng trn cc gi th cn li. giai an thu

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hach (30 ngy sau trng), cc gi th c cha than bn cho chiu cao cy tng ng nhau (Bng 3.3). Bng 3.3: nh hng ca gi th trng n chiu cao cy , s l ca rau x lch Lollo xanh ti cc thi im 10, 20 v 30 ngy sau trng Chiu cao cy (cm) Nghim thc ti cc thi im (NST) 10 Dasi Dasa X2 Than bn Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1) Than bn + Dasa X2 (1:1) CV(%) 7,0 d 7,3 cd 7,6 bc 8,1 a 7,9 ab 2,78 20 13,4 c 13,9 b 13,7 bc 14,8 a 13,6 bc 1,22 30 21,8 c 23,1 bc 24,0 ab 25,7 a 25,3 a 4,81 10 6,5 b 6,6 b 6,7 ab 7,2 a 7,0 a 2,1 S l ti cc thi im (NST) 20 7,7 b 8,1 a 8,1 a 8,2 a 8,2 a 2,52 30 10,9 c 11,2 bc 11,0 bc 11,9 a 11,4 b 2,19

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. Sau trng 10 ngy s l trn cy trng trn cc gi th khc nhau bin ng khng nhiu t 6,5 7,2 l nhng gia cc gi th c s khc bit. Gi th Dasi v Dasa X2 cho s l thp nht. Nhng n giai an 20 ngy sau trng cy trng trn gi th Dasa X2 pht trin vt ln v cho s l tng ng vi 3 gi th cn li. n giai an 30 ngy sau trng, s l trn cy trng trn gi th khc nhau khc bit rt r rt. Gi th Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1) cho s l cao nht, t 11,9 l, k l gi th Than bn + Dasa X2 (1:1), t 11,4 l nhng khng khc bit so vi gi th Than bn v gi th Dasa X2 (Bng 3.3). Khi lng cy v nng sut c tng quan t l thun vi nhau v ph thuc vo cc ch tiu v chiu cao cy, ng knh tn, s l trn cy. S liu bng 3.4 cho thy khi lng cy bin i t 93,4 112,7g. Trn gi th Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1) cho khi lng cy cao nht (112,7g) v khng khc so vi th Than bn + Dasa X2 (1:1) nhng khc bit so vi ba gi th cn li. Trn gi th Than bn v Dasa X2 cy c kh i lngtrng ng nhau v cao hn hn so vi khi lngcy trng trn gi th Dasi. iu ny cho thy s tng quan thu n gia cc ch tiu v sinh trng vi nng sut. Trn gi th Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1) v Than bn +

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Dasa X2 (1:1) c cc ch tiu v chiu cao cy v s l trn cy cao nht v vy m nng sut cng ln nh t (Bng 3.4). Bng 3.4: nh hng ca gi th trng n khi lng cy v nng sut ca rau x lch Lollo xanh Nghim thc Khi lng cy (g) Dasi Dasa X2 Than bn Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1) Than bn + Dasa X2 (1:1) CV(%) 93,4 c 101,4 b 99,7 b 112,7 a 112,2 a 3,33 Nng sut l thuyt (tn/ha) 18,68 c 20,28 b 19,94 b 22,54 a 22,44 a 3,35

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. Bng 3.5 Hiu qu kinh t ca sn xut rau x lch trong iu kin nh che ph v trn cc gi th khc nhau Nghim thc Chi ph (tr. ng) Gi th Dasi Dasa X2 Than bn Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1) Than bn + Dasa X2 (1:1) Ghi ch: Gi thnh tnh chi ph nh sau: Dasa X2: 500.000 /m3 Than bn: 400.000 /m3 Gi rau x lch: 10.000/kg - Dasi: 500.0000/m3 - Chi ph chung: 50tr. ng/ha 135 185,0 22,44 224,40 39,40 150 150 120 130 Tng chi ph 200,0 200,0 170,0 180,0 18,68 20,28 19,94 22,54 Nng sut Tng thu (tr. ng) 186,80 202,80 199,40 225,40 Li dng (tr. ng) (13,20) 2,80 29,40 45,40

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Gi th hn hp gia Than bn v Dasa X2 theo cc t l khc nhau cho nng sut tng ng nhau nhng khi tnh hiu qu kinh t th s dng hn hp gi th gia Than bn+ Dasa X2 theo t l 2:1 cho hiu qu kinh t cao nht, t 45,40 triu ng/ha trong khi gi th Than bn+ Dasa X2 theo t l 1:1 ch t 39,40triu ng/ha (Bng 3.5). Tm li: Kt qu ca th nghim trn cy x lch cho thy gi th thch hp nht cho vic sn xu t x lch l hn hp gi th than bn v Dasa X2 vi t l 2:1.

3.1.2 Th nghim trn cy da leo Sau giai on cy con da leo bt u sinh trng v chiu cao cy v s l, s biu hin v chiu cao cy r nht bt u t 20 ngy sau trng. Qua bng 3.6 cho th y, giai on 20 ngy sau trng do gi th Dasi c kh nng cha nc v xp cao nht, thun li cho s ht nc v ch t dinh dng ca cy con, v vy cy c chiu cao ln nht (31cm) nhng khng khc bit so vi cy trng trn gi th Than bn+ Dasa X2 (2:1) v Dasa X2 (30cm). Do xp thp, kh nng thng thang km v th m Than bn cho chiu cao th p nht (25cm). iu cho thy giai on u da leo cn rt nhiu nc v thng thong, thc y qu trnh sinh trng ca b r lm tin cho qu trnh pht trin hoa, qu sau ny. Tuy nhin s pht trin chiu cao cy qu mc giai on ny cng khng tt do lng t qu di, thn mnh, yu hn ch vic vn chuyn cc cht trong cy. n thi im 30 ngy sau trng chiu cao cy trng trn gi th khc nhau bin i rt khc nhau. Cy trng trn gi th Dasi pht trin chm li v cho chiu cao cy thp nht (85cm). Gi th Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1) c chiu cao ln nht

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(111cm). Gi th Than bn + Dasa X2 (1:1) v gi th Dasa X2 cho chiu cao cy tng ng nhau. Giai an ny cy pht trin thn l rt mnh ng thi cng hnh thnh hoa v qu v vy cn ch bn phn v ti nc y v kp thi. Bng 3.6: nh hng ca cc loi gi th n chiu cao ca cy da leo (cm) cc thi im khc nhau Nghim thc Dasi Dasa X2 Than bn Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1) Than bn + Dasa X2 (1:1) CV (%) 20 NST 31 a 29 ab 25 c 30 ab 28 b 4,48 30 NST 85 d 95 bc 93 c 111 a 105 b 3,47 60 NST 196 d 220 bc 213 c 235 a 224 b 2,05

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung b nh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. giai an thu hach qu (30 - 60 ngy sau trng) tc pht trin chiu cao cy ch m li, cy tp trung dinh dng ch yu vo nui qu . Chiu cao cy cui cng ca cy trng trn gi th khc nhau cho chiu cao khc nhau tng t nh th i im 30 ngy sau trng. Cy trng trn gi th Dasi c chiu cao cy thp nht (196 cm), gi th Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1) c chiu cao ln nht (235 cm). Kt qu b ng 3.7 cho th y, s l/cy gia cc nghim thc khc nhau khng nhiu. Ti thi im 20 ngy sau trng s l trn cy trng trn gi th Than bn l th p nht (3,4 l), cc ga th cn li cho s l trn cy tng ng nhau. Nhng ti th i im 30 ngy sau trng cc gi th khc nhau cho s l/cy khng khc nhau. Tng s l ca cy trng trn gi th Dasi l t nht, ch c 19,4 l trong khi gi th Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1) cho 21,4 l. Nh vy, c th thy rng mi loi gi th c s nh hng rt ln n chiu cao v s l trn cy qua tng giai on c th. Gi th Dasi cho cy pht trin thn l rt nhanh giai an u nhng giai an sau cy pht trin chm li v km nh t so vi cc gi th cn li. Hn hp gi th Than bn v Dasa - X2 c xp v pH thch h p cho da leo pht trin do vy m c v chiu cao v s l trn cy ca 2 loi gi th ny pht trin nhanh nht, trong Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1) c u th hn hn.

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Bng 3.7: nh hng ca cc loi gi th n s l ca cy da leo Nghim thc S l ti cc thi im (ngy sau trng) 20 Dasi Dasa X2 Than bn Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1) Than bn + Dasa X2 (1:1) CV (%) 4,1 a 4,0 a 3,4 b 3,8 a 3,9 a 5,37 30 8,9 9,3 9,0 9,4 9,6 2,26 60 19,4 b 20,0 ab 19,8 b 21,4 a 20,7 ab 4,46

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. Nng sut qu ph thuc rt nhiu s vo s pht trin thn l ca cy. Trong mt gii hn nht nh nng su t lun t l thun vi s sinh trng sinh thn l, nhng nu s pht trin thn l tng vt qu gii hn th n ng sut gim v s sinh trng sinh thc b c ch. Trong th nghim s sinh trng thn l ca cy vn cha vt qu gii hn v vy nu nghim thc no c cy sinh trng thn l tt th cng cho nng sut cao. Bng 3.8: nh hng ca cc loi gi th n yu t cu thnh nng sut v nng sut ca da leo Nghim thc Dasi Dasa X2 Than bn Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1) Than bn + Dasa X2 (1:1) CV (%) S qu/ cy 3,2 b 3,5 ab 3,3 b 3,8 a 3,7 a 3,16 P qu (g) 220 c 224 c 218 c 234 a 231 a 3,6 Pqu/cy (kg) 0,70 c 0,78 b 0,72 c 0,89 a 0,85 a 2,52 NSLT (tn/ha) 50,24 c 56,00 b 51,48 c 63,46 a 61,05 a 2,54

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. P: Khi lng NSLT: Nng sut l thuyt

Cy trng trn gi th Dasi v Than bn sinh trng thn l km nht v vy c cc yu t cu thnh nng sut v nng sut thp nht (Bng 3.8). Khi phi trn gia

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Than bn v Dasa X2 to ra gi th c thng thang v gi nc cao v vy cy sinh trng tt v cho nng sut cao nht. So snh nng sut qu ca cy trng trn hai lai gi th c t l phi trn khc nhau l 2: 1 v 1:1 th khng th y c s khc bit c ngha. Gi th Dasa cho nng sut qu t 56,00 tn/ha thp hn hai gi th phi trn nhng cao hn hn so vi gi th Dasi v gi th Than bn. Hm lng nitrate trong qu da leo ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t trong c gi th trng. Nu gi th trng c thng thang ph hp th vic kh nitrate trong cy din ra thun li v s lm gim nitrate trong qu. Kt qu phn tch hm lng nitrate trong qu cc nghim thc khc nhau cho thy trn 5 lai gi th th nghim u cho hm lng nitrate trong rau di ngng cho php 150 mg/kg (Hnh 3.2).
Hm lng nitrate (mg/kg)

150 120 90 60 30 0 Dasi Dasa X2 Than bn Than bn + Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1) Dasa X2 (1:1)

Hnh 3.2: nh hng ca gi th trng n hm lng nitrate trong qu da leo Kt qu b ng 3.9 cho thy gi th Dasi v Dasa X2 c chi ph gi th cao m nng sut da li thp nn tng thu khng b p cho chi ph v l tng ng l 69,75 triu ng/ha/v v 29,50 triu ng/ha/v. Gi th Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1) cho nng sut cao nh t do vy li dng t cao nht 65,58 triu ng/ha/v. Gi th Than bn + Dasa X2 (1:1) cho nng sut da khng thua km nhiu so vi gi th Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1) nhng do chi ph gi th cao nn ch t li dng 38,00 triu ng/ha/v.

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Bng 3.9: Hiu qu kinh t ca sn xut da leo trong iu kin nh che ph v trn cc gi th khc nhau (tnh cho 1ha/v) Nghim thc Chi ph (tr. ng) Gi th Dasi Dasa X2 Than bn Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1) Than bn + Dasa X2 (1:1) Ghi ch: Gi thnh tnh chi ph nh sau: Dasa X2: 450.000 /m3 Than bn: 350.000 /m3 Gi da leo : 7.000/kg - Dasi: 450.0000/m3 - Chi ph chung: 100tr. ng/ha 289,4 389,4 61,05 427,35 38,00 321,4 321,5 257,2 278,6 Tng chi ph 421,4 421,5 357,2 378,6 Nng sut (tn/ha) 50,24 56,00 51,48 63,46 Tng thu (tr. ng) 351,68 392,00 360,36 444,22 Li dng (tr. ng) (69,75) (29,50) 3,16 65,58

Tm li: Kt qu ca th nghim cho thy gi th thch hp nht cho vic sn xut da leo l hn hp gi th Than bn v Dasa X2 theo t l 2:1.

3.1.3 Th nghim trn cy c chua cherry Trong iu kin nh che ph v trng trn gi th cy c chua sinh trng v pht trin rt tt hu nh khng c su bnh hi. Ti thi im sau trng 20 ngy cy

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trng trn cc gi th khc nhau, khc nhau khng nhiu. Cy trng trn gi th Dasi c chiu cao cy cao nh t v khc bit so vi cy trng trn gi th Than bn nhng khng khc bit so vi cc gi th cn li (Bng 3.10 ). S l/cy bin ng rt t t 9,4 10,3 l v gia cc nghim thc khng c s khc bit c ngha. Trong 5 nghim thc th nghim, cy trng trn gi th Dasi sinh trng tt nht. Ti th i im 30 ngy sau trng, s sinh trng ca cy trn gi th Dasi chm li c chiu cao v s l/cy u thp hn so vi gi th cn li. Kt qu n y cng tng t nh th nghim trn cy x lch v cy da leo. Gi th Dasi cho cy bn r v sinh trng rt nhanh giai an sau trng nhng khng bn. iu ny xy ra l do gi th Dasi rt ti xp, trong th nh phn c cha nhiu vi sinh vt phn gii nhanh cc cht dinh dng c sn thnh d ng d tiu v vy cy ht c nhiu dinh dng hn so vi cc gi th khc. Gi th Than bn + Dasa X2 (1:1) cho chiu cao v s l cao nht nhng khng khc bit so vi so vi gi th Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1). Bng 3.10: nh hng ca cc loi gi th n chiu cao v s l ca c chua cherry ti thi im 20 v 30 ngy sau trng 20 ngy sau trng Nghim thc Dasi Dasa X2 Than bn Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1) Than bn + Dasa X2 (1:1) CV (%) CCC (cm) 32,9 a 30,2 ab 29,7 b 30,3 ab 30,6 ab 4,63 S l 10,3 9,7 9,4 9,5 10,1 3,27 30 ngy sau trng CCC (cm) 45,3 c 46,6 bc 45,5 c 49,6 ab 50,9 a 3,03 S l 20,6 b 21,4 ab 20,5 b 22,1 ab 22,9 a 3,12

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. CCC: Chiu cao cy

Ging c chua cherry F154 l ging sinh trng v hn nhng trong th nghim ch thu hach qu trong 3 thng. Sau trng 5 thng tin h nh ngt tt c cc nh sinh trng cy tp trung dinh dng nui cc chm hoa qu trn thn v kt thc th nghim sau trng 6 thng. Kt qu bng 3.11 cho th y s ch m qu/cy t cao nht l 16,2 chm trn

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gi th Than bn + Dasa X2 (1:1) v thp nht l 12,9 chm trn gi th Dasi. Hai gi th Dasa X2 v Than bn cng cho 14,6 chm/cy. Cy trng trn gi th Dasi c s chm qu t nhng s qu/chm li cao nht (11,8 qu ). Nhng do giai on sau cy sinh trng khng tt v vy khi lng qu thp v d n n khi lng qu /cy thp tng ng vi gi th Dasi v ch cao hn so vi gi th Than bn. Ti th i im 30 ngy sau trng, s sinh trng ca cy trn gi th Dasi chm li c chiu cao v s l/cy u thp hn so vi gi th cn li. Kt qu n y cng tng t nh th nghim trn cy x lch v cy da leo. Gi th Dasi cho cy bn r v sinh trng rt nhanh giai an sau trng nhng khng bn. iu ny xy ra l do gi th Dasi rt ti xp, trong th nh phn c cha nhiu vi sinh vt phn gii nhanh cc cht dinh dng c sn thnh dng d tiu v vy cy ht c nhiu dinh dng hn so vi cc gi th khc. Gi th Than bn + Dasa X2 (1:1) cho chiu cao v s l cao nht nhng khng khc bit so vi so vi gi th Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1). Bng 3.11: nh hng ca cc loi gi th n yu t cu thnh nng sut ca c chua cherry S chm Nghim thc Dasi Dasa X2 Than bn Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1) Than bn + Dasa X2 (1:1) CV (%) qu/cy 12,9 d 14,6 b 14,6 b 13,6 c 16,2 a 3,12 11,8 a 10,6 b 9,9 c 12,2 a 10,8 b 4,08 5,9 bc 5,8 c 5,7 c 6,1 b 6,5 a 2,27 S qu/chm P qu (g) P qu/cy (kg) 0,89 c 0,90 c 0,83 d 1,01 b 1,12 a 3,72

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. P: Khi lng

Trong 5 lai gi th th nghim, cy trng trn gi th Than bn + Dasa X2 (1:1) cho s chm qu v kch thc qu ln v vy cho khi lng qu /cy cao nht (1,12 kg/cy) v khc bit so vi cc nghim thc cn li. K l gi th Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1) cho 1,01kg/cy.

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100 80.26 80 Nng sut 60 (tn/ha) 40 20 0 Dasi Dasa X2 Than bn TB + DS (2:1) TB + DS (1:1) 63.36 64.49 72.32 58.66

Hnh 3.3 : nh hng ca cc loi gi th n nng sut c chua cherry Nng sut qu c chua ph thuc vo cc yu t cu thnh nng sut trong yu t s chm qu/cy ng vai tr quyt nh hn c. Trong th nghim, gi th Than bn + Dasa X2 (1:1) cho nng sut cao nht t 80,26 tn/ha v thp nht l gi th Than bn ch t 58,66 tn/ha (Hnh 3.3). Bng 3.12: Hiu qu kinh t ca sn xut c chua cherry trong iu kin nh che ph v trn cc gi th khc nhau (tnh cho 1ha/v) Nghim thc Chi ph (tr. ng) Gi th Dasi Dasa X2 Than bn Than bn + Dasa X2 (2:1) Than bn + Dasa X2 (1:1) Ghi ch: Gi thnh tnh chi ph nh sau: Dasa X2: 500.000 /m3 Than bn: 400.000 /m3 Gi c chua: 15.000/kg - Dasi: 500.0000/m3 - Chi ph chung: 250tr. ng/ha 579 828,7 80,26 1.203,90 375,20 643 643 514 557 Tng chi ph 892,9 893,0 764,4 807,3 63,36 64,49 58,66 72,32 Nng sut Tng thu (tr. ng) 950,40 967,35 879,90 1.084,80 Li dng (tr. ng) 57,54 74,35 115,50 277,53

Kt qu bng 3.12 cho thy sn xut c chua cherry trong iu kin nh che

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ph v trn 5 gi th khc nhau u cho li dng t 57,54 n 375,20 triu ng/ha/v. Gi th Than bn + Dasa X2 (1:1) cho li cao nh t t 375,20triu ng/ha/v. Tm li: Gi th thch hp nht cho vic sn xut c chua cherry l hn hp gi th than bn v Dasa X2 theo t l 1:1.

3.2 nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK n s sinh trng, pht trin v cht lng ca x lch, da leo v c chua cherry 3.2.1 Th nghim trn cy x lch trong iu kin nh che ph cc yu t nh nhit , nh sng, nc, dinh dng c th iu khin c, n goi ra cn h n ch c su bnh h i do vy cy x lch sinh trng rt tt. giai on 10 ngy sau trng, cy cn thi gian hi xanh, ra r v thch ng vi iu kin mi nn cy sinh trng cha mnh v cha c s khc bit v s l cng nh chiu cao cy (Bng 3.13). Ti thi im 20 ngy sau trng, nghim thc bn 40kg NPK, 50kg NPK, 60kg NPK cho chiu cao cy cao hn so vi cy bn mc 70 v 80kg NPK nhng gia cc m c ny khng c s khc bit r rt. Kh nng ra l nghim thc 50kg NPK l cao nh t (10,1 cm) v khc bit c ngha thng k so vi nn phn 40kg NPK v 80kg NPK, nhng khng khc bit so vi nghim thc bn 60 v 70kg NPK. Sau trng 30 ngy, nghim thc bn 60kg NPK c chiu cao cy cao nh t t 30,9 cm, khc bit so vi vi nghim thc bn 80kg NPK, nhn g khng khc bit vi ba nghim thc cn li. S l/cy ti thi im ny khng c s khc bit gia cc nghim thc.

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Bng 3.13: nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK n chiu cy, s l ca rau x lch giai on 10, 20, 30 ngy sau trng Chiu cao cy (cm) Nghim thc 40kg NPK 50kg NPK 60kg NPK 70kg NPK 80kg NPK CV(%) 10 19,0 19,5 19,7 19,0 18,9 4,61 20 21,5 a 21,2 a 21,9 a 20,3 b 19,8 b 2,06 30 29,5 ab 29,4 ab 30,9 a 30,2 ab 28,0 b 4,03 10 6,9 6,3 6,5 6,8 6,7 4,71 S l/cy 20 8,9 c 10, a 9,8 ab 9,5 abc 9,3 bc 3,81 30 11,9 12,0 12,1 11,7 11,5 5,52

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. Qua bng 3.14 cho th y, trong phm vi t 40kg n 60kg nu tng lng phn th nng sut tng theo nhng nu tng qu 60 kg/ha th nng sut gim dn theo mc tng lng phn. iu n y xy ra l do khi bn lng phn qu cao, nng mui trong gi th cao, lm h n ch qu trnh ht cht dinh dng ca r, nh hng n qu trnh sinh trng v cui cng l lm gim nng sut. Bng 3.14: nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK n nng sut x lch Nghim thc 40kg NPK 50kg NPK 60kg NPK 70kg NPK 80kg NPK CV(%) Khi lng cy (g) 112 bc 108 ab 117 a 103 c 86 d 4,38 Nng sut (tn/ha) 21,43 bc 23,10 ab 23,50 a 20,63 c 17,27 d 5,02

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. Nghim th c bn 60kg NPK cho nng sut cao nht t 23,5 tn/ha v khc bit so vi nghim thc bn 40kg NPK, 70kg NPK, v 80kg NPK, nhng khng khc bit so vi nghim thc bn 50kg NPK. Nghim thc bn 80kg NPK cho nng sut thp

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nht, ch t 17,27 tn/ha. iu n y xy ra l do khi bn phn vt qu ngng ti u, nng sut rau gim c th l do cy b ng c ammonium (Tabatabaie v Malakoutie, 1997). Maryam v cng s (2007) khng nh, liu lng phn m bn nh hng n nng sut x lch. Nng sut s t cao nht khi bn phn m mc 120kg N/ha. Shahbazie (2005) cng kt lun khi tng mc phn m t 0120kg N/ha nng sut ca rau x lch tng ln nhng gia ba mc bn 100, 150 v 200kg N/ha khng c s khc bit ng k v nng sut. Bn cnh vic tng nng sut, phn bn c th li d lng nitrate cao trong nng sn, nh hng n sc kho ca ngi tiu dng. Qua hnh 3.4 cho thy c 5 nghim thc phn bn u cho hm lng nitrate trong rau mc di 600mg NO3/kg, thp hn rt nhiu so vi ngng cho php (1.500 mg NO3-/kg phn n c). Nhn chung nghim thc bn 70kg NPK v 80kg NPK cho hm lng nitrate trong rao cao hn so vi cc nghim thc cn li.
600
Hm lng nirate (mg/kg)

500 400 300 200 100 0 7

40 kg NPK

8
50 kg NPK

9
60 kg NPK

10
70 kg NPK

11

12
80 kg NPK

Hnh 3.4: nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK v thi gian sau bn phn n hm lng nitrate trong rau x lch Lng phn bn hp l l lng phn khng nhng phi m bo cho nng sut v cht lng rau t cao nh t m cn phi m bo khng cn tn d dinh dng trong gi th.

48

Hm lng (mg/100g gi th)

1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 N

TTN 40 kg NPK 50 kg NPK

P2O5
60 kg NPK 70 kg NPK

K2O
80 kg NPK

Hnh 3.5: nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK n hm lng dinh dng trong gi th trc v sau khi lm th nghim Kt qu hnh 3.5 cho th y bn phn mc trn 60kg NPK/1.000m2 s tn d mt lng ln dinh dng trong gi th . Nu khng iu chnh lng phn bn cc v k tip th ch sau mt vi v gi th s b nhim mn v khng s dng c. ng thi kt qu bng 3.15 cng cho thy bn phn mc 90kg NPK/1.000m2 cn ko theo chi ph cao, nng sut thp v dn n thua l 12,7 triu ng/ha/v. Nghim thc bn 60kg NPK cho nng sut v li dng cao nht t 53,2 triu ng/ha/v. Bng 3.15: Hiu qu kinh t ca sn xut rau x lch trn gi th, trong iu kin nh che ph v cc liu lng phn NPK khc nhau (tnh cho 1ha/v) Nghim thc Chi ph (tr. ng) Phn bn 40kg NPK 50kg NPK 60kg NPK 70kg NPK 80kg NPK 7,2 9,0 10,8 12,6 14,4 Tng chi ph 178,2 180,0 181,8 183,6 185,4 Nng sut (tn/ha) 21,43 23,10 23,50 20,63 17,27 Tng thu (tr. ng) 214,3 231,0 235,0 206,3 172,7 Li dng (tr. ng) 36,1 51,0 53,2 22,7 (12,7)

Ghi ch: Gi thnh tnh chi ph nh sau: Chi ph chung: 171tr. ng/ha Gi phn NPK: 18.000/kg - Gi rau x lch: 10.000/kg

49

Tm li: - Lng phn thch hp nht bn cho cy x lch sinh trng tt, nng sut cao, phm cht tt l 60 kgNPK (20 -20 -15)/1.000m2. - Thu hach x lch sau khi bn phn t nh t 8 ngy m bo hm lng nitrate trong rau an tan.

3.2.2 Th nghim trn cy da leo Sinh trng l mt ch tiu quan trng ca da leo. Ngoi vic biu hin c tnh ging, chu s tc ng ca cc yu t t ai, kh hu, thi tit, ch chm scth yu t phn bn c bit nh hng ln n giai on sinh trng ca cy, thc y cy hot ng v phn chia m phn sinh, lm cy ln ln, thc hin cc chc nng nh nng , dn truyn v vn chuyn dinh dng trong cy, s sinh trng tt gp phn lm tng nng sut cy. S tng trng chiu cao cy l qu trnh hot ng ca m phn sinh to ra t bo mi lm t bo ln ln v ko di ra gip cy tng trng v kch thc v khi lng thc hin cc chc nng ca n nh: nng vn chuyn v tch ly cc cht dinh dng cho cc b phn trn cy. S tng trng ny rt quan trng n l tin cho giai on pht dc v sau. S tng trng v chiu cao cy ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: ging, t ai, phn bn, k thut chm sc... trong phn bn l yu t tc ng trc tip n s sinh trng, pht trin ca cy. Kt qu bng 3.16 cho thy, ti thi im 20 ngy sau trng chiu cao cy gia cc nghim thc c s khc bit rt r rt. Nghim thc bn 110kg NPK c chiu cao t cao nht (33,9 cm) nhng khng khc bit so vi nghim thc bn 90kg NPK. Nghim thc bn 150kg NPK, cho chiu cao cy thp nht v khc bit so vi cc nghim thc cn li.

50

Bng 3.16: nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK n chiu cao cy da leo Nghim thc Chiu cao cy (cm) ti cc thi im sau trng 20 ngy 70kg NPK 90kg NPK 110kg NPK 130kg NPK 150kg NPK CV(%) 30,2 b 31,4 ab 33,9 a 29,9 b 26,7 c 5,66 30 ngy 102,7 bc 109,3 ab 112,3 a 104,0 ab 95,1 c 4,27 60 ngy 194,7 a 186,7 a 187,7 a 167,0 b 166,7 b 3,36

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. giai on 20 - 30 ngy sau trng, chiu cao cy tng rt nhanh, tng t 59 78 cm trong 10 ngy. S ch nh lch chiu cao ca cc nghim thc bin ng t 95,1 112,3cm. Cao nht vn l nghim thc bn 110 kg NPK t 112,3 cm v khc bit so vi cc nghim thc bn phn khc. Nghim thc bn 150kg NPK vn c chiu cao cy thp nht t 95,1 cm v khc bit so vi cc nghim thc cn li. Chiu cao cy cui cng (60 ngy sau trng) ca cc nghim thc bin ng t 166,7 n 194,7cm. Ba nghim thc bn 70kg NPK, 90kg NPK, 110kg NPK c chiu cao cy t cao hn hn 2 nghim thc cn li nhng chiu cao ca 3 nghim thc ny khng khc nhau v mt thng k. Kt qu bng 3.17 cho thy giai on 20 ngy sau trng, s l gia cc nghim thc c s khc bit. S l trn cy gia cc nghim thc dao ng t 4,6 5,3 l. Trong nghim thc bn 110 kg NPK c s l t cao nht 5,3 l, nghim thc bn 150kg NPK cho s l thp nht. Cc nghim thc cn li c s l mc trung gian, th p hn nghim thc bn 110kg NPK v cao hn nghim thc bn 150kg NPK. giai on 30 ngy sau trng s l gia cc nghim thc bin ng khng nhiu t 10,7 11,7 l, trong nghim thc bn 110kg NPK c s l cao nht nhng khng khc bit so vi nghim thc bn 90 kg NPK. Ti thi im 60 ngy sau trng s l/cy gia cc nghim thc khc nhau khng nhiu. Nghim thc bn

51

110kg NPK vn cho s l/cy cao nht v khc bit vi tt c cc nghim thc cn li. Bng 3.17: nh hng ca cc liu lng phn bn khc nhau n s l trn thn chnh ca cy da leo (l) Nghim thc S l/cy ti cc thi im sau trng 20 ngy 70kg NPK 90kg NPK 110kg NPK 130kg NPK 150kg NPK CV(%) 4,9 bc 5,1 ab 5,3 a 4,9 bc 4,6 c 3,63 30 ngy 10,7 c 11,3 ab 11,7 a 11,1 bc 10,7 c 2,12 60 ngy 20,6 b 20,4 b 22,7 a 20,6 b 20,3 b 4,95

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. S qu/cy bin ng t 3,4 4,2 qu/cy (Bng 3.18). Nghim thc bn 90kg NPK c s qu trn cy t nht t 3,4 qu/cy. Nghim thc bn 110kg NPK c s qu trn cy nhiu nht t 4,2 qu/cy. Hai nghim thc ny c s qu/cy khc bit nhau v khc bit so vi cc nghim thc cn li. Nhng nu tip tc tng lng phn ln qu 110kg NPK/1.000m 2 th s qu/cy khng tng m li gim. Nh vy nghim thc bn 110kg NPK c mc phn ph h p nht cho cy sinh trng v pht trin n n c s qu/ cy t cao nht v tip tc tng lng phn th s qu trn cy c chiu hng gim xung d n v sc sinh trng ca cy gim. Khi lng trung bnh qu cc nghim thc bin ng t 0,23 0,26 kg. Hai nghim thc c khi lng qu thp nht l nghim thc bn 70kg NPK v nghim thc bn 130kg NPK nhng khng thp hn so vi nghim thc bn 150kg NPK. Nghim thc bn 110kg NPK cho khi lng qu cao nht (0,26 kg) nhng khng khc bit so vi nghim thc bn 90 kg NPK. Khi lng qu/cy bin ng t 0,82kg n 1,11kg v nng sut qu bin ng t 58,43 n 79,3 tn/ha. Khi lng qu trung bnh trn cy v nng sut qu c xu hng tng ln khi tng lng phn bn t 70 n 110kg NPK/1.000m2 v gim

52

xung khi tip tc tng lng phn bn ln 150kg NPK/1.000m2. Khi lng qu/cy v nng sut qu t cao nht nghim thc bn 110kg NPK (Bng 3.18). Bng 3.18: nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK n cc yu t cu thnh nng sut v nng sut Nghim thc 70kg NPK 90kg NPK 110kg NPK 130kg NPK 150kg NPK CV(%) S qu/ cy 3,6 bc 3,4 c 4,2 a 3,8 b 3,6 bc 3,96 P qu (kg) 0,23 c 0,25 ab 0,26 a 0,23 c 0,24 bc 4,16 P qu /cy (kg) 0,82 c 0,88 b 1,11 a 0,9 b 0,88 b 2,80 Nng sut (tn/ha) 58,4 c 63,0 b 79,3 a 64,9 b 62,7 b 2,82

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. P: Khi lng

m bo an ton cho ngi s dng, hin nay xu th sn xut rau an ton ngy cng c y mnh, trong d lng nitrate trong rau qu l mt trong nhng ch tiu nh gi mc an ton ca rau. C nhiu yu t nh hng n hm lng nitrate trong rau qu, trong phn bn ng vai tr quan trng nht. Qua hnh 3.6 cho thy, tt c cc nghim thc th nghim u cho hm lng nitrate trong qu da leo dui ngng cho php (150mg NO3-/kg) trong sut chu k bn phn (7 ngy/ln). Hm lng nitrate trong qu da leo c chiu hng tng ln t ngy th 2 n ngy th 5 sau khi bn phn v bt u gim xung vo ngy th 6 v th 7 sau ngy bn phn (chu k bn phn l 7 ngy bn phn cho da leo 1 ln). Sau khi bn phn 2 ngy hm lng nitrate trong qu da leo l thp nht, hm lng nitrate trong qu da leo dao ng t 25 mg/kg n 45 mg/kg. Thp nht l nghim thc bn 70kg NPK t 25 mg/kg, v cao nh t l nghim thc bn 110 kg NPK v 130kg NPK t 45 mg/kg. trong ngy th 2 sau ngy bn phn m c d cht dinh dng c ht ln cy nhng cha c vn chuyn n tng b phn ca cy, cht dinh dng cha c s dng nui qu nn hm lng nitrate trong ngy th 2 sau khi bn phn ny l thp nht .

53

Vo cc ngy th 3 v th 4 sau bn phn hm lng nitrate trong qu da c chiu hng tng dn ln. ngy th 3 sau ngy bn phn hm lng nitrate dao ng t 45 - 55 mg/kg v khng khc nhau nhiu gia cc nghim thc. V ngy th 4 sau khi bn phn hm lng nitrate trong qu gia cc nghim thc dao ng t 80 110 mg/kg. Hai nghim thc bn 110kg NPK v 130kg NPK c hm lng nitrate cao hn cc nghim thc bn phn khc. Nh vy, sau khi bn phn 3 n 4 ngy, cc ch t dinh dng c bit l N c s dng v c a v qu nn hm lng nitrate b t u tng ln. V n ngy th 5 sau bn, hm lng nitrate trong qu da leo tng vt ln 110 145 mg/kg v cao hn hn so vi cc ngy cn li. ngy th 5 sau khi bn phn cc cht dinh dng c ht ln ti a v vn chuyn n cc b phn ca cy nhiu nht v vy hm lng nitrate trong qu t cao nh t.
150

Hm lng nitrate (mg/kg)

120

90

60

30

0 2
70 kg NPK

3
90 kg NPK

4
110 kg NPK

5
130 kg NPK

7
150 kg NPK

Hnh 3.6: nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK v thi gian sau bn phn n hm lng nitratetrong qu da leo Ngy th 6 v ngy th 7 sau khi bn phn hm lng nitrate trong quda leo gim xung so vi ngy th 5, lc ny do cc cht dinh dng c s dng b t cc ngy trc nn nng cc cht dinh dng tch tr trong cy t dn, cy c thi gian chuyn nitrate amon protid v t th ch a tip tc b sung ch t dinh dng nn cy khng c ngun d tr ht ln b sung dn n hm lng nitrate trong qu cng gim theo.

54

Hm lng nitrate trong qu da leo trung bnh cc nghim thc cng c s thay i nhng tt c cc nghim thc hm lng nitrate u dui ngng cho php l 150 mg/kg. Thp nht l hm lng nitrate nghim thc bn 70kg NPK trung bnh t 74,17 mg/kg v khi tip tc tng lng phn bn th hm lng nitrate cng c chiu hng tng theo lng phn bn v t cao nht nghim thc bn 130kg NPK trung bnh t 87,5 mg/kg. Nh vy khi tng lng phn bn cho cy th ch t dinh dng c cy vn chuyn nui qu tng c bit l m lm cho hm lng nitrate trong qu tng theo. V tip tc tng lng phn mc bn 150kg NPK th lng nitrate trong qu khng tng m cn thp hn nghim thc bn 130kg NPK. iu ny xy ra l do khi bn vi lng phn qu cao dn n hin tng cy b ng c khng ht c cht dinh dng dn n nng sut thp v hm lng nitrate trong qu cng thp. Nh vy lng phn bn c nh hng ln n hm lng nitrate trong qu da leo. Khi tng lng phn bn th hm lng nitrate cng c chiu hng tng theo. hm lng nitrate trong qu cng bin ng theo tng ngy sau ngy bn phn. da leo ngy th 5 sau ngy bn phn hm lng nitrate trong qu t cao nht, v vy khng nn thu hi da vo th i gian ny v hm lng nitrate cao nht nh hng n cht lng ca qu da leo. Hm lng m d tiu trong gi th ca cc nghim thc sau khi th nghim u gim so vi trc khi trng. Hm lng m d tiu trong gi th sau khi th nghim bin ng t 3,4 5,6 mg/kg, nghim thc t cao nht l nghim thc bn 150kg NPK (5,6 mg/kg), thp nht l nghim thc bn 70kg NPK (3,4 mg/kg). Trong gi th ca cc nghim thc bn t 70kg NPK n 130kg NPK th lng m d tiu trong gi th gim so vi ban u, do da leo ngoi ht lng m c cung cp t phn cn s dng c lng m tch ly trong gi th vn chuyn ln nui qu . Nghim thc bn 150kg NPK v 130kg NPK c lng m trong gi th tng hn so vi trc khi th nghim do lng phn bn cy da leo khng s dng ht lng phn c cung cp nn li trong gi th.

55

600
Hm lng (mg/kg)

500 400 300 200 100 0 70 kg NPK 90 kg NPK 110 kg NPK 130 kg NPK 150 kg NPK
Trc TN Sau TN

Hnh 3.7: nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK n hm lng m d tiu trong gi th trc v sau khi lm th nghim Da vo hnh 3.7 cho ta thy tt c cc nghim thc, hm lng ln d tiu trong gi th sau khi th nghim u gim hn so vi trc khi th nghim.
400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 70 kg NPK 90 kg NPK 110 kg NPK 130 kg NPK 150 kg NPK
Trc TN Sau TN

Hnh 3.8: nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK n hm lng ln d tiu trong gi th trc v sau khi lm th nghim Lng ln d tiu tch ly trong gi th sau th nghim cc nghim thc bn 70kg NPK, 90kg NPK, 110kg NPK khng nhiu khang 5,8 6,0 mg/kg , ch c nghim thc bn 130kg NPK v 150kg NPK l c hm lng ln tch tr nhiu trong gi th hn khang 6,73 6,82 mg/kg. Kt qu hnh 3.9 cho th y kali d tiu trong gi th gim so vi trc khi th nghim mc d phn bn c cung cp cho da leo trong khi th nghim c hm lng kali cao hn h n cc nguyn t dinh dng khc.V da leo l cy rau n qu

Hm lng (mg/kg)

56

nn nhu cu v kali cao hn cc loi rau khc nng cao nng sut v ph m cht qu v da leo li l mt cy c bit hp th kali mnh nht.
Hm lng (mg/kg)

750 600 450 300 150 0 70 kg NPK 90 kg NPK 110 kg NPK 130 kg NPK 150 kg NPK Trc TN Sau TN

Hnh 3.9: nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK n hm lng kali d tiu trong gi th trc v sau khi lm th nghim Nhn chung cc liu lng phn bn s dng trong th nghim hu ht u c cy s dng v khng cn tn d trong gi th v vy hiu qu ca phn bn s t cao nht. Vo cc ngy th 3 v th 4 sau bn phn hm lng nitrate trong qu da c chiu hng tng dn ln. ngy th 3 sau ngy bn phn hm lng nitrate dao ng t 45 - 55 mg/kg v khng khc nhau nhiu gia cc nghim thc. V ngy th 4 sau khi bn phn hm lng nitrate trong qu gia cc nghim thc dao ng t 80 110 mg/kg. Hai nghim thc bn 110kg NPK v 130kg NPK c hm lng nitrate cao hn cc nghim thc bn phn khc. Nh vy, sau khi bn phn 3, 4 ngy cc cht dinh dng c bit l m c s dng v c a v qu nn hm lng nitrate b t u tng ln. V n ngy th 5 sau bn, hm lng nitrate trong qu da leo tng vt ln 110 145 mg/kg v cao hn hn so vi cc ngy cn li. ngy th 5 sau khi bn phn cc cht dinh dng c ht ln ti a v vn chuyn n cc b phn ca cy nhiu nht v vy hm lng nitrate trong qu t cao nh t. Kt qu tnh hiu qu kinh t bng 3.19 cho thy tt c cc nghim thc th nghim u cho li dng cao, t 60,17 n 198,47 triu ng/ha/v. Nghim thc bn 110kg NPK c chi ph mc trung b nh nhng cho nng sut cao nht nn li dng cao nht. Nghim thc bn 70kg NPK c chi ph thp nhng nng sut thp v vy

57

li dng thp nht, nghim thc bn 150kg NPK c chi ph cao, nng sut thp v vy cng cho li dng th p. Bng 3.19: Hiu qu kinh t ca sn xut da leo trn gi th, trong iu kin nh che ph v cc liu lng phn NPK khc nhau (tnh cho 1ha/v) Nghim thc Chi ph (tr. ng) Phn bn 70kg NPK 90kg NPK 110kg NPK 130kg NPK 150kg NPK 14,00 18,00 22,00 26,00 30,00 Tng chi ph 348,63 352,63 356,63 360,63 364,63 Nng sut (tn/ha) 58,4 63,0 79,3 64,9 62,7 Tng thu (tr. ng) 408,8 441,0 555,1 454,3 438,9 Li dng (tr. ng) 60,17 88,37 198,47 93,67 74,27

Ghi ch: Gi thnh tnh chi ph nh sau: Chi ph chung: 334,63tr. ng/ha Gi phn NPK: 20.000/kg Tm li: - Lng phn bn thch hp nht trong sn xut da leo trn gi th l 110kg NPK (12 11 - 18)/1.000 m 2. - gim hm lng nitrate trong qu th khng nn thu hach qu vo ngy th 5 sau bn phn (chu k bn phn 8 ngy/ln) Gi da leo : 7.000/kg

58

3.2.3 Th nghim trn cy c chua cherry Kt qu bng 3.20 cho thy bn phn cc liu lng khc nhau khng nh hng nhiu n s sinh trng thn l ca cy c chua. Chiu cao cy c chua cc nghim thc khng c s khc nhau c giai on 20 v 30 ngy sau trng. Tuy nhin nghim thc bn 200 kg/ha c xu hng cho cy sinh trng thn l tt hn c. Khi tng lng phn ln th cy c xu hng sinh trng thn l gim dn. Bng 3.20: nh hng ca liu lng phn bn NPK n chiu cao cy c chua Cherry giai on 20, 30 ngy sau trng Nghim thc Chiu cao cy (cm) 20 ngy sau trng 175kg NPK 200kg NPK 225kg NPK 250kg NPK 275kg NPK CV(%) 22,3 22,6 21,1 21,8 20,5 5,12 30 ngy sau trng 51,4 53,8 49,5 50,9 49,3 5,07

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. Kt qu b ng 3.21 cho th y, khi bn 200kg NPK th cho s chm qu/cy cao nht nhng khng khc bit so vi bn 175kg NPK. Nghim thc bn 250kg NPK cho s ch m qu thp nht ch t 10,4 chm. Nghim thc bn 250kg NPK c s chm qu/cy thp nht nhng s qu/chm li cao nht (12,9 qu) nhng khng khc bit so vi nghim thc bn 225kg NPK (12,2 qu ). Nghim thc bn 175kg NPK cho s chm qu cao nhng s qu/chm li thp nht. Khi lng trung bnh qu ph thuc nhiu vo s qu/chm v tnh trng sinh trng ca cy. Thng thng s qu/chm t th khi lng trung bnh qu cao v ngc li nu s qu/chm nhiu th khi lng trung bnh qu thp. Nghim thc bn 200kg NPK c s chm qu/cy nhiu nht, khi lng qu cao nht v vy nng sut qu/cy cao nht, t 1.126g. Nghim thc bn 175kg NPK cho s chm qu/cy nhiu, trong lng trung b nh qu cao nh t nhng do s qu/chm thp nht

59

v vy nng sut/cy ch ng th 2 v khng khc bit so so vi nghim thc bn 225kg NPK. Hai nghim thc bn v 250kg NPK v 275kg NPK cho nng sut qu/cy thp nht v tng ng nhau. Bng 3.21: nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK n cc yu t cu thnh nng sut c chua Cherry Nghim thc S chm S qu/ chm 10,3 c 11,9 b 12,2 ab 12,9 a 11,7 b 2,25 P qu (g) 7,8 a 7,5 a 7,1 ab 6,6 b 6,4 b 5,57 P qu /cy (g) 972 b 1.116 a 961 b 885 c 883 c 4,08

qu/cy 175kg NPK 200kg NPK 225kg NPK 250kg NPK 275kg NPK CV(%) 12,1 ab 12,5 a 11,1 c 10,4 d 11,8 b 2,32

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. Qua hnh 3.10 cho th y khi bn tng 15kg NPK, t 175kg NPK ln 200kg NPK, th n ng sut tng 10,23 tn/ha (t 69,26 ln 79,49 tn/ha). Nhng nu tng mc bn ln 225kg NPK th nng sut gim xung ch cn 68,50 tn/ha (gim 10,99 tn/ha). Nu tip tc tng mc bn ln 250kg NPK th n ng sut gim xung cn 63,09 tn/ha. Nh vy trong sn xut c chua cherry, mun c nng sut cao th cn s dng phn NPK (12 11- 20) vi lng l 200kg/1.000 m2. Kt qu h nh 3.11 cho thy sau khi bn phn hm lng nitrate trong qu c chua tng nhanh v t cc i vo ngy th 3 sau bn phn. Sau hm lng nitrate gim dn v v t cc tiu vo ngy th 5 hoc ngy th 6 sau bn phn. iu chng t sau khi bn phn 2-3 ngy cy ht m rt mnh v tch ly dng nitrate trong cy v trong qu. Sau lng nitrate d tr ny s c phn gii t t phc v cho qu trnh sinh trng ca cy, v sau khi bn phn 5 - 6 ngy hu nh lng phn bn c cy tiu th ht. y cng l im cn lu trong k thut trng c chua, cn xc nh lng phn bn v chu k bn cho thch hp r cy khng b tn thng do bn phn qu nhiu v cng khn g trong tnh trng thiu dinh dng khi chu k bn phn qu d i.

60

,79.49 ,80 ,70 ,60 ,50 ,40 ,30 ,20 ,10 ,69.26 ,68.50 ,63.09 ,62.95

Nng sut (tn/ha)

175 kg NPK

200 kg NPK

225 kg NPK

250 kg NPK

275 kg NPK

Hnh 3.10: nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK n nng sut c chua cherry trng trn gi th Trong th nghim nghim thc s dng liu lng phn cao nht (275kg NPK) cho hm lng nitrate trong qu cao nht v tng rt nhanh vo ngy th 3 sau khi bn phn. nghim thc bn 250kg NPK, hm lng nitrate t mc gn tng ng vi nghim thc bn 275kg NPK, n cng tng r rt ngy th 3 sau khi bn phn v gim xung cc ngy sau. Cn nghim thc 200 kg NPK th hm lng nitrate tn li trong qu c chua l th p nht, n c xu hng gim xung k t ngy th t sau bn phn.
250

D lng nitrate (mg/kg)

200 150 100 50 0 2 3 4 Ngy sau bn phn

175 kg NPK 200 kg NPK 225 kg NPK 250 kg NPK 275 kgNPK

Hnh 3.11: nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK v ngy sau bn phn n hm lng Nitrate trong qu c chua Cherry

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Qua kt qu phn tch gi th sau khi tin hnh th nghim c th hin hnh 3.12 cho thy, nghim thc bn 175kg NPK c hm lng dinh dng trong gi th sau khi tin h nh th nghim thp hn so vi trc khi tin hnh th nghim. iu ny ch ng t lng phn trn cn thiu, khng cung cp cho cy v vy cy phi tn dng lng dinh dng c sn trong gi th .
900 750
Hm lng (mg/kg)

600 450 300 150 0 N

TTN 225 kg NPK

P2O5
175 kg NPK 250 kg NPK

K2O
200 kg NPK 275 kg NPK

Hnh 3.12: nh hng ca liu lng phn NPK n hm lng cht dinh dng trong gi th trc v sau khi trng c chua Cherry Nghim thc bn 200kg NPK v nghim thc bn 225kg NPK c hm lng dinh dng trong gi th trc v sau th nghim tng ng nhau. iu ny cho th y bn phn mc 200 kg NPK v mc 225kg NPK l ph hp. Khi tng lng phn ln mc 250 v 275kg NPK th hm lng dinh dng trong gi th cao hn nhiu so vi hm lng dinh dng trong gi th trc khi tin h nh th nghim. Chnh lng phn tn ng li trong gi th ny c th nh hng ti kh nng ht cht dinh dng ca cy v nh hng n nng sut qu. Kt qu bng 3.22 cho th y s dng cc mc phn bn khc nhau trong sn xut c chua cherry cho li dng t 105,55 n 368,65 triu ng/ha/v. Nghim thc bn 275kg NPK c chi ph cao nh t nhng nng sut thp nht v vy li dng th p nht. Nghim thc bn 200kg NPK c chi ph thp nhng nng sut cao nht v vy li dng cao nht.

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Bng 3.22: Hiu qu kinh t ca sn xut c chua cherry trn gi th, trong iu kin nh che ph v cc liu lng phn NPK khc nhau (tnh cho 1ha/v) Nghim thc Chi ph (tr. ng) Phn bn 175kg NPK 200kg NPK 225kg NPK 250kg NPK 275kg NPK 35,0 40,0 45,0 50,0 55,0 Tng chi ph 818,70 823,70 828,70 833,70 838,70 69,26 79,49 68,50 63,09 62,95 Nng sut Tng thu (tr. ng) 1.038,90 1.192,35 1.027,50 946,35 944,25 Li dng (tr. ng) 220,20 368,65 198,80 112,65 105,55

Ghi ch: Gi thnh tnh chi ph nh sau: Chi ph chung: 732,3tr. ng/ha Gi c chua: 15.000/kg - Gi phn NPK: 20.000 /kg

Tm li: - Trong sn xut c chua cherry trn gi th , bn phn NPK (12 10 20) vi lng phn 200 kg NPK th cho n ng sut, cht lng qu cao nht v khng lm nh hng n cht lng gi th. - Vi chu k bn phn 8 ngy/ln, khng nn thu hach qu c chua vo ngy th 3 sau khi bn phn v khi d lng nitrate trong qu l cao nh t.

3.3 nh hng ca chng lai phn n sinh trng v nng sut ca x lch, da leo v c chua cherry 3.3.1 Th nghim trn cy rau x lch

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Kt qu bng 3.23 cho thy,ti thi im 10 ngy sau trng s sinh trng ca cy x lch gia cc nghim thc khng khc nhau v mt thng k hc. Tuy nhin nghim thc bn phn NPK Realstrong c xu hng cho chiu cao cy cao nht. Sau trng 3 ngy cy m i bn r v m t khang 2 ngy tip theo cy mi phc hi v vy trong khang thi gian qu ngn (khang 5 ngy) hiu lc ca cc lai phn cha nh hng nhiu n sinh trng ca cy. Giai on t 10 n 20 ngy sau trng, cy ra r rt nhiu nn c th ht c nhiu nc v cht dinh dng v vy cy sinh trng kh mnh. Chiu cao v s l/cy tng nhanh. S sinh trng v chiu cao cy trn cc lai phn khc nhau c s khc bit ln. Hai nghim thc bn phn khang cho chiu cao cy cao hn hn hai nghim thc bn phn hn c. Tuy nhin s l/cy khng c s khc bit r rt. Bng 3.23: nh hng ca cc loi phn bn n chiu cao, s l ca cy x lch trng trn gi th 10 ngy sau trng Nghim thc NPK khong Phn n NPK Realstrong NPK Mekong CV (%) CC(cm) 5,6 5,2 5,9 5,3 1,31 S l 6,7 6,7 6,6 6,6 2,90 20 ngy sau trng CC (cm) 16,93 a 17,00 a 15,43 b 15,97 b 2,53 S l 11,4 11,4 11,9 11,0 3,16 30 ngy sau trng CC (cm) 22,60 a 19,77 b 22,53 a 20,83 b 3,91 S l 16,3 16,2 16,2 16,0 1,30

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. CC: Chiu cao cy

giai an t 20 30 ngy sau trng, vic bn phn c kt thc t giai an trc, v vy s phn gii dinh dng nhanh hay chm ca cc chng lai phn c vai tr rt quan trng trong vic duy tr s sinh trng ca cy. giai on ny nghim thc bn NPK Realstrong v NPK khang cho chiu cao cy cao hn so vi hai nghim thc cn li nhng gia hai nghim thc ny khng c s khc bit. Cng tng t nh hai giai an trc, s l/cy gia cc nghim thc khng c s khc bit. Kt qu bng 3.24 cho thy bn phn hu c cho nng sut thp hn so vi bn phn ha hc. Nghim thc bn phn NPK khang cho nng sut (21,60 tn/ha)

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cao hn hn nghim thc bn phn NPK Mekong (20,60 tn/ha) nhng khng khc bit so vi hai nghim thc cn li. Bng 3.24: nh hng ca chng lai phn n nng sut v hm lng nitrate trong rau x lch trng trn gi th Khi lng cy Nghim thc NPK khong Phn n NPK Realstrong NPK Mekong CV (%) (g) 108 a 106 ab 105 ab 103 b 2,43 NSLT (tn/ha) 21,60 a 21,20 ab 21,00 ab 20,60 b 2,42 Hm lng NO3(mg/kg) 637 675 554 565

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. NSLT: Nng sut l thuyt

Chng lai phn ngai nh hng n sinh trng pht trin v nng sut cn nh hng n hm lng nitrate trong rau. Kt qu bng 3.24 cho th y tt c cc nghim thc u cho hm lng nitrate trong rau x lch u thp hn rt nhiu so vi ngng cho php (1.500 mg/kg). Hai nghim thc bn phn ha hc cho hm lng nirate trong rau cao hn so vi hai nghim thc bn phn hu c. Kt qu ny cng ph hp vi kt qu nghin cu ca Premuzic (1991) l bn phn ha hc cho hm lng nitrate trong l x lch cao hn 40 50 % so vi bn phn hu c sinh hc. Kt qu nghin cu ca Reinik (1991) cng cho thy, vic cung cp m di d ng hu c s lm gim lng m NO3- trong t v gim s tch ly NO3- trong l (c trch dn bi Bi Cch Tuyn, 1997). Nghin cu ca Tuyn v cng s (1997)v nh hng ca phn v c v hu c n sinh trng v hm lng nitrate trong rau x lch cng kt lun: nghim thc bn phn v c cho hm lng nitrate cao nh t (572 -664 mg/kg) trong tt c cc ma v v cao hn hn so vi nghim thc bn phn h u c (253-435 mg/kg). S tch ly nitrate trong rau x lch gim ng k n u ch s dng phn chung bn cho cy (Gianquinto et al., 1992; Stopes et al, 1989.) Li dng thu c t nghim thc bn NPK khong l cao nh t (36,0triu ng/ha/v ) v thp nht l nghim th bn NPK Mekong (27,5triu ng/ha/v)

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(Bng 3.25). Tuy nghim thc bn NPK Realstrong ch c li dng l 31,5triu ng/ha/v nhng nng sut khng thua km nghim thc bn phn NPK khong v hm lng nitrate trong rau thp nht v vy y l lai phn c khuyn co s dng trong sn xut rau x lch. Bng 3.25: Hiu qu kinh t ca vic s dng cc chng lai phn bn sn xut rau x lch trn gi th, trong iu kin nh che ph v bn cc chng lai phn khc nhau (tnh cho 1ha/v) Nghim thc Chi ph (tr. ng) Phn bn NPK khong Phn n NPK Realstrong NPK Mekong
-

Nng sut

Tng thu (tr. ng)

Li dng (tr. ng) 36,0 33,5 31,5 27,5

Tng chi ph 180,0 178,5 178,5 178,5 21,6 21,2 21,0 20,6

9,00 7,50 7,50 7,50

216,0 212,0 210,0 206,0

Ghi ch: Gi thnh tnh chi ph nh sau: Chi ph chung: 171tr. ng/ha NPK Realstrong: 15.000 /kg Gi rau x lch: 9.000/kg Phn NPK : 18.000 /m3 Phn NPK Mekong: 15.000 /kg

Tm li: - Bn phn hu c c xu hng cho nng sut v hm lng nitrate trong rau x lch th p hn so vi bn phn v c. - Trong bn lai phn th nghim, phn NPK Realstrong cho nng sut v ch t lng rau x lch cao nht.

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3.3.2 Th nghim trn cy da leo Qua bng s liu 3.26 v chiu cao ta thy ti thi im 10 ngy sau trng cy da leo nghim thc NPK Realstrong t chiu cao cao nht l 38,0cm so vi cy da cc nghim thc cn li v c s khc bit r rng so vi nghim thc phn n. nghim thc phn n cy da leo ch t chiu cao l 33,3cm, thp hn gn 5cm so vi cy da leo nghim thc NPK Realstrong. Hai nghim thc cn li l NPK khong v NPK Mekong cng c chiu cao nh nhau l 34,7 cm. Bng 3.26: nh hng ca chng loi phn n chiu cao ca cy da leo (cm) ti cc thi im 10, 20, 30 v 70 ngy sau trng Ngy sau trng Nghim thc NPK khong Phn n NPK Realstrong NPK Mekong CV (%) 10 34,1ab 33,3b 38,0a 34,7ab 5,51 20 100,3 a 98,7 ab 100,5 a 94,07 b 2,92 30 148,7 a 144,0 ab 147,4 a 136,9 b 2,48 70 191,3bc 188,3 c 211,5 a 198,6 b 0,89

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. Ti thi im 20 ngy sau khi trng th khng c s khc nhau v chiu cao gia cc nghim thc NPK khong, nghim thc phn n v nghim thc NPK Realstrong, chiu cao ca cy da leo 3 nghim thc ny chnh lch nhau khng qu 2cm v t khong 100cm, trong nghim thc NPK Realstrong vn cho chiu cao ln nht. Trong khi , nghim thc NPK Mekongch cho chiu cao t 94,07cm v c s sai khc v mt thng k so vi hai nghim thc NPK Realstrong v NPK khong . Ti thi im 30 ngy sau trng, tc tng trng chiu cao cy ca 3 nghim thc phn NPK khong, nghim thc phn n v nghim thc NPK Realstrong tng i u nhau, so vi sau khi trng 20 ngy th chiu cao cy tng th m khong 46 - 48cm. Cn nghim thc NPK Mekong th trung bnh chiu cao cy tng thm 42cm. Do ti thi im ny, chiu cao cy ca nghim thc NPK Mekong l thp nht v c s sai khc c ngha v mt thng k so vi 3 nghim thc cn li.

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Da leo t chiu cao ti a khong sau trng khong 70 ngy. Nghim thc NPK hu c Realstrong cho chiu cao cy cao nht, chiu cao cy nghim thc NPK Mekong cao th hai. Phn NPK khong cho chiu cao cy ti a ng th 3 v nghim thc nghim thc phn n cho chiu cao thp nht. S liu c th cho kt qu nh trn nhng xt v mt thng k th phn NPK h u c Realstrong cho kt qu khc bit c ngha vi c 3 nghim thc cn li; Phn NPK Mekong, phn NPK khong cho kt qu khc bit khng c ngha; trong khi phn NPK khong v phn n cho kt qu sai khc khng c ngh a nhng s sai khc gia phn NPK Mekong v phn n l c ngh a. hiu r hn v nh hng ca cc loi phn bn khc nhau n s tng trng chiu cao cy da leo, ta xt n tc tng trng chiu cao cy. Theo kt qu bng 3.27 cho thy mi giai on sinh trng khc nhau th tc tng trng chiu cao cng khc nhau. giai on mi c trng vo mng trng n 10 ngy sau , cy da leo cn khong 2 3 ngy bn r trn mi trng mi, phc hi sc sng n nh nn tc tng trng chiu cao cn th p. Trung b nh mc tng trng cc nghim thc t 1,8 n 2,3cm/ngy, tip theo l nghim thc phn NPK Mekong, sau n nghim thc NPK khong v nghim thc c tc tng trng thp nht l nghim thc phn n. Giai on ny cha th hin r nh hng ca cc loi phn bn i vi tc tng trng chiu cao cy nhiu do s sai khc gia cc nghim thc ch vi mm. Tuy vy, nghim thc phn NPK Reastrong to khong cch rng nht so vi cc nghim thc cn li. Tc tng trng chiu cao t cao nht vo giai on 10 20 ngy sau trng. Lc ny cy da tp trung hu nh dinh dng cho h nh thnh b r v ko di lng thn v cy vn cha n giai on sinh trng sinh thc cho nn y l giai on quan trng xy dng b khung cy khe mnh. Tc tng trng chiu cao giai on ny dao ng t 5,9 n 6,5 cm/ngy. Tc tng trng gia cc nghim thc phn c s khc nhau vi khong cch rng hn. Trong , tc tng trng chiu cao nghim thc NPK khong v phn n gn nh bng nhau mc 6,6 v 6,5cm/ngy v cao hn so vi tc tng trng nghim thc NPK Realstrong v NPK Mekong. Nghim thc NPK Mekong cho tc tng trng thp

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nht, thp hn xp x 7mm/ngy so vi 2 nghim thc NPK khong v phn n. giai on ny, nh hng ca loi phn bn n tng trng chiu cao cy r h n nhiu. Phn v c c xu hng pht huy tc dng mnh hn phn hu c. giai on ny, do tc tng trng chiu cao cao hn nn nu ti thi im 10 ngy sau trng, chiu cao cy nghim thc NPK khong v phn n thp hn chiu cao cy nghim thc NPK Realstrong 3 4cm th ti thi im nay chiu cao cy 3 nghim thc ny l tng ng nhau. Bng 3.27: nh hng ca chng loi phn n tc tng trng chiu cao ca cy da leo Tc tng trng chiu cao (cm/ngy) cc giai on Nghim thc NPK khong Phn n NPK Realstrong NPK Mekong 0 10 NST 1,9 1,8 2,3 2,0 10 20 NST 6,6 6,5 6,3 5,9 20 30 NST 4,8 4,5 4,7 4,3 30 70 NST 1,1 1,1 1,6 1,5

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. giai on 20 30 ngy sau trng, tc tng trng chiu cao c phn gim hn so vi giai on trc nhng vn mc cao (khong 4 5cm/ngy). giai on ny tc tng trng chiu cao gim i l do cy b t u gim tng trng chiu cao tch l dinh dng cho s ra hoa, to thnh v nui dng qu (khong 35 ngy sau trng, da leo b t u cho thu hoch qu). Tc tng trng chiu cao gia cc nghim thc gim dn theo th t cc nghim thc NPK khong, NPK Reastrong, phn n, NPK Mekong v gim theo h s khong 2mm. T sau trng 30 ngy n khi cy da leo t chiu cao ti a (khong 70 ngy sau trng), tc tng trng chiu cao gim r, dinh dng tp trung to v nui qu l ch yu, cng v sau th cy cng tng trng chiu cao t li. Tc tng trng trung bnh ch khong 1,0 1,6cm/ngy. Giai on ny phn v c cho tc tng trng gim xung thp hn 2 nghim thc phn hu c. iu ny dn n kt qu nghim thc NPK Reastrong v NPK Mekong cho chiu cao ti a cao hn nghim thc NPK khong v phn n.

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Theo s phn tch trn cho th y phn NPK khong v phn n cho kt qu tng ng nhau c v ch s v tc tng trng ca chiu cao cy da leo. 2 lo i phn ny u cho kt qu cy da leo tng trng chiu cao chm tnh n thi im sau 10 ngy trng nhng n giai on sau 20 ngy trng tr i th tc tng trng chiu cao tng ln. Tuy vy, 2 nghim thc ny cho chiu cao ti a ca cy da leo th p hn chiu cao ti a m phn NPK Realstrong mang li. Nhn chung, phn NPK Mekong cho chiu cao cy thp. Vi cng mt ging da leo th phn hu c sinh hc c xu hng cho tc tng trng chiu cao n nh v ko di chiu cao cy hn phn khong. Trong khi phn khong cho hiu qu tc dng mnh vo giai on sau trng khong 15 ngy hn giai on cy con v cho ch s chiu cao ti a thp. Phn NPK khong v phn n cho kt qu sai khc khng c ngha. iu ny chng t yu t dinh dng khong dng n hay phc u khng nh hng n s tng trng v chiu cao ca cy da leo. u l phn hu c sinh hc nhng phn NPK hu c Realstrong cho hiu qu tng trng chiu cao tt hn phn NPK Mekong. iu ny ch ng t ngun nguyn liu sn xut phn hu c v cc thnh phn b sung trong phn gp phn to nn s tc ng khc nhau trn s tng trng chiu cao cy da leo. Theo kt qu nghin cu ca Hin v cng s (2009) cho thy ti axit Humic c nh hng r rt ti kh nng sinh trng v nng sut da chut, nng cng cao, chiu cao cy v nng sut qu cng tng. Nng sut qu da chut t cao nht 26,0 tn/ha nng 0,6%. Ngoi ra axit humic khng nh hng n th nh phn cc cht dinh dng ca da leo. Trong thi gian lm th nghim m khng kh cao nn da b nhim bnh phn trng l gim ra hoa v nh hng kh nng u qu ca da leo. Kt qu b ng 3.28 cho thy phn NPK Realstrong c s qu/cy cao nht v khc bit vi 3 nghim thc cn li. Nghim thc bn phn n v NPK Mekong cho s lng qu th p nht. Cc chng lai phn khc nhau nh hng n s qu/cy nhng nh hng khng nhiu n khi lng qu, ch bin ng trong phm vi t 248 252g/qu .

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Bng 3.28: nh hng ca chng loi phn n cc yu t cu thnh nng sut v nng sut qu cada leo Nghim thc NPK khong Phn n NPK Realstrong NPK Mekong CV (%) S qu/cy 3,8 b 3,5 c 4,0 a 3,5 c 1,28 P qu (g) 250 252 248 250 1,36 P qu/cy (kg) 0,95 b 0,88 c 0,99 a 0,88 c 4,10 Nng sut(tn/ha) 67,69 b 62,84 c 70,68 a 62,34 c 4,12

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. Nng sut qu l ch tiu quan trng nh gi cht lng phn bn v l kt qu ca qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca cy trng. Nghim thc bn phn NPK Realstrong cho nng sut qu cao nht khc bit vi cc nghim thc cn li. Nghim thc bn phn n v NPK Mekong cho nng sut thp nht, ch t 62,84 v 62,34 tn/ha. Khi nghin cu nh hng ca ngun dinh dng n vic sn xut da leo trn cc gi th khc nhau Aye Gl v cng s (2010) kt lun , bn phn hu c lm gim 22,4% nng sut so vi bn phn v c d ng dch dinh dng. Nghim thc bn phn hu c dng dinh dng lm gim 10,9% v nghim thc bn phn hu c dng rn lm gim 31,3% nng sut so vi bn phn v c dng dch dinh dng.
60 58 56 54 52 50 48 46 44 NPK khong Phn n NPK Realstrong NPK Mekong

Hnh 3.13:nh hng ca chng loi phn n hm lng nitrate trong qu da leo (mg/kg)

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Kt qu phn tch cho thy hm lng nitrate trong qu tt c cc nghim thc ch dao ng trong khong 50 60 mg/kg. Kt qu ny nm trong tiu chun cho php ca t chc y t th gii (<150mg/kg). Tuy nhin hai nghim thc bn phn v c c xu hng cho hm lng nitrate trong qu cao hn so vi nghim thc bn phn hu c. Gnes et al. (1994), cng khng nh thay th mt phn nh (20%) phn nitrate b i amino acid, ur v NH4Cl lm gim hm lng nitrate trong x lch. Do nghim thc bn phn NPK Realstrong c nng sut cao nht v chi ph thp v vy li dng t cao nht,122,63 triu ng/ha/v. Nghimvthc bn phn Mekong cho nng sut thp nht v vy li dng cng thp nht ch t 63,25 triu ng/ha/v (Bng 3.29). Bng 3.29: Hiu qu kinh t ca sn xut da leo trn gi th, trong iu kin nh che ph v bn cc chng lai phn khc nhau (tnh cho 1ha/v) Nghim thc Chi ph (tr. ng) Phn bn NPK khong Phn n NPK Realstrong NPK Mekong
-

Nng sut

Tng thu (tr. ng)

Li dng (tr. ng) 95,20 66,75 121,63 63,25

Tng chi ph 378,63 373,13 373,13 373,13 67,69 62,84 70,68 62,34

22,0 16,5 16,5 16,5

473,83 439,88 494,76 436,38

Ghi ch: Gi thnh tnh chi ph nh sau: Chi ph chung: 356,63 tr. ng/ha NPK Realstrong: 15.000 /kg Gi da leo : 7.000/kg Phn NPK : 18.000 /m3 Phn NPK Mekong: 15.000 /kg

Tm li: - Bn phn hu c cho nng sut khng thua km so vi bn phn v c nhng li cho hm lng nitrate trong qu thp hn. - Phn NPK Realstrong cho nng sut v hiu qu kinh t cao v phm cht tt nht so vi ba lai phn cn li. 3.3.3 Th nghim trn cy c chua cherry Chiu cao ca cy c xem l mt ch tiu nh gi quan trng cho s sinh trng v pht trin ca cy trng. S tng trng v chiu cao cy ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: ging, t ai, phn bn, k thut chm sc. Trong phn bn l

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yu t c bit tc ng trc tip ln s sinh trng tng sinh khi pht trin chiu cao cy. Qua bng 3.30 th y rng nh hng ca cc loi phn bn n chiu cao cy 10 ngy sau trng l khng khc nhau v mt ngha. Chiu cao ca cy 10 ngy sau khi trng tng i ng u nhau do cc loi phn bn cng mi ch bt u bn cho cy, do cc loi phn bn cha th hin c c tnh ca chng n chiu cao cy. Cng trong giai on ny, cy con mi c a t cc khay xp ra trng trn gi th nn cy con cn c thi gian bn r hi xanh, v vy cha c s khc nhau v chiu cao cy trong gian on ny. Bng 3.30: nh hng ca chng lo i phn n chiu cao cy (cm) ca c chua Nghim thc NPK khong Phn n NPK Realstrong NPK Mekong CV (%) 10 NST 30,6 32,1 31,9 31,9 5,73 20 NST 73,6 a 72,3 b 71,2 bc 70,4 c 0,81 30 NST 98,8 a 98,6 a 96,2 b 97,1 b 1,23

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. Chiu cao cy c chua ti thi im 20 ngy sau trng c s khc nhau gia cc nghim thc. Nghim thc bn phn NPK khong cho chiu cao cy cao nht v khc bit so vi cc nghim thc cn li. Nghim thc bn phn NPK Mekong cho chiu cao cy thp nht nhng khng thua km so vi nghim thc bn phn NPK Realstrong. Hai nghim thc bn phn v c cho chiu cao cy cao hn so vi hai nghim thc bn phn hu c. iu ny xy ra l do cc lo i phn v c d tan hn phn gii nhanh hn nn cung cp dinh dng nhanh v kp thi hn so vi cc lai phn hu c. n thi im 30 ngy sau trng, hai nghim thc bn phn v c cho chiu cao cy cao hn hn hai nghim thc bn phn hu c. Nhng khi so snh gia hai nghim thc bn phn v c hoc so sch gia hai nghim thc bn phn hu c th khng thy c s khc bit r rt.

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Nghim thc bn phn Mekong cho s chm qu trn cy l cao nht (12,83 chm/cy), khc bit so vi nghim thc bn NPKRealstrong nhng khng khc bit so vi hai nghim thc cn li (Bng 3.31). Gia cc nghim thc s qu/chm bin ng rt t t 12,0 12,3 qu. iu n y ch ng t nh hng ca cc loi phn bn n s qu /chm khng nhiu. Bng 3.31: nh hng ca cc loi phn bn n cc yut cu thnh nng sut c chua. S chm Nghim thc NPK khong Phn n NPK Realstrong NPK Mekong CV (%) qu/cy 12,37 ab 12,50 ab 11,53 b 12,83 a 4,1 12,27 11,97 12,27 12,00 4,6 S qu/chm ng knh qu (cm) 2,4 ab 2,5 a 2,3 b 2,4 ab 2,95 Khi lng qu (g) 7,3 ab 7,4 a 7,1 b 7,2 ab 1,43

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. nh hng ca chng loi phn bn n ng knh qu c chua l khng nhiu. Phn n cho ng knh qu cao nht l 2,5 cm, tuy nhin s khc bit ny khng c ngha i vi nghim thc phn bn NPK khong v nghim thc bn NPK Mekong. Nghim thc phn Realstrong cho ng knh qu thp nht v th hin s khc bit hon ton vi nghim thc bn phn n, nhng li khc nhau khng c ngha vi nghim thc phn NPK khong v hu c Mekong. Nghim thc bn phn n cho khi lng qu cao nht (7,4 g), v th hin s khc nhau r rng vi nghim thc bn phn Mekong nhng li khng c s khc nhau v mt ngha vi nghim thc bn phn NPK khong v phn hu c Realstrong. Mc d c s khc nhau vi nghim thc phn n nhng hu c Mekong khng c s khc nhau vi hai nghim thc phn NPK khong v phn hu c Realstrong. Kt qu bng 3.32 cho th y nghim thc bn phn v c c xu hng cho khi lng qu cao hn so vi cc nghim thc bn phn hu c. Trung tm Nghin cu v Pht trin rau Chu (1974) nghin cu nh hng ca phn hu c sinh

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hc n nng sut c chua, kt qu cho thy nn g sut c chua t 73tn/ha khi bn 30tn phn hu c/ha + 80kg N v c/ha. Nhng nu bn n c 80 kg N/ha th nng sut ch t 59tn/ha (nh, 2003). Trong 4 nghim thc th nghim, nghim thc bn phn NPK Realstrong cho nng sut thp hn so vi 3 nghim thc cn li, nhng gia ba nghim thc ny khng c s khc bit r rt (bng 3.32). Bng 3.32: nh hng ca chng loi phn n nng sut ca c chua cherry Nghim thc NPK khong Phn n Hu c Realstrong Hu c Mekong CV% Khi lng qu/cy (kg) 1,11 a 1,11 a 1,00 b 1,11 a 2,75 Nng sut (tn/ha) 78,90 a 78,89 a 71,57 b 78,98 a 2,76

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. Bn cnh cc ch tiu cu thnh nng sut, cc ch tiu v cht lng cng l yu t quan trng. T bng 3.33 cho thy cc lai phn s dng trong th nghim cho hm lng nitrate trong qu dao ng t 80 100 mg/kg, thp hn ngng cho php (150mg/kg). Hai nghim thc bn phn v c cho hm lng nitrate trong qu cao hn so vi hai nghim thc bn phn hu c. iu ny c th gii thch l do cc lo i phn v c d tan, cht dinh dng phn gii nhanh, cy ht dinh dng mnh c bit l nit v tch ly dng nitrate trong qu. Bng 3.33: nh hng ca cc loi phn bn n hm lng nitrat v hm lng ng trong qu c chua Nghim thc Phn NPK khong Phn n Phn hu c Realstrong Phn hu c Mekong Hm lng nitrat (mg/kg) 100 100 80 90 Hm lng cht tan (%) 6,5 6,5 7,0 7,0

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Hm lng cht tan trong qu c chua bin ng t 6,5 7,0%. Hai nghim thc bn phn hu c cho hm lng cht tan cao hn so vi hai nghim thc bn phn v c (NPK khong v phn n ). Kt qu bng 3.34 cho thy, nghim thc bn phn NPK Mekong cho li dng cao nht v th p nht l nghim thc bn phn NPK Realstrong. Kt qu ny i ngc li vi kt qu trn cy da leo. Bng 3.34: Hiu qu kinh t ca sn xut da leo trn gi th, trong iu kin nh che ph v bn cc chng lai phn khc nhau (tnh cho 1ha/v) Nghim thc Chi ph (tr. ng) Phn bn NPK khong Phn n NPK Realstrong NPK Mekong
-

Nng sut

Tng thu (tr. ng)

Li dng (tr. ng) 123,10 132,98 45,14 134,06

Tng chi ph 823,7 813,7 813,7 813,7 78,90 78,89 71,57 78,98

40,0 30,0 30,0 30,0

946,80 946,68 858,84 947,76

Ghi ch: Gi thnh tnh chi ph nh sau: Chi ph chung: 783,7tr. ng/ha NPK Realstrong: 15.000 /kg Gi da leo : 7.000/kg Phn NPK : 18.000 /m3 Phn NPK Mekong: 15.000 /kg

Tm li: - Bn phn v c c xu hng cho hm lng nitrate trong qu cao hn so vi bn phn hu c. - Trong bn lai phn th nghim, phn NPK Mekong cho nng sut, cht lng c chua v li dng cao nht.

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3.4 nh hng ca chu k bn phn n sinh trng v nng sut ca x lch, da leo v c chua cherry 3.4.1 Th nghim trn cy x lch Ti thi im 10 ngy sau trng cc nghim thc th nghim khng nh hng nhiu n s sinh trng ca cy. Tuy nhin nghim thc bn thc 3 ln c xu hng cho chiu cao cy cao hn (Bng 3.35). So vi giai an trc 10 ngy sau trng giai an t 10 20 ngy sau trng cy sinh trng rt nhanh. Trong 10 ngy chiu cao cy tng t 10,0 11,6 cm. Hai nghim thc bn thc 2 ln v bn thc 3 ln cho chiu cao cy cao hn hn so vi nghim thc bn lt + bn thc, nhng gia hai nghim thc n y khng c s khc bit. Gia cc nghim thc vn cha c s khc bit r rt v ch tiu s l. Ti thi im thu hach (30 ngy sau trng), chiu cao cy t 19,8 22,5 cm. V kt qu cng tng t nh thi im 20 ngy sau trng, hai nghim thc thc 2 ln v bn thc 3 ln cho chiu cao cy cao hn hn so vi nghim thc bn lt + bn thc. iu ny c th gii thch l do lng phn bn lt lm cho nng mui trong gi th trc khi trng cao. Vic ny nh hng n qu trnh bn r hi xanh v nh hng n s sinh trng ca cy. Bng 3.35: nh hng ca phng php bn phn n sinh trng chiu cao v s l ca cy x lch 10 ngy sau trng Nghim thc Bn lt + thc Bn thc 2 ln Bn thc 3 ln CV (%) CC (cm) 5,3 5,2 5,7 2,13 S l 6,2 6,5 6,6 2,87 20 ngy sau trng CC (cm) 15,3 b 16,8 a 16,9 a 2,53 S l 11,2 11,2 11,3 2,25 30 ngy sau trng CC (cm) 19,8 b 22,6 a 22,5 a 3,72 S l 16,1 16,1 16,2 2,33

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. S sinh trng ca cy nh hng rt ln n nng sut rau x lch. Hai nghim thc bn thc 2 ln v bn thc 3 ln sinh thng thn l mnh nn cho nng sut cao hn hn so vi nghim thc bn lt + thc (Bng 3.36).

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Bng 3.36: nh hng ca phng php bn phn n nng sut v hm lng nitrate trong rau x lch trng trn gi th Khi lng cy Nghim thc bn lt + thc Bn thc 2 ln Bn thc 3 ln CV (%) (g) 97 b 105a 108 a 2,57 Nng sut l thuyt (tn/ha) 19,40 b 21,00 a 21,40 a 2,57 Hm lng NO3(mg/kg) 636 643 654

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. Trong th nghim, hm lng nitrate trong rau bin ng t 636 n 654 mg/kg, thp hn nhiu so vi ngng cho php (1.500 mg/kg). Nghim thc bn lt + thc cho hm lng nitrate trong rau thp nht, k l nghim thc bn thc 2 ln v nghim thc bn thc 3 ln cho hm lng nitrate trong rau cao nht. Tm li: Bn phn cho cy x lch theo phng php bn thc 2 ln vo giai an 5 ngy sau trng v 12 ngy sau trng l thch h p nht.

3.4.2 Th nghim trn cy da leo T s liu bng 3.37 cho th y ti thi im 10 ngy sau trng chiu cao cy da leo c ba nghim thc khng khc nhau nhng nghim thc bn phn theo chu k 12 ngy/ln c xu hng cho chiu cao thp hn so vi hai nghim thc cn li. Ti thi im 20, 30 v 70 ngy sau trng, chiu cao cy cc nghim thc c s khc bit r rt. Nghim thc bn phn theo chu k 12 ngy/ln cho chiu cao

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cy thp hn so vi hai nghim thc cn li nhng gia 2 nghim thc ny khng c s khc bit. iu ny c th gii thch l do khi bn phn vi chu k 4 ngy/ln hoc 8 ngy/ln dinh dng c cung cp t t v kp thi cho cy cn khi bn phn vi chu k 12 ngy/ln lng dinh dng cung cp mi ln qu cao c th lm tn thng r, cn tr s ht dinh dng v nh hng ti qu trnh sinh trng ca cy. Bng 3.37: nh hng ca chu k bn phn n sinh trng chiu cao ca cy da leo Nghim thc 4 ngy/ln 8 ngy/ln 12 ngy/ln CV (%) Chiu cao cy (cm) 10 NST 34,0 33,1 32,7 3,48 20 NST 97,1 a 96,8a 92,6 b 2,51 30 NST 147,9 a 146,0a 142,0 b 3,42 70 NST 196,9a 193,7a 186,4 b 2,34

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. Nhn chung, 2 nghim thc cc giai on khc nhau cho tc tng trng v chiu cao cng khc nhau. giai on t 0 10 ngy sau trng, do mi thay i mi trng sng nn tng trng chiu cao ca cy thp vi tc gn 2cm/ngy. giai an 10 30 ngy sau trng cy sinh trng chiu cao rt mnh. Cy ko di lng thn, vn cao mt cch mnh m chun b cho sinh trng sinh thc cho nn tc tng trng chiu cao lc n y rt cao (khong 4,9 n 5,1cm/ngy). Nhng n khi cy da leo cho thu hach qu th tc tng trng chm li v t chiu cao ti a sau khi trng 70 ngy (Bng 3.38). Bng 3.38: nh hng ca chu k bn phn n tc tng trng chiu cao ca cy da leo cc giai an sinh trng khc nhau Nghim thc 4 ngy/ln 8 ngy/ln 12 ngy/ln 2,9 2,8 2,8 Tc tng trng chiu cao (cm/ngy) 0 10 ngy 10 20 ngy 5,1 4,9 4,9 20 30 ngy 5,1 4,9 4,9 30 70 ngy 1,2 1,2 1,1

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Bng 3.39 cho th y chu k bn phn nh hng rt r rt n s qu/cy. Chu k bn phn 4 ngy/ln cho s qu/cy cao nht v chu k bn phn 12 ngy/ln cho s qu/cy thp nht. iu chng t bn phn vi chu k ngn s c xu hng cho s lng qu nhiu hn so vi bn phn vi chu k d i. Da leo l cy thu hach qu non, khi qu t c kch thc nht nh th thu hach v vy chu k bn phn s t nh hng n ch tiu khi lng qu. Do khi lng qu khng khc bit v vy nng sut thu c cao hay thp ph thuc ch yu vo s qu/cy. Hai nghim thc bn phn vi chu k 4 ngy/ln v 8 ngy/ln cho c s qu/cy cao v vy nng sut cao hn hn nghim thc bn 12 ngy/ln nhng gia hai nghim thc ny khng c s khc bit r rt. Bng 3.39: nh hng ca chu k bn phn n y u t cu thnh nng sut v hm lng nitrate trong qu da leo Nghim thc 4 ngy/ln 8 ngy/ln 12 ngy/ln CV (%) S qu/cy 3,8 a 3,6 b 3,1 c 3,52 P qu (g) 250 258 261 4,82 P qu/cy (g) 951 a 930 a 809 b 5,50 Nng sut (tn/ha) 67,77 a 66,27 a 57,64 b 5,50 NO3(mg/kg) 50 40 50

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. Kt qu bng 3.39 cho th y hm lng nitrat trong qu da leo ch dao ng t 40-50mg/kg, thp hn nhiu so vi ngng cho php (150mg/kg) v chu k bn phn khc nhau khng nh hng nhiu n hm lng nitrate trong qu da leo. Tm li: Chu k bn phn 8 ngy/ln l thch hp cho cy da leo v thu c nng sut cao v gim c cng bn phn.

3.4.3 Th nghim trn cy c chua cherry Kt qu bng 3.40 cho thy chiu cao cy 10 ngy sau trng c th hin s khc nhau.Nghim thc bn phn 4 ngy/ln cho chiu cao cy cao nht khc bit so vi nghim thc bn phn theo chu k 12 ngy/ln nhng khng khc bit so vi nghim thc bn 8 ngy/ln. iu ny xy ra l do chu k bn 5 ngy/ln cung cp

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dinh dng cho cy vi lng va phi v n v vy cy sinh trng tt. Nghim thc bn phn theo chu k 12 ngy/ln c lng phn bn cho mi ln nhiu nhng khng u n v vy nh hng n s ht cht dinh dng ca cy. Bng 3.40: nh hng ca chu k bn phn n chiu cao (cm) ca cy c chua. Ngy sau trng Nghim thc 5 ngy/ln 10 ngy/ln 15 ngy/ln CV% 10 32,0 a 31,0 ab 29,9 b 2,03 20 67,3 67,0 67,0 1,28 30 98,9 a 96,7 ab 94,7 b 1,37

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. n thi im 20 ngy sau trng, gia cc nghim thc khng c s khc bit v chiu cao cy. Nhng ti thi im 30 ngy sau trng chu k bn phn nh hng n chiu cao cy. Nghim thc bn phn vi chu k 5 ngy/ln cho chiu cao cy l ln nht (98,87 cm), tip theo l nghim thc bn phn 10 ngy/ln (96,73 cm). Thp nht l nghim thc phn khong 15 ngy/ln (94,70 cm). S d phn khong 5 ngy/ln pht trin chiu cao hn cc nghim thc cn li l do nghim thc c bn phn lin tc vi lng va phi, khng lm m t dinh dng. Phn khong 15 ngy/ln c chiu cao cy thp nht l do phn bn c bn khng lin tc, mi ln bn vi s lng nhiu m gi th x da l gi th tr nn khng th gi dinh dng lu cung cp dn cho cy c. Mt nguyn nhn n a l do s dng phn bn v c lm th nghim, cc loi phn ny tan rt nhanh v d b tht that do bay hi. Cc nghim thc khc nhau cho s chm qu /cy khc nhau. Bn phn 5 ngy/ln v bn phn 10 ngy/ln cho s chm qu ln hn nghim thc bn phn 15 ngy/ln, nhng gia chng khng c s khc bit. Nghim thc c s chm qu/cy th p nht l nghim thc bn ph n 15 ngy/ln, nhng khng khc bit vi nghim thc bn phn 10 ngy/ln.

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Bng 3.41: nh hng ca chu k bn phn n cc y u t cu thnh nng sut c chua cherry S chm Nghim thc 5 ngy/ln 10 ngy/ln 15 ngy/ln CV% qu/cy 12,8 a 12,3 ab 12,0 b 1,89 S qu/chm 12,2 a 12,1 a 11,8 b 1,00 ng knh qu (cm) 2,2 a 2,3 a 2,1 b 1,49 P qu (g) 7,3 ab 7,4 a 7,2 b 1,83 P qu/cy (kg) 1,13 a 1,11 a 1,02 b 1,75

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. Cc nghim thc khc nhau c s qu/chm khc bit nhau. Nghim thc bn phn 5 ngy/ln v nghim thc bn phn 10 ngy/ln cho s qu/chm cao hn nghim thc bn phn 15 ngy/ln nhng gia chng khng c s khc bit (Bng 3.41). Kt qu bng 3.41 cho thy chu k bn phn khc nhau c nh hng n ng knh ca qu c chua. Nghim thc bn phn 5 ngy/ln v 10 ngy/ln cho ng knh qu cao hn nghim thc bn phn 15 ngy/ln. Nghim thc bn phn 5 ngy/ln v nghim thc bn phn 10 ngy/ln khng c s khc bit. S chm qu/cy, s qu/chm ca nghim thc bn phn 5 ngy/ln v nghim thc bn phn 10 ngy/ln u rt cao v vy c hai nghim thc n y c nng sut cao. Nghim th c bn phn 5 ngy/ln t nng sut cao nht (80,56 tn/ha), tip theo l nghim thc bn phn 10 ngy/ln (79,12 tn/ha), nhng gia hai nghim thc ny khng khc bit nhau. Nghim thc bn phn 15 ngy/ln cho nng sut thp nht, ch t 72,27 tn/ha (Bng 3.4 2). Nng sut c chua nghim thc bn phn 5 ngy/ln v 10 ngy/ln cao l do cy c bn phn lin tc, v th lun c dinh dng sinh trng, pht trin v cho nng sut cao. Nghim thc bn 15 ngy/ln, cho nng sut thp nht do ngun dinh dng cung cp cho cy khng u nh hng n s hnh thnh chm hoa, chm qu trn cy, v cng nh hng n nng sut c chua. Mt l do na l khi ko di thi gian bn phn ra th n lc ti dch dinh dng cho cy s l lng

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dinh dng nhiu,cy khng ht ht kp thi dn n mt mt dinh dng do bay hinn nng sut qu thp hn. Bng 3.42: nh hng ca chu k bn phn n nng sut v cht lng c chua cherry. Nng sut Nghim thc 5 ngy/ln 10 ngy/ln 15 ngy/ln CV% (tn/ha) 80,56 a 79,12 a 72,27 b 1,76 Hm lng ch t tan (%) 7 7 6 Hm lng NO3- (mg/kg) 90 90 100

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c cng ch ci khc bit khng c ngh a thng k mc xc sut p = 0,95. Hm lng nitrate trong qu ca cc nghim thc bin ng 90 100 mg/kg. Nghim thc bn phn 15 ngy/ln cho hm lng nitrate trong qu l 100mg/kg. Hai nghim thc phn cn li chm lng nitrate trong qu l 90mg/kg. Hm lng cht tan c trong qu c chua mc tng i cao. hai nghim thc bn phn 5 ngy/ln v 10 ngy/ln th c hm lng ng bng nhau. Hm lng ng trong nghim thc bn phn 15 ngy/ln thp hn hai nghim thc bn phn 5 ngy/ln v 10 ngy/ln. Tm li: Bn phn vi chu k 10 ngy/ln cho nng sut, cht lng cao v tit kim cng chm sc.

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Cn c vo kt qu nghin cu chng ti xut quy trnh sn xut x lch, da leo v c chua cherry trn gi th nh sau: Quy trnh sn xut x lch, da leo v c chua cherry trn gi th v trong iu kin nh che ph ti Lt I. Chun b vt liu trng - Nh che ph phi m b o cung cp y nh sng cho cy v kn trnh cn trng gy h i cy trng, n n nh v xung quanh nh lun c v sinh sch sch s trnh su, bnh h i tr ng. - Mng trng chuyn dng hoc chu nilon, chu nhacn ra sch v phi kh trc v sau m i v trng. - Gi th: Dng gi th Dasa X2 ca cng ty t Sch ph i trn vi t than bn qua x l vi t l 1:1 ho c 1:2. i vi gi th mi s d ng ln u sau khi phi trn c th s dng trng cy ngay. i vi gi th s dng li cn ph i l ai b h t r v thn l ca cy trng trc sau dn ng, ti m bng dung dch ch phm trichoderma v khang 1 -2 thng m i s dng li. Trc khi trng cn kim tra pH ca gi th nu pH < 5,5 c th trn vi bt hoc ti nuc vi ti vo ga th iu chnh pH ca gi th trong phm vi t 6,0 6,5. Gi th t yu cu c lm m v cho vo mng trng hoc chu trng vi dy t 16 18 cm. Ch khng c nn cht gi th. - Cy ging: Mua cy ging t yu cu ti cc c s sn xu t c uy tn hoc t gieo m cy ging trong cc v xp. II. Cc bc tin hnh trng 1. i vi cy x lch Trng cy: Trng cy vi mt 20 cy/m2. Sau khi trng cy cn gi m gi th nhng cng khng nn ti ni qu nhiu lm nh hng n qu trnh bn r cng nh qu trnh sinh trng ca cy sau n y. Bn phn: Dng phn hu c NPK Realstrong v phn NH4H2PO4 bn cho cy vi liu lng quy chun l 100kg N 100kg P2O5 - 75kg K2O cho mt ha. Lng phn trn c chia u lm 2 ln bn vo giai an 5 ngy sau trng v 12 ngy sau trng.

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Ti nc: Ty thuc vo iu kin thi tit v m c sinh trng ca cy c th ti nc 2- 3 ngy m t ln. Phng tr su bnh hi: Tuy trng trong iu kin nh che ph v trn gi th nhng qu trnh sn xut vn c th nhim mt s su bnh hi sau: - Su xm, su xanh: Dng tay b t vo bui sng sm hoc dng b y b. - Bnh thi nhn : X l gi th tt v khng ch m ca gi th trong sut qu trnh sn xut phm vi 70 85%. Thu hach: Ty thuc vo iu kin thi tit v sc sinh trng ca cy ging, sau trng 28 30 ngy c th tin h nh thu hach rau. 2. i vi cy da leo Trng cy vi mt 7cy/m2. Sau khi trng cy cn gi m gi th nhng cng khng nn ti ni qu nhiu lm nh hng n qu trnh bn r cng nh qu trnh sinh trng ca cy sau ny. Dng phn h u c NPK Realstrong v phn NH4H2PO4 bn cho cy vi liu lng quy chun l 132kg N 121kg P2O5 - 198kg K2O cho mt ha. Lng phn trn c chia u lm 8 ln bn vi chu k 8 ngy/ln. Ti nc: Ty thuc vo iu kin thi tit v m c sinh trng ca cy c th ti nc 1- 2 ngy m t ln. Lm gin, ta nhnh: Trong iu kin nh che ph c th dng dy nylon cho cy leo. Khi cy cao 15 20 cm dng kp gim cy vo dy sau c 3 - 4 l dng mt kp gim gi cy. m bo s thng thang trong nh che ph cn ta b ht chi nhnh ch li thn chnh. Phng tr su bnh hi: Tuy trng trong iu kin nh che ph v trn gi th nhng qu trnh sn xut vn c th nhim mt s su bnh hi v vy cn c cc bin php phng tr sau: - Su xm, su xanh: Dng tay b t vo bui sng sm hoc dng b y b. - Bnh phn trng: m bo s thng thang trong nh che ph bng cch bt qut thng gi, ct ta cc l gi, l bnh. Trong trng hp cy b nhim bnh n ng m i s dng thuc ha hc khng ch.

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Thu hach: Ch thu hach khi qu t kch thc thu hach (ph thuc vo ging). gim hm lng nitrate trong qu th khng nn thu hach qu vo ngy th 5 sau khi bn phn (8 ngy/ln chu k bn phn). i vi cy c chua Cherry Trng cy vi mt 7cy/m2. Sau khi trng cy cn gi m gi th nhng cng khng nn ti ni qu nhiu lm nh hng n qu trnh bn r cng nh qu trnh sinh trng ca cy sau ny. Dng phn hu c NPK Mkng v phn NH4H2PO4 bn cho cy vi liu lng quy chun l 240kg N 200kg P2O5 - 400kg K2O cho mt ha v bn b sung 100kg Ca(NO3)2/ha. Lng phn trn c chia u lm 12 ln bn vi chu k 10 ngy/ln. Ti nc: Ty thuc vo iu kin thi tit v m c sinh trng ca cy c th ti nc 1- 2 ngy m t ln. Lm gin, ta nhnh: Trong iu kin nh che ph c th dng dy nylon cho cy leo. Khi cy cao 15 20 cm dng kp gim cy vo dy sau c 3 - 4 l dng mt kp gim gi cy. m bo s thng thang trong nh che ph cn ta bt chi nhnh. Phng tr su bnh hi: Tuy trng trong iu kin nh che ph v trn gi th nhng qu trnh sn xut vn c th nhim mt s su bnh hi v vy cn c cc bin php phng tr sau: - Su xm, su xanh: Dng tay b t vo bui sng sm hoc dng b y b. - Bnh mc sng: m bo s thng thang trong nh che ph bng cch bt qut thng gi, ct ta cc l gi, l bnh. Trong trng hp cy b nhim bnh n ng mi s dng thuc ha hc khng ch. Thu hach: Khi qu c mu (vng) th tin h nh thu hach. gim hm lng nitrate trong qu th khng nn thu hach qu vo ngy th 3 sau bn phn (10 ngy/ln chu k bn phn).

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KT LUN V KIN NGH

K t lun: Qua cc kt qu thu thp c trong qu trnh tin hnh th nghim chng ti s b rt ra mt s kt lun sau: i vi cy rau x lch - Gi th thch hp nht cho vic sn xu t x lch l hn hp gi th Than bn v Dasa X2 theo t l 2:1 . - Lng phn thch hp nht bn cho cy x lch sinh trng tt, nng sut cao, phm cht tt l 100kg N 100kg P2O5- 75kg K2O cho mt ha. - Thu hach x lch sau khi bn phn t nh t 8 ngy m bo hm lng nitrate trong rau thp. - S dng phn hu c NPK Realstrong cho nng sut v cht lng rau x lch cao nh t. - Bn phn cho cy x lch theo phng php bn thc 2 ln vo giai an 5 ngy sau trng v 12 ngy sau trng l thch hp nht. i vi cy da leo - Gi th thch hp nht cho vic sn xu t da leo l hn hp gi th Than bn v Dasa X2 theo t l 2:1. - Lng phn bn thch hp nht trong sn xut da leo trn gi th l 132kg N 121kg P 2O5 - 198kg K2O cho mt ha. - gim hm lng nitrate trong qu th khng nn thu hach qu vo ngy th 5 sau bn phn (chu k bn phn 8 ngy/ln). - Bn phn hu c cho nng sut khng thua km so vi bn phn v c nhng li cho hm lng nitrate trong qu thp hn. - Phn NPK Realstrong cho nng sut da leo cao v phm cht tt nht so vi ba lai phn cn li. - Bn phn cho cy da leo theo chu k 8ngy/ln l thch hp nht. i vi cyc chua cherry - Gi th thch hp nht cho vic sn xut c chua cherry l hn hp gi th Than bn v Dasa X2 theo t l 1:1.

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- Trong sn xut c chua cherry trn gi th, bn phn vi liu lng quy chun l 257kg N 200kg P 2O5 - 400kg K2O 24kg Ca/ha cho nng sut, cht lng qu cao nh t v khng lm nh hng n cht lng gi th. - Vi chu k bn phn 10 ngy/ln, khng n n thu hach qu vo ngy th 3 sau khi bn phn v khi d lng nitrate trong qu l cao nht. - Bn phn v c c xu hng cho hm lng nitrate trong qu cao hn so vi bn phn hu c. - Trong bn lai phn th nghim, phn NPK Mekong cho nng sut v ch t lng c chua cao nh t. - Bn phn vi chu k 10 ngy/ln cho nng sut, cht lng cao v tit kim cng chm sc. Kin ngh: Trong ti mi s dng 2 lai phn hu c kho nghim. Cn tin hnh kho nghim nhiu lai phn hu c hn c th xc nh lai phn hu c thch h p nht trong sn xut tng lai rau c th.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. B Nng Nghip v Pht Trin Nng Thn, 1998. Quy nh tm thi v sn xut rau an ton v sinh thc phm. 13 trang. S 67/1998/Q-BNN-KHCNH Ni. 2. Trung tm Khuyn nng Lm ng. K thut trng x lch. 3. S Khoa hc Nng nghip Lm ng. K thut trng x lch Romain ti Lm ng. 4. Trung tm Khuyn nng thnh ph H Ch Minh. K thut trng x lch. 5. Quyt nh s 99 /2009/ Q BNN v vic ban hnh Quy inh v vic qun l sn xut v chng nhn rau an ton thc hin chung cho c nc. 6. Trn Th Ba, 1998. Gio trnh K thut trng rau. Trng i hc Cn Th. 7. T Th Thu Cc, 2005. Gio trnh K thut trng rau. Nh xu t bn H Ni. 8. V Th o (2004), nh gi tn d nitrat v mt s kim loi nng trong rau vng H Ni, bc u tm hiu nh hng ca bn thi n tch ly ca chng, Lun vn thc s khoa hc nng nghip. 9. Nguyn Xun nh, 2003. Mt s nghin cu v phn hu c sinh hc. Bo NNNT ra ngy 12/12/2003. 10. Nguyn Nh H, 2005. Gio trnh th nhng nng ho. Nh xut bn H Ni. 11. Nguyn Vn Hin v cng s (2006), Bo co kt qu phn tch hm lng c t trong t, nc v sn phm rau xanh, Vin Nghin cu rau qu. 12. Nguyn Xun Hin v cng s , 1977. Cc nguyn t vi lng trong trng trt, tp 1. Nh xut bn Khoa Hc v K Thut, H Ni. 301 trang.

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